The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, December 28, 1900, Page 7

AMUSEMENTS. e THE ZENITH OF ELEGANT VAUUEVILLE. THE ORPHEUM ROAD SROW! m Martin Beck ILL M ¥ ming next week, the world-renowned HAWTHORNE SISTERS. COLUMBIA SAN FRANCISCO'S LEADIXG THEATRE Matince arxxrdia_\' a PRIMROSE and DOCKSTADER MINSTRELS. - THE BELLE OF NEW YORK he Most Famous Comic Opera in the World. «*TIVOLI* EXTRA NEW TEARS M By FERRIS HARTMAN LOADE 1 4 TO-DATE HUMOR. ~NT THE TLE ON! Sec Oscar L. Fest's F TRANSFORMATION The Flo ingdom. FOF wery K and Manager FUN FOR ALL. A F MORROW. WHY 2 : SMITH S, L E FT COMPANY OF HOME. LY ¥ COMEDIANS. TNNT COMEDY. MOROSCO’S GRAND OP_E”RA HOUSE ., THE TIM SUNDAY S DAY mph of the COMPANY: NIGHTS. ilitary Drama, FICER OF ECOND. LL GWYN." 15¢ nglish THES and 50e T5e. HANCES TO SEE E HORSE TAVERN 1O AFTERNOON NIGHT. NDAY NIGHT, Engagement of STRAUSS Orchestra from Vienna. nees (New Year's Day) ay Y PERFORMANCE. RICES rows), $150; LCAD -rHEErREp-‘ EVERY €A FXTRA MATINEE NEW YEAR'S DAY, 4 Belasco's London and New York Success, Naughty Anthony WEDNESDAY NIGHT, ADVENTURES OF NELL CGCGWYNN Epecial engagement of ORENCE ROBERTS FI BELASCO AND THALL'S ENTRA -THEATER-L t Opposite City Hall. TO-MORROW _ (SATURDAY), ang EXTRA MATINEE NEW YEAR'S DAY night and Every £ iE GREATEST 14 Belasco's Pamous M! near §th ing, Including Sunday, IN YEARS. ftary Romance, e HEART OF MARYLAND ALL BIG PLAYS! BEET OF nees Secure Seats at Every Afternoon CHUTES AND Z0O s and’ Evenine. SPECTACULAR PRODUCTION. TEN DAYS IN FAIRYLAND BIG CHRISTMAS TREE! Presents for All the Children! one for seats Park 23. GLEE £ND BANJD GLUBS, WGH ¢OAKLAND), January MPLE UARY FRIDAY AFTER- RY 42 O'CLOCK. PROGRAMMES—3. at Sherman, Ciay & Co.’s. Monday - ioe, §1, $150, $2; afternoom, g g RT HOUSE. FISCHER’S CONCERT Mo COGILL _AND COOPER'S COMEDIANS IN “MY UNCLE FROM JAPAN. And “A PAIRY GODMOTHER,” by Amold and Ethel Grazer and Bienche Trelease. 3 Teserved BSeats. 2ic. Matinee Christmas’ ] THURSDAY | _MJIBCELLANEOU& the Best Heater $5.00 for gugicises Delivered to any address, city or country, to be returned at our expense if it !s| not all you ex- pected it to be. SEND NO MONEY, TRY IT FOR| 3 DAYS, | And if the hea er is satisfa tory send us al postal order for .00, This heater Is | | 28 inches hig! 34 inches in di- ameter, and equipped ~ with | the new smoke- | PATTOSIEN'S Furniture Exposit'on Building, ! COR. SIXTEERTH AND MISSION STREETS, | Far Surpasscs But er, Lard and Compounds. “Ko-Nut” Does A Sterilized Cocoanut Fat for Shortening and Frying, Guaranze: a Matier, The Einest Saratoga Chips ““KO-NUT.” Ask Your Grocer or Write. India Refining Co,, Philadelphia. PR PALACE These hotels pos- sess the attributes t tourists and a“d velers appreciate central location, ral manage; pointments a n 4 HUTELS' perfect cuisine. American and Eu- ropean plans. 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MERZBACH, lawyer. | 52 California st., Clunie buflding COAL, COKE AND PIG IRON. " J.C WILSON & CO., .20 Battery Street. Telephone Main 1864, | COPPERSMITH. | C. W. SMITH, £hi Diumbing, Steamboat ana Ship Work a specialty. 16 and 18 Washington st. Telephone Main 5641 | FRESH AND SALT MEATS. | Ehipping Butchers. 104 JAS. BOYES & C). &1t OILS. | LUBRICATING OILS. LEONARD & ELLIS, | | 41 Front st, S F. Phone Maln 1719. ‘el. Main 1294. T PAINTS. Cylinder & Lubricating Ofls, Schneider's Mini | Candles. C. G. CLINCH & CO., § Front, 8. | ~ PRINTING. |E. ¢. HUGHES, PRINTER, 511 Sansome st., 8. F. | PRINTERS."BOJK BINDERS. | THE HICKS-JUDD CO., J 2 First st San Francisco. STATIONER AND PRINTER. | Tesmmrtic PARTRIDGE ** | WHITE ASii STEAM COAL. DIAMOND COAL MININ | RIVER COLLIERI market. Office and AMUSEMENTS. ing F. California street. MINED BY THE BLACK ., at jts GREEN MECHANICS' PAVILION. New Year's Eve, Dec. 31, 1900, MARDI GRAS | Fancy Masquerade Ball. TEA | suing 3 THE SAN FRANCISOO OALL, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1900. HE second day of the meeting of the California Teachers’ Associa- tion was crowded full of work. In the forenoon the various depart- ments had separate meetings at the Mission High School, nearly all of them largely attended, and in the after- noon and agdin at night Metropolitan Temple was well filled for the general ses- The first subject of attentién at the busi- ness meeting at the beginning of the aft- ernoon session was the choice of a meet- ing place for the next annual convention. 