The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, January 19, 1896, Page 6

6 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, JANUARY 19, 1896 S oo e R N S e B AU I e 0 e e s ane FATHER YORKE T0 V. G, C. HUNTING, The Chancellor on the Peshitto Version of the Bible. THE SYRIAC TONGUE. This Is the Language in Which Christ Spoke, Says the Priest. ANSWER TO REV. DR. WENDTE. John S. Hittell and H. W. Bowman Contribute Letters to the Controversy. the name 0 in the vords iden' my church. a Lapede does & rock, and even ot the faintest ch upon_thee, r rock. 1on I might again remark that the be very strong when ail who reject to St t that it became to deny that not to interpret the v, but it is what St. iptures” YORKE. YORKE TO WENDTE. The Catholic iued Answer to the Unl- tarlan Minister. Writing in answer to Dr. Wendte, the Rev. Father Yorke says: ti 50, Jan. 18, 1896.—To the f the Cali—DEAR SIR: Up to the pres- 1 Dr. Wendte's charges, I 10 the arguments bassd ween the Pope and tem- igns during the period known as My object has been to sepa- oretical from the historical. I down those principles which bind because th bind, and keep hose principles which arose from a r condition of affsirs end which be- came obsolete when thet condition of affairs pesscd away. THE PAGAN EMPIRE AND CHRISTIANITY. A he period when C stianity ceame into the we the Roman empire was at the height of its power. Forthe first e in history & race of organizers had founaed a stable do- The Roman language and lsw ruled from the borders of Caledonia to the rom the pillars of Her- phrates the msjesty of the Ro- oded over the earth s tne church was in confliet with power. It wes a foreign supersti- ame calumnies which are circu. ians then. Whenever saw their temples deseried the cry that the Nazarenes t the empire. If newspa- d in the days of Diocletian artling resemblance to lies on Monday s have spent the e drum ecclesiastic to s wgainst the errors of Rome. OF THE EMPIRE. ng of the fourth century two One was the triumph istianity and its official recognition as the religion of the npire, and the other was the transference of the seat of government from Rome 1o Constantinople. The importance of this second event was accentuated by the fact that a_ tendency to disruption, which bad aiready manifested itself, was given full rein to serve family interests, great world organization was spl That part which had its capital a nople was called the E The part which retained Italy snd France and Spain wes known as the Western or Latin empire. This latter portion, however, was menaced by many and poweriul enemies. From out of the marshes and forests of the north poured trive after tribe of barbarians. Whole nations forsook their ancient seats and swarmed like bees on 10 the fertile regions of the south. Great chiefs led their hardy soldiers to the loot of cities where generations of peace had stored untold wealth. Rome herself for generations had never seen a eign foe at her gates was given up to de: core of kings paraded_their petty nities where once the decrees of the senate were the only law, and toward the end of the filth century an insolent Goth dethroned the last Emperor and sent_the useless insignia of the empire to Constantinople as a sign that in the west that empire was 1o more. THE CONDITION OF EUROPE, As we read of these occurrences in history we find it very hard to realize what it ail meant to the people who lived then. Let us onstanti- suppose that these United States have | existed for over 400 years, and that their power has been extended even to Patagonia. Let us suppose that enervated thing else which | ve'so hard to explain it away. | 1o the | Chancellor’s Con- | e Roman | atholics to-day were circulated | the | stern_or Greek empire, | h_v luxury our people have lost their manh- ness and that the Government has been grow- | ing every day more corrupt and more helpless. ‘Then imagine that from some inaccessible quarter of the far north tribe after tribe of | Indians descends upon the States, wasting | lands and cities with fire and sword. To pro- tect itself the Government withdraws from | Washington to Buenos Ayres and abandons | the original territory to the invaders. Let us | then picture to ourselves what the condition of | this country would be thus delivered over to | sanguinary and ignorant savages and we may | gain an ides of the state of Europe after the | §5wnall of the empire of the West, Charles J. Stille, in his studies in medieval | history, gives the following graphic deserip- | tion of Europe aiter the barbarian invasion: | ‘The general view of the middle ages would be | | that of & stream fed from distant sources—at first atorrent, bursting from the forests of Germany, sweeping onward, so violent in its fury and so overwhelming in its force as for a time to destroy all trace of the work of civilized man, and then, long after, reappearing swollen by its tributaries, as a mighty river, bearing upon its placid and ample bosom blessings 0f peace and cOmfOrt to those who dwell upon its shores. Again, the general aspect of Europe during the middle ages is that of s violent confiict. a struggle. mot merely between the barbarian tribes and the legions of imperial Rome. and of these tribes with each other, but also a constant straggle of opposing ideas for the mastery—of the Teuton sgainst the toman, of the north 0f Kurope against the south, sgainst heathenism, of a savagery compared to that of the North n indians with the highest form of civil en known to the world. In the midst of ble birth-throes modern civiiization is o the world, aud, unlike any other history, it Owes its pecullarities and strength to this violent conflict of H s 0f which it 18 the resultant. | THE MISSION OF THE CHUECH. he barbarians, as we have seen, made short k of the civil and material authority of the re, but they met an suthority which opped them in their full career. The Chris- T g words of Christ nstituting Peter t| 3 ade and his | ssors the center of unity. Even during the lifetime of St. John we find C , the fi Poy sing the pont au- r century s heresy and | es stood out clea d rmers of the bre vers of union. Wher rians overthrew the .ci : | thren” | therefore, 1 govern- the Romans they found themselves v of nironted with a spiritual government, the | se head resided in the ancient e—the Eternal City—Rome. en began that wonderful drams known as onversion of the barbarians. From Rome, as from a center, went out brave and holy men and preached Christ to the gentiles. Patrick | evangelized Ireland, Augustine converted | ingland, Boniface gave his life for Germany, ks poured into witzerland, aye, even into Italy, verywhere formed a new people for the Warriors who knew no law but their were turned aside by the gaze of an monk. Savages to whom m were compelled to bend th the figure of a man nailed him to = d what they had adored and v had burned st the bidding S W ad neither earthly power nor | infinence to enforce their commands. tha men who had broken the civil | power of the empire to pieces | emselves conquered by a religion which ghtiest when ms Most weak. | At & time when civil society properly o | ed did not exist, it is Dot surprising that | re was much confusion between the spirit- | and the temporal. The bishops were rec- | ed by kings and people not only as rulers | church, but they were invested secular jurisdiction. We must re- nember that " the commonwealth, such © was, was professedly Christian, The foun- tionsof law, of justice, of authority, had been n thé name of Christ and by the | t's ministers. This point we | forget, that the preservation of | urops from barbarism, from ignorance, from | narchy, is the work of the Cathol TR | At the head of the church stood the bishops | of Rome. In later days men have blamed the | Popes because they attained such a command- ing position. Butas Ne: heir role orced upon them the very | logic of | ] gress of concentration wes not the work | was brought about by the change | he ‘vicissi of nations. It was | ult that the Van swept away the s end the Saracens those of Syria and or that Constantinople snd its became the creatures of im- | France, kngiand and Ger- | none ' but the author y.or that clergy and 1 ré ' obstinate in sheltering | es_under the majesty of Rome against flerce Kings and nobles or impericus evea to the imposiug of forgeries on the d on the Pope in justification of their pro. | All this will be fact whetker the Popes | tious or mot: and still it will be fact change was & great ben- iiile tyrants of the rally ¢ sed r at the hose centuri dered ‘the to the ommonwealth by ! supremacy qf the Pope wou supreme, be Tenderea ix wish to' make assar sions short of this wiil be u vors : e's denunciation of him. We reap the froit at this day of his services in the past. { the purpose of showin, extract from Dean ity ‘With g inis I make a rather long Milman’s “Latin Christian- e is spesking of the era of Gregory 1, and | he says the pupacy “was the only power which lay | not el ely al ahsolutely prostrate before the | disasters of the times—a power which had an in- herent strength and might me its majest; It was this power which was most imperat ly re- | quired to preserve all which wss io survive out of the crumbling wreck of Roman civilization. To Western Christianity was sbsolutely necessary | & center, standing alone, strong in traditionary | © and in acknowledged claims to_suprem- en the perfect organization of the Chris- erarchy might, in all human probability, lien to pieces in perpetual conflici: it might have degenerated into a half secular feudal caste, with hereditary beneficies more and _more = 2 £ entirely subservient to the civil authorit |a hood of each nation, or of tribe, gradually sinking to the intelle | or reiigious level of the nation or tribe. On the | of a power both controlling and conservative hong, hom anly speaking, the life and death of Christi- anity s a permanent, aggressive, expansive, and, | to a'certain_extent, uniform system. There must be a counter-balance to barbaric force, to the una- voldable anarchy of Teutonism, with its tribal, or At the utmost national dependence, forming | host of small, confliciing, antagonistic kingdoms. ~ All Europe would have been what England was under the Octarchy, what Germany was when her Emperors were weak ; and even her Emperors she owed to Rome, to the church, to Christanity. Providence might bave been otherwise ordained; but it is impossible for a man to imagine by what other organizing or eon- solidating force the commonwealih of the Western nations could have grown up to a discordant, in- deed, and conflicting league, but still a league, with' that unity and conformi'y of manners, usages, laws, religions, which have made their rivairies, oppugnancies, and even their long, ceaseless wars, on the whole to issue in the | noblest, highest, most intellectual form of civiliza- tion known to man. It is impossible to conceive what had been the ‘confusion, the lawlessness, the chaotic siate of the middle ages, without the medieval papacs; and of the medieval papacy the | real father is Gregory the Great. In all his prede- cessors there was much of the uncertainty and in. definiteness of a new dominion—Gregory is the Roman altogether merzed in the Christian_ Bishop. Itisa Christian dominion. of which he lays the foundations in the Eternal Cily, ot the old Rome, associating Christian influence to her ancient title of sovereigaty.” THE NEW EMPIRE. At the end of the eighth century Europe was united in religion, but in civil affairs it was divided into warring kingdoms. The example, however, of an undivided church was insen- sibly leeding the minds of men to a longing for an undivided state. The memories of the old empire had not passed away. Men lookedtoit still as the noon of government. They remem- bered how it had spread all over the world and had given the nations peace. When, therefore, Charlemagne had obtained possession of the old dominions of the Empire of the West it was but the logical sequence of events | that he should assume the imperial crown. That crown was bestowed upon him by the Pope, but by what right no one then cared to ask. All Europe accepted the fact that it was now organized in tem- porals under the Emperor; in spirituals under the Pope. It was to be henceforth a great Christian commonwealth. Men knew nothin; about our modern theories of church en state. Their ideas of things were as different | from ours as they possibly could be. They builded according to their own plans, and we, who believe in pogullr sovereiguty, have no right to quarrel with their efforts. FEUDALISM. After the death of Charlemagne the empire which he had built up was delivered over to anarchy. His successors were too feeble to wield his scepter and new barbarians poured down from the north. Then grew up the sys- tem known as feudalism. Its origin is lost in obscurity, but the traits which distinguished 1t in its supremacy can be traced in the manners | aud customs of the Teutonic tribes which | invaded the Roman empire. The essen- | tial features of feudalism may be summed up 1n the statement that the land of a country was bestowed by the supreme ruler on individuals who in return contracted | to perform certain services to the grantor, gen- jerully of a military kind. These original grantees subdivided the land to_ others on Similer conditions. Thus a thoroughly graded | hierarchy grew up, beginning with the king | #nd ending with the smallest landholder, | which was intended to secure protection and | safety on the one side and loyalty, allegiance | and stipulated service on the other. | _“This system,” says Stille, “it must be re- membered, was no ingenious and speculative device, as it has often been represented, to Te- {Sime d‘-e Depuletion of thorecountried living underits slave: utit was eagerly adopte | by those who had an interest in the’pren‘;n- | W | Gregory triumphed. repudiated by Catholi | lettes tion of order, not merely as a method of counteracting the anarchy which then threat- ened the overthrow of all settled society, but also, and especially, as the only_effectual method of repelling the armed fnvasion of the barbarians, and especially of the Northmen, which began again shortly after the death of Charlemague. In one sense the feudal system was an endeavor to combine military efficiency with the spirit of independence on the partof the chiefs which was so character- istic of the German warriors in their native lands. The object, now, however, of the rulers —the immediate object—was defense of their homes, not to send out expeditions such as those undertaken in the campaigns under Charlemagne. We shall gee that, as a system, the feudal form of government, arbitrary and oppressive &s we may think if, was in the beFinnlng a necessit; of the time. One of the best proofs that it was such is found in its uniyversal adop- tion throughout Europe. Not only land but other kinds of property, even offices in church and state, were Eeld in fief with a view to protection. We must remember that after the death of Charlemagne there existed for a long time mno public authority in Europe strong enough 1o maintain order through- out a large territory, and that each chief, who had formerly been, perhaps, under the rule of the great Emperor, & firm supporter of his system and authority, now freed from his control, sought only to in- crease hisown lands and power. The result was a perpetual reign of terror, & constant struggle for those objects where might made right, the end of which was the survival of the strongest and during which the successful pur- suit of the arts of peace became impossible—a condition of things which if continued clearly foreshadowed a relapse into barbarism.”’ THE POPE AND THE EMPEROR. Let usalways bear in mind that the imperial and feudal constitution of Europe was a sys- tem of universel government as distinct as our Federal and State system. The limits of the various authorities were not as clearly de- lineated as by our constitution, but then we are the heirs'of all the ages, and the men of old were struggling toward the better things. But as far as it Went it was a system of govern- ment with its own laws, customs, rights and duties. Therefore, when we judge of the ac- tions of Popes who lived under that system | aud who had & definite place in it, we must judge them not in the lignt of our day, but in ihe light of a civil polity which was univer- sally accepted in the middle age. And in the first place let us consider in the words of Freeman thet “The theory of the medevel empire is that of an universal Christien monarchy. The Roman Empire and the Catholic church are two aspects of the one society. At the head of this society in its temporal character s an empire stands the temporal chief of christendom, the Roman Casar; atits head, in its spiritual character as a church, stands the spiritual chief of christen- dom, the Roman Pontif.” No'w, by the consent of cbristendom, it was necessary that the Emperor should be's Chris- tian—a member of the church. When he was excommunicated he ceased to be a member of the church, and his subjects considered that | they were released from their bonds of al- legiance. The Pope,gs the supreme head of | the church, formally declsred that the Em- Peror was or was not a member of the church, and hence came what is technically known a$ the deposing power, or the power of absolving subjects from their oaths of fealty. On this provision oi the medeaval constit tion of Europe let me remark that it is analo- gous 1o the provision of ourconstitution, which Tequires that a State shall maintein & republi- can form of government. As long as the State of California cleaves to the republican system the President cannot interfere; but if she should attempt to establish & monarchy the Uniied States Government would teke measures to prevent the success of such an_ undertaking. Much in the same way it was the constitution of medevat Europe that the emperor should be a Chris- tian. As long as he was a Christian and lived like & Christian_the Pope had no power over him. Butonce he rendered himseli liable by crime to excommunication, the Pope had power to declare him expelled from the church and unworthy of the support of Christians. Let us remark, too, that this system lasted only as long as the peoples wished it to las en we read of Hildebrand and Innocent re- buking Emperors and Kings and_bringin them 10 terms, we make & mistake if we look upon these Popes as the masters of legions. They hed no temporal resources worth noticing. The fegions were at the call of their enemie: Gregory was ariven a fugitive before the armies of the Emperor and he died in exile. Yet And why? He had the people with him. They believed in upholding their constitution, and when the Emperor broke that constitution and the Pope pro- { cinimed the fact the people brought their chief to terms. When, therefore, after the Crusades the sen- timent of nationality grew strongerand Europe began to take the form itnow holds the old constitution was neglected. fi Consequently we d the people no longer supporting the Popa, consequently, t00, we find the deposing power as it was evercised in the middle ages A QUOTATION GARBLED. AsIamon this pointImay es well call at- tion to another characteristic misrepre- tation of those who attack the church, One the knights of the scissors said in e recent “The following from an address delivered by Pope Pius IX., of infallibility fame, Juiy 21, 1873, is pertinent: There are many errors