Omaha Daily Bee Newspaper, October 21, 1894, Page 18

/! (Copyright In the year 1568 I was at Molapololo, the chief town of Sechlle, Xing of the Bakwana tribe of the Bechuana family. ‘The situation of this town (s so romantic, situated amidst tall, perpendicular hills of red sandstone, that I had been lojtering here for some little time, exploring the country, enjoylng the society of Mr. Price, the mssionary, or drink- fng Kappe beer with the king. Mr. H Shelton, who kept a large store here, offered me hospitality, so that I had a pro- longed period of enjoyment. But mmactivity 1s llable to become irksome, and the arrival of a trader bound for Mangwato with a cargo of Cape braudy induced me to declde to travel with him. Mangwato s 193 milss north-northeast of Molapololo, and, at the Wme [ am writing of, was the capital of Machin, chief of the Bakalinari tribe of the Bechuanas. Not long hefore 1 visited the town Machin had driven his brother, Sekomo, from the sover eignity. The country bas recently become known to English rea through the aid which Khama, who succeeded Machin, ren dered Mashona settlers in the war against Lobengula LION HUNTING BY THE WAY. The Journey from Molapololo took fourteen days to accomplish, but it lay through very pretty wooded was abundant, so that had plenty of shooting. Wildebeest, koodoo and giraffe all fell to our guns, and the nightly visit of lions which kept the camp constantly on the qui vive, gave us a lively time. It was 4 o'clock in the afternoon when we arrived at our destination and outspann>d on the outskirts of the thickly populated town of some 12,000 fnhabitants, News soon got abroad that the trader was loaded up with brandy, and the storekecpers, some fourteen in all, came flocking out of the station to make pur chases. Conviviality was the order of the day, but unfortunately neither native nor European was wise enough to distinguish the boundary line betwern moleration and excess, 80 that before night set in nearly all had indulged 100 freely, and a few continued the orgie until the small hours of the morning As il Tuck would have it, Rev. Mr. McKenzie and his family had only feft the day previous for England,” and, as there was nobody to met for him in his absence, we were left without a guiding hand in a perilous emergency, It must be understood that the native population at the time 1 am writing of was far less civilized than it s at present under Khama's enlightencd rule; fierce and savage passions were easily aroused and were with difficulty assuaged” without terrible bloodshed When 1 went to bed night 1 little dreamt that a dangerous erisis was being prepared by the foolhardiness of two or thre reckless topers. As it was, my peaceful sleep rudely broken at daylight by the sudden outbreak of a tremendous uproar re sounding from one end of the town to the other. One huge wave of indignation crashed into my ears with terrifying effect, and the clang of assagal and the rattle of knob- kerries on shields, told me only too surely that Machin’s warriors were up in arms and bent on ruthless slaughter. Hastily array ing myself in a scanty costume, I jumped from the wagon and saw my driver and twc Kafter boys standing trembling with fright and uncertain what o do to ensure the safety of their own shins. At this moment Strombom, a Mangwato trad by natlonality, came rushing into my camp to tell me that tha chief had given orders that every white was to be killed The news was not good appetite for breakfast, but I could hardly believe it, as Machin had hitherto been a very gcod friend to the traders and others visiting his country. and consequent y T expre my fycreduality. i “I' have no time to waste In argument said the trader. *'You must come up to my Store, for if you remain lier: in the open you will be MASSACRED TO A DEAD Come back with me at will ba closed against minutes.’ “But what frenzy on th “Fitzgerald After tho night 8 Faght By S. A. Anderson. rs we man CERTAINTY for the road less than ten once, us in Is the reason for this sudden part of Machin?' I asked. is the man who has caused drinking himself idiotic through he ook It into his head to kili & pig this morning, Then an idea passe through his crazed brain, and the fool pro ceoded to put it into execution. He cut a leg off the pig and march to the kolla or enclosure, where the king wa SItting in council with his chiefs, He ad vanced direct to Machin, and, thrusting the pork under his nose, asked him if he liked the smell “It was foolish and insulting!” I exclaimed “But it was not bad enough to warran Machin to issue orders for our extermina- tion.” “Ab, you do not know that the Bakalika; have an even stronger aversion to pork than the most orthodox Jew," satd Strom Yo, That alters tully. Tt desporate,” “And that is Fitzgerald’s condition, also, continued Strombom. ““The Indians aid not allow the outrage to pass unpunished. They knocked him down and gave him such a sovere beating that he is almost at the point of death.” the ca . 1 answered seems that our plight dole is all but 1 I ecould not help ejacula- “Now, will you come with me?" urged my isitor. "“Your wagon certainly will be looted, but that is a small affair compared with losing your life.” I thought for a moment, but came to the conclusion that I should stand as much chance here as anywhere; so announced my determination of sticking by my property. Strombon urged me strenuously to alt my resolve, and at last, when he saw 4 was obstinate, reluctantly hurried away to barricade himself in his store, a proceed- ing which all the other traders were adopt- ing. Fortunately, in 1868 the natives possessed no firearms; they held them in mortal dread, and scarce could be found fearles enough to face a loaded rifle. The store keepers knew this and behind their barri- cades were enabled 1o keep the foe at bay Yor many hours by a plentiful display of every shooting woeapon they possessed. The flimsy material of which the Bechuana huts were constructed, and the close manner in which they were huddled together, also gave the traders another advantage, for the na- tives did not dare to fire the stores for fear of setting the whole town In a blaze. Had thoy allowed passion to overcome prudence not a single hut would have been saved, and the white men would have been roastod alive. The enemy was mad at being bafed by a mere handful of men who simply main tained their positions by showing the deadly | gleam of the rifle barrels whenever a dispo- sition was shown of rushing the frail de- fences. Thus the day wore on without a single shot being fired, and to this self possession on the part of the traders T am convinced 1 owe my life, for had any of the matives been killed my life would not have been worth five minutes' purchase A BAND OF NATIVES SHRIEKING FOR VENGEANCE, When Strombom left me to my own de- vices I felt annoyed at having refused his offer of protection, for the first marauding party might make short work of me with thelr assegals, What chance could T possibly have mow that their blood was up? It wa sheer madness which had prompted me to estimate my wagon and my oxen as of equal value with my life! Yet the die w and oven it 1 would I could mot now reach my white brethren, for a band of Bakallhari was now rushing from the station, blocking the only road to safety. And a veritable sel of demons they looked as they brandished their Jong spears and yelled out vengeance in most blood-curdling shrieks T jumped on to the wagon box and saw that the three rifles were loaded and ready 0 hand. But what was the use of these against hundreds of assegais. 