The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, March 14, 1900, Page 7

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, WEDNESDAY, MARCH i4, 1900 “l have been a midwife for twenty-five years, and during that time 1 have used Warner's Safe Cure in cases of kidney troubles, diseases of the Pelvic Organs, and those peculiar to women. I desire to give it my high- est endorsement, earned by its superior merits. To use it means a cure without fail, never equal it.”” and found anything to 1 have MRS. FANNY CANTER. Jan. 13, 1800, Mrs. Fannle Canter, of 434 Warren St., Brooklyn, N. Y., isa graduate Royal School of Nurses, Vienna, Austria; graduate Women's infirmary and Maternity Home, New York City, with diploma. AMUSEMENTS. CALIFORNIA THEATER. TO-NIGHT AT 8:15, Under the Direction of C. Ln Graff. FAREWELL CONCERT. GALA PROGRAMME. MME I—Prima Donna. M H Barytone. M al Director. a) >N piu Andral” Mozart; (b) ‘“‘Crea- MISS 1 i 2 50, 33 = R 1 & C0.’S HALL. FF Presents EXPLANATORY RECITALS AT THE PIAND R < the RAMAS MARVEL. EN IN FAIRYLAND, AY Atternoon at Friday na *TIVOLI~» ‘“HOOT MON, CROWDED AS USUAL!” THIS EVENING I8 THE 68th PERFORMANCE Ot the Great Record-breaking Comic Opera, The Idol’s Eye. Evenings at 8. Matinee Saturday at 2. POPULAR PRICES—25¢ and 50c. TELEPHONE—Bush 8. EDDY ST., OL YMP’A COR. MASON THE ONLY FREE VAUDEVILLE ¥ gHOW IN THE CITY. - QUHAMA a eno ed and the Only Exponent of ;o Ever.on the Coast. BLANCHE LE CLAIRE SLOAN. Bloan’'s Sister and the Queen of o the Flying Rings. TRIXEDA The Success of the Beason. LMA oMLLE THELME e MATINEE EVERY SUNDAY. TEUR NIGHT EVERY FRIDAY. FUADMIRSION FREE. "MECHANICS’ PAVILION. LAST § DAYS, —__LAsT 5 DAYS. NORRIS & ROWE'S BIG TRAINED ANIMAL SHOWS. AN UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS. ,usands Delighted at Every Performance. THIS AFTERNOON AT 2:30. TO-NIGHT AT 8:15. LAST PERFORMANCE BUNDATY. 300-PERFORMING ANIMALS-300 BRING THE CHILDREN. SAST 5 DAYE. LAST 6 DAYS, PRICES—ADULTS, %c; CHILDREN, 0. AM | square Theater, ! | COLUMBIA s Every Night Except Sunday. Matinee Saturday. HARLES FR AN Presents WILLIAM SILL 8 GREATEST COMEDY TRIUMPH, BECAUSE LITTLE Egsfib R HIM SO FARCE.” With J. B. DODSON and the ——SAME GREAT CAST,— As seen for 5 Dights at the Madison- ork. T New MATINEE TO-DAY (W 2 ¢ seat; c, any part "ECIAL FEATURES FOR CHILDREN THIS AFTERNOON DAY) MCH. 14 Balcony, 10c; Chil- MR. and NRS. SYDNEY DREW, HOWARD THURSTON; FLATOW and DUNN. SMEDLEY SKETCH CLUB. HAPPY FANNY FIELDS. IMPERIAL MOORISH ACROBATS. ANNA WHITN N HOUSE and WARD; TH S TRIO. HOUSE LAST NIGHTS Of Rice's Laughable Musical Comedy, THE GIRL FROMPARIS NEXT WEEK—"THE GRAND DUCHESS." USUAL POPULAR PRICES. PHONE MAIN 532 Good Reserved Seat in Orchestra Saturday Matinee 25¢. Branch Ticket Office—Emporium. G RAN OPERA PHONE SOUTH 770. EVERY EVENING THIS WEEK. SATURDAY. THE LAUGHING FARCE COMEDY, HAVE YOU SEEN SMITH medlans Who Are Funny. DAY AFTERNOON MmR. HARRY GLAZIER And His Excellent Company in a Lavish Productic | “THREE MUSKETEERS.” Handsome Costumes, a Perfect Presentation In detail. Direct from New York City. SEATS READY TO-MORROW. PRICES—Evening, lsc, 25c, #ic, Hc and Tbe. Matinee, 15¢, 35c, Z5c and 50c. ALCAZAR THEATER. T AND ALL WEEK, Farce Hit Ever City. TO-NIG The Greatest Made in This Never Again Chronicle says: ** ‘Never Again’' is a hilari- ously funny farce—most uproariously lively Bulletin: ‘“The smoothest acted and brightest farce of the season.” PRICES—15¢, 25¢, 35¢, 50¢ MATINEE SATURDAY AND SUNDAY. Next Week, “DIPLOMACY.” WESTERN TURF ASSOCIATION. TANFORAN PARK. FIFTH MEETING, Mch. 12 to 24, inclusive. §ix high-class running races every week day, rain or shine, beginning at 1:30 p. m. The ideal winter racetrack of America. Pa- trons step Airectly from the rallroad cars into & superb grand stand, glass-inclosed, where, comfortably housed in bad weather, ‘they can enjoy an unobstructed view of the races. “Trains leave Third and Townsend streets at $:00, 10:40 and 11:30 a. m. and 12:15, 12:3, 12:50 returning immediately ~after Ja p. m. ats in rear cars re- served for women and their escorts. No smok- ing. Valencia street, 10 minutes later. San Jose and Way Stations—Arrive at San Bruno at 12:45 p. m. Leave San Bruno at 4:00 and 4:45 p. m. RATES—San Francisco to Tanforan and re- turn, including admission to track, $1.25. W. J. MARTIN, President. F. H. GREEN, Secretary and er. CHUTES AND Z00.7:7 e MAJOR - MITE, LU- L, BLACK BARTONS, NETT SISTERS,” BOGGS & HAR- HARRY HOWARD, AFRICAN WOO! WAR PICTURES. AMATEUR NIGHT—THUREDAY. EWALK CONTEST — SATURDAY o NIGHT. Beats by Phone, Park 23 WEEKLY CALL Enlarged to 16 Pages. $1 per Year * | _England, he said, is shoutin HE Knights of the Red Branch of | this city have held many celebra- tions in honor of the birth of Robert Emmet, but never before in their history perhaps have they held one which possessed such marked significance as that which was given last night in Met- ropolitan Hall. These celebrations have been made a plea for Irish nationality, but | last, night the plea was more eloquent, | more stirring, more logical than éver be- fore and with it was involved an able dis- | cussion of events that are holding the at- tention of the world. The orator of the evening was the Rev. Father Peter C. Yorke and he spoke to an audience that | crowded the hall from the stage to the | celling, filling every seat, crowding the aisles, thronging the corridors and tres- passing even upon the stairs. In the au- dfence were men prominent in the affairs of the city—lawyers, Judges, merchants and mechanics. And as the orator pro- gressed, now sparkling with wit and sallles of humor, now pleading in pathos for the causes he espoused, the great throng interrupted time after time in ap- plause. The address was brilliant. In opening, Father Yorke paid a splen- did tribute to Robert Emmet, and from the patriotic lessons of the Irish hero’s life drew a warning against what he be- Ilfeves to be the menace of the policy of the United States and of England toward | the Filipinos and the Boers. The fearful | heresy of the divine right of kings, he believes, has given place to the immeasur- | ably worse heresy of the divine right of races, and England and America are act- ing the roles of bloody oppressors by in- vading the lands and homes of people who have a God-given right of national- ity. Under the pretense of planting in these lands the flag of freedom England and America, he sald, are making Chris- tians at the point ot the sword and driv- ing into blood-stained flelds the flag of trade. | Our Hands Are Stained. | England has no more right, the speaker | said, to kill_the Boers than we have to | murder the Filipinos, and the reason that | we cannot answer the cry of agony that i comes from South Africa is the reason that Cain gave for his refusal to answer for his brother—our own hands are ained with blood. While the address of rend gentleman was brilliant in )f the orator, it was logical to the severest degree in its exposition of the | principles that establish the right of peo- P to their own national life. As the in- sses the inalienable right to | individuality, so the nation has the right of nationality. Not imperialism but na- | tionality is the purpose of human govern- ment | The worst government a geople can give itself, he said, is infinitely better than the best government a foreign power can give it, and nations will live and thrive when imperialism is in the grave, a rottin COrps To the Boers the speaker pai the highest tribute. They are offering, he declared, the grandest spectacle of the nineteenth century. They are pledging everyihing on earth to win the right to live out their national life to its destiny. They are proving to the world that the age of chivalry and manhood has not passed and the world i3 looking idly on while the biggest, brutalest, bloodiest bul- ly that stalks the earth is crushing the | dividual poss very life out of a little people. | Irish Sympathy for the Baers. | _And there is between the Irish and the | Boers, he said, a_bond of natural sym- The Irish have struggled for cen- to retain their nationality, to which | b e position of thelr island, their blood, civilization and ability to govern | themselves they have a right. They have 1iberty in their blood, yet if they would be free they must fight for their freedom. | If a nation wants to be independent, the peaker said, it must fight for its indepen- ence. 1f Ireland wants to be free she | can secure her freedom by force of arms. that the | Boers violated treaties, but England never | kept a treaty that she could break and if he wise men of America believe that shc 11 honor one now in connection with the caraguan canal they will learn their rrible mistake. They will find that the only treaty seal which England wiil re- spect is that which America will press upon her by cannon of the latest make. And to those that urge the civilization of the Anglo-Saxon as the vindication of English policy the reverend gentleman had a word to say. He advised them to | take that civilization to the regions where | it was invented by the Father of Lies. In this fashion the eloquent speaker pleaded for the nationality of the [rish, | the Boers and the Filipinos. He denounced the harlot of imperialism in