1 i CHERS HAVE BUSY DAY OF CONVENTION WORK AND PROFITABLE DISCUSSION i'Richax’d )4 Faulkner of San Francisco Chosen| President for the Ensuing Year and Pacific Grove Wins the Next A c Hiatus,” Professor E. B. Clapp, versity of California; “The Teaching of Elementary Latin,” W. Scott Thomas, principal Merced High School; ‘“The Teaching of Greek Prose Composition.” Professor A. T. Murray of Stanford Uni- versity. In the Department of 8chool Hygiene W. H. De Bell of Berkeley read a paper on “Systems of Ventilation,” and Dr. Ed- ward von Adelung one on ‘“Medical In- spection of Schools.” The Department of History, of ‘which Professor George Elliott Howard of Stan- ford University is chairman, listened to the following papers: ‘“‘History in_the Grammar Grades,” Mrs. Rose V. Win- meri U nnual Meeting - RICHARD D. r'nn PRESIDENT ELECT | PUBLIC 2 | MEMBERS OF THE CALIFORNIA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION VIEWING THE MANUAL TRAINING EXHIBITS OF D TECHNICAL SCHOOLS IN THE GYMNASIUM OF THE MISSION HIGH SCHOOL DURING THE FORENOON SESSIONS OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THE ORGANIZATION, - Tos Angeles and Pacific Grove were nom- inated. Pacific Grove was chosen by a vote of 82 to 20. The electi of a president for the en- ar neariy resulted in a diversion from the programme. Richard D. Faulk- ner of San Francisco had been looked upon as the probable choice of the con- vention and he was elected, but only after a spirited contest, that was settled with- out resort to balloting. Mr. Faulkner's name was the first pre- sented to the convention. President Ben- jamin Ide Wheeler of the University of California was rominated, and Mr. Faulk- ner at once withdrew his own name. Some | one asked if, President Wheeler was a | member of the association, and was in- formed that he was. Another objector in- quired if President Wheeler had given permission for his name to be placed in nomination, and it was learned that he had not. A motion to :uthorize the sec- retary to cast the ballot for President Wheeler was lost, and nominations were reopened. James A, Barr of Stockton was nom- inated, but he withdrew. President David Starr Jordan of Stanford University was Cubberly of Stanford withdrew his name. fil“flte Superintendent of Schools Kirk | Gramm. terburn of Stockton; ‘‘History in the Low- er Grades According to the New 'Courses of Study’ for San Francis Professor wood P. Cubberly, Stanford Universi- Miss A. T. Campbell of the Broadway ar School gave a ‘‘demonstration lesson” to a class of eighth grade pupils Addresses by Mrs. R. H. Hazleton and Mrs. Virginia Troyer of San Francisco were given before the*Department of Re- celving Class Work. Professors Cubberly and Starbuck of Stanford University gave addres the Department of Kindergartens, Professor (‘ubberly and Profe: | Brown of the University of California ad- dressed the Department of Music. The Department of Engl[?p listened to | addresses by T. L. Heaton, C. B. Bradley, | | nominated, and in his absence Professor | withdrew President Wheeler's name, and | Mr. Faulkner's election was made unan- imous. The president-elect is a graduate of the University of Illinois and is principal of the Franklin Grammar School. He h: been a membei of the California Teach- ers’ Association for twenty-two years, 0. W ewine was re-eiected first vice president and Edward Hyatt of Riverside | was chosen as Mr. Faulkner's successor s second vice president. The other of- g:els were re-clected, as follows: Mrs. M M. Fitzgerald, 8an Francisco, secretary; c C. Hughes, Alameda, assistant (!'ehc:;lle:ry; Frank Bunker, Berkeley, | raliroad secretary; Philip Prior, San ‘rancigco, treasurer. Iq'-l'nl’le executive committee of the council of education held a meeting at the Mis- sion High School in_the morning elected I'rederic L. Burk of San Fran- ciseo, J. W. McClymonds of Oakland and James A. Barr to fill vacancies on the | commitiee caused by the expiration of terms. The council will complete its work to-morrow morning. The Department of Manual Training and Drawing met at 9:30 o'clock in the gymna- sium of the Mission High School. Exhibits as | and | of the work in wood, iron, cloth, plaster | other materials of thé pupils of the 2‘2‘1‘11““{5 School of Mechanical Arts, Wilmerding School, Polytechnic High School, §an_Francisco public schools, San Jose State Normal School, Lincoln Even- ing School, Alameda schools, Central School of Oakland and the Throop