1 could fire six bullets and perhaps take as many lives; then bofore I could reload, I should be tossed s bloeding, mangled corpse to mother earth amidst the jeers of my slayers. I fancied [ yot had one chance, which would be utteriy smashod if I fired ‘a single shot. Without hesitation 1 determined to adopt it, so 1 sat down on the wagon box, lit my pipe, and reglon where big game | r and a Swede | conducive to producing a | | brief accou d with it straight | e THE OMAHA DAILY BEE:#*SUNDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1801 For Life o, 18M4.) | was calmly smoking when the foe came up to_me. This apparent sangfroid seemed to stagger them, for they stopped their wild rush and stared at me with great curiosity, which seemed to Increase when they noticed I had no offensive weapon within reach. What exactly passed through their minds as they saw me sitting there the least concerned of them all I cahnot tell, but I belleve they | must have taken me for a wizard or a medi- Cine man. However, they merely jumped on to the front wheel, some poising their spears a8 if 1o hurl them at me, others flourishing knobkerries in my face, and all employing | their tongues in such a voluble fashion that the noise they made prevented me from gath ering theit meaning, Af.er enduring this un pleasant demonstration for quite five min- | utes, the warriors withdrew, without so much as having touchied me. Of course my | driver and Kaffiers had disappeared compl tely during the performance of this almost trag. edy, and 1 could not help laughing when I saw them sneaking out of some native gar dens a8 the hindmost of the enemy moved ut of sight, The astonishment was ludi Crous when they found that I still possessed whole skin, but I put on a stern air and angrily asked them where they had been Al, Bos: claimed Piet, the driver, "1 never thought to see you alive again. IN DREAD OF ANOTHER ATTACK. “Yet, here T am safe and sound, without having had to crawl awa nto the bush like | d €0 sternly that Piet | shamed of himself, al though his self-abasement could not entirely | destroy the look of wonderment with which he still regarded me. Although we had so far escaped I still felt anything but safe knowing full well that I should have many visits from bands of raging Bakalihari, any one of which might prove fatal Barely an hour had elapsed when my wagon was dis. covered by another furious horde, which came swooping down like a vulture on its | prey. I repeated the same tacties of calm indifference, with arm folded, and pipe emitting volumes of smoke—tactics which were 80 puzzling to the native mind that | ag1in cscaped with nothing more e -ious than’| @ hostile demonstration. This Kind of thing 1t on at intervals during the whole of the day, and I never felt more thankful when the sun sank and darkness sent the velling Kaflise to their huts. The anxiety I underwent and the strain [ had to put upon nyself to maintain an absolute placidity when the spears were levelled thickly around n was the most exhaustiy process 1 have ever gone through. I believe another hour of such mental tension would have broken down my courage, and that | should have put an end to the awful suspense by firing vildly upon the enemy, an action that would have caused me to be antly riddled by undred assegais, A BURIAL POSTPONED. The Bakalihari had probably b essful in their attack on the ores, for the | houts which went on through the night | made mo Imagine that they had set a guard | ver the traders, whilst the bulk of the war. | riors turned in to rest until Adaylight, w | | the siege would be resumed. Somewhere | about 2 in the morn Ng the sentinels appeared | 1o be getting drowsy, for their calls bacame | less and less frequent, until they finally ceased altogetlier. [ began to think that I | might now take a little much-needed sleep, s0 1 awoke Piet nd was giving him strict | nstructions to keep a careful watch when a | loud ‘ery from the adjoining bush attracted attention. My " hand was instantly 1sped on a rifle and 1 was raising it when he figure of my friend Strombom, togather with another trader, stepped out info the dull gray light. An exclamation of astonishment broke from both of them as they came nearer ind recognized my features. ‘“Thank God!" muttered the Swede. “We erept out here to © your body a decent burial, and behold | 0 rise up, unharmed, to recelve u What | miracle is this?' “The whole thing is as puzzling to me as you," T answered. And then I ga of what had befallen me dur n unsuc to ing the da “Your coolness saved you Had you fired shot, you rercilessly assegaied. “'But how has it fared with you all at the tores 7" We have had sure you,” said nade most de | * sald Strombom. | uld have been ur work cut out, I ¢ trombom. he black devils ermined assaults upon our po sition, but by barricading the doors and win lows with packing cases, boxes, planks and inything we could lay our hands upsn we | have managed to keep them at bay without firing a shot.” SPARED BUT BANISHED. After a little further conversation my two triends left, and, I am happy to say, safely accomplished their perilous return journe When day broke, the noise in the town in- creased and bands of armed men began to collect around the different stores to ontinue the assault. For some time I was in a woe- ful state of anxiety, for want of rest made me doubtful whether my nerves would stand another day Ilike the last. Nobody, however, *ame out to molest me, although the tumult | at the station waxed louder and louder. Then, for some inexplicable reason, he hub- Then, for some inexplicable reason, the hub ppressive silence reigned over ev ything. I was not left long in doubt as to the cause for very shortly after an Induna, accompa- nied by a band of warriors, came