The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, June 22, 1900, Page 9

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+ THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, FRIDAY, JUNE 22, 1900 McNAUGHTON OUSTED FROM NORMAL SCHOOL Trustees of the San Jose Institution Depose the Principal - and Six Instructors, .*Wéhf?“**im.-’-‘wowmw. . - s 4 . : ¢ * * * 4 ® . - P ‘ { < & - . « : ¢ ® 4 * + ® : 1 ¢ ® . + : : : $ ® - + * L 3 « .| ® PY - * . 4+ - ) 3 , - : p - 2 i ® “ * F; s £3 - =, ‘ Cipemans 2 = ¢ * 2 ;W—A * « e ® . 32 s PRINCIPAL OF THE STATE NORMAL ¢ SCHOOL AT SA SE, WHO HAS BEEN DISMISSED BY THE TRUS- ¢ * JES OF THAT INSTITUTIOM . Dot el ettt s e P s0e0e00000ededsd e Bpecial Dispatch to The Call 1 in\-om! of them for nearly twenty years. >rofes L. B. Wilson was appointed vice ; Gerhard Schoof, Fowler, English, | added to the course of studies was re- ferred to the joint Board of Trustees. Chico Normal’s Instructors. CHICO, June 21.—The Board of Trus- tees of the State Normal located at Chico met this morning and elected the follow- teachers for the. ensuing year: Van Liew, president, teacher hy and professor of education; ered thelr resig 1. r is to engage in other goes to Germany | ing h > L. Fiedler, tea “harles C. 1, was elected head | of x»hloswg ner L, zoology meter, preceptre B lgohnFEHh i X d discipline inglish; Ernest 'Henderson, psychol- T ';{f, came | 08Y, history and philosophy of education; isther M. Wilson, music and art; Elme: I Miller, ical~ sclence and P geograph Stamper, mathemat- €ll Adams, chemist ics; Max ics; Ray E. Chase, botany; Wiison, supervisor of training and pri- mary department; Mrs. Clara MecQuade. McNaughton’s Successor. | kindergarten department; Aimee who suceeeds him, has stant teacher in English; e Lida Le: the school for the . music and art; Georgia Calden, as. y was Superintend- | si teacher in mathematics: Anna bols and is a | Bwa teacher in grammar department; ersity | Mamié Hall, Ruth Mery and Marie dismissed had been ool for a long time, | Brown, assi Susan T. Smith, librarian. 3 with the s DIED OF HUNGER N THE TRAIL 0 CAPE NOME KHEDIVE OF EGYPT IS AT PORT VICTORIA Detained Aboard the Royal Yacht Osborne by Illness. and Privations Told in a Diary. o Distinguished Persons With a Guard | myo Writer Whose Body Was Found of Honor Assembled at Charing | y Reindeer Herders, Had Tried Cross to Greet Him, but to Make His Way From St. Were Disappointed. Michael to New Fields. EELLF o 7L Special Dispatch to The Cail. LONDON, June 21.—Abbas Hitmi, the Khedive of Egypt, arrived in English wa- oval yacht Osborne brought from Flushing to Port Vic- was recelved with a salute wchored at Sheernock, but as ed by lllness from con- | nuing his journey. | The Khedive is accompanied by the| mander of the Anglo-Egyptian forces, eral Wingate, and Sir James Renneli | 4, the British secretary of legation | wcretary of the Consul General in| papers received here tell of the finding of traces of a tragedy by reindeer herders in a district contiguous to Nome. H mbie, superintendent of the reindeer station at Cape Denbigh, says his herd- ers have discovered the body of a man, on whose remains papers were found tell- ing of terrible privations and starvation, These papers state that the victim was salling In a small boat from St. Michae: to Nome, and after experlencing the greatest hnrdshl(rs landed at the poim which he believed to be an island. A num- where h the fleet prev “Duke of Cambridge, the Turkish | sador, Antho Puto Pasha, and a Khedive, but they received the informa- | n after a tiresome Wait that his High- < suffering from sickness and | " consequence postpone his de- | ure from Port Vietoria for London. The welcoming party therefore dispersed and shortly afterward, in response to a | telegram, a London specialist left this| ity on a special train in order to attend The Khedive later was said as he called it. Writing on December 14, he states that he came from British Co- lumbia and had been on the trail for two vears. On December 15 he states thai while at the coast at a village, presuma- bly Shatolik, he helped two men two days bullding a boat named Frank Lell{e. which was painted black. The name of the unfortunate man fs John Bacon, and the papers on him were Khedive. e ring for 1wo days pre- | addressed to James Cahill, followed e e A vtz from Flushing, | an lllegible word commencing with. thy showing symptoms of diphtheria, walch increased during the voyage. The zusndmn‘phymmm after a consul- tation hnsrs the mf-u yacht to-night, tned to walt tili Saturday before g on the question of his removal London. . LADY CHURCHILL TO MARR Engagement to Lieutenant George Wi letter B. Dr. Gamble sald these were all the particulars he could glean from the Laplanders. but he would go out and in- vestigate the case and have the body bu- ried away from the dogs and ravens. In a full report of discoveries made by the doctor a short time afterward to United States Marshal Lee, it transpires that the records of the dead man showea that his death was directly due to