The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, February 18, 1896, Page 8

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1896 T n possessed a sense capable of perceiving [: UU those rays he might have seen before him I | the skeleton of the professor of physics as | one might see fron or wooden bones in a | glass manikin when the white sunlight : b x of by metal, of a piecs of metal the lack homogendity of which was brought out by the X reys, efe. f th To show the rectilinear propagation of the X rays there is & pin-hole photograph, which I was able to take by mesans of the discharge NEED NOT GROW OLD. i ¥ Men and s Splendia Suggestions to 3 Some A omen in Middle Life. Professor ~ Sanford Explains Crooke’s Tubes, Ether Vibra- tions and X Rays. WAVES WITH A NEW WIGGLE. The Great Thing That Roentgen’s Dis- covery May Be and Things That It Is Not. Professor Fernando Sanford of the de- partment of physics of the Stanfora Uni- versity has just received a letter from his associate, Professor Carmen, who is now in Berlin, and who has investigated Roent- gen’s phctographs h his X or un- known rays. Professor Carmen doesn’t y very much, but what he does say comes from a scientist. “I saw Roentgen’s photographs the other day,” writes Carmen in the course of his let “and heard Warburg, pro- fessor of physics in the University of Ber- lin, and others discuss them. Lummer had them, and there seems to be no bout the reality of the phenomenon. The phetograph of the d, in only the bones and the ring are shown, is very striking. It is, however, very sharp. A photographof a m ass in a wooden case, photo- trough th is very sharp. We know h here as any, where, but there ) consensus of opinion as to what the romenon really lidea they are lon- al ether wav They are, how- ever, very faint.” Professor Sanford 18 a widely known physicist, who has made some important eries in phy 1 science, the most mportant of which were his photographs in the dark, with the so-calied Hertzian also seer doubt . - e ha a s yet h waves, made three years ago, and he is naturally keenly interested in Professor Roentgen’s startling discovery of unseen shadows, not made with light, and of a way to fix them on photographic plates. Sanford has experimented a little with Roentgen’s process, and has secured faint results, but he has not had ready for use the proper apparatus, and is not ready to about his experiment: ed about Roentgen’s work, how- ¢, &L the university, and ex- ¢ that people ordinary derstand, what Roent- possibly be. The guessing at_the new v bave opinions. point of chief scientific interest in er, which is the theory by which i oihers explain the ¢ , the papers say little or nothi said Professor Sanford. liscovered a new form of ether—vibra- of the nal instead to the line of progr t express any definit It would be only gue: g goingon. Itis less, but to find part of the ctures the papers verse 2, and fake It is but ald bea good deal of over about such a thing, of It is too early to make any dictions as to what scientific or prattical value the disco: have, but it is, of course,a thing of great in- terest to phy :d it may extend our knowledge wo fully.” Then the physicist led the way into a big laboratory, full of all sorts of costly scientific apparatus, d elucidated some- what Roentgen’s X rays. T v and the process of Profes- tor n (call it Rantgen, with a short a and a hard g) began with a Ciooke's tube, and the professor picked ap a Crooke’s tube and connected it by two wires with an induction coil, which irn connected with a two-cell bat- ke’s tube arranged for use 1s led shell of glass of any size or shape, from which the air has been very but not quite exhausted, and into 1 platinum wires connected with the opposite poles of a batte: 7 bulb of an incandescent electric a pretty good Crooke’s tube. The that Professor Sanford picked up made to show extra effects. 1Wo compartments—one a small e- tween which there was free connection through a slender glass tube bent double and then into the form of a cross. Air or i passing between the compartments be would go up, around and back through | th The professor set the current at work and instantly the Crooke's tube be- came a thing of beauty. Around one of the wire ends at one of the tube there appeared a purple glow that was simply a mass of fluorescence in_the vacuum. The wire If gave out no light. At the other end of the tube was 2 much smaller fluor- escence. g glowed with a beautiful greenish light, which see: am through the cross but not leave it. Now, this Crooke’s tube, as it lay there wing with its strange light, was ready 1e of Roentgen‘s photographs d been fixed right around it. f some sort—those X rays— e surel ming from it in all d ining thre , as sunl S8 Cross _direc- ugh the box on which the it would shine througn It was of | d to | shone through it. 3 | . But now don’t think that this pretty light, the vibrations that the human eye is capable of perceiving, would have