slowly up to my wagon and informea me that Machin had consented to spare the lives of the white men, but that they must all leave the place, bag and baggage, by 4 o'clock that afternoon. | Any one remaining after that time would be | put to death! | I was intensely relieved at the news, and | immediately commenced to inspan. Whils 1 was doing this two of the traders Joined me. They were furlous ag the losses they had un dergone, the natives openly appropriating goods whilst they were being packed, and the owner not daring to protest. The unfortu- nate Mackenzie came in for a large share of vituperation, his insult to tne king being the sole cause of our disasters. The rest of the tale is soon told. We sent a deputation to Machin to solicit permission to return to his town, as the outrage, which | all deplored, had been committed by a drunken man who had already been very se- verely punished. After some demur Machin assented to the petition, but many, including myself, felt that Manzwato would be unsafe ground for some time to come, so we decided to go on to Molapololo. Mackenzie recovered from his wounds, though he was i1l for many & long day, and no doubt recelved a lesson which has made him a wiser man, COLLEGE ETIQUETTE. Unwritten Laws that Govern Students at the Great Seats of Learning. There are one or two phases of life little known to the general public. The custom of “‘fagging,” which has | become historical through “Tom Brown,” is one of these. Few people have an ldea to what extent it is practiced in this country today. At a large hotel on the Massach coast this summer four Harvard men were stopping. One of them was observed to obey the other three with such alacrity that the guests believed him to be a valet until they were informed that he was “only a freshman.” — While sitting on the piazza the freshman strolled by in company with some friends and with a cigarette in his mouth At a significant nod from the Junior, who was talking to a number of girls, he abruptly stopped smoking and threw it away. When fishing or boating if there was any work to do it fell to the freshman’s lot. On one occasion he addressed a guest of the hotel, a jovial sort of fellow, by his last name. He was toM to go back and call him “Mr." and when he hesitated was asked if he “wanted to 80 10to the rives which he evidently did not, for he straight way obeyed. It s difficult for an outsider to understand how the eustom, even If practiced on the campus, should remain in force out of col | lege. But such Is the case. Hardly any | student would admit that this could be called | “‘fagging,” because it is not done through fear, as In English schools. The cause of this practice at Harvard and Yale is simply this: It Is the one ambition of every siu dent to get into & soclety, and If he fugs Ameriean ts | take his place, then he goe | voice | eager | roughly. | more than $750 for n Junior of senior who is already a mem- ber his chances are good for being elected. When a freshman enters college he has very little standing, and he {s glad o avail him- self of the friendship of an upper classman, %0 that where thers are gathered together a ompany of senfors and a freshman the lat- ter would not think of refusing to run an errand Socleties at Harvard and Yale form an important feature of collegs life, The Phi Beta Kappa at Yale admits only those men who stand high in their class. Every man who has a certain mark s supposed to join it. At Harvard there Is nothing of this kind The three senfor societies at Yale are tha kull and Bones roll and Key,” and Wolf's Head.”” Bach one of these in fifteen men, so that there are only forty-five in all. The election {s carried on in a curious manner. Near the last night in the junior year all the members of that class congregate in a large space. In a short time forty-five members of _these three societies emerge from different directions. ach man_ peers abont until he the man w8om he wants to up to him and Lits him on the shoulder and says in a loud “Go to your room.” The lucky man, hardly able to contain himself, runs off to his room, where a short he is called on and told when the initiation is to take place. It is said that this night is the most exciting during a man’s course. it somet takes a long time to do the ‘tapping,” owing to the dimness of the light and the number of the men, and so man to be chosen that he give his right hand for the would honor. At almost Harvard the ‘‘Hasty eighty-five men there are two principal s Pudding,” composed from the junior and senior classes, and "“The Institute of a soph soclety of 100 men. The requirements tion difter greatly at these two col A man may become a member of if he is a famous athlete, a literary man or very popular. Harvard, we may say, is aristoc A man may bring renown to the institution either by his brains or his muscle, but that will not admit him to a fety. He must be a gentleman in th strictest English sense of the word. Money also counts a great deal here When a verdant freshman comes to Yale or Princeton he is likely to be used rather He may be required to drink milk through a straw while standing on top of the bar in a to run hurdles by night, to walk a curbstone, to march down the street with his coat on backward, or to climb a tree and sing. In fact, there are innumerable de vices for taking down a freshman at th olleges, At Harvard simply ignore them. atmosphere of a university or Princeton In this respect At the latter college the spi between the two lower classes takes th f a systematic persecution, among other tures of which Is their annual rush fight, snow ball fight, base ball game, where no freshman Is allawed to wear colors, and the posting of placards. It might be said that swing to the late action on hazing at this shool, it is probable that the practice will be discontinued. At Yale, however, it is still in vogle, and there seems to be icular biection to it . re are unwritten laws at-these leges wh could disobey If h would cho 50, but he would be branded as a “freak” if he did. For ex- unple, at Harvard, on the first Monday the year, called “Bloody Monday wing to a fight at the college on that day a num- ber of years ago, freshman is sup- posed to set up punch to any sophomore who comes along. No gentleman would have an empty punch bowl in his room on that night. At the t assemblies given each y freshmen are debarred, and none would think of attending. None but members of the different athletic teams are allowed to wear a sweater bearing the initial of the college, nor are they per- mitted to frequent the training houses. This holds good at all the colleges. At Princeton and Yale a freshman does not carry a cane, wear