Poly- technic Institute of Pasadena hud been arranged in the gymnasium, forming a most effective lesson in_the concrete of What the schools of the Ctate are accom- Plishing in the direction of learning by doing. Few of the teachers failed to view the exhibits, and hundreds of other vis- itors inspected them. James E. Addicott of the San Jose State Normal School presided at the meeting of the Manual Training Department. Walter A. Tenney of Fresno read a paper on the “Relation of Drawing to Manual Train- ing.” Charles P. Nielson of Alameda gave ar address on ‘“Color Work in the Public Schools,” after which there was a discus- sion of the question, “Should the draw) taught in the public schools tend to the industrial arts or the fine arts?” H. M. Bland of San Jose was chairman of the Department of School Adminis- tration. C. W. Childs of the 8an Jose State Normal School presented the report of the committee on examinations, and Joseph O'Connor, principal of”the’ Mis- sion High School, presented the report of the committee 'on school supervision. These two reports were the subjects of digcussion during the meeting. At the meeting of the Department of Classic and Modern Languages, of which Professor Jullus Goebel of Stanford Uni- yersity is chairman, the following papers ¢ of the were read; “The Attainments ratory Teacher of Latin,” Professor E. &'. Pease of -8tanford University; ‘“Ho- | {In his lelsure hours: Miss A. E. Packard, Miss Josephine Bris. | tol, Mrs. E. E. Gréenman, Miss Lule 1 Taft and A. H. Suzzallo, Before the Department of Child Study | addresses were made by Frederic C. C. Van Liew, F. H. Clark, Nicholson, Frederick Slate and £. derson. Miss Effie B. McFadden, Miss Ora Bor- | ing, Miss Ellen Gibbs, Miss Bertha Chap- man, Miss Helen Swett and W. J. Oster- | hout_read papers before the Depart{ment of Nature Study. The Department of | _H(gh Sch(‘ml_ Science listened to addresses by F. W. Koch, W. J. V. Osterhout and | Professor George M. Richardson of Stan- ford University. At the general session in the afternoon Miss Lillle J. Martin, assistant professor of psychology at Stanford University, de- livered an address on “‘Schoolroom Deco- ratlon From the Standpoint of Psychol- | O0gy.” The keynote of her addre: was =ounded In the following paragraph A recognition of the.truth of these consider- ations, namely, that artistic works, if in ton | great numbers in a schoolroom, divert atten- tion from the main subjects studied and have A tendeny fo impede growth in constancy of purpose or character, would result in not ex- | hibiting many works of art during the hours | . | that the severer and more direct training is carried on. On the other hand, some of thede congiderations would lead to the putting up of a larger number in halis and rooms ised by the pupils in their leisure hours. Such ple: tures and casts would rest the pupil by remov- ing the mental strain of the classroom {hrough breaking up old and starting new trains of thought: they would teach him to carrv on | several lines of thought nearly simultansously | when necessary, a useful acquisition, though by no means so useful or so necessary in prac- tical life as the abllity to concentrate on a pagticular line of thousht. to which the sehoal should direct its main efforts: they would en- | large a pupil's knowledge and sympathy with different phases of life; they would lead him to form the habit of turning to refined pleasures and through properly chosen subjects, they may be made to create that attitude of mind most favorable to the intellectual work which immediately follows reation periods. 4 Rev. Charles R. Brown' of Oakland de- livered an address on “‘Moral Influences in Education.” He sald in part: T cannot talk to you from practical experlence for I have never taught school a day in my 11f but I have always felt that my farm lay next | to yours—that our purposes were in the main identical. There is A strong demand now that educa- tion shall have a moral bearing. Taxpayers | are demanding this. They are becoming tired | of paying so much on account of crime. You | had all of these criminals, practically ail of | them. in your schools once. Wao ministers had a chance at some of them, but mearly all of them pame 1o sou. 8o there is an Incrensing demand that the schools shall exert a greater moral influence. 