regarding fnfaliibility but the most malicious of all is that which includes in that dogma the r'ght of deposing sovereigns, and declaring the people no longer bound by the obligation of fidelity. This right has now and again, in critical circomstances, been exercised by the Pontifis. * * * Itsorigin wasnot the infal- libility, but the authority of the Pope. Let me say that this address was delivered on Juiy 20, 1871, and the true text is as follows: ‘“Among all other errors that is malicious above all, which would attribute to the In- fallibility of the Pope the right of deposing sovereigns and of absolving people from the obligation of allegiance. “This right without doubt has been exercised by the Supreme Pontiffs from time to time in extreme cases, but it has nothing to do with | the Pontifical infallibility; neither does it flow | from the infallibility but from the authority of { the Pontiff.” | _Now this is the portion of the address which {the champions of American institutions suppress. ““Moreover, the exercise of this right in these ages of faith which respected in the Pope that which he is—that is to say, the Supreme Court of Christendom, and recognized the benefit of his tribunal in the great contentions of peo%les and of sovereigns, was freely extended by the just aid of public jurisprudence and the common consent of DALIONS 10_the greatest il terests of stajes and their rulers.” Let these fair-minded “Americans” now mark what follows: “But altogether different are the conditions of the present time from the conditions of those ages. Malice alone can confound things 50 diverse. That is to say, the Pope recogrizes that the old constitution of Christian Europe passed away long ago and the tpowen once given the Pope by tne consent of the peoples are no longer claimed. THE POPE AND FEUDALISY. The essential feature of feudalism s, as I have said, that & man constitutes a more pow- erful person his_protector by promising feudal service. Now, during the middle ages it was customary for weaker Princes to promise feudal service to the Pope in the expectation of gaining his protection. Now, whether it was wise or not for the Pope to accept this service I do not care to dis- cuss here. I wish to draw attention merely to the fact. The advantages gained thereirom were entirely on the King's side. The Pope never received anything but the customary in- significant tokens of feudal homage. Still they were bound to help and protect their feuds- tories, and the giving of this hzlp and protec- tion was the cause of half the quarrels of the middle ages. But this relation was entirely political and had nothing whatscever to do with the Pope’ spiritual character. It ceased to exist when feudalism was abolished, aud there is as much chance of reviving it now as there is of resusci- tating the mummy of Rameses. A clear undersianding of these two great facts in the constitution of the States of the middle ages will explain all the charges which are brought against the church to-day, because of the actions of certain Popes. These actions were lawful, because they were pro- vided for in the civil laws of the time and were received by the people. They would not be Jawful to-day, because the conditions of the middle ages have passed a and these ex- traordinary powers have passed with them. P. C. YORKE, ——— BOWMAN TO YORKE. The A. P. A. Edlitor Advances More Arguments In Support of His Contentions. The following letter, addressed to Tae Cavy, is self-explanatory: Editor San Francisco Call—DEAR S1R: The sudden development in almost incredible numbers all over the country ot that un- known quantity called the A. P. A. has ake; & widespread alarm in the Roman ‘atholic Church, and attracted the general attention of the press, both secular and relig- ious. With eager Acmfln{‘the politicians are watching whatever can be seen of this new and singular movement with regard to its bearing upon the current politics of the coun- uy, ready to-trim their sails to whatever breezes iis progress may awaken. Thinking Americens are asking, What are the objects of this unheralded organization. which is sweeping this land like the shadow of an eclipse? How came it into existence? Are there any potent reasons for the existence of such an organization—while the general ublic are acqusinted with the fact that t aims directly at restricting and countervailing the aggressive power ot the Romish hierarchy in " our clvi],p:olidcal and educational affairs—particularly as related to our public school system—it is not so fully known that Kome has organized her hordes for the supjugation of our country. The A. P. A. was born of necessity. It was not begotten of bigotry, and born of hate, as Rome claims; but, contrarywise, it was begotten of pat riotism, hence is' the legitimate child of Americanism. Romanism is the open foe of the American Republic. By Jesuitical craft and political intrigue it has sought to under- mine our constitutional liberties. It has attempted to muzzle the press, gag the pulpit and silence the platiorm. It has made an aggressive assault upon our public school sys- tem. It has attempted to Romanize ourschools by having nuns for teachers. It has sought their destruction by clamoring for State funds toruntheirsectarianschools. I1thasplundered the State and National treasuries of millions of dollars for sectarian purposes. It has tried to unite church and state. It has maintained Jrinciples contrary to taose of this Republic. t has denied the Tight of free speech and the liberty of worship guaranteed to us by the con- stitution. The A. E A. come before the Ameri- &an people and make the following declara- on: No devout Roman Catholic canfbe & true American citizen. In order for me to prove this charge it will be necessary to exposs the principles of Romanism, which ere in conflict with Ameri- can principles. First—Political principles: Romanists owe their first allegiance to the Pope of Rome. For thirteen centuries the Popes have interfered in the political affairs of nations, and all de- vout Papists have sided with the Pope and against the Government. Below we submit some of the anthortative statements of Romish writers. De Pratt say: *“The Pope commands subjects on the terri- tory of all sovereigns. If the whole world were Catholic the Pope would command the whole world.” Bellarmine observes: The frst opinion is: That the Pope, by divine right, has supreme power over the whole world, both In ecclesiastical and civil affairs. This is the opinion of Panormitanus, Hostiensis, Silvester