The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, September 18, 1898, Page 22

o = 2 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1898 SKULLS OF ALL N@TIONS. Interesting Comparisons Showing the Cranial Development of the Human Race. By Jessie A. Fowler. URING the last few years man has devoted much time to the study of the animal kingdom and the improving of the various breeds of horses, dogs and birds, and not ough intelligent thought has been devoted to the care of his own offspring. Phrenologically | speaking, the study of the animal king- | dom is but a stepping stone toward the | last and most important feature of cre- ation—Man. Therefore, in condensing a few thoughts on the comparative outlines or configuration of the races, we are African Negro and Scotchman. | marks. organization gives intensity, will power, dogged determination, cruelty, pride, positiveness, passionateness and conservatism. The Spaniards have been in days past more enterprising, self-reliant and possessed of more in- telligence, industry and energy of char- acter; but during the last century they have displayed more arrogance, self- satisfaction and love of ease. We re- gret that we have not a good Spanish type at present to {llustrate these res The head is high in the crown, which gives to the Spaniard unconquer- able pride, even when defeat is immi- nent. The Teuton, or German, is a good R The negro skull, on the left, is from the Orange River, South Africa, and is superior in some polnts to the ordinary type. It will be noticed that it 1s largely developed between the eyes, which gives a ready sense of form, out- lines and proportions. memory of faces and facts. the organ of benevolence or kindness. , or love of displa; and large language, which el race the negro has a brain The entiou ednes nomy, integrity inclined to favor Blumenbach’s divi- | sion of the races into five classes—the Caucasian, or European; the Mon- lian, ; the Malayan, or Poly- nesian; the negro, or African; the In- dian, or Ame .__No_ome_who ha intellectual vision will be inclined to } believe that all have the same con- tour of skull. We, therefore, illustrate arks by showing the different ics of the various races and | fan race has many varie- is adapted to the temperate zone and Weste! and so long as it mainta characteristics it will remain, as it always has been, at | the head of creation. The Americans embrace the peculiar- ities of all the other nations, and are active, energetic, enterprising, inven- tive, courageous, witty, imaginative and progr: The Scotch are cau- tious, plodding, economical and -stu- dious. ~The Irish are excitable, loqua- cious, oratorical, witty, famillar and versatile. The Welsh are industrious, enthusiastic, economical and talented. Phrenologically sians include all of the foregoin large conscientiousne firmnes esteem, secretiver acquisitiveness, benevolence, veneration, alimentive- ness and the social and perceptive fac- ulties. The Spanish type presents distinct characteristici The framework is king, the Cauca- have It shows a large development of It has mirthfulness and sociability. ables him to express himself fluently. mall In size when compared with the Caucasian. kull of the Scotchman, on the right, shows large cautiousness, conscl- , firmness and acquisitiveness, ! which | dang | nes compact, the stature tall and erect, the frontal lobe high, but not broad. The individuality, or It is large in It is also highly developed In approba- alimentiveness, or a good appetite; philoprogeni- , or love of children; adhesiveness, or ca; pacity to make many friends, As a which give to the character farsight- prudence and perseverance. of the Caucasian race. His brain arge and more fully developed in the frontal and lateral regions of the head than in the occipital globe; con- sequently he has large reflective, reas- oning, ingenious and musical faculties, give him his metaphysical, ma- tic and construct: abilities. eration is not so large as his S iousness, benevolence, self- esteem and constructiveness. The Ger- man manifests not only independence of ¢ cter, but coolness in times of together with great energy and firmness. The Mongolian race includes the Chi- , Japanese and all monosyllablic groups. The latter are the Turanians, the Burmese, the Apamese,. the Sia- mese, the Thibetans and the Nepau- lese, from the southeastern part of Asfa. These are largely Buddhists. They have crispy hair and full formed bodies of medium size. .There are also the -Finns, the Laplanders,. the Turks and the Esquimaux, of a northern clime. Those of the Mongolian race have high cheek bones, flat faces, broad heads and eyes set obliquely. As types they are not particularly Interesting. The Chinese as a class have not large do- mestic faculties. They do not care for their young. Their daughters they sell with no regret. They are sarcastic, cautious and suspicious. The Malayan, or Polynesian, race is confined mostly to the Indian and Pa- cific oceans and is also found in Asia and the East Indies, in Australasia, Native Australian and Greek. The skull of the, Australlan native, on the left, possesses a prognathic jaw, high cheek bones, intellect, narrow in the temples and broad behind the ears. and superstitious. played, together