the Indians, whose attitude was so threaten- ing that he was obliged to give them the bulk of his scanty supply of food. The N JOSE, June —The trustees of The new teachers selected are: Behnal ot - Bhate eau of Bakersfield, precep- ] s George _Goodell, Stockton, day, wielded the Callle Vivian, drawing; W. g emerged Fresne, mathematics; Miss P tive sessiop the ' Maud Smith, Sargents, secretary of the he st prominent Miss' Elizabeth m;is«x»x, formerly lopped off. ding cretary, was made registrar of the 5 ll‘pj’ ‘:f“”\fn ’hL and assistant librarian. The rest DAL JAMEE MENANED- teachers and employes were re- Morris Elmer vice principal. | full board—Trustees Brown (chair- cy M. Wash- | man), Pierce, Leavitt, Short, Sweigert and ood, musie; State Superintendent Kirk—was present. £ Aucation | OF- H. C. Brown was re-elected president of ed N | of the rd. The president’s report was Mre. A. E. Bush, | received, and a petition that Spanish be | | exercise of personal right ants in primary department; | Pitiful Tale of Hardships| s first official visit to this | VICTORIA, B. C., June 21.—Nome news- Dr. W.| ber of Indians assisted him to land. On | of other distinguished TSODS, | the 10th of December, he writes, he was | a guard of honor, assembled at the | there fifty-two days waiting for the ioe | r Cross station to welcome the|to form, that he might get off the island, FORCES UNDER ROBERTS STILL ADVANCING Three Hundred Boers Singly and in Parties Have Surrendered. el — Posters in South Africa Proclaim That England and France Have Locked Horns in a Deadly Conflict. —— T.ONDON, June 22, 4 a. m.—General Bul- ler is pressing his advance. On Wednes. | day he followed the Johannesburg railway to Paardekop, thirty-one miles from Stranderton. About 300 Boers, singly or { in smail parties, have surrendered. The War Office has issued a list of | casualties in engagements around Hell- ibrnn_ previously undisclosed. Lord Roberts has adopted the Transvaal mining regulation for military adminis- | tration. The first train for Pretoria left Cape Town yesterday. A dispatch from Lourenzo Marques says: The Boers have printed and posted at every corner the following: | MACHADODORP, Monday.—The Paris Expo- sition has closed*and France has declared war against England. Fifty miles of rallway have | been destroyed in the Free State and 80,000 | British have surrendered. | Five miles ot telegraph = between =Ko- | matipoort and Koop Maiden are down | and native runners traverse the distance. The Boers continue to assert that they have had successes east of Pretoria. The Colonial Office publishes a notifica hannesburg of the stoppage of a check for £40,000 drawn fron: the French bank in South Africa upon the National Bank of the South African Republic, and warn- ing all persons against dealing in the | check, as the funds of the national bank | are the property of her Majesty’s Govern- ment. The Transvaal Government, according to the Lourenzo Marques correspondent of the Times, is reduced to severe finan- clal straits and is endeavoring to meet the | emergency with treasury bilis, but the | people refuse to accept them. FILIPINOS MEET AND NAME TERMS FOR PEACE | Seven Distinct Propositions Adopted and Submitted to General MacArthur. MANILA, June 21.—Two hundred Fill- | pinos met this morning in Manila to deter- mine honorable and decorous methods for securing peace. The results were submit- ted this evening to General MacArthur, | who accepted them. Senor Paterno presided and Senor Buen- camino. the originator of the movement, | Senor Flores, General Pio del Pilar, Gen- eral Garcia, General Macabulos and other | prominent revolutionists were present. | It was evident that Senor Paterno was | | | tion by the military government at Jo- | | convinced that he could obtain Aguin- aldo’s sanction to a peace based upon the following seven clauses, which, after four hours, were unanimously accepted as com- patible with an honorable peace: First—Amnesty. Second—The return by the Americans to the Filipinos of confiscated Droperty. Third- Employment for the revolutionary generals in the navy and militla when estab- | lished. Fourth—The application of the Filipino rey- dy_Filipino_soldiers. Fifth—A_ guarantee to the Filipinos of the accorded to Ameri- | cans by their constitution. Sixth—Establishment of clvil governments at the provinces. pulsion of the friars, The statement of the seventh condition was vociferously acclaimed, the entire as- semblage shout'ng, “Expel, expel.” PORTLAND, Or., June 21.—The United States transport Lgnox arrived to-day from Manila. o e GOLD COAST COLONY’S GOVERNOR WOUNDED Eight British Officers Killed During a Sortie from the Fort at Kumassi. ACCRA, June 21.—8ir Frederick Hodg- son, Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, according to reports from Kumassi, was wounded in the shoulder during the recent | sortie from the fort. It is also rumored that eight officers were Kkilled. Provisions at Kumassi are scarce and there are many wounded. The investment is so complete that no one is able to -leave. Great privations are endured by the native population. Day by day the position is becoming more precarious, and | there are no prospects of rellef. GERMAN PREDICTS WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN Remarkable Utterances of Herr Mer- tel During a Political Speech. BERLIN, June 2L.