and many others. It is not Tight for Christians (Romanists) to tol- erate a Leretical King if he endeavors to draw away his subjects to heresy. In support of this opinion the Cardinal counts seventy eminent Romish authors. Augustine Triumphus says: “It fs an error not to believe that the Roman PONtifl is pastor of the universal church, the suc- cessor of Peter, the Vicar of Christ, and that he h not universal supremacy over temporal and spinitual matters.” Says Blasius: The Pope is the only vicar of God; hls power is v the world, pagan as well as Christian; the ¥ vicar of God Who has supreme power and em- pire over all kings and princes of the earth. Muscovius say. The Pove is universal judge: he is king of kings and lora of iords. All other powers are his subjects. Maynardus writes: Magistrates are the Pope’s subjects. The Pope has power in the whole world in temporals and spirituals. Bossuet declare: All things are submitted to the keysof St. Peter— all kings, people, shepherds aud flocks. The following tenets of canon law explain his power: The Pope has the right to give countriesand na- tions which are non-Catholic to Cagholic regents, who can reduce them to_slavery make slaves of those Christian subjects whose prince or ruling power is interdicted by the Pope. The Pope has the right to annul State laws, treat- fes, constitutions. etc.: to absolve from obedience thereio, as soou as they scem detrimental to the rights of the church or those of the clergy. The Pope possesses the right of admonishing, and, if needs be, of punishing the temporal ruiers, em. | perors and kings, as well as of drawing before the spiritual forum any case in which a mortal sin oc- curs. The Pope has the right toapsolve from oaths and obedlece 10 the persons and the laws of the princes whom he excommunicates. The Popecan reiease from e obligation, oath, Yow, either be- fore or after being made. Cardinal Manning, ina printed sermon, says: v Father touch any matters For this piain reason, because politics are a part of morals. Politics are morals onthe widestscale. Pope Pius IX asserted to himself the right to annul constitutions and laws of certain coun- tries, viz.; New Grenade in 1852, of Mexico | in 1856, of Spain 1855 and of Austria in 1868. | See Acerbissimum, Sept: 1852; Nun- quam Fore, Decelnber rum, y 2 Certe, June 2 Pope Leo claims the same power, as the fol- | lowing article will prove: ‘We command all whom nize in you (Francisco as_Apostolic Able- gate, the supreme power of ing Pontift, We command that they you aid, concurrence and obedierce in all thin 1at receive with onitions aud orders. u shall doly de- against those who oppose our au. 1 r and, with the author! will catise to be observed 1n- sfaction be made; * * * constitutions and_apostolic ordi- 10 the contrary. [Extract from the ical of Pope Leo XI1I to the papal clergy in nited States, Januery 24, 1892.] reverence your salutary ad ‘Whatever sentence or pena ~ the U VicarGeneral Preston, in 8 sermon preached in New York in 1888, spoke most plainly on this subject. He declared: Every word Leo speaks from his chair Is the voice of the Holy Ghost, and must be obeved. To every Cathoilc heart comes no thought but obedi- ence. It is sald that politics is not within the province of the church, and that the church has only jurisdiction in matters of falth. You say, +T will receive my faith from the Ponilf, but I will not receive my politics from him.” This assertion is dislos al and unfaithfal. You must not think as you choose; you must think as Catholics. The man who says, “I will take my faith from Peter, but I will not take my polities from Peter," is not a true Catbolic. The church teaches that the Supreme Pontiff must be obeyed because he is the vicar of the Lord: Christ speaks through him. The Pope,in an encyclical in 1864, men- tioned several errors of our times, among which he specified this: The church has not the power of availing hersel? of force, or any direct or indirect temporal power. Ddr. Brownson, in his Review in 1864, frankly said: Undoubtedly it is the intention of the Pope to possess this country. In this intention he is aided by the Jesuits and all the Catholic prelates and priests. The great historian Froude, who has lately passed away, has given his view of the great danger of our Nation. Igive a passage from his pen, which should be pondered: Every true Catholic is bound 10 think and act as | the priest tells him, and a republic of true Cathollcs becomes s theocracy administered by the clergy. it is only ss long as they are {n a small minority that they can be loyal subjects under such a con- stitution as the American. As their pumbers grow they will assert their principles, then the power, and the constitution will be gone. A Catholic ma- jority under spiritual direction will forbid liberty of worship, and will try to forbid liberty of con- science. It will control education; it will put the press under surveiliance; it will punish opposition With excommunication, and excommunicstion will be attended with civil éisabllities. To_illustrate the attitude of modern Roman- ists in their divided allegiance between the Pope and the Government, we will cite the fol- | lowing facts. In 1843 Daniel O’Connell said: 1 declare my most unequivocal submission to the head of the Church,and to the hierarchy in its different orders, 1 the Bishops would mage a declaration on tais bill, I never would be heard speaking against it, but would submi: at once, un- equivoc: decision. They have only to decide and they close my mouth. They have only to determine, ana I obey. I wish It to be understood that such is the duty of all Catholics. An English paper, the Catholic Vindicator, made the Romanist’s duty clear in these words: We would not hesitate to tell the Queen to her face that she must either be content with this divided aliegiance, or none at all; for it is per- fectly certain that we shall never do otherwise than strictly obey the sovereign Pontiff, whoever may presume to forbid. The attitude of Papists on the school ques- tion shows that the claim of ouly spiritual euthority for the Pope in the United States resis upon a falsehood. The present inter- ference of the Pope is upon schools for educa- tion. The establishment of the schocls is & civil matter. Teaching children to read and write is & civil matter. The appointment of of what books shall be read in schools is & civil matter. It is as secular men that patrons of the schools preseribe the course of studies. Suppose they insroduce an offensive history, as has been done, into the schools, the Pope has nothing to do with it, It is a matter of civil and domestic arrange- ment, with which no power, civil or sacred, outside the Republic, has a right to inter- meddle. Yet Pope Leo has intermeddled— wsu and Bishops have objected to various ks used in our schools and set aside the laws of tbe land in obedience to the mandates of the Pope. In a book entitled “Catholics lm‘}1 Education’ the following statement is made: 1f they leave it (education) to the States sepa- rately, Catholics in several of them are already a powerful minority, daily Increasing in strength and numbers, and will soon be strong enough to force the State Legislatures to give them their Proportion of the public schools supported at the public expense. (Page 105.) Ihe Roman Catholic citizen of the United States owes noallegiance to any principle of ihe Govern- ment which is condemned by the church or Pope. (B. C. Tabiet.) 