any- thing to do with the Roentgen photo- graph. Scientists would have said so, until Roentgen accidentally discovered something the other day, ihat arrange- ment of battery, induction coil and vacuum was setting up different kinds of vibratory motions that variously rolled | out through the mlrrounding ether, air and solid substances, as a big turbine wheel, for instance, might cause all sorts | of heavy and light, slow and rapid, shak- | ings through the water and the mill. If i that arrangement had been set up before a scientist u%ew centuries ago the only phe- nomenon he would have perceived would | have been the glow of light, because the | particulat vibrations producing it are the | only ones of the lot that man happens to have a sense to perceive. Since a century and more ago when man learned by experiment t> recognize the electric current by its effect on something besides sense, the ordinary force of the electric current would have been recog- nized 1n that simple arrangement of Pro- fessor Sanford’s. That makes two things that would have been the limit of the forces of nature which man would have perceived that ar- rangement on the laboratory table setting into activity up to a very few years ago. | Then Hertz found a new sort of vibrations proceeding from an induction coil and es- pecially from the neighborhood of an elec- tric discharge and these are now called Hertzian waves. They are not light, heat, or the electric current. They are vibra- tions that flow outward from’ their source like light from a thing that glows, and un- til Hertz stumbled on them so recently nobody ever dreamed that such things | were bustling about in the universe. These Hertzian waves Professor Sanford knew to be in operation there. And now comes Professor Roentgen | with the discovery that from this arrange- ment described there proceeds what is be- lieved to be a kind of vibration more dis- | tinct from the other sorts than the Hertzian waves are from light. No sense can per- ceive it, and it is bemng recognized and studied by its effects, noticed now for the first time. It illustrates how little man is capable of perceiving. This was the way Professor Sanford talked over his Crooke’s tube: “There are many peculiar phenomena which take place in . Crooke’s tube, and they have been stndied for about fifteen years. Ii the air is entirely exhausted tuere can be no spark produced in one. They are generally exhausted to from the one-thousandth to the one ten-thousanth part of an atmosphere. The end of the wire connected with the negative pole of | the battery is called the cathode, and the ffect appears to proceed from the cathode. When the current is started the particles of rarefied gas are electrified and driven off from the cathode with great force. “If there is sufficient gas it becomes | luminous tnrough the particles striking each other. When the particies can reach tue walls of the tube and pound against them, they set up a fluorescence in the glass. Probabiy they cause the glass to set up light vibrations in the ether. The cathode rays are not the X rays of Roent- gen, nor are they rays of light. They are tue steams of gas particles as they are repelled from the cathode, and it is rather their effect which is talked about. “If I put certain substances near this tube they will likewise fluoresce as has been known for some time. It has not been known that the cathode rays would vroduce the same effect when the fluores- cence was hidden, though it had been dis- coyered that when a tiny sheet of alumi- num is set in the tube like a pane of glass the cathode rays striking on this opaque window would produce a fluorescence in a ]lrulver substance placed behind it. “‘Roentgen accidentally discovered in | his laboratory that a sheet of paper moist- | ened with double cyanide of barium and | platinum and leit’ near a Crooke’s tube | when the tube was covered with a black | cloth would show fluorescent effects, show- ing that the cloth was transparent to the | cause of the fluorescence. He followed | this discovery with his experiments. Tbe | effects secured can hardly be expizined by | any knowledge or theories held before. The rays from the Crooke’stube, which | produced Roentgen’s new tiuorescent ef- fects and later his photographic effects | after passing wrough wood and flesh, are, | of course, not light, and they are not Hertzian waves evidently, His theory is that the gaseous particles, striking against | | the glass, produce a vibration which sets | | up waves or vibrations in the ether dif- icrent from any other kind of motion. He ! thinks that they are longitudinal ether | waves. | | “We have no sense that enables us to | take cognizance of the ether as we can of | light and heat, but we know that light | | and radiant heat are vibrations in an elas- | | tic medium, and we call that medium the | | ether, It must pervade all bodies, because | some iorm of radiation can pass through | all bodies at a velocity far greater