a high hat or smoke a pipe. And in general a freshman gives precedence to an upper classman. At Yale there is a long fence called the new fence,” which is divided into fons for each class. In the spring and fall even ings the boys sit there smoking pipes, telling llege stories and indulging in horseplay But as soon As any one attempts to occupy at in_the section of a higher class b hustled off without ceremony. In examinations at Princeton overy one is put upon his honor, and should a fellow be ught cheating he is compelled to leave town within twenty-four hours. Any fellow who observes these customs and does not make himselt obnoxious will treated fairly Otherwise the pleasures his college lite will be greatly curtailed -~ POINTS ON PROGRE, West Virginia exports ginseng to China. Sugar fifteen times sweeter than the sugar- beet product has been extracted from cotton seed meal by a German chemist A master mechanic In Brooklyn has in- vented a machine which takes off one-third of the present cost of making binder twine The final patents on the basic steel process will s0on expire, The world will then be at liberty to use it without paying royalty. It estimated that the process has yi-lded the owners of the original patents 200 in Great Britain alone Four cotton mills, having an aggregate capital of $328,000, have been successfully conducted at Charlotte, C., on the operative sysiem, The funds were raised by small weekly installments, and the pros perity of the ventures shows what may be done” in any community in aid of manu- facturing industries in the cotton belt with out the assistance of men of large eapital. A cotton picker, which may revolutionize the whole process of gathering cotton, has been invented by Bl Whitney of New Haven, grandson of the famous Eli Whitney who in- vented the cotton-gin, By means of this machine, which is called the Whitney har- vester, the work of 100 men can be done by two men and two horses. The shutting down of the Central copper mine in Kewaune: county, Michigan, closed forty-year term of continuous operation During this time the mine has returned to its stockholders $27,000,000 in dividends on an investment of $100,000. The vein had been worked by some pre-historic race, and the traces ieft of their work led to the dis- covery of the mine in 1854 The shutting down” was due to the exhaustion of the ve The more for leges. “Bones’ different. There Harvard has m than efther it is the Yale t of rivalry to fea cane no pa i some h a fellow o to do every of annual demand for bismuth is said to be only between twenty-five and fifty tons. Thus, although the demand is probably slightly on the increase, the recent dis- covery of this metal in Michigan is more in teresting from a scientific than a commerelal standpoint. Hitherto it has been found chiefly in Saxony, France, South America and New South Wales, and not at all in this country, and in no place is it abundant. Bismuth is principally used as a medicine and a cosmetic, although in recent years it has been experimented with as a possible component of useful alloys. If the French were not able t soup out of a pair of chicken's could live on their earnings. In the shops and factories just out of Paris and Lyons girls get 12 cents a day. They will make a man's shirt for 30 cents, a skirt for 20 cents, a petticoat for 10 cents, a night robe for § cents and a cloak for 15 cents. A girl with out a trade cannot live on what she honestly earns at job work from school to the dressmaking errands, clean, sweep, dust and bastings, seam skirt linings, stiteh, make a fin they never shops, run pack, pull plok and gather ballyeuses, baste in belts, bustles .«n‘l: a sachets, and receive from 20 cents to $1 week. Happily this salary is raised at the rate of 20 cents every month for three years, | when the apprenticeship expires businers shows a considerable The movement of ore through the St. Mary's Falls canal in Sep- tember was twice that of the same month last year, and the movement for the elght months ending with September was 5,247,000 tons, against 3,190,000 for the same months In 1883, The Rockefeller syndicate has un covered a body of ore about 1,200 feet long and 600 feet wide In the Mesaba region This ore can be taken out with the steam shovel and is estimated to be equal to a yleld of nearly 10,000 tons per day for a whole year without additional stripping. The number of iron furnaces in blast in the United States decreased one last month, but the weekly capacity of the furnaces in blast two weeks ago was 8,161 tons greater than that of & month previous. The iron improvement. time afterward | they | of The little girls who go | THE BATTLE ACAINST DEATH A Discovery thdt Pfomises to Neutralize One of the Most Dreadful of Diseases, DIPHTHERIA CURED BY A NTI-TOXINE Result of E Berlin—Vari Systex perimeants In New Yourk and us Aavantages of the New Over the Old—New York's Admnrable Systew. (Copyrightad, 1804 YORK, Oct. 18,—1 have lately had several conversations with Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, the New York pathologist and bacteriologist, who has recently réturned from a visit to Berlin, where he spent much | of his time studying the wonderful progress | made at the Koch institute in that city toward overcoming diphtheria, a disease only less dreadiul in its consequences than Dr. Biggs was one of the American physicians to realize the vast portance of bacteriological laboratories in dealing with the problems of municipal health. Ten years ago, finding absolutely no in country for the take, several that tim laboratory NEW con- first im- | sumption. facilities researches he months this to spent whic! he wished abroad Copenh the only world 10 New unde went and 1 the alled the gen at poss bacteriological in From ( York in penhagen he was 1885, to take charge «f Carnegie laboratory of pathology and 1 teriology, which was then estavlished in ccn nection with Belleyue hospital, being the first laborat of vind opened in the United States. So successful was Dr. Biggs in his work here and in his lectures at Belle- vue hospital as professor of pathology that in 18 at the time of the choira he was called to the assistance of the York Board of Health and asked by them to organize a bacteriological laberatory fer the | city, which he did. Owing to his wide repu- tation as a specialist fn bacterivlosy be was accorded speciai and unusual }rvileges by Dr. Koch for studying the anti-toxine method of inoculation as practiced &t the Berlin institute, and it hes besn my en deavor in the present arcticle to pat the re- sults of his observations in simple fcrm, as far as it is possible, without tificing curacy of statement HOW