every land in which she has found place, and in closin begged those that love their native iand | and the home of thelr ancestors to be true | to it, faithful to its cause of freedem and hopeful of its triumph. A Splendid Celebration. The celebration as planned by th Knights of the Red Branch was of excep- tional excellence. The great hall was a : of green and gold, the gallerles walls _hidden in heavy folds of the brilliant colors. Flags were unfurled from the chandeliers and the stage was a veri table bower of green. In the very cen | flashing, trembling and gleaming in tiny electric lights, was a harp and above it | that oft-repeated promise given in answer to Emmet’s plea that his epitaph be not | written until his country took her place among the nations. Frank T. Shea, as chairman of the aven- ing, opened the exercises in a brilliant address. He spoke feelingly of the pa- triotic spirit which has inspired the Irish | { | | and which found such fre- ‘;(‘v]yn[ and disastrous consequences in_the | | martyrdom of heroes. In part Mr., Shea spoke as follows: “The pleasant duty devolves upon me | this evening to extend to you, one and | &li, a hearty welcome in thé name of the Knights of the Red Branch of San Fran- | clsco. We have assembled to participata |in appropriate exercises in commemora- Brilliant Exercises in Memory of the Birth of the Patriot, Rob- ert Emmet. e tion of the one hundred and twenty-second anniversary of the birth of Ireland’s sweetest martyr. (Applause) We are here to show cause and proof of our devetlon to the principles which underlie the great cause_for which he sacrificed a stainless life. For over a guarter of a century the Knights of the Red Branch have faith- fully and with increased fervor observed this day as one holy, full of beautiful recollections apd abundant of exemplars of high national endeavor and lofty pa- triotism in the cause of Irish freedom— (Applause)—as a day upon which, through the influence of native songs and soli] elo- quence, we love to hold converse with the spirit of our illustrous dead and lenchlns through this communion new hope an courage for the future. Day We Love to Honor. “For thirty vears the Knights of the Red Branch have existed In this city as an arm of a body forty thousand strong throughout the nation. It is an organiza- tion non-sectarian in character. It is not a beneficiary society. Through it no selfish interests can be served. It stands alone for the recognition of Irish nationality. (Applause.) It stands for rebeilion against all alien rule In Ireland; it stands for the right of Irish men, and Irish men alone, to govern the land of their nativity. (Applause.) At the conclusion of his remarks a very creditable pro‘gra.mme of song, in_which M. Merigan, W. H. Ogilvie, Miss Kathe- rine Black, Robert Lloyd and Miss Dalsy V. Keane took part, was rendered. Father Yorke was then introduced and a storm of applause greeted him. Time after time he sought to speak but the cheers of hundreds upon hundreds of peo- ple drowned his voice. At last silence was restored and he began his address. He spoke in part as follows: Emmet’s Grand Patriotism. “As the chairman so eloquently sald, vear after year the Knights of the Red Branch and their friends in the city of San Francisco meet together to commem- orate the name of a man who died a felon's death, whose grave is marked by no epitaph, whose vears seemed cut short too soon. A young man barely 24 years of age, who had just come into a fortune, Who was betrothed to one who inspired poets to some of their sweetést music, Suddenly gives it all up in exchange for What the wise men of that day and the wise men of this day, for the generations do not change much, would call empti- ness and folly. Yet {t is a very strange thing that of all those who then pitied him, that of those who sat in judgment upon him, there is not an enemy re- malning; there is not one celebrated or this day celebrated, unless it is old Nor- berry.” The mention of his name brought forth hisses, and above this sound of disappro- | bation Fathere Yorke's voice was heard saying that Norberry was celebrated in just the same way as Pontius Pilate is celebrated in the Apostles’ Creed. Con- tinuing he said: “Even his very friends despaired of him, for Emmet had friends. You heard that sad and beautiful song sung this evening —‘Breathe not his name; let it sleep in the shade where cold and unknown his relics are laid.’ This was the best that could be said of him by his best friends and yet, ladies and gentlemen, we have this melancholry motto, yet we do not seem to be afrald to breathe his name, and we don't find that name sleep- ing in the shade; rather the name of Robert Emmet has become to generations as bright as when the Creator said in the beginning, ‘Let there be light,’ and there was light. (Applause). It has risen from shade and gone out to the world to be to the Irish people not only at home but abroad as the pillar of fire that led an- other people out of a house of bondage into the promised land and our people from the long centuries of oppression to the enjoyment of their own freedom. The reason, ladies and gentlemen, why Robert Emmet has not become a mere intrusion in some of Moore's poems has been that it stood for a principle. x~;mmr in the world seems so weak as principle, yet there is nothing really so strong. Prin- ciple to-day is the spirit of the men of policy. It is not the spirit of the men who believe in selling to-morrow for the benefit of to-day, but a principle is that which wins in the ‘long run.’ (Applause). Stability of Principle. “There are men who have no time to walt. Where are the men of policy of vesterday and the day before? Sometimes as you pass along your streets you will notice on a deserted barn or broken-down fence a weather-stained banner inviting you to vote for somebody who was great in his day. (Laughter.) To-day nothing remains of it but something that is food for the mockery of the small boy and food for the goats. (Laughter.) Some of them have perished by policy, others have been ruined by success. (Applause.) “Principle, ladies and gentiemen, is the vindication of truth and manhood. There has not been created on this earth any- thing more honorable than a man. Gud has made him the head of his creation. and when his Son came to be united with this creation of his, he came not in the guise of an angel, but he came in the uise of humanity. The dignity of a man fioes not consist of fine raiment, wealth, station in life; it consists in the dignity of the soul; it consists in this that we are able to call it our own. (Applause.) . “Now each soul is different. God did not create them all alike. We are indi- viduals. Perhaps the very first lesson earns when a family be- ginsg to grow up is that onc child is so unlike another; that it has its distinct character and trained in its own wa: there is the chance that it will suec where another child might fail. So you o J. OBRIEN & CO. e | ‘ eesessesssessssesestosnenannnnis 100 dozen LADIES’ 2- good value for $l, sale price.......50¢€C 100 Black and Colored FEATHER BOAS, good value for $20, sale price......-8$15.00 Will Place on Sale THIS DAY 100 ‘dozen SHIRT WAISTS, good value for $1.75, sale price.....ccoeeeeenans 50 LADIES’ TAILOR-MADE SUITS, in black and colored, good value for $15, sale 50 LADIES’ TAILOR-MADE SUITS, in black and colored, value for $30, sale price. .. $1.00 $7.50 $15.00 CLASP KID GLOVES, '| agal J. O’'BRIEN & CO. 1146 Market Street, Bet. Mason and Taylor. FATHER YORKE PLEADS - THE CAUSE OF THE BOER He Denounces the Crimes of Imperialism ‘and Calls the War in the Philippines the Murder of a People Who Have a Right to Liberty. begin to realize that soul differs from soul as star differs from star. 'When we begin to discuss education— what i a good and what is a bad educa- tlon; what is training a man for his world's work, we come to the conclusion that we will not make all men alike; that we will not cast them in the same mold, but will bring out the good that is in the character and turn it to its highest pos- stbilities. “Now, ladles and gentlemen, just as each individual has its character—differ- ent from the character of every other in- dividual, and just as true education con- sists of developing that character accord- ing to its own necessities—so groups of men have their characters to be so de- veloped. “Impetialism, I take it, means that sys- tem of government which extends over a large area and which tries to make of the people who live in that area common sub- Jects of a common government. Nation- ality, I take it, means that state of things by which groups of individuals will be permitted to retain their anclent charac- work out their own salvation according to the laws by which they have been accus- tomed to move. I believe that that con- aition of humanity is the best where the largest liberty is allowed to the nation. Of ‘course, there are objections to this state of affairs just as there are objections to, political liberty. You cannot break down this spirit of nationality. You may put the whole na- tion into barracks, you may do your best to mold it into some people, but the soul that is in nations is immortal. It cannot be killed; it will survive, it will assert it- self, and