Omaha Daily Bee Newspaper, August 26, 1894, Page 13

THE ARMIES OF CHINA Tacts and Figures About a Orasy-Quilt Military Orgavization. STRENGTH OF THE ARMY AND NAVY The Ohinete Goversment Honeycombed by Corruption, HOW OFFICIALS CHEAT THE SOLDIERS How the Visit to m Chinese Barracks—Ls Hung Chineso Soldiers Are Located— Chang's Gun and Powder Works —Faquippod for War, (Copyrighted, 18M, by Frank G, Carpenter) The war between China and Japan has only begun. The Japanese could, if neces- sary, throw something like 800,000 trained soldiers into the fleld. Their army is thor- oughly organized, and it has been drilled after the best methods of Burope. When I visited Japan six years ago I found German officers in eharge of all its branches and my Interview with the minister of war was car- rled on n the German language. He was ® Japanese who had been educated in Ger- many, and who could mot speak English, The Japanese are a nation of fighters. They have all the quickness and bravery of the French married by years of training to the discipline of the Germans. I have seen their cavalry and infantry in review again and again during the present summer. Their troops are splendidly equipped and they have arsenals and navy yards of the most modern methods, about which I will write in the tuture. Today T want to tell you something about the army of China. It is almost impossible for one who has not been on the ground to appreciate its condition. It Is a mixture of the old and new, of the weak and the strong. I have made some study of It In half a dozen different states and have some inside Information which I gathered at Peking regarding it. It 1s the most wonderful mili- tary jumble on the face of the globe, and you have to know something of the Chinese gov- ernment to understand it and the present situation. ROTTEN FROM SKIN TO CORE. The Chinese government is rotten from skin to core. The people of China are one of the strongest in the world. They can do anything, and I believe in the future they will revolutionize the world. They are bound down today with as bad a govera- ment as ever pretended to rule. The offi- clals of China are almost universally cor- Tupt, and stealing Is considered a part of their lcgitimate pay. This is true of the officers of the army as well as of those of clvil rank. They systematically cheat the soldiers under them and present false ac- counts to the emperor and ministers of war. At Shanghai 1 saw a barracks which was supposed to contain 500 troops. The officer in charge of it drew rations and pay for this number, but there were really only 400 soldlers in the garrison and he was pocketing the balance. His salary was some- thing like $1,000 or $1,500 a year, but he spent $20,000, and I was told that several of his understrappers and trainers sat down every day at his table. He received $6 per month for the pay of each man, and pocketed Just $600 a month for the 100 men who had no existence, but were represented by flctitious names on his pay_rolls. As to the 400 soldiers remaining, I was told that he pald them only §5 per month each, and in this way he made $400 per month more. In addition to this, he squeezed on their ration: Me blindsd the eyes of the government b, wribing the cen- sors who are sent out as inspectors, or he could hire an extra 100 men to fill up his quota at the time that the inspectors arrive. This man squeezes his under officers, but they protect him because he allows them to take a percentage of the pay of the mem below them, and the result is that the privates get little more than will keep them alive. In- stead of having 500 well satisfied, and, for China, well paid men, be has 400 who are discontented and half starved. This sort of thing is going on all over China, and one of the greatest dangers to the country comes of the discontent of the soldiers. $300,000 FOR AN OFFICE. The government itself expects the officers to squeeze and extort. It pays low salaries and the officers are expected to entertain like princes. Tako the tautoi of Shanghal. His salary is not more than that of one of our government clerks, but he paid $300,000 this summer to one of the chief eunuchs of the palace for his influence with the empress dowager in getting him a position, with the understanding that he should have it for three years, at least. There is no doubt in my mind but that the old dowager herself got a slice of the money. This office is worth about $260,000 a year in squeczes and stealings, and as the autol will receive something like $750,000 during his term he can afford to give $300,000 for the job. The name of the eunuch who got the money was Pi Tse Seau LL He combs the empress dowa- ger's hair and is her confidentlal servant and adviser. At the Kiagnan arsenal I arned something of how orders for guns and ships aro made and how these Chinese officials are making money out of the present war. They order the ships through foreign ents at Shanghal and insist that they all have from G5 to 10 per cent of the mount of each order. Many of these orders run into the millions and you will see that their profits are large. They are very partie- ular as to the foreigners making any money out of the