TOXINE CULTURES ARE MADE. In all discases induced by bacteria, or germs, the harm to the human body is done. not by the germs themseives, but by certain chemical substances produced by these germs in their life Thet harmful products are called toxines and are found in the blood of patients, each disens: class having particular toxine viralence of the germs of any pends upon the quantities of produets engendered It is perfectly possible to separate the ous toxines from the germs that them and repeated experiments made upon animals by ineculating them sometimes with cultures containing the o inal disease germs, sometimes with cultur containing only the toxine products, the bacteriological researches begun years ago at the Pasteur institute in most of the experiments were made with | cultures of the former kind, but it has bea! | found better since then to use sterilized cul- | tures containing only the various toxine: A little con. ation will show that these two methods must give widely different re. | sults. Animals inoculated with any disease | from the living germs may transmit the | disease to other animals, or possibly to human beings, for they have within them- | selves germs capable of endless self-multipli- | cation and reproduction. On the other hand, animals inoculated with only the toxine, which is merely an organic chemical prod- uct, as lifeless as morphia or strychnia, may themiselves experience all the effects of the enu; disen possibly death itself, and yet remain incapable of infecting other ani- | mals, for they are themselves free from liv- | ing germs. Thus an animal inoculated with | the toxine product of diphtheria may repre- sent tho constitutional effects of diphtheria in its most severe form without having the | discase at all | Persons unfamiliar with the mysteries of a bacterlological laboratory may be in'erest ed in knowing how these cultures of diseasc | germs are made. Take diphtheria, for in- stance, Th doctor removes ‘om the pa- thr on a little swak son f the tient's at germ-tainted secretion, called tha exudate, this inio a test tuba. con- and _introduces taining a little bouillon solidified to the con sistency of jelly by the addition of gelat On warming the test tube slightly the gel atine becomes liguid and is poured over a nig so thin, almost lass plate. y film-like, that )18 disease germs are soparated from each other. This glass plate is then placed on a piece of fco until the reduced temperature the film solid Then it is put in a warm place for a few days, at the end of which time each germ on the plate, owing to the marvelous rate of self-propagation, becomes the center of a col- ony of germs of its own kind, there being millions of separate germs in each colony, 0 many, in fact, that they can be detected with the naked eye, a little opaque point on the glass. Many of these germ colonies will be entirely different in th all the secretions of the state of health, contain a multitude of various germs, many that it is usually impossible for the bacteriologist to begin his experiments with any particular germ until he has separated it, in the manner just explained, from the others existing along with it In the prese ac processes. its disease these toxine varl 3 In oW Paris | body, e in a t investigation the doctor would select on the glass plate one of the colonles produced by a single [ zerm, and this colony would now e a pure | culture, that is, would contain no other | germs except those of that disease, platinum_wire is then introduced Into the pure diphtheria culture on the glass and a few of these germs are transferred to flasks of liquid boufllon, in which further pure cul- tures of diphtheria germs are allowed to de- velop, being left there at the temperature of the human body for about six weeks. At the end of that time these cultures will be found to contain not only immense numbers of the diphtheria germs, but a large quantity of the toxine product, which, with the 1 ot time, has reached a very high degree of virulence. It is this toxine that in amimals or human beings would have been absorbed into the blood havoe wrought by the disease separate this toxine from the that produced it a solution of carbolic acid, one-half per cent | strong, which 'kills the diphthcria germs and leaves what is known as a sterilized culture, in which the toxine product remains unchanged. It is this sterilized culture that is used in inoculatfons where it Is desired to introduce iuto the animal only the toxine A fin In order to living germs | HOW GOATS AR It has long be IMMUNIZED. n known that one attack of nd been responsible for the ¥ diphtheria | used in' a mixture | diphtheria diphtheria gave munity, this be a second atta the patient temporary g greater or less, agaii k. The same was true various other diseases and some years the doctors in the Berlin institute active experiments to determine the and extent of this immunity m thoso used being rabbits, guinea pi sheep, goats, sows and horses, animals arc susceptible to diphtheria, most. susceptible of all being the goat, which animal for this reason was singled out as especially sultable for the inoculations. It | has been found, furthermore, that the goat, )ssessing the highest susceptibility to the discase, 18 also capable of acquiring the highest immunity against it. This conclusion was not reached until scores of experiments had been made upen animals varying in siz from horses down to rabbits, and not until a great many of these had been sacrificed For examplo, during the time Dr. Biggs spent | at the Berlin institute last summer he saw simultaneously three or four cows undergo- | ing regular oculations with the toxine of diphtheria, three or four horses, two or three sheep, half a dozen goats, etc., the animals | being treated in the following manner A healthy goat having been procured inoculations are commen by introduc into the animal’s flank, by means of an or dinary hypodermie syringe, a small quantity of the sterilized culture containing showing the normal d order to determine what this normal degr is, it has been ne sary to establish | might be called a unit of virulence, A im st of agd nature toxine nce. In tox. what | | inje began | & quantity of the anti- | carefully ine solution s said to be of the normal standard when a quantity of it equal to one- tenth of a cubc centimeter, about two drops, Biven to a guinea pig welghing 260 grammes, will kill the guinea pig in forty-eight hours of thereabouts, That is called a standard toxine solution. At the first inoculation it Is usual to infect into the goat about one- fiftieth of a cubic centimeter of the toxine solution, with that small quantity there being no danger