than it would be if the bodies themselves trans- mitted it. The etheris as real to physicists | as matter. We know only one kind of ether waves, and they are now all included in the term radiation. We know no limit | to their lengths. One very small octave | in the range of waye iengths we can per- ceive by the eye as light. | *“Now, every kind ol ether waves or vi- | brations that” we know anything about | | can be retlected, refractea and polarized. | | We also know thatall the kinds of ether | waves with whicn we are acquainted are | transverse vibrations; that is, the vibra- | tions are back and forth across the line or plane of motion, like waves in water orin | a rope when it is shak: or like the vibra- tions of a string. When we speculate case, and if the reporter had | about Roentgen’s rays being longitudinal | parent or translucent to them and cast The Apparatus by Which Professor Sanford Photographs With Invisible Hertzian Hand, photographed from life on January 17, 1896, X rays being used after the method of Professor Reentgen in the Physical Staat Laboratory of Hambu rg. rays had to penctrate the hand, as well as the wooden cover of the box. [Reproduced from a photograpk made in Hambur, The plates, while the picture was taken, were lying in a closed box. Sent by Henri Windel, Berlin.] i The | | vibrations in the ether we mean that they | are like sound vibrations, in which the vi- brations are back and forth on the line of motion without crossing it. In sound vi- brations tke air goes out on a straight line, stops with a condensation and goes on again. Sound is the only kind of longi- tudinal vibrations we know anything about. | ‘It has been recognized by physicists that there is no theoretical reason wk there should not be longitudinal waves the ether, but it has been supposed that the ether was so nearly incompressible that the waves would have almost infinite ] velocity and length and hence could not be perceived. All elastic bodies, solid, liquid and gaseous, transmit. longitudinal waves, and as the ether is an elastic body it would certainly transmit them too. Roentgen has discovered that his new rays cannot be reflected, refracted or polarized, as we can do with all known kinds of ether | vibrations. So Roentgen thinks that Le has discovered a new kird of radiation. What longitudinal ether waves would do | we do not know. ‘‘Whatever Roentgen’s discovery may b2 it is an important tind. Anything that | will throw light on electrical phenomena | is of value to science. We are calling on the ether to explain heat, light and elec- | trical effects, and probably all effects | which we class under chemical and mag- netic attractions and repulsions, and even gravitation, as far as we have any hope of | explaining it. “It should be remembered that we have before produced photographs with electrical waves not luminous, and others have done to a certain extent what Roentgen has done und_without the aid of light, except, we can refract and reflect the waves which have been presumed to produce the effects, In 1893 T produced photographs in the dark with the use of electrical waves, and I have attributed them to the Hertzian waves. It | is barely possible that my pictures were | due to the X rays. | “A great general misconception about Roentgen’s discovery and its possibilities | would be corrected if it were remembered that his rays cannot be reflected by any- | thing or. refracted by a lens of any sub- | stance. Hence no image can be produced. The rays pass through substances trans- shadows on the negative which are fixed there. It is wholly the fixation of shad- ows. The bones of the hand being opaque | to the rays cast their shadow on the plate when the rays pass through the hand. The negatives used are prepared for the effect of light. Negatives better adapted to these | rays may be expected to be invented.” Professor Sanford set up the simple ap- paratus by which he photographed coins and so on in the dark three yearsago. Two wires were run from an induction coil connected with a battery. A thin little box was the whole photograph gallery. One wire was passed into the box on each side. One wire connected with a medal fastened to the side of the box. The other wire connected with a metal plate facin, the medal. Between the two was Slip]\eg a negative shut up in a plate-holder and the current turned on. The experiment was not carried through, but if it had been the plate, after fifteen or twenty minutes, woufii have shown, on development, a fair | picture of the medal. Sanford’s theory is | or was that the Hertzian waves beamed | back and forth between the medal and the | metal plate, passing through both the nega- tive and its case, which were transparent | to these mysterious new Hertzian vibra- tions. The medal becomes, as 1t were, | | | I Waves. [Sketched by a “Call” @rtist.] glowing with unseen Hertzian waves, to which the wood is as glass. The raised parts of the medal being nearer the nega- tive, though