business and insist that their profit shall not be more than 5 per cent on the list price of the articles. On this basis the foreigner would not make anything for his work, as he has to pay at least 5 per cent to the officlal who gives him the order. There is usually a collusion between the for- elgn+s and ‘ne manufacturer by which the foreigner gets a big percentage and the Chinaman pays an extra price for the article. SQUERZING EVERYWHERE. The squeezing goes on everywhere, both in China and Corea. The officers of the Chinese navy expect to make money out of their sallors. The officials in charge of the railroads squeezo the.men under them, and every Chinese servant squeezes his mas- ter. One of the. greatest of the official squeezes is In salt. This is a government monopoly, and its sale is farmed out to the highest bidders. The sale of the salt for a district Is worth hundredd of thousands of dollars, and foreigners are not permitted to handie it There are salt stations at which supplies are stored and the native customs officers get their per- centage on the salt as it passes from one district to the other. In the collection of taxes for the government the officers take out something from every collection for themselves, and If a Chinaman has a large amount of money, blackmall is sure to be levied upon him in some way or other by the officials. Still, Ohina, with all this, has about the lowest taxes in the world, and it Is only because the taxes are low that the government can retain its hold upon the le. If they should be greatly increased 87 tuls war, rebellions will spring up in many of the states, and the Chinese emperor s, in tact, in more danger from the people within the empire than from the Japanese outside of it. China s a stranga combination of a des- potic monarchy and a government of the poople. It s as much a confederation of states as It is & nation, and the eighteen provinces into which it is divided each has its governor, who Is appointed by the em- peror, but whom the people can get rid of if they will. It is the same with other oficials. The Chinese are long tolerant, but when an official squeeses oo much they will oust him from his office, and instances have been known of thelr stontug him out of the coun- Ary. The government is very much afrald of the people, and it will net dare to overtax them during the*present war. It Is hard to understand how these different provinces are governed. WHAT THE VICEROYS ARE DOING. Bach province has a governor, and in some of the biggest provinces the governor is viceroy as well. In other provinces the governor is second to the viceroy, and a viceroy may rulo two or three provinces, These viceroys and governors have cabinets of their own. They have the power of life and death over thelr subjects. They have as many clerks and subordinates almost as you will find in our government, and it Is quite as dificult to Il one of these positions ns it Is to be president of the United States. Each of these viceroys and governors has an army of his own. LI Hung Chang's forces number about 35,000 men. These have eleven camps within the province of Chill. They are armed with forcign guns and are weil drilled, and will form the chief support of the government. in the present war. Li Hung Chang has also eleven camps of men in the province of Changtong, and he |s, as far as this war is concerned, practically commander- in-chief of the whole. At Nanking I found a viceroy who had 25,000 men under him. He controlled the b'g gun factory of Kiagnan, and 1 visited his naval school on the outskirts of his capital and found several hundred boys studying navigation under two English professors. Some distance below Shanghal there is another great governor who has an immense military establishment. This [s the governor of Foochow. His troops, ac- cording to the Peking records, number more than 61,000 men, and this number includes both his land and marine forces. He is in charge of the navy yard at Foochow and he has some thousands of men there bullding battle ships, CHANG CHITUNG, THE GREAT. Another remarkable governor is his ex- cellency, Chang Chitung, the viceroy of Wu Clang. Wu Chang is a city of nearly 1,000,- 000 people, and Chang Chitung governs his tens of millions. He has long been a great man in China, and it you ask Chinamen who the two greatest men In China are they will say Li Hung Chang and Chang Chitung. Lt s, in fact, sald to be very jealous of Chang, and I suppose Chang feels the same toward Li. Chang Chitung hates foreigners. He s bullding railroads be cause bhe wants to bs able to defend China against the foreigners, and now that this war has broken out his work will go on more rapidly than ever. He s importing steel ingots by the hundreds and coke by the thousands of bushels from England and Igium for his steel works at Han Yang, 700 miles from the seacoast, and he has spent already in the neighborhood of $10,- 000,000 upon his raflroad experiment. It was his gun factory that was burned down only a few days ago, and it may be that his immense blast furnaces will now b turned to the making of weapons of war, These furnaces are 100 feet high and they are of the latest European