1 wish that ministers might devote some of their time to child training instead of all of it to the preparation of sermons to adults who have already had ten times as much advice preached at them as thev will ever follow, Moral trainirg in the schools shouid be main- Iy incidental. I would stand up squarely against a propagandism iz the schools. Proper moral culture. must be reached in the teaching of history, of literature, of secience, Arfl not in the formal lecture on morals and ethics. * The teacher who Is all the time bent on impressing morals upon his pupils by having the ethical virtues present in his own charac ter will sueceed in his purpose. Most of the benefits that come to us come inadvertently. The man who walks & mile before breakfast because his doctor savs it will do his health £00d does mot get. half the benefit from it as the man who walks four miles across the hills to see the woman he loves. . At the evening session an orchestra un- der the direction of Charles M. Wiggin K. | century's growth. | ter of the twentieth century. | feel themselves oppressed and crushed against | | those of happy clrcumstance. +* Harry Abbott Miss Dora. Galla- rendered several numbers, Ve a cornet solo, and gher sang a soprano solo. Df. Charles F. Thwing, president of | Western Reserve University, delivered an | address on “The Retrospect and Prospect | in Education.” He said in part: ‘This is a wonderful céntury, it seems to me, i1 many respects. Wonderful in the increawed appreciation of education. We have come. to realize that education is the most important profession of mankind. Within this time has occurred @ great growth in the oneness of edu- cation. The cne principle of the elevation character has developed: oneness in method; | orieness in system. But also with this there | has occurred a vast differentiation In educa. | tlon. A scheol for the doctor, a school for the | weer, a school for the minister has been es- blished. Also there has been a wonderful largement, occurring in several flelds. It has occurred in the technical school and in the education of women. Enrichment In eduéation, as well as enlargement, has been a part of the of | Next week the century dies and the work of | many of you is to be a work In_the first quar- | This new time. | it seems to me, has three or four fundamental suggestions. It is to be a century distinguished its freedom in education. That independence will take two forms, freedom in point of tims and freedom in point of subject. I shink we | are to see greater flexibility In education. | 1 do not say it is so In California, but in eral the weakest point in our school system he school committee or school board. (Ap- use.) 1 shell be glad to know that here | and elsewhere influences are at work that will ace the expert in charge. There I8 to be a greatsr struggle within the | Xt one hundrad years. more prolonged. more | intense than the siruggie of *61-°65. I will not suy of class against class, but of those who The result will depend upon the justice, the self-control of the boys that we train. The mightiest foree to maintain the republic is the pure heart and rirong mind and character of the American boy | ard girl. The various departments will hold mpet-! @ this morning at the Mission High School. At 1:30 p. m. a general session wili be held at Metro‘mll(an Temple. Da- | vid Starr Jordan will deliver an address on the “Hopes of Japan,” and Dr. Charles F. Thwing will deliver his last address before the assoclation on the “Tools and the Man.™ —_— Democratic State Committee, Senator J. C. Sims of Sonoma, chairman of the Democratic State Central Commit - tee, has issued a call for State committees to meét at the California Hotel, San Francisco, January 5, 1%l The reasons assigned for calling a meeting so early in the century is that the welfare of the country demands that the leaders of the Democratic party shall come together for earnest consultation. The real purpose in| view Is to provide ways and means for ralsing the sum of $2600, that being the amount of the committes's indebtedness. The creditors are said to be clamorous. ————— —''The American Porter’’—possesses a mellow flaver pecullarly its own and is unlike any | other brew on the market, whether of ferei, eor domestic productio — | Requests Police Protection. The Federation of Mission Improvement Clubs has petitioned the Board of Super- | visors to provide adequate police protec- tion in the distrlct south of Bernal Heights. Attention is called to the recent wrecking of the house of J. J. Laumeister on Andover street by a mang