1t allegiance to the church demanded of us op- position to political principles adopted by our civil government, we shouid not hesitate 10 obey the church. (Catholic World.) We are purely and simply Catholics, and our unreserved allegiance to the church, which taies precedence of, und gives the rule to our al- legiance to the State. (Casholic World.) Such declarations and such principles are in direct conflict with American principles. If polities constitute the only religion of Rome, then this is a religious controversy; but if no:i then it is a political discussion on the groun of political expediency. The A. P. A. 1 pot or- The Pope can | concerns to recog- | ganized to combat religious worship, but per- nicious political principles. Let Priest Yotke face the issue and define the true attitude of FPome on the school question. Second—The principles of honor underlying the srofesslon of loyalty to the state. The Re- vised Statutes of the United States declare: The alien seexing citizenship must make oath to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to_any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, it particalar that 10 which he has been subject. The obligation of the oath of allegiance to the United States by a foreign Papist can be measured by the following teachings of the Church of Rome upon oaths. . ““No oaths are o be kept if they are against the interests of the Church of Rome.”—Corpus Juris Canonici, Leipsic ed. 1839, p. 1159. “Subjects are by no authority bound to ob- serve the fealty which they swear to a Chris- tian prince who withstands God and the saints, and their precepts.’—Pope Urban II (anno 1088.)—[Corpus Juris Canon a Petro Pittmo et Francisco, Vol. 1, Paris, 1695.] *‘None should keep faith with the person who opposes God and his saints.”—Pope Gregory IX,1227.—[Decretals Greg. IX, Vol. 1, p. 648.] Pope Innocent 111, 1215, “freed all that were pound to those who had fallen into heresy from all fealty, homage and obedience.’—[Mid- dle Ages, Hallam, p. 295.] ‘‘Engagements made with hereties, or schismatics of this kind, after such have been consummated, are incon- siderate, illegal and in law itself are of Lo importance, even if confirmed by an oath or one’s honor being pledgea.”—Pope Urban VI, 1378. “Civil contracts, promises or oaths of Catholics with heretics, because they are heretics, may be dissolved by the Pontift.”’— { Pope Innocent X. The third council of Lateran called “an oath coutrary to ecclesiastical utility not an oath, but a perjury.” Gregory IX Inserted this decretal of the Lateran council in his decretals. Vol. 2, page 338, Here are some extracts from the canon law: ‘‘An oath contrery to the utility of the church is not to be observed.”—{Vol. 2, p. 358, decretal ig;go]ry IX, lib. 2, tit, 24, cap. 27, Leipsic, Again this canon law says: “These are to be called perjuries rather than oaths which are attemptea against ecclesiastical utility.” Ibid. ““You are not bound by an oath of tnis kind, but, on the coutrary, you are freely bid God speed in standing up against kings for the rights and honors of that church and even in | legislatively defending your own peculiar privileges.”” [Decrot. Greg. 1X, lib. 2, tit. 24, cap. 31, vol. 2, p. 3(;01( The celebrated Romish writer, Cajetan, says: “The sentence of excommunication for apostasy from the faith is no soomer pro- nounced against a king than in fact his sub- jects are freed from his dominion on oath.” “When e king isexcommunicated for apos- tasy his vassals are, in fact, immediately ireed from his dominion and from their oath of fealty, for a heretic cannot govern the faith- 1al.’~"St. Thomas Aquinas, Now we submit some facts for patriots to | ponder. Fact . 1.—The canon law of the Roman church isstill binding upon all Romanists. | canons are accepted as of infallible authorit very priest and Bishop in the United states ars that he will de}’f‘nd and support the Pope’s regall, that is the sovereign pretensions of the Popes and their success We will give some clauses in the Bishop's oath show- | Ing their allegiance to a foreign power: Papatum Romanum et I will help them to de- Regalia Sancti Petr! ad- fend the Roman Papacy | jutoreisero ad defenden- and ihe royalties of | dum, salvo meo ordine, Peter, saving my order, | contra omnem homi against ell men. | nean. “ Jura honeres,privilega,| The rights,honors.priv- | et auctoritatem. sanciw fleges and authority of | Roman Ecclesi, |the holy Roman Catholic | Domini Nostri Pap@ et church of our Lord he | successorum pradic-| Pope and foresaid suc- torum, conservare, de- cessors, ] wili endeavor fendere, angere, pro-to preserve, defend, in- movere curabo. |crease and advance. Regulas nctorum| The rules of the holy | Patrum, decreta, ordina- fathers 4 | tiones, ‘sendisposition ordinanc reservationes, provi disposals, r siones, et mandata provisionsar Apostolica totls viribus [ will obser Gbservabo, et faciam ab- my might and ca | aliis observari. Ego, Peter C. Yorke. I, P | electus Fcclesie San were made a Bishopl, | Francisco ab hac hora in elect of the church of antea fidelis, et obediens San _Francis | ero Beato Petro Apos- henceforward | tolo, 2 Ro- falthful and obed Eecclesie, et Dom-|the blessed _Pet ino Nestro. Leo XIII, Apostle, to the holy Ro- | Papm suisque successor- man church and (o our | ibus can intranti- Lord Leo XI1T, the Pope, bus. and hiss ically coming in. | Thus every bishop is forced to promise fealty | to the Pope, and that feal delitas) is de- fined hy ancient writers a: a.good subject owes 1o his princ the royalties