ever so little, would produce a deeper effect for that reason, and this effect would be reproduced in the printing. But then maybe it was longitudinal wayes in there, AT A GREAT DISCOVERY. The X Ray May Oblige Us to Rearrangs Our Ideas. THE CALL isin receipt of Professor Roent- | gen’s communication to the Wurzburg Pnysical Society, entitled “A New Form of Radiation.” TIn his pamphlet the pro- fessor advances the theory that the new rays, improperly called cathode rays, are longitudinal vibrations of the ether. He does not profess to know absolutely what they are—even that they are ‘‘rays” at all. But Jaumann in a paper on “Longitudinal Light” argues that this theory will ac- count for many obscure phenomena asso- ciated with the cathode rays discovered by Lenard. In his pamphlet Professor says: If we pass the dischsrge from a large Ruhm- | Roetgen | 20x20mm. cross section, kot coil throngh a Hittorf or a sufficiently | exheusted Lenard, Crooke's, or_similar appa- ratus, and cover the tube with a somewhat | y fitting mantle of thin biack cardboara, | we observe in & completely darkened room | that & paper screen washed with barium- platino-cyanide lights up brilliantly and | luoresces equally well, whether the treated | side or the other be tirned toward the dis- | charged tube. Fluorescence is stiil observable WO meters fway apparatus. It is easy to convince oue's self thai the cause of the fluorescence is the discharge apparatus and nothing else. Themost striking feature of this phenome- non is that an_influence (agens) capable of ex- citing brilliant fluorescence is able to pass through the vlack cardboard cover, which transmits none of the ultra-violet rays of the | sun or of the clectric arc, and one immeai- ately inquires whether other bodies possess this property. It is soon discovered that all bodies are transparent to this influence, but in very different degrees. A few examples will | suffice: Paper is very transparent; the fluo- rescent sereen held behind a volume of 1000 pages still lighted up brightly; the printer’s ink offered no perceptible obstacle. Fluores- cence was also noteG behind two packs of | cards; a few cards held between apparatus and | screen made no perceptible difference. A single sheet of tinfoil is scarcely noticeable; only efter several layers have been laid on the top of each other is a shadow clearly visible on the ( less transparent than the other bodies, which were very much like each other in their be- havior. T have notobserved calespar fluoresce in a manner comparable with glass. With increasing thickness ail bodies be- come less transparent. In order to find a law connecting transparency with thickness 1| made some photographic observations, the | photographic plate being partly covered with an increasing number of sheets of tinfoil. Photometric measurements will be nndertaken when I am in possession of a suitable photo- meter. The retina of the eye is not susceptible to th T An eye brought close up to the discharge apparatus perceives Tothing, ol though, according to experiments made, the media contained in the eye are fairly trans- parent. A number of experiments are cited as| showing that the X rays cannot ‘be re-| fracted or reflected, and, therefore, cannot be concentrated by lenses. Neither, he says, can they be deflected by a magnet. His experiment showing that the cathode raysand the X rays are different is re- lated as foilows: After experiments bearing specially on this question (deflection by magnet), 1t s certain that the spot on the wall of the discharge ap- | aratus which flouresces most decidedly must e regarded as the principal point of the radia- The Crooke’s Tube That Fluoresced and Beamed X Rays in Professor Sanford’s Laboratory. [Sketched by a “Call’” artist.) screen. Thick blocks of wood are also trans- parent; fir planks Zem. to 3em. thick are but very slightly cpaque. A film of aluminum about 15mm. thick weakens the effect very | considerably, slthough it does not entirely | destroy the fluorescence. Several centimeters | of vulcanized indiarubber let the rays through. Glass plates of the same thickness béhave in a different way, according as they contain lead (llint glass) or not; the former are much_less transparent than the latter. If the hand be held between the discharging tube and the screen the dark shadow of the | bones is visible within the siigbily dark shadow of the hand. Water, bisulphide of | cerbon and various other liquids behave in | this respect as if they were very transparent. Twas not able to determine whether water was more transparent than air. Behind plates of | copper, silver, lead, gold, platinum, fluores- | cence is still clearly visible, but only when the plates are not too thick. Platinum 0.2mm. | thick is transparent; silver and copper sheets | may be decidedly’ thieker. Lead 1.5mm. | thick is as good s opaque, and was on this ac- | count often made use of. A wooden rod of | inted white, with | lead paint on one ride, behaves in & peculiar manner. When it is interposed between ap- paratus and screen it has almost no effect when the X rays go through the rod parallel to the painted side, but it throws s dark shaaow if the rays have to traverse the paint. Very similar to the metals themselves are their salts, whether solid or in solution. These experimental results and others lead 10 the conclusion that the transparency of dif- ferent substances of the same thickness is mainly conditioned by their density; no other DIOperty is in the least comparable with this. The following experiments, however, show that density is not altogether alone in its in- fluence. 