nations will live when imperial- ism is in the grave, a rotten corpse.” (Aflqglause,) ow, these are mere first principles of free government. In the beginning and €ven new one man has no power over the other. We are all free and equal. We remain so to the end. Why should John Smith have more power over Thomas Robinson? You cannot find any reason r‘r?;n;‘iraT:: lm'lly power gtlven is in such s necessary for carrying on the affairs of the state. The less pgwer we have and the less government we have 80 much the better for the country. I suppose you all know that some years ago kings had a right from to rule the earth—the divine right of God to gov- ern—and it is this theory that the Kaiser has not altogether forgotten. No Right to Shoot Down the Boers. “It was called_and is now called th divine right of Kings, but that has bée: obliterated; it has been cast away in the old lumber rooms and in its place is the Wworse heresy of the divine right of races. The divine right of races has not given one race the power to laud it over another. Last of all, it has not been given to that mongrel, which we call the Anglo-Saxon, the right to do so. It has given them no rl?h! to shoot down the Boers in South Africa. (Applause.) And we have no right to murder the Filipinos. (Applause.) | That is the reason why we sympathize and the vast majority of the people sym- pathize with that wonderous and glorious band in South Africa, which makes this nineteenth century feel that the days of chivalry have not passed: that these peo- ple In the desert, fighting with their backs to their walls, are fighting against the biggest brutalist and bloodiest bully that ever walked. (Tremendous applause.) “The Anglo-Saxons have a number of arguments to prove their right to their conduct in South Africa. They claim that the Boers are impervious to Anglo-Saxon good government; that they are hostile | to_religious liberty. The blessed British | Government which looks upon the Jesuits in Ireland as felons, shuts Catholics out of the highest positions in its gift, is high- ly scandalized because the Boers do not permit religious liberty; that they will not permit the Catholics to vote. I do not enter Ilffln this question from the stand- point of facts. I do not know how things stand in South Africa, but it may be that the Boers did take lessons from the Brit- ish and did cast off the Catholics. ‘Catholics are a far-seeing people and they know that liberty will correct its own mistakes, and they believe with John Car- roll and the other leaders of the Catho- lics here that there is a far better chance of their getting their rights by throwin, in their lot with their fellow-citizens an trust to a free government, a government of the people, by the people and for the eople, than to trust the Government of 2ngland beyond the seas. And I say here now that it is far better for the Catholics of the Transvaal to stand by their fello citizens, even though they are not aliowed a franchise, because their blood will plead eloquently, and in the end freedom will correct one excess, and it is better to he Outlanders in the Transvaal under a free govemmem than helots under Engiand's eel.” (Applause.) ot Father Yorke Honored. Rev. Father Poter C. Yorke has re- ceived an invitation from Archbishop Christie of Oregon to preach the St. Pat- rick’s Day oration in the cathedral at Portland. This unusual and unexpected honor which has been conferred upon the brilllant clergyman will give gratification to his friends. Father Yorke has accept- ed the invitation and wil e 11 leave at once GLASS IMBEDDED IN THE BOY’S BRAIN Autopsy Surgeon Leland made an ex- amination yesterday of the body of Charles Leslle Forsyth, the 4-year-old boy who was struck by a falling conservatory frame last Monday afternoon in the yard of his parents' residence at 1 Polk street. Dr. Leland found imbedded in the brain a triangular-shaped piece of window glass about an inch wide and an inch long. The accident happened in a strange manner. On the porch, twenty-feet above the yard, is a glass conservatory. While the little boy was playing with other boys of his own age the glass doors of the con- servatory broke from their fastenings and t;l‘lldupon the head of the unfortunate child. CAUGHT A BURGLAR BY THROWING VEGETABLES Thomas Williams, a man whose record is believed to be unenviable, was arrested last night in a house on the corner of Kearny and Geary by Officers Murphy and Silver. He owes his capture to the clever originality of a woman. ‘Williams had let himself into the house by means of skeleton keys, which the of- ficers found in his sock. He had gained access to