with refinement and New Zealand, Borneo, Madagascar, the Sandwich Islands, Malacca and New Holland. Our attention of late has been attracted to the natives of the Phillppines, Carolines and the La- drones. The natives of the Philippines are of varfous origin. The chief savage tribes accupying the mountain districts: are the Negritos, who are doubtless of'| the African race and primitive inhab- itants of the archipelago. Long be- fore the Europeans had reached these islands the primitive natives had been driven into the mountains by the Visayans and Tagalas, the leading na- tions of the group. They have brown ,complexions and are classed with the iMalny race. Egyptian Mummy The Fm'p}[fln speckmen, on the left, is 2000 of the Egyp amined when in the Enst. noticed that the head is very Of the total population . The Australian native, as’is here il- lustrated, shows a strong personality. The skull is coarse and irregular, and has a sugar loaf top, or slanting roof, which leaves the organs of firmness, veneration, human nature and compari- son more strongly developed than con- scientiousness, hope, imitation, agreea- bleness, ideality and causality. The Malayans of New Zealand differ materially from the natives of Austra- la, and are higher in type and capac- ity, both of a physical and mental kind. The bodies are strong and powerful, and their heads correspond in size and massiveness. The American Indian skull is not re- markable for its height of Intellect in the superior regions of the forehead, and Carib Indian. years old, and is the old type ad whic his to be seen even to-day, many of which we ex- The head is embalmed and polished. It will be high in the crown, and possesses the influence of large form, self-esteem, approbativeness and cautiousness. There is con- siderable height from ,the opening of the ear across the top of the head from ear to ear. The Intellect is developed, particularly which we realize were Yery strong in the E; form enables them to work correctly by in the perceptive arts, gyptian character. The organ of the eye, and was largely displayed in their numerous hieroglyphics. .The cheek bones are high, the jaw is long and thin, yet powerful, and the whole organization stability. America. will be noticed, upward. in 1870, 3,700000 were Malay Indians, 1,000,000 Oriental negroes, or of a Pa- puan family, the remainder being Chi- nese half caste, Europeans and native whites. It rernains to be seen what the Americans will do for the Philip- pine natives. FIRST X RAY PHOTOGRAPH OF A TOE-DANCER’S FOOT. It belongs to Miss Mazie King and proves that the dancer stands absolutely on the tip-of the big-toe, so that that small point supports her entire weight. gRuuLuuua TUDYING anatomy from an X ray photograph of a ballet dan- cer’s leg. How piquant! That is the experience which will fall to the lot of the students of a certain medical college in Milwau- lkee, " The photograph is of one of the ishapely limbs of Miss Mazie King, an expert toe dancer, and the professor under whose supervision it was taken for the college believes it to be the first X ray protograph of a toe dancer’s leg lever taken. It has always been a ques- tion just what portion of the toe it was that supported the entire weight of a dancer’s body. This photograph shows that the dan- r stands absolutely on the tip of the lbig toe, so that this small point sup- The skull on the right Is that of the flatheaded Carib, As the {llustration shows, they which indicate that the brain has been fo Therefpre, they have to use their brain in is pressed backward, while the occipital portion is X-RAYS TURNED ON A TOE-DANCER'S FOOT, Show That When the Dancer Is Plrouetting the Whole Welght of the Body Is Supported on the Big Toe. 898988828&82888838888839898888282333238!932&883882888882885” Indicates wirlness and of South have artificlally formed heads, rced out of its natural position. an artificlal way. The intellect, it pressed but the basilar reglon of the brain is prominent. The Indian has large per- ceptive faculties, eventuality and hu- man nature; also large form, self-es- teem, veneration, cautiousness, secre- tiveness, destructiveness, which factl- tles are seen In the crown of the head and around the ears and in the center of the forehead. Neither has he hope or benevolence largely developed. He never forgets a kindness nor an injury done to him, and Is remarkable for his reverence of the “Great Spirit.” An Indian is al- wa an Indian, though the different types that we have examined vary a little, and are inferior to the Caucasian race in volume of brain and mental power. The negro race is never compared with any other, for it is a distinctive one and called by some ethnologists the black race. It comprises several groups and occupies two-thirds of Af- rica, part of the East Indies. Australia, Syria and North and South America, whither they have been carried from their native Africa as slaves by Euro- peans. The negro in Africa is divided into numerous tribes, which have their chiefs, who bear the name of Kking. ‘When not educated, like many in Af- rica, they are indolent and have but few wants. They lead more of an an- imal life than an intellectual one, and make few attainments in the arts or sciences, but with favorable surround- ings and opportunities for an education they will improve and have improved since the time when they were liber- 4. \& ated from their slavery. P (1 Y O, ¥ g In the Northern States we find the ,}-,/‘ %.