1 experimented on the transparency of nearly the same thickness of glass, alum- inum, calcspar and quartz. The density of these substances is neasly the same, and yet it Wwas quite evident that the spar was decidedly tion of the X rays in all directions. The X rays thus start from the point at which, ac: cording to the researches of different investi- gators, the cathode rays impinge upon the wall of the glass tube. If one deflects the ca- thode rays within the apparatus by a magnet, itisfound that the X rays are emitted from another spot—that is to say, from the new ter- mination of the cathode siream. On this nccount also, the X rays, which are not deflected, cannot be merely unaltered re- flected cathode rays passing through the glass wall. The greater density of the glas! outside the discharge tube cannot, according to Len- ard, be made responsible for the great differ- ence in the “‘deflectability.” I therefore come to the conclusion that the X rays are not identical with the cathode ravs, but that they are generated by the cathode rays at the glass wall of the discharge apparatu: his excitation does not only take place in glass, but also in aluminum, as I was able to ascertain with an apparatus closed by a sheet of aluminum 2mm. thick. Other substances will be studied later on. The article continues: The justification for giving the name of “rays” to the influence emanating from the wall of the discharge eppsratus depends partly on the very regular shadows which they form when one interposes more or less transparent bodies between the apparatus and the fluorescing screen or photographic plate. Many such shadow pictures, the for- mation of which possesses a special charm, have I observed Ehotogrlfihlclll}'. For ex- ample, I possess photographs of the shadow of the proflle of the door separating the room in which was the discharge apparatus from the room_in which was the photographic plate; also photographs of the shadows of the bones of the hand, of the shadow of a wire wound on a wooden EF!)O], of a weight in- closed in a small box, of & compass in which | once missed the contents of a jewel tray, | number of atticles of jewelry which differ- apperatus covered with black paper. The image is weak, but unmistakably correct. { I looked very carefully for inierference phe- nomena with X rays, but unfortunately, per- haps only on account of the small intensity of | the rays, without success. Researches to determine whether electro- static_forces affect X rays in any way have been begun, but are not completed. WHAT X-RAYS ARE. If we ask what X rays, which certainly can- not be cathode rays, really are, we are led at | first sight, owing 10 their powerful fluorescing and chemical properties, to think of ultra- violet light. But we immediately encounter serious objections. If X rays be in reality pltra-violet Jight this light must possess tho lowing characteristics: > lo(a; It must show no perceptible refraction on passing from sair into water, bisulphide of carbon, aluminum, rock salt, zing, ete. : (b) It must not be regularly reflected to any appreciable extent from the above bodies. (¢) It must not be polarizable by the usual means. (d) Its absorption must not be influenced by any of the properties of substances to the same exient as if is their density. In other words, we must assume that these ultre-violet rays behave in quite & different manner to any inira-red, visible or ultra- rays hitherto known. Icould not bring my: to this conclusion, and I have, therefore, sought | another explanation. 4 | There seems at least some connection be- tween the new rays aud light rays in the | shadow pictures, and in the fluorescing and | chemigal activity of both kinds of rays. Now, | it has been long known_that hesides the trans- | verse light vibrations, longitudinal.vibrations might take place in the ether, and, according to the view of different physicists, must take | place. Certainly their existence has not up till now been made evident, and their proper- ties have not on that account been experi- mentally investigated May not the new ra vibrations in tie ether? 