make, He has con- nected with them shops which cover from forty to fity acres, and there ara twenty-five acres of machinery under one roof. China today has no good means of moving troops A rallroad has been planned from Hankow to Tien Tsin, and also from Hankow to Can- ton. These immense car works could be put to the making of materials for this road, and as there are coal and iron in_ their near vicinity the building of the line would be comparatively easy. About forty Belgian cngineers are now In the employ of this viceroy, These men understand all about the making of railroads and the working of steel, and If the government will furnish the money this the greatest of all trunk lincs of the world could be built. It would o for 1,500 miles through the most thickly populated part of the Chinese empire and would connect a half dozen odd cities ranging from 500,000 to 1,000,000 people In sizo. LI HUNG CHANG'S GUN WORKS. Li Hung Chang has gun works and an ar- senal, the shops of which are nearly a mile square, and in which all kinds of modern guns are made. It is much similar to the Shanghai arsenal which I described in the letter I published some months ago when I told how the Chinese were preparing for war. No one can go through these works without wondering at the marvelous skill of the Chinese. In both of them they turn out big guns, and the Kiagnan arsenal Is turning out twelve-inch guns which welgh over 100,000 pounds and fire single shots which weigh over 700 pounds. Three of such shot would be a load for a two-horse team, and one of those guns standing upon its end would reach as high as the roof of a three-story house, and at its breach it is as big around asa flour bar- rel. Some of the other guns that I have seen in these arsenals will fire shot at the rate of ten to the minute, and each shot welghs 100 pounds. I saw fifty Chinamen pouring metal into the moulds for the making of projectiles, each of which welghed 1,000 pounds. They were turning out thirty of these shots a day, and the ships are now being supplied with thes 1 was taken into one of the ware- .houses and was shown the different kinds of shot that the arsenals were making. There were more than 200 different varisties of shot and shrapnel, and in addition to this there were specimens of all sorts of powder which are being made at the powder works. Many of the varietles I saw we do not make in tho United States. I am not sure that we make the brown cocoa powder which is used for the firing of these big guns. This comes in the shape of nuts, just like those by which a big bolt is fastened, and It takes some- - thing like four bushels of these powdor nuts to fire off one of the twelve-inch guns _Still, the Chinese are making this powder, and they have lately sent for a German chemist to teach them how to make smokeless powder. They are making pebble powder for from five to elght-inch guns, and they make all sorts of other powders from that of the rifle to that of the largest guns. They have been ordering new cruisers during the past year, and they recently sent an order to Armstrongs, the big ship makers of England, for two new vessels which are each to cost $1,250,000. They haye a number of trained men in these arsenals. Li Hung Chang has several thousand. The viceroy of Nanking has 2,000, and there are thousands at work at Hankow, Canton and Foochow. The hours of work of these men will be doubled from now on. I am told that the Chinese learn very rapidly, and that there wiil be little difficulty in In- creasing the force. The making of small arms is to be pushed, and Qui Lee rifles will be turned out as fast as possible. These are a sort of Remington, which the Chinese consider the best gun in existence, and the old matchlocks and lances will be done away with as soon as possible. BOWS AND LANCES STILL USED, With all this you would think that the Chinese would have given up their bows and arrows and the weapons which have come down from the middle ages. They have mnot done so by any means. Some of the Interior troops still carry bows und arrows, and archery is a regular part of every military examination. Thesa military examinations are held all over the empire, and the candidates have to shoot with bows, both on foot and In the saddle. I saw just outsile of Peking an archery match of this kind. There were, perhaps, 10,000 Chinamen looking on, and the soldiers rode on the gallp by one target after another, shooting arrows as they passed. The targets were about the size of a man, and I did not note ofie of the hundred whom [ saw shooting who missed In a single Instance. They also shoot at balls lying on the ground as they go by on a gallop, and they practice for years before coming to Peking. The candidates are weeded out again and in before they get to the capital. Therd is first an examination held by the prefect of the district in which they live. The men ‘who pass this shoot again before the literary chancellor, and their next examination is before the governor of the province. Such examinations comprise great tournaments, and out of the thousands who are examined only forty or fifty may pa: Those who stand highest at Peking always get official positions