‘1 P negro educating himself for important & ot VR positions in law, medicine and the min- istry and dressed in the height of fash. ion and riding bicycles. Their physog- nomy is peculiar—namely, the large mouth, thick lins, a broad nose and flat | foot. When they are industrious they work hard and do their work well*and make good cooks, good nurses, can take good care of stock and know something about mechanism and even enter pro- fessional life. e e In Germany and Holland girls are chosen in preference to young men in As a race the people are firm and courageous, cautious The skull shows a large development of form, size and weight. The illustration of a Greek ‘skull, on the right, shows a fine development of the frontal lobe, which is broad and prominent, indicating large ideality, con- structiveness, imitation, causality, comparison, form and order. Thus we have the perfection of organization. ) all occupations where they can be ad- vantageously employed. 88898828382&338383395&8838352823!28283895988888833883?83&93 BRIV RINK strong, perceptive literary and artistic talents well dis- I am on to the hardest kind of toe dancing. They thought that naturally I must have developed great strength in my big toes and that the photograph would show the exact position of the toe in this class of dancing. “The professor was delighted with what the photograph showed. He pointed out to me that, besides proving that the big toe did not bend at all, I was poised right on the point of it; and other interesting features of the dif- ferent bones were shown. The bones of the instep, for instance, look as if they had been opened, and when he saw tL_t at the ankle the bones were sep- arated he expressed wonderment that the ankle did not £lip out of place. “When I put on little satin ballet slippers the professor stooped over and felt my foot. He said he had always supposed that ballet dancers’ shoes were lined with some stiff substance in order to give rigidity to the dancer's foot, and he felt mine in order to prove or disprove his idea. He was surprised to find that they were just satin, dined with canvas, with a narrow strip of leather for soles. In the photograph you can see the two tiny tin-like nails with which the sole is fastened to the canvas and a slight trace of the rib- bon with which the slippers are fast- ened above the ankle. “It might interest you to know that during the season I use up slippers at the rate of two pairs a week, and am | never without from two to three dozen | reserve pairs in my wardrobe. You see the satin wears out and you can't patch them, because it would loolk | rather awkward, and because of the | risk you run of having the patch wear SOUND siown BY PHOTOGRAPH Remarkable lr)_strun)ent That Shows Pictures of ‘All Sorts of Noises. By Theodore Waters. ROFESSOR A. G. WEBSTER of Clark University - as just per- fected a scientific instrument which is likely to add consider- ably to existing knowledge of the phenomenon of sound. At the recent meeting of the American Assoclation for the Advancement of Scfence Pro- fessor Webster advanced the question, “How Loud Is a Sound?”. When no one was able to answer he brought into view’an apparatus which served as an absolute standard of comparison. Here- | tively simple. It consists of a set of movable mirrors and prisms which act in conjunction with a diaphragm. One of the principles involved in this part of the process is hundreds of vears old ’and was discovered by Sir Isaac New- | ton. To illustrate it suppose that light | is admitted through a pin hole shutter | into a very dark room. Introduce into | the panel of light any opaque body, as | & knife blade, for example, and ob- serve the shadow which it easts on-a | white screen; we shall see that the ‘edges of the shadow are fringed with icolored light. The light in passing by Normal Caucasian and Indian. The skull on the right is a fine specimen of the Caucasian race, being & well developed male skull. the head. is a full development of intellect, a strong moral t gave the regulating capacity to the whole character. There is no special deficiency in any region of In fact, it is one which any one could be proud to po: There which basilar region which supplied power, energy, pluck and courage to the des whole intellect and the social qualities were well regu ment of the domestic and social faculties. cates paucity of brain power, narrow i after it will be possible to say just how {loud any sound may be, not by guess work, but by means of waves made by reflected light. Curiously enough light i{s the agency that has been called in to increase our knowledge of sound. It is by means of photography that Professor Webster measures all sorts of noises, from the roar of an explosion to sounds so low that the human ear finds it impossible to detect them and which therefore pass under the name of silence. The Esquimau, Chinaman and Chimpanzee. The Esquimau, on the left, has a strong Mongolian form of head. features are distinct, cheek bones elev: less development of the