—A sensation has been caused by a declaration of Herr Mertel, a member of the Reichstag and | editor in chief of the Deutsche Tages Zeitung, the agrarian crgan, who, in the | course of a political speech at Ebernburg, said: | ~*Our next war will be naval and against England. Of this we have been quietly assured by the Government and it was because of this assurance that the agra- | rians voted for the naval bill.”* CONTRACT WAS UNLAWFUL. Supreme Court fi;‘l’mldl the Booth Case Decision. SPRINGFIELD, Ill., June 2..—The Su- preme Court to-day affirmed the decision of the lower court which convicted A. V. Booth of Chicago of unlawfully contract- ing in_writing with the Weare Commis- slon Company an option to buy 10,000 bushels of corn at a future time, contrary to the statute. The decision is important in that it de- clares the Illinols law regarding puts and calls to be valid. The defense was based on constitutional grounds. The court does | not hold that a contract to buy grain for future delivery is unlawful, but holds that the Booth-Weare contract did not bind Booth to take the corn on delivery day and was merely a gamble in. prices of corn. W 3 Pensions for Coast Veterans. | Bpecial Dispatch to The Call. | WASHINGTON, June 21.—The tollowing pensions were issued to-day: est Announced. record is one of the most DILLUL in the | oo s Fag) Halla, Ceterans' Home, are LONDOXN, June 2.—Lady Randolph|annals of the north. | $12. Restoration—Solomon T. Worden, % Churchill has announced that her mar- SE———————— don, $5. lm.m’xg_ g.&.lz-.q aflfi jage to Lieutenant George Cornwallls Increase of Pay. mmm ‘t.hmrtm-,w'm G Joa fie o Vest of the Scots Guards will take place R : Bl \ West o WASHINGTON, June 2.—The Navy Origi oy % Y g .‘ng‘ Churchill is s daughter of the late | Department has issued a general order ..mng“w‘ % Franelsco, $8: Ellza Leonard Jerome of New York City. under the terms of the last appropria- | Oregon—Mary . Carpenter, Gleawood, $s. —_——— jon act ln‘:‘reull:x I;ohrev.opfic: én':vu of- Nwhm T l;:u'n_?.m' Q. r, Deat Mrs. Stone. cers on shore , rthport, $6; e tesano, th of L & Piippines, Hawall and Alasika by 38 ooc | " Reneswal— Chandler, North Yaima: GRIDLEY, June 2L.—Mrs. L. C. 8tone, | con¢, “and ‘for the men of the | % L OTEe t Tpe, = R e et Bies 4t her | arins e it b Do X e nee! Rom > . com; . neer residen m:’{.‘ N ering m.een > 'I?ntec Muir Glaci ; s chari ni - TTLE, June 21.—Captain 1 tare ot e ot Educators Beappointed. ot the steatmablp, Quedn Just Ih-teams X Thoresa | Special Dispatch to The Call. aska, says that the earthquake In Alaska S Ly g Bt F WILLOWS, June 2l—The Board of Su. | last Ocioher completely vy s now touris urope and the Mn‘nu‘polm end 3 a :’:‘rhfd e to attend the funeral ser- { E. w 2’ i Lathrop members | through hmfi, ve vices, which will take piace in Ban Fran- | of the of of G“.nl miles, but fatle see _the cisco et & date to be announced later. - lold formation. g 5 i TALES OF BRITISH TR()UBLESl THREE LIVES LOST AT A FIRE IN KERN The Roundhouse of the Southern - Pacific Company Com- pletely Destroyed. Charred Bodies of Two Men Taken From the Ruins and a Third Died a Few Hours Later From Injuries Received. — e Special Dispatch to The Call BAKERSFIELD, June 21.—The South- ern Pacific roundhouse at Kern was com- pletely destroyed by fire to-day. Two men lost their lives in the conflagration and several were injured. Thirteen loco- motives were in the house at the time. Two that had steam up were saved. The remainder were badly warped and dam- aged. The estimated loss is about $350,000. The fire is supposed to have originated from an explosion of gas in the ofl tank of engine 1327, which had been run In for repairs. Machinist Quinn, late of _San Bernardino, was sent to fix the engine. The tank had been relieved of oil some time before. The Chinese helper said Quinn went in the pit under the engine with a lighted candle. In a few minutes an explosion occurred aud before the Chi- naman could flee from °"the house the whole interior of the building was a mass of flames. The Chinaman was quite bad- ly burned. After the fire the charred re- mains of Quinn were found under the en- gine, as if he had been In the act of ecrawlin from the oit. The semains of Byrd Gilmore, an apprentice, aged 17 vears, were also found burned to a crisp alongside the engine. The building was of very combustible material, the roof being composed of tar paper and as- phaltum. Machinist Dearbury and Boilermaker John Kennedy of Los Angeles were among the injured. Kennedy died this evening. It is supposed that some ofl remained in the tank of the locomotive and formed a gas and as soon as Quinn’s candle came in contact with it the explosion occurred. The concussion was heard all over town and in consequence