and nearly every officer of the Chinese army could drop a bird on the fly with his arrow. The exercise of the soldicrs consists largely of gymnastics, and these students are examined in the wielding of swords and In the lifting of welghts, which are graduated to test their muscle. They have to be good lancers, and while visiting one of the interior citles I saw some of these lance exercises, I had been warned that I must pot go Into the barracks and that I must keep away from the forts, but in passing ome I heard music and told my guide that I wanted to enter. He re- plied that it was not allowed and that it might be dangerous. I had caught a glimpse, however, of the exercise as I went by and I determined to try. I walked boldly through the gate. No one attempted to stop me and & moment later 1 was In the presence of a scene which you would expect to find In no camp outside of the middlo ages. At Lhe back of & large inclosure sat a band pounding op drums and shaking cym- bals and making a most | _sble din. these stood a number of high Chines nd on the other side of the yard were companies of soldiers. Between these stood a man dressed in the uniform of a Chinese private. He had a spear about fifteen feet long In his hand, and he was dancing about and poking this into the alr in every direction. Now he would jab It Into an invisible enemy at the right; now he would hop up four feet from the ground and turn clear around before he again lit to drive 1t into another invisible enemy at the left. He poked it in front of him, and twisted himself into a half knot in trying to destroy his enemles in the rear. He con- torted his face in the most horrfble manner to Inspire fear in his airy combatants, and Near of. he yelled now and then as he thrust. Such an ‘exhibition would have put him into a lunatic asylum in the United States. [ looked for perhaps ten minutes before anything hap- pened, and during this time a second man came out and began to go through the same performanca, I then sent my boy for a camera, but before I could use it, an official came up and objected. 1 apologized and left. I find this the best rule in forelgn travel. Go where you please, and do what you please, but always be ready to apologize. 1f you ask you won't get it, and a eivil tongue will carry you further than a shot gun. THE ARMY OF CHINA. But let me give you some facts about the army. This letter is 80 long that I cannot enlarge upon them First there Is the Eighth Banner corps, which includes the Manchus and Mongols, and which is sup- posed to have something like 300,000 men. Of this army there are in Peking 32,398 sol- diers, and connected with them about 11,000 supernumeraries. 1n Mongolia there are 9,844 Manchus and 3,281 supernumeraries. There are kept about the summer palace of the king just about 5000 of such troops. Just outside of Peking is the imperial hunt- ing park. Four thousand soldiers are kept there. In addition to these in Peking there are artillery and musketry to the number of 8,000, infantry 2,300 and other troops to the number of 6,000, making a grand total of Manchus surrounding and about Peking of 100,000 trcops. These troops are supported entirely by the government. helr officers are of high rank and about 700 of them have high positions as guards inside the for- bidden city, where the emperor lives. 1 have written already of Li Hung Chang's army. It is the best drilled and the best equipped of any in the empire. In addition to these there are three great armies known as the army of Manchuria, the army of the center and the army of Turkistan. The Manchurian army contains 70,000 men, and its headquarters are in Manchuria, above the Chinese wall. It has good cannon and first class, modern, rifles. These, however, are confined only to a limited number of the regiments, and there are more match- locks than Winchesters. The army of the center is also north of the wall. It is sup- posed to include 50,000 men. Manchurian and Mongolian troops could be moved down into Corea if there was any good way of carrying their provisions and supplies. The army of Turkistan is in the western part of the empire, and too far oft for use at the present. time. ARMIES OF THE GOVERNORS. In addition to this there are the armies of the governors, which are scatterad throughout the eighteen provinces of China, and which include all the large centers. in Shantung there are 20,000 men. In Shansi, 000, and In Foochow, 30,280, The gov- ernor of Honan, one of the most anti-forzign provinces of the empire, has 13,000 soldiers. The governor of Nanking has 28,00C. The governor of Fcochow, 61,435, The governor of Chekiang, 38,000, and those of Hupe and Hunnan, 58000 men. In Shensl, Kensuh and Ili there are 97,900 men, and In Szu- cheun there are 33,897. Kwantung has 68,- 000, Kwangsi has 29,000, Anhul, 9,000, and Yunnan and Kweichow, 42,000, making a grand total, with one or two smaller proy- inces added, of 701,617, Just how many of these troops can be relied upon in case of war [ don't know. The reports are those of the Chinese government, and many of them may be overestimated. There is no doubt, however, but that there are hundreds of thousands of soldiers in