the floor above a jeweler’s store, when the landlady became cognizant of his presence. Anxlous to call assistance, she secured a lot of vegetables kitchen refuse, which she threw down on the heads of the pedestrians below, suc- ceeding finally in ‘""Mmefi the attention of the officers, who arrested the intruder. He feigned drunkenness and was locked up at the California street station. —_——— In the Divorce Court. Mattle E. Arter has been granted a di- vorce from Alonzo Arter for willful ne- glect. Judge Bahrs yesterday granted Aline Kutzner a divorce from George Kutzner on the ground of extreme cru- elty. Suits for divorce have been filed by Harry H. Hollidge against Bertha E. Hoi- 1idge” for desertion, Celesti: inst George T. Maxfiel rovide and Julia Gale against Willlam snle for failure to provide. —_————— Self respect is on good terms with the Old Government Whisky. . ————— Two Insolvents. Abijah C. Cook, salesman, SBan Fran- clsco, flled a petition yesterday in insol- United States District rt. His liabilities amount to $740 and g:“hu no uleg 1mu“飧 Alod & glimilar patition: wich liabilities sta ST098 20 a0t o assets. —_—— Grand spring opening Thursday, March 15, and following days. Mrs, 5. Thomas, 114 Grant ave.® teristics, to carry out their own ways and | VIII. THE GREEK DRAMA. BY CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D. The drama is an original creaturc of the Greek genius. Here, as In so many other forms of literature, the Greeks were without models. According to Aristotle the Dorians claimed to have invented the drama, the Peloponnesians tragedy, che drama, by which the Dorians desigrated action, was appealed to in proof. The Greek drama grew out of the cele- bration of the adventures and sufferings of the god of wine, who was regarded as | the representative of the reproductive | powers of nature, his sufferings symboliz- | Ing the decay and sleep (cold and storms) | of nature in winter, his joys the reawak- | ening of nature in the spring. Of the three | kinds of drama tragedy was named ‘‘goat | song,” either because a goat was originai- 1y the prize given, or, more probably, be- cause the chorus consisted of satyrs dis- guiged as goats. | “village song"” or more probably sons of | the comus, or revel B S o e GRCEY SRSy = | held its place after tragedy and comedy | had borrowed most of its functions, prob- ably through a sort of religious conserva tism. Dramatic representations were not given at Athens at any and all times, as now- adays, but at the festivals of the god of wine. Tragedy was admitted to the pub- lic festivals at Athens in 53 B. C., com- edy some seventy years later. The chief glory of the greater Dionysia, in the month Elaphebolion (March-April), was | made holiday before her allies, whose | tribute was then brought by representa- | tives to Athens, before delegates from all | other Greek cities and before the whole assembly of her own citizens. At the Le- {naea, In Gamelion (January-Februaiy), | which was more of a home festival, com- | edy had chief place. At the country | Dionysia, in December, usually only plays | were given which had been already cx- | hibited in the city. | like a modern musical festival, lasted only { & few days (three or four) and on eac | day regularly three tragedies, one col { edy and one satyr were exhibited, whi with the dithyramb and other musl features, made a very full day. If a poet wished to exhibit at the greater Dionysia_he applied to the chief archon, if at the Lenaea to the second archon, for a chorus. If his request was granted there was assigned him a choregus, who chose from the singers of his tribe a chorus, had these trained by the poet or chorus leader and provided for their main- tenance and costumes. This liturgy, as it was called, was at once a burden and an honor, and was often performed with great magnificence and expense. The chorus, consisting in tragedy of twelve (later fifteen) persons, in comedy of tw.n- ty-four, executed dance movements and indispensable accompanists were the flute player and the lyrist. The three : ors—originally one, increased by Aesch: lug to two, by Sophocles to three—dis- tributed all the roles nmong them, parts of women being taken by actors were allotted to the parts and paid by the state. In the costumes of the tragic actors especially characteristic were the long, flowing particolored robes, the high-soled buskin or boot and the impos- ing headdress and mask, the whole being intended to lend dignity and inerease the stature. For comedy characteristic was the soccus or low shoe, but the dress was more like that of everyday life. There was not much opportunity