of roughs. The club asks that ome patrolman for Cortland avenue and one for the other streets be detailed. | 1 The Original Little Beneficencia Publica Company of Francisco, Orgnhn‘ September, I Numbers De- cember 27, 1900. No. 49,078 wins $3780, sold in San Francisco; No. 69,218 wins $1250, sold in San Francisco; HOW WAR MADE AM Copyright, 1900, ERICAN BOUNDARIES by Seymour Eaton. PRI 57 Sy St WAR GEOGRAPHY OF AMERICA, —_— ‘When William ITI eame to the throne of England (1588) and became invoived in the affairs of Continental Europe becauseof his opposition to the ambitions of Louis X1V there began what has been called another “Hundred Years' War” between England and France. Beginning with King Wil- ilam’s war in 1620, there was a protracted struggle hetwesn these two nations, with only intervals of interruption, untit Wel- lingion sheathed his sword at Waterloo and Napcleon had gone to St. Helena. In that long period of more than 100 years, whil2 there were varying intervals of truce and breathing ils of peuce, the two nations were ccntinuously at war for more than sixt years. There were three distinet causes for tke century of strug- gle: (@) At the beginning of the period (16%- 1713) war came from the-efforis of France to upset the balance c¢f power in Eu Louis XIV was attempting to abolish the Pyrences by placing a Bourbon cn the throne of Spain, tkus uniting the crowns of France and Spain under one control. (b) At the end of the period (17%-1815) the internatlonsl strife arose from the French revolutionary influences in the danger to the balance of jSurope from the ambition and domnance of Napoleo Though we had achieved our political in- dependence at this period, it was with ghe greatest difficulty that our neutrality Was maintained for a while, and. finally, in spite of our passion for peace, we were forced into conslict with one of the Euro- pean combatants. (c) But the great cause of this second ““Hundred Years' Wi that throughout so much of' the eighteenth century, was the rivalry betweén France and Britain for dominion beyond Eurore, especially in America. It is with this in- ternationa! strife for the control of ter- ritory in America that our present lesson has {o do. At the close of the seventéenth century France was at the zenit was the age of Louls XIV ful array of great name: half-century that ceptional none stands higher for distinguished ser- vice to the state than the name of Col- bert. No Frenchman ever did moge for the expansion and glory of Franc In a wonde produced in a than { Colbert. He was the great colonizer of France. Probably no other Continental | statesman, if we except Prince Henry of Portugal, ever made colonization so dis- tinctly a’ part of his policy or had plans so sagacious and far-sighted. creased the French navy within twens vears (1660-1680) from thirty to 176 shi he saved from waste and corruption b6 000,000 of the revenue of France. Besides urging a policy of peace and production at home, he encouraged and sustained the degigns of Frontenac, Marquette, Joliet and La Salle for the upbullding of New rahce. It was largely through Colbert’s fluence and statesmanship that the French by 1690, besides their well ground- ed hopes for empire-in India and their ower in Cayenne and the West Indies, ad in North America. Canada, Cape Bre- ton, the fishing banks of Newfoundland, the mouths of the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence and inland Louisiana. France held America by the mouths of its great rivers. With the English colonies mak- ing but a fringe on the coast, it might well have been concluded by the reflective historian of that day that America was to become French. While this struggle for dominion in the New World from 169, when France seemed so dominant, to 1763, when she finally re- tired from the continent of North Amer- fca. may be looked upon as a continuous and single struggle to be studied as one movement, it will still be necessary to re- gard the struggle and its outcome some- what In detall. First should be noticed the respective claims of the two nations and the founda- tions upon which these claims rested. The treaty of St. Germain (1632) had rec- ognized the French as in pe 8t. Lawrenca and of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, substantially as de- scribed at present on our maps. In 1697 Tberville had settled lower uisiana. | The explorations of the French Jesuits had given claim to the basin of the Mis- sissippl. To connect Canada and the mouth of the St. Lawrence with Louis- jana and the mouth of the Mississippi by a chain of forts along the inland lakes and rivers was the French design. 