1 must admit that I have put more and more faith in this idea in the course of my research, and it behooves me, t ore, (0 Announce my suspicion, aithough I know well that this e: planation requires further corroboration. WURZBURG PHYSIKAL INSTITUT DER UNIVERSI- | AT, December, 18 In commenting editorially on this com- | munication, the London Electrician has | be due to longitudinal this to say: It may not be without interest at the present | moment to recall the main points of difference and of similarity between Roentgen and s—to use two brief and convenient Roentgen rays are not deflected Lenard raysare. Roentgen ravs Lenard ray: expressior by & magnet suffer far le Lenard r: Lenard found that his cathode rays failed to pass through anything but tne thinnest soap films, glass and aluminum foii, etc.; the Roentgen ' variety will traverse eral'centimeters of wood and several mil meters of metal or glass. Roentgen was able s absorption and diffusion than | to take “shadowgraphs” and dctect fluores- cence 200 centimeters away from the | discharge tube; eight centimeters were enough to wipe out Lenard rays in air at atmospheric pressure, and even in hydro- zen gas. at only 0.0164 millimeters pressure, the “radiation length” for cathode rays was | only 130 centimeters, hydrogen at atmos- | pheric pressure behaving #s a decidedly tur- id medium. These are, however, rather dif- ferences in degree than'in kind. Lenard rays emanate, of course, from the cathode itself, but Roentgen rays, according to their dis coverer, start from’ the lumiziscent spot on the glass wail of the discharge tube at which cathode rays The points of | ilarity betwéen Roenigen and Leuard rays | are their photographic activity, their reci. linear provagetion (as evidenced by the sharp shadows cast) and the fact that in both cases it would seem the total mass of molecules | contained in unit volume ot any substance practically determines its transparency. All things tend to show that we are on the verge of & great scientific discovery, which may rearrange our us, nolens volens, to ¢ HOBBED WHILEATLUNCH | Sneak-Thieves Entered S. Son-| nenfeld’s Store on Kearny Street. Customers’ Jewels Left to Be Repaired Are Taken —Not the First Attempt. | i | While 8. Sonnenfeld was at luncheon | yesterday noon his store at 321 Kearny | street was, he declares, entered by a sneak- | thief, a Yale lock having been picked to | gain admission. | When the proprietor returned to his | place of business about 1 o'clock he at | and an examination disclosed the loss of a | ent individuals had left with him to be re- | paired. o Mr. Sonnenfeld says the intrinsic value of the jewels was §$200, but that he pre- | sumes many of them have an additional | value to their owners through certain as- sociations. ; | This, it seems, is not the first time such a theft has been attempted during the noon hour. About a month ago Mr. Son- nenfeld happened to return from luncheon earlier than usual and found a kit of tools in his store, but whoever owned them had disappeared. S STREET ACCIDENTS. Several People Injured by Vehicles on Public Thoroughfares. Julius Olsen, a street sweeper, was run into yesterday forenoon about 10 o’clock while at work on Fillmore street, the shaft | of a buggy driven by Sanford J. Lewald striking him violently in the right breast. The injured man was at once taken to the | Lane Hospital near by. Anlexamination | showed that one rib had been fractured. Olsen is a man about 40 years of ace and lives at 337 Clementina street. Al- | though he was suffering much pain yester- | day aiternoon the hospital authorities as- sert that be ought to be out and about in a week or two. | Freddie Quilici, the six-year-old son of‘ Venanzio Quilici. living at 1617 Powell street, was struck by a milk wagon at 2 o’clock yesterday afternoon and was se- verely bruised about’ the mouth and tem- les.” The child had suddenly dashed out rom behind a bakery wagon standing near the curb and it was only through the presence of mind of T. N. 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HELEYA SAMITARIU, ST. HELENA, NAPA COUNTY, CAL. . Louis is the 1 t tobace % \ / y 1 50C. We prepay the pos B—10 Lovely C—10 Prize-wi “. K—10 Flowering Send fo Fruits; Austr: table Seeds. the magnetic needle is completely surrounded Set A—3 Beautiful D—5 Superh double Petunias, 5 kinds. E—5 Grand large-flowered Geraniums, - G—10 Elegant 12 Viokt Plants, 50¢, 3 %, ble, Grass, Clover, _our latest'importations {rom G ia and Japa: COX SEED AND PLANT TRIAL SETS Choice Buibs and Plants. stage and guarantee safe delivery of the Plants, Palms, 3 sorts, strong plants, ......50c Carnations, 10 sorts. 50¢| Anp inning Chrysanthemums, 10 Sorts 50c Y 3 Sets everblooming Roses, 10 Kinds......5 i - Plants, viz: 1 Fuchsia, 1 Heliotrope, | $1:28 I Zt_’llneltm Vine, 1 Carnation, 1 Geranium, OR I Solaum, 1 Petunia, 1 Abutilon, 1 Hydran. 5 Sets gea, 1 Chrysanthemim, i $2:00 ‘White, 3 Marie Louise. Illustrated Catalogue. It containsa complete list of our Flower, Vegeta- Tree and Shrub Seeds, Fruit Trees and Small rmany, France, England, : all the Latest Novelties in’ Flower and Vege. CO., San Francisco 411, 413 Sansome Street r our