for action on the Greek stage, and none for play of fea- ture, so that the prime requisite for an actor was a fine musical voice. The audi- ence at Athens, numbering 20,000 to 30,000 and sitting in the open air, had sensitive ears, so tgn the actor must have a dis- tinct, musical voice, which could carry was probably as nice as that of modern | musical audiences for time, ‘u the meter was spoiled, a quartity missed, a syllable dropped or an accent splaced. m"l‘l"l’e antique Greek theater consisted in the main of two parts, the auditorium or ter proper, and the oval or round ‘u{":fie-(rap or the u"o'u“&:'}-h:' w:t;g . As_dramatic spectacl S 5'.l’le open n.h? the Greeks avalle themselves of the hill so shaped as to con- heast slope of the Acropoll: where the spectators sat with their backs to the Acropolis and their faces towar Mount Hymettus and the sea. Aisles ra- diating from the center enabled the spec- tators to _reach the rows of (marble) benches. The part reserved for the move- ments of the actors, whether higher than or on a level with the orchestra, was small, since the actors were few. The back of the stage represented in tr:fedy a temple or palace: in comedy a private house or a street. The scénery was sim ple, consisting of hangings or painted woodwork, and triangular revolving risms at either side, properly decorated, cilitated change of scene. e curtain was pulled up, not let down. The sub- jects of tra QXy were taken from mythol- ogy or mythical history, and the persons were the gods or demigods and heroes of the race, the main outlines of the story 'ways known to the audience. %r‘l:‘g‘ed wn’l really a religious celebra- tion. Comedy, on the other hand, repre- not the solemn but the frolicsome m;l:dot the season, and the subjects and ¢l uactex;s were taken from daily life, as he lan, used. '?I: :nuk cm{t‘rn-l with Athenian late- ness of development in general was the sudden growth of the drama. In the early part of the fifth century coincided an era of great natural activity and a great national wudlence that was the neir of all the acouirements of the race. We know the names, but little more, ;’l‘ 8V~ eral of the earlier dramatists—Fhryni- chus, Choerilus. Pratinas, Thespis—but the real father and founder of tng&d was Aeschylus, who was born In 525 B. a‘)md n the Persian wars. In 473, after the battle of Plataea. Athens, which had borne the brunt of the war, was in rnins her, walle ard Jfemples dismantiea and 01 wast years 'll:{rr“l’crlc‘;{l'm& In that short lod Atg!;mt ‘:v.:flz ly a4 was alrerdy showing signs of decay, and comedy had reached its acme unde: Arlno;;l;-nn. In l.‘nxuulhl '.“f,,"‘“" a parallel in the speedy development of the drama the new tragedies exhibited. Then Athens | The great Dionysia, | the | men. The | | of a cosmopolitan humanity, far. The people, whose feeling for rhythm | would storm | 1 Megarians comedy, and the very name | | | | | Comedy means either | M: [ R e D e THEATER OF DIONYSUS, ATHENS, RESTORED. | (strophe and antistrophe) as they sang, | counsel CLASSIC LITERATURE: THE GREEK DRAMA. Copyright, 1800, by Seymour Eaton. GOLDEN AGES OF LITERATURE. cles only seven each, and from Euripides eighteen, the “Agamemnon’” and ‘‘Promes theus” of Aeschylus and the “Antigone™ and “Oedipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles be- longing unquestionably to the greatest dramas of all time. In the “Promethe the Titan who in deflance of' the tyranny of Zeus has brought fire to mortals suffers such pun- ishment as only a_god could devise or a demigod endure. Kverything is on a co- lossal secale, t} other characters being gods or demigods, the chorus sea nymphs and the scene the bare cliffs of the Cau- casus Mountains. What means Aeschy- lus found to effect a reconeciliation justi- fying both Prometheus and Zeus we can only guess, since the other s of the trilogy are lost. But Aeschylus’ reverent piety would not have been satisfied with anything less. and the whole was doubt- less quite different from Shelley's mag- nificent treatment of the same problem. The ‘‘Agamemnon,” which belongs to the only extant complete trilogy, deals with the murder of Agamemnon on his return from Troy by his Queen, Clytem- nestra. The characters are all human, and the character drawing is_clear and owerful. Clytemnestra outdoes Lady acbeth on her own ground, and the ene in which the captive prophetess assandra goes to her death is without a band. The Sai¥T | parallel for effectiveness in the Greek | drama, named from its chorus of satyrs | drama. Ster The whole is a great master- R e S R R R T 1 1 i $ ! 3 % $ { ! 