attracted everybody to the roundhouse befofre the fire alarm was sounded. In a brief time hundreds of excited people from both this city and Kern were on the scene. A large num- ber of men are employed at the machine shop and roundhouse and therefore many familles of Kern had members working in the shops. When the flames burst sky- ward the excitement was intense. Women '"1 wringing their hands and eagerly In- quiring for the welfare of their dear ones. This community has never witnessed such terrible excitement. Young Gilmore was-the only one of the victims who had any relatives in town. His old mother lived within a block of the fire. When she was informed of the brought tears to the eves of the assem- bled multitude. He was her only support. Many of the locomotives were of the lat- est make. Four of them were immense “hogs.” used for pulling heavy freights over the Tehachapi grade. From all ap- pearances none of them will be fit for more_ than scrapiron. The two that were saved did not escape without conslderable with the company's business. The shop has a well-drilled fire company of its own, with modern apparatus, which was gal- lantly handled during the fire. Nothing was left undone to save life and property. SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORKERS CHOOSE NEW OFFICERS Adjournment of a Successful Convention at San Jose. ey s Annual Reports Show That Great Progress Has Been Made Along All Lines During the Year. pERS Bt Special Dispatch to The Call. SAN JOSE, June 21.—The California State Sunday School Convention decided to-day to advance the work of organiza- tion and for this purpose elected Earl S. Bingham general secretary at a salary of $100 per year. A short business session was held. The reports of the various officers showed great progress, and the executive committee outlined a course for the com- ing year. The convention closed its labors this eveaing and delegates ail agreed it was the greatest meeting of Sunday- school workers held on the coast. Interest ip the sessions of the conven- tion has Increased. The First Methodist Church was crowded at the three meet- ings to-day. Delegates praise highly the hospitality of the local ‘Sunday schools and churches. To-morrow the various de- nominations will hold separate meetings. In the afternoon many of the delegates wili make a trip to Mount Hamilton and others will be taken for a ride about the ©Fhe hominating committee reported the following names for officlals for the en- suing year, and they were unanimously elected: President, Rev. W. S. Haskinson of Sacra- b S presidents—Rev, Philo Phelps of Sali- nas, L. M. Walters of Freeno, A. D. McKelvay, v forzan o 2 R eniray Giats secrotary, Easl 8. Dingham of San Jose, - State statistical secretary, Mrs. Charles Harp kton. o(AE.l.tl):“::: secretary, Miss Alice Ball of San Tgre J. V. Bacon of Oakland. Superintendent of primary work, Miss Helen Babb of San Jose. Superintendent of home department, George E. Dye of Willowa. surg:nmmlgmz of work, H. T. Plant O xscutive committes—Rev. Altred Kummer, J. L. Vi S;xn Rev. anderwerker and G. W. Smith, cf Jose, W. M. White of Woodland aud C Campbeli of Sacramento. H. Morton, the retiring superint:ndent of nor- mal work, was nominated as a member of the international executive committes and elected to represent California. The morning session of the convention was opened by chorus llngng under Pro- fessor Excell. Robert T. Bonsall of Cin- ginnatl explained the teaching of ‘the Sunday-school lesson for next Sunday. A round table on “The Home Department” was conducted by Marion Lawrence. The rest of the session was glven over to business. A paper on “Normal Education,” by Henry T. Plant of Saratoga, opened the afternoon _exercises. Rev. Alexander Henry_of Philadeiphia discussed the sub- ject of “Sunday-school Progress.’ A children’s rally followed. The Sun- shine Chorus, composed of seventy-five children, furnished some especially fine music. An_fllustrated talk, ‘“The Heart Wash Day,” was given by Marion Law- rence. A fine praise service under charge of Professor Excell, opened the evening ses- ston. An address on “Denominational Co- operation” was given b&Rev. E. S. Lewis of Columbus, Ohio. Marion Lawrence spoke on “The Sunday-school Teacher as a Soul Winner."” The convention proper then adjourned, the delegates and vast audience rising and singing, “God Be With You Till We Meet | Again. . Charles Harp of Stockton, statis- ticaFnSre::ry. submitted a rt for the northern counties of the State. Over thirty countles are omgx:rd and the rapidl; E O e e etary Fon B Bingham told his extensive travel over the State for the assoclation. Forty-eight conventions were visited in the State and gver 100 a dresses made. Santa Clara t rapid stri made the mos! G County had ANFORD, June 21.—A fleld fire last e burned about 300 acres of hay Ty lands ::c lf";.‘ not :ta ltm ——————— Proved Fatal. “mb . :Eaut--m»-«‘r:u: MIDSUMMER GRADUATIONS AT NORMAL SCHOOLS Diplomas Awarded a Mixed Class of Eighty-Six at San Jose. PR : Address to the Students Delivered by Father R. E Kenna of Santa Clara Col- lege. —_— Special Dispatch to The Call. SAN JOSE, June 21.