of St. Peter that they promise 1o | support and defendy I will quote from | Baronius’ Annals: | Politicum principa-| There ean be no ! tnm sacerdotali esse sub- doubt that the political | jectum nuila potest esse power is subject to the | dubat sacerdotal. Hence it is the duty of priests and bishops to | bring the temporal power under subjection to the spiritual. In the bull of Pope Sixtus V against Henry, King of Navarre, itis said: | The authority given to St. Peter and_his succe: | sors by the immense power of the eternal K | excels all the powers of earthly kings and prince: We deprive them and their posterity forever of their dominions and kingdoms. By the authority Of thess presents we do absoive and set free all | persons, ‘as well joinily as severally, from any | such oeth. and from all alieglance whatever, in re- gard to dominion, fealty and obedience; and do | charge and forbid all and every of them that they do not dare to obey them., Or any of their ad- monitions, laws and commands.—Bulla Sixti | contr. Henry Navarre, elc. Pope Leo has the same power,or he has not. Either the Popes have transgressed the | limits of their power, or they have not. Itis | the duty of Romanists to obey the Pope in such cases, or it is not. Either the canon law of Rome is & fallible piece of legislation and may | beset aside with impunity, or else it is of |binding force to-day, and all Romanists are | under obligations to believe and obey it Either the Church of Rome, as represented by her Popes and councils, has erred and proved herself fallible, or Peter C. Yorke must hold that the chair of the President is subject to the crosier of the priest, and the decrees of the Vatican of more force than those of Congress. There1s no medium. I put him upon either horn of the dilemme; 1f he will not stick on one I will pitch him upon the other. He must either admit that his church, as represented by Popes and General Councils, has failed—has decreed and pronounced what isinconsistent with the Catholic faith, as it is injurious to the | rights of nations, the power of sovereigns, and t0 be repudiated by him and every loyal Roman Catholic citizen, or he must stand by his prin- | ciples and acknowledge himself prepared to seige the spiritual sword of Rome, and to make the temporal sword of the United States sub- ject and obedient to it. Pope Boniface VIII has this decree in the canon law: One sword must be under the other sword, and temporal authority must be subject to spifitual power. * * “\Vhenu, if the earthly authori g0 wrong, it shall be judged by the spiritu: —[Extrav. Comm., p. 1159, If Romanists adhere to their established maxim, established not by private men_but b, public ‘council, that “No faith is to be kept with heretics,” then they can give no assurance of allegiance to our Government. Their oaths are not binding, their pledges are null, their assurances void. The Pope can dispense from all oaths and make them null and void. The power of aispensing with an oath, vow or promise is one branch of the spiritual power of the Pope, and all who acknowledge his spiritual power must ac- knowledge this. But. to grant this power to the Pope is to make your oath of allegiance to the Government invalid. If the priest can pardon all sins he can pardon both perjury and high treason; hence, the Romanist may declare his | allegiance at one time, and break it at another, | under plea of ecclesiastical utility. In e tuture contribution we will give some more reasons why the A. P. A. opposes Roman- ism. H. W. BowMAN. —_—— MR. HITTELL’S REPLY. The Author of the “Spirit of the Papacy” Takes Exception to Father Yorke’s Charge of Forgery. The following communication, by Mr. Hittell, in reply to Father Yorke, has been sent to THE CALL: To the Editor of the San Francisco Call—DEAR Str: In the communications of the Rev. Mr. Wendte and the Rev. Father Yorke, published in your columns th: mominf,[ am_called upon to verify some quotations in my “Spirit of the Papacy” irom St. Thomas Aquinas and In- nocent III, to prove that the Popes claimed temporal jurisdiction over national govern- ments. In his characteristic way Father Yorke says of these quotations: “Hittell has been guilty of forgery.” If this judgment hurts its author less than it does me in a community where I have lived more than forty years, 1 should be the object of his pity rather than the victim of his scurrility. The doctrine of Aquinas is that “the power of all temporal princes derives its utxen[!glolnd eflclc_y' solely from the spiritual power of the Popes,” and 1 refer to Doellinger, “Fables Re- specting the Popes of the Middle Ages” (Eng- lish translation), page 153. I might havecited 8lso Gregorovius' ““History of Medieval Rome'’ in German, page 117, vol. VI. 1did not refer to the Latin of A%\linl because the book is rare, and the general readers for whom my treatise Wwas intended could not verify the accuracy of my citation. My forgery consists in quotin, word for word, from Doellinger in the Englis translation. SRR s e o uoeen i1 ; it should ha 157. This book, Doeuln.erlndan!orovvleum stand vea high among scholars. The super- national claims of Gregory VII, Gregory ?x, All of the constitutions, decretals, bulls and | as the aliegiance that | et e by a blanket of mining claims by persons b Gregory X and Paul IV are plainly stated in | “Janus.” Let it be remembered that these declarations of Aquinas and Innocent III are relatively in- | significant matters; the main facts are the actions in which such ideas were illustrated. Looking more to what the Popes did than to what liey said, we find that they published bulls deposing more than & dozen different sovereigns, including some of England, France, Germany, Naples, Hungary and Bavaria; that they required half a dozen different sovereigns to do homage as vassals to the papacy; that they repeatedly issued bulls nullifying treaties, national constitutions and national laws, and that the history of every century since the | crusades abounds with acts which imply the | claim of authority over all national Christian | governments. these points are presented distinetly in my “Spirit of the Papacy,” in noticing” which the Westminster Review of August lastsays it “has piled up systematically every possible charge against the papacy, and has supported its accusations with abundant thority. 