3 + { z and taking its subjects from mythology, | piece and doubtless stamps Aeschylus as one of the half dozen greates of the world. - e The “Oedipus Tyrannus” of Sophocles grvwerfull)' sets forth the successive steps which the grusperuus King Oedipus discovers that he has unwittingly mur- dered his own father and become the &I_I;‘ren( of children by his own mother. e inevitable way in which “the action moves straight and undistracted toward the catastrophe” doubtless justifies Aris- | totle in treatung the “Oedipus Tyrannus™ as the type of the highest Greek traged Antigone, the daughter of this same Oedipus, Is In Sophocles’ hands the most interesting woman of Greek. literature, and hence this is the most celebrated Greek drama. She defles the law of the land in burying the corpse of her brother Polynices and suffers martyrdom in con- sequence. It is impossible to conceive of loftier language than her deflance of Creon: Nor 4id I deem thy edicts strom 101 That thou, a mortal man, nhuuld‘ll!e:v:rm- The unwritten laws of God that know Dot T change. " ey are not of to-da: 0] But live forever. poleren b o Of the three great tragic poets Aeschy- lus is the greatest poetic genius, — The legend that the god Dionysus directed the boy in a vision to devote himself to tragedy might well have been true. A very demiurge he is—elemental, god-in- toxicated, of sublime imaginative power, creator of the most splendid lyrics. The mastertul self-sufficiency of his Ciytem- nestra, the plastic beauty of his Iphi- enia, the sublime unyleldingness: of his pla‘)(~Te'hrlwu57(h”p things and many more m among ancient D second only to H!Earner. 205 IO Sophocles had perhaps the happlest lot amo; the ancients—health, beaut: wealth, victory with his first tragedy any-i the primacy in letters for all his sixty years thereafter, such repute for gentle- ness as to make him the idol of th’e ple and for good judgment as to induce the pnFulacs to elect him general and counselor. And i ?‘w was the fit expo- — c and spiritual— 8 Pe‘rme& P! of the age of Very different from both was Euripides— the lonely thinker, philosophical radieal, innovator in poetry and music, “prophet " kinsman the troubled spirits of all ages. fnrorunnss of romantic drama, most appreciative of feminine worth, realist, and so bringing his characters down Into thé everyday at- mosphere, henee charged with replacing the heroic by the sensational. He is seen at his best in such plays “The Bac- chae,” “Alcestis” and. fpm enia in Tau. ris.” Both Aeschylus and Euripides ars nearer to us than Sophocies. The Hebrew scriptures have prepared us for Aeschylus whom we recognize as akin to Job and Isalah; through his more modern spirit we can apprehend Euripides most readily of all. Sophocles is an Athenian of Athe- nians, and fully to appreciate him we mafl! Jwvnmw in a sen Atticized jood_translations are Morshead's Miss Swanwick's Aeschylus, = tre's of Aescnylus and Sophocles, “amp- bell’'s of Sophocles, Way's of Euripides, and most exceilent versions of single plays might be mentioned, e. g., Brownin “Alcesti: (Balaustion) and “Hercules Furens.” To be read in connection there- with may be recommended besides the histories of Greek literature. chapters in Jebb's “Classical Greek Poetry,” Sy- monds® Poets.” Mahaffy’'s “Soefal Life in Greece,” Moulton’s “Ancient Clas- sical Drama,” etc. There were many comedians before Aris- tophanes—Magnes, Crates, Cratinus, Eu- polis and others—but for us comedy means primarily Aristophanes. He belongs to the second half of the fifth century, was a contemporary and cordlal hater of Euripi- des and left forty-four comedies, of which eleven are extant. He represents what Is called old comedy, i. e., personal and po- litical satire, and was the great burlesque critic of Athens. Demagogues like Cleon, philosophers like Socrates, poets like Eu- ides were ridiculed and maligned. When liberty of personal satire was somewh. curtailed by law, or taste was changing, Aristophanes tended toward what was afterward called new comedy, or the com- edy of manners. But the great exporent in this fleld was Menander, of whom not a complete play is extant. though we have ldl}: fons of his comedies In the Latin of Plautus and Terence. Aristophanes was and remains doubtless the greatest comle poet of the world, but the Romans learned comedy chiefly from Menander, and tha moderns In have learned it ally from Pla Terence, so that the comedy of theé lost Menander has been not less far reaching In its influence than that of Aflnogh-nu. 'HARLES FORSTER SMITH. University of Wisconsin. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION. Spring Term, 1900. Mondays—American Political Par-