of death. This inoculation 1s followed by various local and general symptoms, such as inflammation, swelling, pain, tenderness of the flank and fever, The intensity of these symptoms varies with the amount” of the dose, the animal suffering for several days, after which all trouble dis appears and the normal condition is estab lished. The goat has now experienced results such as would have diphtheria, and in consequence has acquired a_measure of fmmunity against the disease Therefore, when the time comes for a second inoculation, after the lapse of a few days, it Is possible to inject into the animal a larger quantity of the toxine solution without cau: ing any more disturbance than in the first instance. Again the same symptoms appear, followed after an equal period by complete restoration of health Then a third inocul a still larger quantity of on for weeks and months quantity introduced being increased I inoeu lation, the constant effort being to adminis- ter to the animal just as much of the toxine solution as it can receive without dying. In other words, the goat is brought at intervals during the long period of treatment just as near the death point as possible without reaching it. As there is always some doubt as to exactly the quantity of toxine that will produce death, it happens repeatedly that too largo a quantity is given and the animal dies. In fact, thus far i their experiments the doctors at the Berlin institute have found that they are obliged to sacrifice the lives of several goats, sheep, cows or horses for every they ‘succeed in bringing to the highest pol® of immunity, called the point of maximum tolerance. At least six months is the time and sometimes a year is required to bring a goat to this point. the doses in jected toward the last being two or three hundred times as large as those first admin ister-d THEORY OF ANTI-TOXINE INOCULATION was in finding a logical and strictly sci- entific explanation for this increasing immu- nity against the toxine poison that the B doctors made their great discovery; in fact, found what is the basis of the whole anti-toxine theory. Their experiments prove beyond cont ¥ that during the months of inoculations there is gradually formed in the blood of a goat thus immunized a certain chemical product which acts as an antidote against the toxine introduced into the ani mal’s body and allows it to lfve—not thrive although ‘there has beeen injected into blood enough of this toxine to Kill half a dozen ordinary goats, This antidote to the toxine product undoubtedly exists in animals immunized against diphtheria and bacteriolo- gists are confident they will find similar an otes in the cases of other infectious dis es, when they shall have immunized ani- mals against them. These antidotes to. the toxine products are cailed the anti-toxine products and are found in the serum of the blood, their strength increasing with the amount of the toxine solution that has been injected into the animal In order that the doetors may know during the period of the inoculations how high a degree of immunity has beeen reached by the goat, cow or mare under treatment, they sort to a regular series of tests of the ani mal's milk, females being generally used in these experiments. It has been discovered that in animals under inoculation the milk contains a quantity of the anti-toxine pro- duct that bears a constant ratio to the quan- the animal's blood, this ratio being one to twenty. In other words the blood of a female goat in process of immuni- zation will always contain about twenty times as much of the anti-toxine product as the milk does. Accordingly at any time dur- ing the inoculations it is only necessary to make a simple experiment upon a guinea pig of normal weight, with the milk containing the anti-toxine, in order to determine with considerable precision the anti-toxine or curative value of the animal's blood. These experiments, which will be presently ex- plained, show in the milk with each succeed- ing week and month an increasing measure of curative power, which increase is main- taind until the animal is brought to the point of maximum tolerance, that is, a point beyond which it is found impossible to add to’the curative value of the milk and hence of the blood. When this point is formed with and so fon is 1 toxine, th with reached the doctors draw oft as large a quantity of the goat's blood s the goat can afford to lose at one time, perhaps a pint or a q Then they parate the red corpuscles of the blood from tha amber-colored serum, which contains the precious anti-toxine, and th having been treated with ehloroform water is preserved in little vials for the purpose This blood serum with its anti-toxine product is the basis of the practical treat ment of diphtheria in human beings by the new method. TESTING STRENGTH OF ANTI-TOXINE A quantity of blood serum, of which one tenth of a cubic centimeter is sufficient to neutralize one cublc centimeter of the stan- dard toxine solution, is called a normal anti- toxine solution, and of this each cubic centi- meter represents an anti-toxine unit. Thus cach anti-toxine unit neutralizes ten toxine units. This is the measure established for dosage in the treatment of human beings and ts rigorous observance is most important The doctors determine how large a quan- r character, for | tity of toxine the anti-toxine serum will neu tralize in a very simple way, although anti- vivisectionists may protest against it. Hav- ing mixed together carefully one cubic centi- meter of the blood serum with say 600 centi uieters-of the toxine solution, they inject the regulation dose of this mixture into a guinea pig of standard weight and if the little ani dies they know that the anti-toxine serum was not as powerful as they supposed Usually, however, when the goat serum is ven as strong as 600 to 1, the guinca pig experiences not the slight- est inconvenience from such an inoculation thus showing that has been neutralized. Having found that the guinea pig will survive an injection of t mixture at 600 to 1, the ratio is increased to 700 to 1, 1,000 to 1, 1,200 to 1, and so on until the guinea pig dies, 'which point is taken as showing the limit of the anti-toxine's power to counteract the toxine solutior. In ex ments upon horses, cows and sheep, the anti {oxine product has been obtained showing various degrees of efficacy, but In no case reaching a higher ratio than 1,000 to 1 Where the blood serum from goats has been usid, however, it has been possible to obtain an anti-toxine product. one cubic centimet of which would neutralize 1,400 cubic centi meters of the toxine solution. This is the best result that has been obtalned thus far the