China, and that they have many who will fight if they are properly led. Chinese Gordon, who handled them during the Tal Ping rebellion, said that they made splendid soldiers, that they were cool and calm, and that they could do a great deal on small rations. They are full of superstition, and will carry priests and soothsayers with them. They may eat black dog’s flesh to make them brave, and their surgoons will give them ground tiger bomes to inspire courage. In fight they will be bloodthirsty and cruel, and if the war is carried into the interior it will be accom- paaied with horrors which will shock the western world. (L CONNUBIALITIES. Under the laws of Russia a man Is not lowed to marry more than four times, Mrs. Weems—I do believe you were scared balf to death when you proposed to me. Mr. Weems—Indeed I wasn't. I thought you would say no, Clara—I'm afrald T should get tired of married Hfe. I should like to be married one year and single the mext, year in and year about. Jack—\Why don't you go on the stage, then? W. A. Galloway, aged 82, married Mrs, Amanda Thornton, ‘his mother-in-law, at Ot- tawa, O, on Monday. The old veteran was also noted for his intrepidity during the war, The reported engagement of Prince Andre Poniatowski and Miss Sperry, the California beauty, is confirmed by the relatives of Miss Sperry, who are on their way to Europe. The wedding will take place in Paris. Judge Cuttem—On what grounds, madam, do you apply for a divorce from your hus- band? Mrs. Laker—Oh, it's a case of abso- lute necessity, judge. Mr. Laker's hair and complexion don’t match the decorations in my new house. “‘Papa,” remarked the congressman's davghter, looking at the clock. “What Is it, Lou?" asked papa, who had lingered in the parlor with the young people. “It is 9 o'clock; at this time George and I usually 80 into committee.”” Then papa retired. It is announced that the marriage of Miss Ellen Taft of Providence to James P. Scott, whose engagement was made public about two weeks ago, will be celebrated in New- port quietly, some time in the second week in September. Friends of Mrs. Nelllo Grant Sartorls are taking the trouble to deny that she is to be married to General Henry Kyd Douglass, a pleasant, elderly bachelor, who served in the confederate army. General Douglass, who escorted Mrs. Sartoris north last week, has his home in the mountains of Maryland, among which Mrs. Sartoris spent the sum- mer, and was her constant attendant, Arother good record has been made by a New Yorker In the matrimonial race. Nine months ago Washington Burton arrived in Sioux Falls from New York; July 25 he se- cured a divorcs from his wife, Harriett Bur- ton, pn the ground of desertion; last week be was married at Canton, south of Sioux Falls, to Miss Lou Gardiner of Brooklyn Heights, N. Y. Miss Gardiner made the trip from her eastern home alone to wed Mr. Burton. No marriage which has occurred of late in New York has made such a sensation as that which was celebrated last Thursday at Avanel Villa, »New Rochelle, the summer heme of Mrs. Adele A. Ronalds. On that day Mrs. Ronalds, who 1s a woman of great wealth and of unimpeachable socal standing, albeit sho is somewhat more than 70 years of age, was married to Charles Francklyn Reglld, who Is an actor of some note, well known along the Rialto. Mr. Reglid, whose real name may be obtained by spelling his stage name backward, is only 30 years old. Several score of male and female simple- tons are regretting the dealings they have had with a matrimonial agency, conducted by one Herman Max Gumpest, alias Max Guble, and his young wife, at 17 Great Jones street, New York. The couple closed their bureau a few days ago and left for unknown reglons. The palr were in the same busi- nes in Chicago and St. Louis before coming to New York. Advertisements like this were put in the various newspapers: “Orphan girl, seventcen, and petite, $29,000 cash capital, wishes to marry refined gentle- man not over forty. Address Guble, No. 17 Great Jones street.” The refined gentleman had to pay a §2 fee before he could the orphan girl. That part was generally played by Mrs. Guble, or some Bowery nymph hired for the oceusion. A second interview cost $10, and then the orphan girl would decide not to wed after all. THE INDUSTRIAL: SITUATION Reforms Buggested by Frof. Lly of the University of Wisconsin, J— T DOUBTFUL FORCE .OF 'PUBLIC OPINION Some Pertinent Questions=A Vislonary Hopl le and Political Relations of Corruptior co Reforms 1 Civil serv mandel (Copyrighted by te)y We Americans have during the past gener- aton been confronted with new and most momentous questions of an economlc nature, but among them all there have arisen no questions more of importance than those which are connccted with a class of great Teying Syndic Industries which are now generally called natural monopolies. The leading industries of this class are so familiar that it can scarcely be necessary even to mention them. Bvery one knows that reference Is made to telegraphs, telephones, railways, municipal lighting plants, ete. The peculiarities of these industries have been forced upon our attention much against our will. We tried to deal with