—The regular mid- summer graduating exercises at the State Normal School were held this morning be- fore an audlence of friends and relatives of the scholars that crowded the Assem- bly Hall. The place was prettily decorated with plants and flowers. There were elghty- six graduates, nine of whom were youns men. - The exercises opened with the anthem, “In Thee, O Lord, I Put My Trust,” the school. Rev. Dr. Haskell offered an invocation. The St. Cecilia Club rendered an “Ave Maria,” Father . Kenna, president of Santa Clara College, dell ered an address to the students. Miss Lena Dumouriez rendered a vocal solo, “Daughter of Error,” and also a piano solo. Chdrlotte Ada Nyman, president of the class, presented the school with a fine picture and a response was made by Alexander Sheriffs. Principal McNaughton then presented the diplomas to the graduates, who were as follows: Bessie Bell Applegate, Mrs. Medora Arnold, Della Aulman, Mona Aulman, Anne Olver Be: netts, Grace Leona Bishop, Blanche Ethel Bla- cow, Ella N. Brinkman, Ruby Hamlin Brown, Annte M. Butler, Clara M. Joanna Carroll, June Swain ine S. Charison, Alva F. Christman, Anna retta Claffey, Isabella 1. Clark, Emma A. Co: Gertrude Crawford, Mabel C. Dimon, Julia Lu- clle Dimon, Julia Ada Drew, Lena Dumouriez, Carolyn Z. Edwards, Frances Emory, Rose Heien Ebriich, Mirtam A. Estes, Raymond Estes, Isabel N. Ferguson, Fobes, French, Anna K. Hardy, Nettle Aurilla Hew- lett, Annie Louise Hinds, Nina L. Huffman, Ora Huston, Louise ‘Agnes Inglis, Isabei , Winifred CIff King, Marie George Kiein, Edward W. Kottinger, Esther May Lamb, Jane A. Lawrence, Joseph Flint Leon- erd, Edith Levenia Martin, Frank Gearhart Maus, Annfe L. Me! ide, Lols Bessie McKin- ney, Ida P. McMiilin, Artus Metzger, Anna E. Morrison, Otto J. Mouron, Ada Florence Mur- Belle Murphy, Clara B. Ney, Emma e, Charlotte Ada Nyman, Edith Bernice Oliver, Esther May Paul, Gertrude C. Peckbam, Hattie B. Phoenix, Anna Polson, Maud M. Prior, Dollle Minta Ralston, Marie C. Rasmus- gen. Ruth Raymond, Catherine C. E. Reardon, Elizabeth Reardon, Kenneth F. Rey- nolds, Lucy E. Richardson, Ella L. Roll, Eliza- beth May Sargent, Tima Schweyer, Erma Irenc ra M. Emma E. Tindell, Grace M. Ulrice, Laura Imogen Vestal, Wieland, Maude Alice Woodsum, trude Young. The class officers were: President, Char- lotte Ada Nyman; vice president, Beatrice R. French; secretary, Kenneth F. Rey- nolds; treasurer, Artus Metzger. - — Chico Graduates. CHICO, June 2l.—Commencement exer- cises of the State Normal School were held in Normal Hall this evening. Pro- fessor K. C. Babcock of the Universify of California delivered the address to the srnduate-. The following were granted iplomas: Anna Adele Bare Lottle M. Bedwell, Jennte Myrtle Brown, Lee J. ‘happell, Jose Maud Mrs. Maud H. Helen Ger- Eastman, M. GabrieJle Flanagan, Sadle A. Gaffney, H. Bert Glover, Scott Hendricks, Mary Amelia ‘Hetschel, Agnes A. Hoffman, Fred L. Hutchinson, Laura Mable Lopp, Olive V. Mar- tin, Margaret Jeannette Matthews, James Mat- ock, Julla H. McCormack, Anna Me- Neil, Janet Ruth Mery, George B. Mortensen, Matile Louise Parks,” Theraiz Agatha in, “Riter, Florence Rummeisburg, . Hac: eld, Myrtle I Shonkwiler, Hichard Sisk, Mattie Irena Springer, Mary Cyril A. Stebbins, Eléanor Fay Stil- Rose Taber, Mary Taylor. PRESIDENT LOUBET VISITS AMERICAN EXHIBIT Unfortunately Neither of the Com- missioners Were There to Receive Him. PARIS, June 2L.—The official visit of President Loubet to the United States pavilion in the Rue des Nations took place to-day. By some unfortunate circum. m$dth¢r l;ho dU:thedPelct:m Com- missioner, Ferdinan - nor assistant _ Commissioner, Benfamin %‘ ‘oodward, to neuvhhnn at States Embassador, however, the i ., g minutes flmar o . Bracke gfii' foy maenbes & 7 not gfi“ and being building, ex- aflgmm the e B u . mmm. t Loubet couid take any action. i over to the sec- rooms feat = ha ran franticaily about the burning build- | death of her son she set up a wail that | damage. The loss will serfously interfere | erick | Beatrice R. French, Mary Arthur | CENTURY 0 UNITED STATES FOREIGN TRADE. Copyright, 1900, by Seymour Eaton. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF TWO CENTURIES, SN SR S 1L To compare the commerce of 190 with that of 1500 Is to contrast the railway. the steamship, the telegraph and the tele- phone of to-day with the Conestoga wagon, the salling vessel and the mail coach of a century ago. Then railways known, and as a consequence only the lit- tle margin of territory bordering directly upon the rivers, lakes and oceans couid successfully participate in that which is now usually designated as commerce. To be sure, the term commerce applies, strict- 1y speaking, to the interchange of com- moditles or traffic in merchandise wher- ever found, but the term to-day Is usually | meant to apply to exchanges between na- i tlons, continents or great business centers. | The commerce existing among the conti- nents