culture is treated with | at the Berlin institute. SUCCESSFUL USE ON HUMAN PATIENTS. Having thus learned to measure the strength of the blood serum, the doetors at the institute proceeded, not without some ap- prehension, to administer the anti-toxine to patients. Beginning with very small doses and watching the offects with the greatest care, they soon found that the blood serum containing the anti-toxine was abso lutely inocuous to the human body, and if it did not cure the disease, at least it could do no harm. Having established this point they proceeded to administer by hyperdermic fons into the patient’s arm, leg or chest oxine, the dose vary ing with the strength of the serum prepara- heir experi- | tion, of which there are four or five grad ts were performed upon animals, among | The ordinary amount injected at each inocu dogs, | 1ation was about ten cubic centimeters, Al theso | two and a half teaspoonsful, of th the | Ine serum or anti-tox- which is a liquid nearly as thin as water. That quantity was usually admini tered twice in. the first twenty-four hours and continued for two or three days, accord- ing to the symptoms. ¥ doctors’ highcst expectations, and it was found that in the great majority of cases the anti-toxine brought the disease to a rapid and happy termination, cutting short its cours and usually effecting a_complete cure in a few days. From the first inoculation the angry symptoms in the throat begin to mod crate, the swelling diminishes, the fever falls, tho terrible false membrane ceases to spread and thicken, and the child begins (o get well prematurely. Statistics from the Berlin in- stitute show that when this prieious seru 1s administered to diphtheria patients within twenty-four hours of the inception of the dis the number of cures amounts to about 100 per cent. When administered on the sec nd day the number of cures amounts to 97 per cent the _third day, 87 per cent; on the fourth day, 76 per cent. In 101 cases treated at the instituts in the spring of 1894 ilring the first three d f the d there were only six deaths. and of th occurred where tracheotomy was per followed a mild form of | the poison of diphtheria | r| rom the very first the results Justified the | tormed. cases There were in this series fourteen in all where tracheotomy was per- formed, and of these ecleven resulted In cures, although the average mortality in | diphtheria cases where tracheotomy is ne sary is from 60 to $0 per cent. In general it | may be stated positively that in diphtheria | cases treated within the first thirty-six hours | or perhaps forty-cight hours, the mortality | where the anti-toxine treatment is used may be reduced practically to zero. After this time the value the treatment diminishes progressively, much less favorable results being obtained in cases treated after the third day. This is to be wondered at however, when one remembers the frightful rapidity of thiz dis the poison having often don~ its deadly work before the begin- | ning of the fourth day. Similar experiments the Berlin institute toxine product for various forms of sults have not yet | have been made at | to procure the anti- Combating tetanus and | blood polsoning, but re been obtained as satis factory as in the case of diphtheria. There Is no reason why what is true in one dis ease should not be equally true in another having a similar nature On the con- trary, there s every reason to believe that the “anti-toxine treatment of diphtheria s but the precursor of an entire revolution In the treatment of such infectious diseases as typhoid fever, typhus fever, scarlet fever, hydrophobia and possibly smallpox, Each | one of these diseases has its specinl germ and its special toxine product, which does mischief in the human systém, more or less ly, Just any chemi poison would mischief there. For each o of these toxine poisons nature provides an anti toxine antidote if man can only find it | The Berlin doctors have taught their broth ers In medicine how to find the anti-toxine which s a specific diphtheria 1t mains for other doctors to continue working on the same lines until other anti-toxines, | each being a specific (n other diseases, shal have been discovered hen medicine wilt indeed be an exact sclence, Chief among who have perfec the anti-toxine treatment of diphtheria whose names should be spoken with g | tude throughoat the world wherever little children die is Dr. Behring, who has, per- haps, dome mors than any one man to give the worll this great discovery. Other doctors at the Berlin institute who have been working actively in the same direct'on are Brie Bhrlich, Wassermann and Kitasato, the last named being a Japan ese physican, who has recently discovered the bacillus of the terrible Chinese plague. Of course it s impossible to say exactly which one of these associates of Dr. Koch I8 to be regarded as the real discoverer of the new treatment; that would be like saying which one of many workmen built a h From the germ of the idea to its perfected application were many steps covering many years, and even today the anti-toxine treat- nt is still in its infancy, with boundless | possibilities for future cxtension and de- | velopment TREATMENT OF present still’ restricted ing diphtheria solution is n a small supply try from Berlin lard Parker e its is DIPHTHERIA. United States we are old method of treat precious anti-toxine had for lov r money, was sent to this cou for experim the Wil- pital in New York having been long since exhausted. The house sur- geon of that institution, Dr. White, who used the anti-toxine serum thus sent, n\‘—‘ talned most oxcellent results, similar to those recorded in the Berl institute, it | is doubtful if in the whole country there is| the present moment enough of the | la_anti-toxine to save a single ife, nor | much of it in Berlin, where the | serum has thus far been produced only ex- perimentally, and not for general use Therefore, unless immediate action is taken to obtaih a supply of this life givitg anti- toxine, the present winter will see the same terribla harvest of death from diphtheria that has occurred in the past. The urgent importance of prompt measures in America to render avallable a supply of the anti-toxine of diphtheria is fully appre- ciated by the officials of the New York Board of Health, and an ecarnest effort being mada now by them to obtain an ap- propriation from the city to establish in New York an institute for infectious disca similar to the one in Berlin. The estimated cost to t| city for the first year for such an institute would be about $30,000, which is not v much, when one considers the followi 11 carefully expressed opinion of one of the New York