1700 this had been largely accomplished, and it was supposed to guarantee French possession. As for the English, they were to be hemmed in east of the Alleghanies lasted | h cf her power. It | reign | Colbert in- | session of the | By | | famous treaty of Paris. The treaties o | Ryswick (1697) and Aix-la-Chapelle (1743 settled nqthing, and they may therefore | be regarded as mere truces in the con- fiict. The conquests made in the two | wars preceding these treaties were reé- | stored, the wars brought nothing but losses to both sides and the contending | Powers were left confronting one another | with the great issues between them still unsettled | 3 But the stud, should look upon the itreaties of Utrecht (1 and Paris (T as fmportant landmarks in the diplomatic istory of America. 3y the treaty of | Utrecht France made important conces- sions to Great Britain in America | 1 The B laim was recognized t the territory by the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay is region of indefin- ite limit had been claimed by the British s of Hud: yn in 1680 and Acadia Nova it clent Mmits. rt Royal (cap- restored in 1710 and permanent'y conceded by the limits” of Acadin ¥, recaptured retained) were also French. The “ancient Wwere never defined. France contended | that the concession included not only Nova Scotia, but a narrow strip on the seacoast, while England claimed from it a vast country westward to the English settlements in Mzine and northward to tne St. Lawrence. 3. The treaty of Utrecht declared the | “Five Nation the famcus Indian con- | federacy of New York, to be subject to the dominion of England. This gave rise | to stupendous English claims. Did this dominien carry with it dominion over the Indian lands?” The English insisted that the allegiance of the five nations carried not only the Indians’ own hereditary ter- ritorles, but also all the regions of Ire- uois conquests; that is, all west of the | Ottawa River and the Alleghanies to the Mississippl. This, of course, would break through the heart of New France, and it was a claim that could be admitted by France only on the ground that she had no possession in America that she could hope to defend. while it made some im; concessions in America, merely ment line rtant really after ali ostponed the day of final settle- he limits of Acadla, the boundary between French Canada and the Brit- ish colonies, and the bourdary between these colonies and the great West, wers all left unsettled. The attempt to settls them was sure to rekindle war. The thir- ty years that followed, called genera- tion of chronic, smothered war,” was a period of dispute and preparation. First there were disputes over the limits of Aca- dia. France had been left In undisputed possession of Cz. e Breton Island, and this she now préoceeaed to use as the basis of her operations for the recovery of her concessions. In the second place, there, there was a difference over the northern boundary of New England and the con- trol of the Indian territory in that, region. The third and greatest question of all was whether France or Great Britain should hold the valleys of the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and with them the control of the continent. “This was the triple problem,” says Parkman, “that tormented the northern English colonies for meors than a generation, till it found its solution in the Seven Years' War." In 1739 began the Spanish war—a war that is but little noticed in our books and that has almost passed out of the mem- ory of men. It is remembered now chlef- Iy by the story of Jenkins' ear. It arose over the disputed boundary of Spanish Florida and the claims of the Spaniards to the right of search in the Spanish main. Spain was protecting her legiti- mate trade monopoly with her colonies by drastic processes, and Jenkins dis- p?ay(—d his severed ear In parliament as proof pos @ of such Spanish crueity and aggression as called for vengeance and war. The war led to a war with France. Louisburg, captured by the New England- ers, was restored by the truce of 1743, and the rival nations were facing one anoth- er for the final struggle. The causes of the Seven Years' War, so far as America is concerned, have been indicated by what has already been writ- ten. The