a century ago was necessarily car- ried on by salling vessels. True, experi- ments with steamboats had been made in the closing years of the eighteenth cen- | tury, but they had not been put into prac- tical operation until after the beginning of the nineteenth century, it being In 1819 i that the steamer Savannah made a voy age from Savanpah, Ga., to Liverpool, England, occupying even then twenty-two days for a trip which steamships now eas- gaged in commerce between New York and China occupied from February 22, 1784, until May 11, 1785, nearly fifeen months, {in making the trip to that country, dis- | posing of its cargo and reaching New | York with thé goods which it brought in exchange. The railway, of course, did not come until toward the middle of the cen- tury, and as a consequence only the little margin of land bordering upon the lakes, rivers and oceans could participate in the interchange of the heavier commodities, since transportation by wagons or pack animals was extremely slow and expen- sive, making profitable interchange Impos- sible except In the extremely light and very valuable articles. The caravans which transported the silks and spices from the Orient to European countries consumed many months in their trip, and the heavy expense of transporting even the lightest and most valuable articles | was increased by the heavy losses by rea- son of bandits on land, while the vessels which transported goods by sea were also in constant danger from pirates, who swarmed the most frequented parts of the ocean. A month was consumed in sending communications or merchandise between the United States and those parts of Eu- rope which are now reached by telegraph in a few moments and by less than six days. Communication which is now Instantaneous not only among cit- fes upon our cwn continent, but among world, then was no more rapid than the transmission of merchandise. The sale or purchase of goods in Europe oc the Orient, which is now frequently performed by wire in a few minutes, was then meas- ured by weeks or months, and this relates as well to the transmission of the neces- sary funds for completing a business | transaction as to the mere order for the | purchase or sale of the articles entering !into commerce. Then weeks were oceu- pled in sending an order for the purchase of goods, and it had to be accompanied | by actual money current with the trader | at all points, which thus lay idle during | the long perfod occupied by its transmis- sion. To-day both the order and the | funds may be transmitted from city to city and continent to continent in a mo= ment of time. Then a fringe of territory from fifteen to thirty miles in width along the navigable waterways was all that could successfully forward its heavier products to the market, and as a conse- quence vast areas of productive land and untold supplies of mineral wealth lay un- touched, undevoloped and valueless from a commercial standpoint. But with the appiication of steam power to land transportation conditions quickly changed. Railways permeate our entire country and bring every part of it into touch with every other part, and with all | the world. These great transporting facilities are steadily pushing their way toward the equator and _also gaining a foothold in _the south temperate zone, and thus bringing its enormous areas of fertile land and pro- | Quetive forests Into touch with the great consuming world. The cost of railway | construction has been greatly reduced, and with this the cost of transportation, so that many articles which only a few years ago could not enter into commerce now form an important feature of the transactions between the great busimess centers of the globe. g The advance of transportation facilities upon the ocean has been almost as won- derful as upon the land. In the first quar- ter of the century commerce was com- lled to rely upon the sailing vessel for he transportation of bulky as well as the more valuable and costly articles of mer- chandise. When toward the middle of the century the construction of iron vesseis began, and almost simuitaneously the screw’ propeller was substituted for the paddle-wheel steamer, the wonders of ocean transportation developed very rap- idly. These improvements in turn were followed by the use of steel instead of iron, by which the carrving power of the vessel was increased 20 per cent. With these developments came an enormous in- crease in both size, speed and carryin, | power of the vessels, and the great steel | Steamships which to-day ply the ocean in every direction carry each as much as a cnn;fdemble fleet of salling vessels car- ried at the besinnlngI of the century. The; transport’ goods much greater spee and at a trifling cost compared with that aFtariier periods. - Not only have they an enormous advantage in speed and carry- ing capacity but in the matter of safety and the power of propulsion against head winds and storms there is given to ocean traffic an _enormous advantage over that of the beginning of the cenu‘?. Another great gain to ocean traffic