businesses of this kind accord- ing to the weneral principles which obtain with respect fo agriculture, manufactures and commerce, tut failed so conspicuously that finally every one must recognize the fall- ure. Those entrusted with the management of these businesses were naturally the last to recognize the fact that they occupy a peculiar and exceptional position. The railway presi- dent for a long time told the dissatisfied far- mer, if he were not content with the railway rates charged, to go clsewhere, or bulld him- self a railway, But now even the rallway magnates themselves acknowledge a quasi- public character in railways and other busi- nesses of like nature. This we may regard as an established fact, and it need not detain us longer. TWO PERTINENT QUESTIONS. The question then could not fall to arise. What shall we do with these businesses which are peculiar and essentially public in character? Two answers were ready. One was the answer which long historical experience must euggest to the careful economist, namely, turn over public func- tions to respensible public authorities. The other was a plausible answer appealing alike to prejudice and special interests, namely, contrcl those who manage these essentially public businesses, sec to it that they so discharge their functions that they will promote the general welfare. This second answer was the one which we have gen- erally received, and thus was established among us the principle of public control of private propertr. Those who owned or managed businesses public in nature but resting on a basis of private property came to be regarded and are still regarded as delegated agents. A| VISIONARY HOPE. The hope of a beneficent control of private property of the kind.mentioned is utopian Every article, monograph, and book advoeat ing such control shoulll bé entitled *‘Utopia, because they all rest upon ‘hypotheses which apply only to an tmaginary world. First of all, let us notice that under the system in vogue among us, the special knowledge must of necessity be as a rul on one side, namcly, on’the side of those who are to be coptrolled. This special knowledge is gained by experience and the experience belongs {o thoss who conduct the business. Of course, some one now and then who has had business experienco as a rallway managep will take public office and assume the duty of control. So, one who has been engaged in the gas or street car business may occasionally become a member of a commission,the duty of which is to control gas works or street car lines. Such a person, however, has acquired the habit of looking at these businesses from a private standpoint, and this is the wrong standpoint. Many other difficulties suggest themselves; but as a matter of fact it oftener happens that a man who has acquirsd a cer- tain_ experience in public office and who Is rendering himself useful to the public is taken from the public service imto private employment. What we ara trying to ac- complish In our system of control is to bring it about that inexperience shall con- trol experience and ignorance knowledge. Can anything more utopian be imagined? RCONOMIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS. All caretul soclal philosophers have recos- nized the fact that there must be a certain correspondence between economic and polit- ical relations. Ownership and management of businessts which include in the scope of thefr operations an entire continent and which are the largest known in the world's history cannot fail to give the owners and managers vast social power of every kind. Moreover, tho possession of enormous power without its exercise is something which the world has not seen. It would be contrary to our experience of human nature to ex- pect that those who have the management of the chief busiesses of the country should not make use of the power which they find in their hands. They are called in popular language ‘“‘magnates” and “kings;” and the popular instinct is correct, in this case at least, in the use of language. There is no reason to be surprised at the presence of so many rallway presidents and attornsys in the senate of the United States. If these men want to be in the senate of the United States the only thing which would nied to create surprise would be their absence. Our policy of control resembles the conduct of a man who should put a giant in charge of a boy 10 years old, saying to the boy, “Make this fellow behave himself: if he does net, glve him a good thrashing.” Our policy of control is utoplan because it means that weakness shall hold in check strength, Our condition is of necessity one of unstablo equilibrium. A SOURCE OF CORRUPTION. Furthermore, it is° wildly utopian to ev. pect that those whom it is attzinpted to con- trol will not seek to esctpe from control. This means an interference In politics of the very worst kind on the part of those who are the most powerful members of the community, The result is the corruption which is 8o~ familiar and which takes so many forms. ‘The distribution of railway passes, telegraph franks and the like is familier to all. What is less familiar, how- ever, Is the sollcitude with which, there ls every reason