outcome of the struggle is to be seen by a study of the great treaty of Paris of 1 This treaty h | erly pronounced the gre: & that at Westphalia (168) established the balance of modern Europe. It marks an epoch in universal history—a turning point not only in the history of Americd, but in the history of the world. Of the war which it closed, Green has said with sin- cere eloquence that “three of its many victories determined for ages to come the hoody | destinies nankind. Quebec was one on the Atlantic coast. { of these ctories, afd with Wolfe's *On the maps of British America in the early | {riump egan the history of part of the eighteenth century,’” says Parkman, | (1o} Ve can here but ‘one sees the castern shore. from Malne to | LD€ Pl s aotlin vhich Georgia garnished with ten or twelve coloreq | Driefly summarize the situatl b patches, very different in shape and size ang | this treaty left the ritorial possessions more o less distinctly defined.”” 08 The Teaqiny; TuxuNant; atiion T Aoy These colonfes had indefinite clalms west- | ica: & ward to the Pacific, ims to vast interior | 1. She secured the restoration of tracts, founded on ancient grants, but not Havana and Cuba, captured by the Eng- & - ENGLISAY-T] 9 FRENC H [0 SPANISH & MAP OF NORTH AMERICA IN TH! TO SOVEREIGNTY OF VARIOU PLORATION AND OCCUPANCY. E YEAR 1750, SHOWING THE CLAIMS S NATIONS ARISING OUT OF EX- d by occupation or vindicated by any Treriion ot power. The Emglian colonies’ wers strong In numbers, but their numbers could not be brought into action. The French forces were small. but they were vigorously com- marded and were always ready at a word. Jt was union confronting division. fronting apathy. military centralization of industrial democracy; and for a yme the ad- Vi was all on o sidy (Parkman, Half Century of Confliet,” Vol. IL, p. 85. When the Anglo-Saxon frontier moved westward according inevitable. O et “was doubtful until Wolfe's tory at_Quebec 1759. “'Seven Years' W " began, as leric] pire in America The which/! have so far spoken of as a single movement. has generally been de- | bed in ~merican history under four | Ryn-’ from | Green, “whose dread had knit 1701 to .the peace of Utrecht in 1713, or the ' nists to the mother country, war of the Spanish Succession: (3) Kln,l 7 ce of Afstinct intercolonial w; ) Ki ’'s war, from 1689 to the peace of 35 in 1697: (2) Queen Anne's war, s war. from 1744 to the George': . 75,197 wins $625, sold in San Francisco and Frasno; Noe. 20,207, TLOSL 30,407, 8,006, Ttss each win $62 80, eold in San Francisco and Sacramento, Cal. . ix-la-Chapelle in 1748, preceded SpanA ish war begun in 1739 (4) the Indien war,” or the “Seven Y energy con- | line | a into contact | of migration’ and came into | el:t: the French forts buflding on the up- | + Ohio the conflict between these two | fhe issue of the | This_ decisive k| the Great #aid, “over a few miserable | the upper Ohlo, cost humanity a E:}x'lo:"men -Eu!"g-ve to Britain an em- e half century of conflict which Park- | man has so brilliantly described, anfl the | of the Mississi) ench War,” from 1756 to 1763, closing with the —_— | lish during the war: she ceded Florida to | Great Britain, and in compensation for | this loss she received from France the ! island of New Orleans and Louisiana wes: of the Mississippl. 2. France—To France the treaty was one of ‘he most humillating in her history. She Icst her merchant and her military marire, and with her hopes of empire in India she surrendered Canada to England and Loulsiana to Spain and retired from the continent of North America. 3. England—The treaty exalted Britain nmon{‘ the nations. She won for the first time her world empire. Besides giving her unrivaled sea power and her -?a-g in India, the war gave the realizations | of her most sanguine hopes in America, She received Canada_from France and Florida from Spain. Now, without 1rlv-d1 to Britain from the Atlantic to the Missis- i It was apparent that America was Decome. Enghieh. The great suteom of the war for America was that the English colonles were no longer between the upper and the nether milistones. Th. were relleved from fear of the 1 power on the south of the wer on the north. and they were ready for expansion westward. “By removing an enemy,” says the I:n:lll{ historian the colo- and b; aking through the line with which ce had barred them from the basin , Pitt had foundation of the Een WhObaTR West. A A Indiana University. |