which has come With the last half of the century is the elimination of piracy from the seas and the freedom from losses of property and even life from these causes. Tt is impossible in the limits of a study of this character to do more than outline the causes of the wonderful change in commerce, and especially in international commerce, and to suggest some of the more prominent ts with reference to its growth both as to causes and results. As already indicated, the causes are the increased facilities for the production and transmission of articles entering into commerca and of rapid transmission of thought between man and man in what- ever part of the world. At the beginning of the century telegraphs and cables were unknown and it was not-until after the middle of the period whder consideration that they began to contribute to the facil- fties of commerce, while the practical ap- lication of steamships and rallways was ut slightly earller. At the beginning of the century there were no steamships and the tonnage of the world's shipping was, in_round mnnlm:. 4,000,000 tons. With the application of steam the carry- ing power a vessel was tly in- creased, because with the I it could make so many more trips in a given time and as a consequence statisti- clans usually estimate that the annual carrying power of a steam vessel is four times that of a salling vessel of equal ton- nage. ence the introductlon of steam the oceans and rivers multiplied very rapldly the carrying power of the vessels, so that the carryin 'wer of the world’s smum&_ which in ‘was 4,000,000 tone, had become 13,000.000 tons, by 1875 30,000,000 tons and at the present time s bably 65.000,000 tons. e latest offi- mtomsuan K\n.u the tonn: of the at over 10, tons vessels at over 13.000,000 Ing this to the sail stand- time land all that and even more, because they bring ail of and steamships and telegriphs were un- | fly make in a week. The first vessel en- | steamship in | the varfous continents and all parts of the | | the land surface In contact with the water upon which sail or steam vessels may transport goods, have increased with equal rapidity. At the beginning of the century there were almost none; by 0 the total mileage of raiiways In the world was, in round” terms, about 25000 miles: about 1¥5. however, the total reached nearly 200,000 miles and now amounts to 450,000 miles, or sufficient to engirdle the earth eighteen times. The total value of the commerce between nations, which at the beginning of the certury wasless t $2,000,000,000, is now about $20,000,000,000. ere are other causes which account In part for the rapid growth of the world’s commerce. A century ago the commerce of the Orient was a sealed book to the nations of Europe and America. True, the great commercial companies of Europe—the East India Company of Eng- land and similar but less powerful organi- 2ations in other European countries—ear- rled on commeérce in a limited way with India and China, establishing what they called “factorfes™ at points on the coasts of those countries, where a limited com- merce was carried on with the immediate- Iy surrounding population through the medium of local merchants. The factory, so called, was not a factory in the sense in which the word is now generally used, but a depot where the company deposited its 8oods and soid them through a “factor” or agent, who was placed In o them. These factors were only per: to transact business through certain indi- viduals designated for that purpose, this being especially the case in China, and it was not until nearly the middle of the century that _U(('l! Britain, closely fol- lowed by the United States, brought about the opening of trade in China. In 154 the United States accomplished the same re- sults In_ Japan. These incidents were quickly followed by a general awakening of Interest in commercial matters throughout the Orient. As a result the commerce of the countries lying commer- cially adjacent to Manila, now so familiar to the people of the United States, at present amounts to more than $2,000,/00,000 per annum, their purchases alome from other parts of the world amounting to $100,000,000 for every month in the year—a fact which seems to justify the peopie of the United States in now expecting in- creased commerce with that part of the world. As to the share which the United States has had in this wonderful development of commerce, and the part which it now plays in the enormous traffic of the w-rld._ the :‘lori' is one of equal interest, | and discioses developments even more | rapid and more surprising. At the begin- ning of the century our total commerce amounted to but $160,000,000, against more than 3$2,000,000,000 to-day, and evem that was something phenomenal as compared with only a decade earlier. The record of American commerce in the opening years of the century is a peculiar one. The wars between the great nations of Europe had rendered it almost impossible for Euro- | pean shipping to engage in_ International commerce, both because of the destruction of the ships