health officers “I believe that if we could get this ap- propriation, 1,000 people will be alive in New York a year from now who would otherwise | be dead. While New York has to learn from Berlin in the establishment of an institute for in- | fectious discases with facilities for (ntro ducing the anti-toxine treatment of diphth ria, | there is one point in which New York can claim superfority to all the ecities th world, and that is the system intr d by Dr. Biggs into the health departmnt in May, 1892, which provides for making regular bacteriological examinations in all of suspected diphtheria. For years past theria has been treated in York as infectious discase, all patients immediately wted and their apartmen subsequently disinfec- ted. This, of course, involved great expense to the department, and inconvenience to faml lies, which was all the more to be regretted as nearly half the cases thus reported to the department and treated as diphtheria turned out to be false diphtheria, a form of disease scarcely more serious than a severe sore throat, and not regarded as infectio 8. During the year 1891, for insta: th were treated by the New York Board Health 4,874 cases reported as diphtheria which at 1 At in to the the The to be that it but an being of of st one-third and probably more were not diphtheria, and might properly have been left to cure the without the interference of health inspectors. The | same has been found true in all large citjes the reason being that it is exceedingly dif cult, almost impossible, to make an accurate diagnosis of diphtheria in its earliest sta | without a bacteriological examination. Such | an examination can only be made by an ex | pert with all the facilities of a bacteriologi- cal laboratory. When such an examination Is made, however, there is no longer any pos. sibility of error in the diagnosis, the micro. cope showing in cases of true diphtheria the formidable kleps-loeffer bacilli, which look Iike little rods, while in cases of pseudo. diphtheria only the strepto-cocei are found | looking very much like strings of beads. NEW YORK'S ADMIRABLE SYSTEM It was determined accordingly 1893, by the New York Board of Health, that they would assist the physicians of the city in diagnosticating all cases of diph- theria by making, free of charge, bacterio- logical examinations in all reported To make this possible about forty stations were establishedgin various parts of the city, usually in drug stores, at each one of which doctors were furnished with boxes contain- ing a “culture outfit,” and various blanks for | | filling in the uecessary information. This | system has been found to work admirably, | and is both more scientific and economical than any previously devised. As soon as a doctor in New York meets with a case | which he suspects to be diphtheria, ho visits 1o of the stations, procures the little box containing the culture outfit, and with this visits his patient. In the box is a little | swab, upon which he removes from t | throat a portion of the exudate, which he | | then inserts in a tube plugged with cotton | and containing a little blood serum, in which | the culture is propagated. Then nmedi- ately the culture outfit back to the | station, and this, with all the others In the | elty, is taken to the bacteriological labora- | tory that » day for microscopic exami- | nation. Al the culture boxes are collected once every twenty-four hours, and the written | roport of the bacteriologist is returned within | | the twelve or twenty-four hours succeeding. | | Thus the cases of true and false diphtheria are easily separated, and an immense amount of worry, trouble and expense s saved. Another advantage of this system, and one CHARM OF BEAUTY ywhor ognized. e are imaossible oty with gra ir early in| cases |THE and an ir. The othe beauty by auty aged ing ) hair and their IMPERIAL HAIR REGENERATOR It is not a dye, but loring | tul, emcient. Tt ot on 1 rich, beau color and Tu | hair toni [ blond 10 raven bla IMPERIALCHEMICAL MFG. CO., 292 FIFTH AVE., N. Y. )LD BY SHERMAN & MC CONNELL, 1613 »ODGE STREET, OMAHA, NEB. clean, health, Hair to & lightest ash Dr. Searles &5:arles, conforring even greater benefits upon the community, Is that it allows physicians to bo absolutely sure when diphtheria patients have ceased to be capable of infecting others with the disease. Bacteriologioal examina- tions of the exudates from the throat are continued at intervals, even after apparent recovery, until the complete disappearance of the diphtherin germs has been estab- lished. It has become known, in conse- quence of these examinations, that newly recovered diphtheria patients are frequently A grave danger in the community from the fact that they carry with them for days, sometimes for weens, ‘he deadly germs of infection. In 405 cases examined by Dr. Biggs and his assistants at the bacterfologi- cal laboratory, 245 showed a disappearance f the Kloebs-Loeffler bacilli from the throat Within three days of recovery. In 108 case bacilli persisted after recovery for seven ¥s, In thirty-four cases for twelve days, In sixteen cases for fifteen days, in four cases for three weeks, and in threo cases for five weeks. Any one of these recovered patients might, during these periods, have infected others with diphtheria, the fact belng that the days and weeks succeeding an apparently perfect cure are of most eriti cal importance from the health officer's standpoint Speaking with Dr. Big these measures taken in the disease, Dr. Robert himself enthusiastically, us to shame in this work ministerium will give us the appropriat required for similar work here, but I shall submit to them the circulars on this subject issued by the New York Health department.” CLEVELAND MOFFETT World's fair “highost champagne; good effe able bouquet, delicious flay HUMPHREYS’ SPECIFIC NO. 15 CURES RHEUMATISM, “Like the Yoor, ftheu Is Always with You s last summor on w York against Koch expressed saying: “You put 1.do not think (he Cook's Tmperial award, excellent cerce, agr Wism SPE ACUTE with pain IFIC or NO. 15 HRONIC, LUM muscular stimy fails to relfey Dundaff, Pa ot A man that four s up, RITEUMATISM, 0-SCIATICA, w8 and lame- and ne 0. 15 nev Arnold, th swelled Thomas ton imatism for Joints i shay It hav 1 might R Dick Philadelphia by art which “y has had that b 10 not cured by well last yea and fast anit 20 he himsel getting o p 1 Waluut his bed 1 rheumatism, old-seho procured the No 1 soon permane 3 streot, confined t tiree weeks With excruclt- W physicians 15 Dills, was y cured Cal, mays Inflammatory aid more est physl- ing pain, failed to out in three Mrs, W. 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