2 faving responded to the demands made upon me in your columns and having said all that I care say in reply to Father Yorke’s abuse, I now turn to another point, and that is, Mr. Editor, to congratulate you upon your course in giving space to the discussion of the in- | fluence of the papacy upon the welfare of | nations and the intelligence of mankind. The | objection that such controversy provokes ill- | feeling seems to me feeble. Truth and free- | dom have made many of their most important | advances by the help of strife. Great abuses | are not corrected without offense to their bene- ficiaries and to the dupes of these benefici- | aries, and one of tne greatest abuses of our time is the sacerdotal fraud which is here under discussion. The people learn something | from your columns every day; they are being traineéd to investigate and to think for them- selves. 1t is & good work. JOHN S. HITTELL. San Francisco, Jan. 18, 1896. NOT THE SAME DEAN. The Forger Arrested in Utica, N. Y., | ‘Will Not Be Brought Here | for Trial. | | Captain Lees received a dispatch yester- day from the Pinkerton detective agency, Chicago, that Henry E. Desmaries, the | forger arrested in Utica, N. Y., on Friday, | would be tried in Chicago and requesting him to forward the forged check for $1300 | gn the Anglo-Californian Bank of this | City. “I am thoroughly satisfied,” said the captain, “‘that there is no connection be- tween A. H. Dean, the forger who got | away with §20,000 from the Nevada Bank, | and the forger arrested in Utica. *‘The fact of Desmaries having useda the name H. Dean is simply one of those re- markable coincidences that lead people to believe that truth is stranger than fiction. It is, of course, possible that Desmaries | may have met A. H. Dean after being re- | leased from San Quentin last November, and the name might hay ggested itself to hxén, but I don’t think even that is ible. “I am glad Desmaries is to be tried in Chicago, as it will save us the expense of bringing him here for trial and keeping | him for the next fourteen years.” | BUTTE'S DEPOT SITE. A Montana Railroad Case Appealed | From Judge Beatty's Decision. The controversy between the Montana | Central Railroad Company and A. F. | Migeon, B. Tibbey and N. B. Ringiling, in- | volving the title to the railroad’'s passen- ger depot site in Butte, Mont., has been ap- pealed to the United States Circuit Court | of Appeals from the decision rendered by Judge Beatty in the railroad’s favor last | June. A transcript was filed yesterday. Several mining ciaims had been located on the property in dispute, all more or less overlapping. Among these were the Morning Star lode claim, the John Knowles placer claim and the Childe Har- old lode ciaim, and the railroad company had purchased the Knowles claim. Judge Beatty's opinion was to the effect that the testimony of the witnesses in the case had been to create the impression that Butte C: had been practically covered who hoped ultimately to utilize them for town lots for their surface or real estate value, and who did not attach any partic lar importance to their mineral values. On | | been closed. | precious stones. {a number of und that they had neyer done any- :l}:ienimwordthy of notice to develop their alleged silver and copper deposits, he doubted the pretensions of good faith made by owners of the Childe Harold claim. THE CHUTES TO-DAY. They Will Reopen With Added Zex After the Late Rain. The water chutes out on Haight street have had 2 damp time during the week and since last Sundhy the groun'dsi have But if the weather is in the slightest degree propitious everything will be opened up this afternoon and “ichute shooters”’ can enjoy themselves to their utmost, ana devotees of the new sport of “tripping the trolley”” will have an opportunity of further investigating this newly inaugutated amusement. i As an especial sensation Miss »Mflhe Viola, whose proposed trip over Niagara Falls in a barrel has already been spoken of in THE Cary, will make a balloon ascen- sion and parachute drop. Her sister, Essie, gave a most successful performance of the same character two weeks ago, and Miss Millie promises to excel her, as she does trapeze work, and wants to take her parachute drop hanging by her toes. No female zeronaut has ever done gym- nastic work while making an ascension or dropin this City before, all of them being i content to sit in slings, and some even being tied on to a trapeze. This girl's daring, however, is something wonderful, ana_she promises a revelation in aerial navigation. OONCERNING DIAMONDS. Millions Paid by Americans in Duties on the Precious Stones, There are perhaps 8000 dealers in dia- monds in the world, wio carry in their stock stones worth perhaps $350,000,000. The remainder are in the hands of private individuals. There is always something fascinating about the subject of diamonds, aend rich and poor like to read about It is estimated that dur- ing the last twenty-five years the Ameri- can people have paid duty on at least $120,- 000,000 worth of diamonds and other precious stones. In 1893 alone they im- ported $15,263,563 worth, but in 1894 there was a falling off, owing to the hard times, and the total was only $4,856,985. This | does not inclnde uncut diamonds, of which we imported more than $1,000,000 worth in 892, $800,000 worth 1n 1893 and $566,267 worth in 1894. During the last twenty-two years we have imported $7,087,817 worth of uncut diamonas. In 1880 we imported only 000 worth of uncut diamonds, and in 889" only 00 worth., The large in- crease of late has been due to the fact that American jewelers have opened diamond-cntiing establishments. There are now fifteen establishments in the United States, which employ from one to twenty men. There are 4000 manu- facturers in Europe and about 200 in the United States, who employ between 7000 and 8000 persons as cutters and polishers. Perhaps 28,000 people are employed in the diamond mines throughout the world, We read that in past centuries 60,000 people were working in some single Indian mines at one time, and pe: ment is not exaggerated, of modern machinery one miner can now accomplish as much as twenty who used the primitive methods. The total value of ail the diamonds in the world undoubtedly exceeds $1,000,000,000.—Jewelers’ Review. S ‘When horseless carriages come in, good rh sanitation, the Lancet points out, will be a simpler There will be an end to the conta from the ble pit, and glanders and other diseases the horse will disappea e It would appear that there are forty-one peers and fifty-three baronets who profess the Roman Catholic faith, and fifteen Privy Councilors. 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