by those of the countries ’wmch were at war with each other and | by the fact that their people and their shipping were compeiled to give their at- tention to these wars. American salling ips, known as “clipper’” ships, were then the finest and fastest in_the world, and as & result of these conditions in Europe they obtained a large share of the carry- ing trade of the world. This fact, coupisd with the increasing supplies which the people of the United States were able to furnish to meet the wants of Europe, le- sitimately increased our commerce very considerably. In addition to this, how- ever, our apparent commerce was greatly swelled by peculiar circumstances. The laws of Great Britain prohibited the trans- portation of commodoties between her col- onles and the mother country in other than British ships; but as this was then Im- Pmcumble and there was great demand nr:g::n(.{!nn]d for the products of the colo- 5 e laws were construed the ‘transportation of this class of goais In American vessels, provided the goods from the colonies were first landed in the United States, and so could be reported as exports from this country. A further con- struction permitted vessels loading in the British colonies merely to touch Amertcan ports, and, without eéven unloading the goods, report them as imports into and exports from the United States. As a con- sequence, this peculiar condition appar- ently swelled our commerce greatly, and accounts in part for the fact that it in- creased from $43,000,000 in 1790 to $161,000,000 in 1800, and to $246.000,000 In 1507. With the troubles which rose between the United States and Great Britain, however, with reference to the imprassment of American sailors, and which led to the war pf 1812, uickly g‘m ";(héch in 1807 26.000.000, dropped to $80,000,000 in 1308, to $20.000,000 in 1514, under the amufinfl‘g and the activitles of war. - With the ¢lose of the war commerce resumed something like normal eonditions, and gradually in- creased, although it was not until 1834 that our exports reached as much as $100,- 000.000, save in the years 1506 and 1507, From that time to the middle of the cen- tury the growth was fairly rapid, and in 1853 She exports for the first time reached $200,000,000. while the imports in two pre- foling years—Isi-2—had passed that With the phenomenal changes in portation methods which began &;(:in.:; themselves felt about the middle of the century, our commerce increased rapidly. Large tracts of land, capable of produc- ing the articles which the world required, were brought under cultivation, and the construction of rallways and steamships S0 facilitated transporiatjon that our ex- ports Increased enormously. This was es- Pecially true of cotton and breadstuffs. Yith the general activity which followed the close of the war—the great increase in raflway construction, the construction of the transcontinental lines, which open- ¢d vast grainproducing areas and in- creased our abllity to supply the world's der for breadstuffs—came another in- crease, and by 1360 the exports for the first time reached $300 400, and by 1871 bad passed the $400.000,000 line. Quickly following this came the development of our manufacturing industries, and with it the beginning of exportation of manufac- tures.which in 1860 amounted to onl; in 1570 to 368,000,000 and to ture our exports in 1573 $500, 000,000 iine, in 1577 the 36,000,000 line, in 1579 exceeded $700.000.000 and in 1590 were more than $§00,000.000. In 1881 they wers more than 3900000000, in 1882 more than $1,000,000.000, In 1888 over $1,230,000,0000 and in 190 seem likely to reach’$1,250,000,000, Meantime the imports have Increased, but not nearly so rapidly as the exports, try has especial facilities ‘whic] Imports, which never reached 000, 008 e until the middle of the century, exceeded - 000 b 000,000 by_1866, $500,000,000 by 1 in 1872, $700.000,000 in %88 The principal change in recent years in our importations Is in the character of the articles imported rather than in quan- tity. This is due to the rapid devel ment of manufacturing industries in The United States, by which our factories are every year supplying a I share of the wants of our people, but for that rea- son are requiring additional quantities of raw materjals from abroad, of the class which, cannot be at home, such as fibérs, rubber, raw silk. of sugar, wth for use as Shalafacti lies the cause of the principal increase our importa- tions during the last few years. developments of our commerece, rammth and its change in have not yet seen their Hmit. rapidly Increasing our preduction of thi great articles rwmred in all parts of the world—breadstuffs, cotton, iron Steel. coal, €9 nd manufactures of al ciasses—that there seems every reason to belive that we shall steadily increase our share in the world's commerce, have been doing for many years. (h.“n“b "-fl:m‘ o fi ‘which ws_its P S articies of food or its haracter e are so les, rubber, require for food or use Chief of Bureau of Stal ton.

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