reasoning facul The ated, perceptive faculties large, but Ities than the Caucasian. The China- man, on the right, is a specimen of the brachycephalic head, which is broad, but short. power Is perceptive, and as a race the ity of the Caucausian. It shows large veneration, cautiousness, secretiveness, form, appro- bativeness, but is not large In ideality, mirthfulness or benevolence. The Chinese yield to the superior mental- The skull of the chimpanzee, in the center, is a fine specimen, and shows intelligence for its kind, but the moral brain is entirely lacking. off while you are on the stage. While I am wearing one pair I am breaking in the next. I have a regular set of toe exercises which I practice from two to three hours a day, generally from 8 to 10 in the morning and from 4 to 5 in the afternoon, on a small, smooth , device has proved that there is no such thing as silence in the ordinary accept- ance of the term. What men call silence includes all noises below the limit at which the human ear will register sound, but silence Is really full of sounds that pass unnoticed except board, which I place on the floor. This | by some delicate perception like that is at we call ‘toe tapping.’' For | of Professor Webster’s apparatus. In eacli"set of toe taps I count 500. If I other words silence Is comparative and omit a day I seem to go back two or | three days. “The seeming ease with which a| dancer performs is always the result | of the hardest kind of work. Few peo- | ple realize the length of time spent by | a dancer in practicing up some new act. I have devoted two years to learning an act which I introduce this season. | not positive. There are probably few | sounds that can escape this new in- vention, for its maker has proved that with it he can detect and photograph the noise made by a draught of air passing through a room. The mechanism by which Professor Webster's machine records sound ready w»ew Neasurement is compara- SOVND. QECQQDS. res of the ted by a full devel The idiot skull, on the left, ntellectual reglon, a falling away from the normal type, which is seen when compared with the well developed Cauca~ sian male skull. the edge or back of a razor or a block of marble or a bubble of air in gl is in each case affected the same w | This is because light always is in- | flected or, more properly speaking, re- fracted when it p; s by the edges of y observed in because when colors compos reduced to whiteness. ent substance of exces: flects brilliant colors. xamples are seen in thin laminae of air occupying cracks in glass and ice and the inter- stices between plates of mica, also in thin fllms of oil on water and alcohol on glass, but most remarkably in soapy water blown into very thin bubbles. The same effect is produced if a lens of slight convexity is laid on a plane lens, and the two, after b g placed together by a screw, are viewed by re- flected light. Rings of color may be seen ranged around the point of con- tact. The smallest rings are broadest and most brilliant, and each one.con- tains the colors of the spectrum in their order. These are commonly called Newton’s rings, because "Sir Isgac Newton first investigated their pheno- mena. This principle of inflection then and a modification of the instrument used in producing Newton’s rings are used in the new apparatus for meastr- ing sound. Within a small square box Professor Webster has placed several mirrors and prisms in such a manner that Newton's rings will be projected against a moving sensitive photogra- phic plate. On one side of the box is a globe shaped resonator, inside of which is a sensitive diaphragm made of a very thin glass plate. The slightest sound wil cause this diaphragm to vibrate. On the inner side of the diaphragm is attached a very small circular mirror weighing a fraction of a gram. When a sound, however slight, enters jthe resonator or receiver of the instrument the diaphragm and consequently the small mirror vibrate backward and for- ward and a small beam of light is sent careening about among the other mir- rors and the prisms and is made finally to resolve itself into a series of colored fringes. These fringes are projected through a series of slits in a screen un- til by the time the light reaches the photographic plate it takes the for.n of a waving line. This waving line is pro- jected on a screen by means of a lan- tern and may be viewed if nocessary by a number of persons at once. e thinness re- ey’ company | utes of the eight minutes during whi ports her entire weight. “How did pose?” sald Miss King yesterday. stood with the foot of the limb that| was to be photographed on a four-inch| board, with the other limb extended| § forward, which was the least exactini bose. Perhaps you do not know thal when a dancer—that a properl taught dancer—stands on her toe—fo: she should always stand on the bi toe only—the foot is turned sideways,) While that photograph appears to have been taken from the side, it was ac- tually taken from the front, but it give: a side view of my foot because I wa: poised upon my toe. “I understand they selected me for taking this photograph because in m: ‘act’ with Gilmore & Leonard’s ‘Ho gan’s All I devote aix min. SOUND APPARATUS AND THE WAY IT MAKES RECORDS FOR PHOTOGRAPHING.