to believe, the appointment of judges is watched by those whom it is at- tempted to control, because under our con- stitutional system the power of the judges is encrmous. The court is the eritical In- stitution with us. and those who hold to rigid theories of private property are nat- urally inclined to declare any really effec- tive control of private property unconstitu- tional In some essential feature. Should, however, a judge be appointed who ean reconcile the necessary control with the in- stitution of private property, it is always possible for the private-eorporation affected to attempt to lure him grom the bench by a position as attorney with a large salary. The inevitable result’ then of a policy of control is to bring 'al‘ the businesses of the kind named into: politics in the worst manner Public ownership means that the businesses are in politics in the best man- ner possible, namely, openly and avowedly, while control means secret and underhanded methods which it s impossible to discover in all their ramifications. , To expect a high and noble political life free from corruption while the policy of control Is followed Is a utopian aspiretion. THE FORCE OF PUBLIC OPINION, Much has been said about the force of public opinion. Public opinion can, how- ever, act only through channels and agencles, Publiec opinion which cannot strike with a strong arm is despised. Public opinion has for years proncunced against grade cross- ings in Chicago and Buffalo, for example, but it has been regarded with merited con- tempt because it has not clothed itself with power, but has been impotert to accomplish anything in all these years. Those who wish to escape from any effective control naturally nurse the doctrine that public opinion In ftself is sufficlent; and those who talk almost incredible nonsense about pub- lic opinion are allowed to pose wise men. Unless the public opinion leads to the es- CONTINENTAL CLOTHING You can get a nobby double breasted suit. Excellent value at BOYS AT THE You have your pick of any of our boys' suits that sold at @&\\m ED REDy, N Bovs suirs We have a nice assortment of cassimeres in all the different mixtures, Our regular price for these suits We give you all wool Scoteh cheviots, new patterns, suits well worth You can’t help but be pleased at the fit, style and quality of suits worth every cent ofi . iie.e. We boldly claim that we can give you suits that can't be duplicated elsewhere for less than (COME EARLY WHILE WE HAVE YOUR SIZES.) tablishment of appropriate Institutions, re- nee upen it s utoplan; it is then but a breath of wind Reliance upon the press Businesses of the kind menticned have given d few fortunes beyond the dreams 1t is in their power, therefore, to cstablish newspapers or buy newspapers if they desire to do so. The newspaper is private property. It is generally owned by a joint stock company and the control of 51 per cent of the capital means the control of the policy of the paper. When a news- paper which has been guarding the public interest changes at a critical juncture, it does not necessarily mean corruption or wrong on the part of the editors. It m simply mesn new ownership, and owner- ship by its very nature implies direction of policy. Newspapers are absolutely indis pensable in a free government, but relianc upon them for adequate protection against the encroachments of private monopoly, when monopoly is 50 vast as at the present moment in the United States, is utcplan. The policy which has been pursued in America has produced a spirit which is the precise opposite of the spirit of self-help. We observa all about us apathy amounting to indifference and a submissiveness to wrengs and _injuries which startles every forcigner. The explanation is to be found in the fact that a remedy against the abuses of corporate power is under American condi- tions o hopeless. If we expect that this could be otherwise with all businesses of a monopolistic nature owned and managed by private corporations, we are cherishing a utopia. CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS. There are, however, advocates of the pub- lic ownership of undertakings which are es- sentfally public, who at the same time do not see the necessity of changes in our civil service, or of other preparation for the change. If public duties are increased in the ma required by present economic conditions, the civil service must be radically changed in many respects. The reform in the civil service required by existing con- ditions s more far-reaching than that ad- vocsted by those who are popularly desig- nated as civil service reformers, although what these wish is a step In the right direc- tion. We need, however, as a preparation for coming changes far better training in every branch of economics and politics. ~ We must have not only instruction in these branches in all the schools of higher grade in the country, but we must also develop the departments of economics and politics in our universities into civil academles which will spare no expense to train men for all branches of the eivil serv To suppose that the economic changes which are needed now and which will be needed in the future enlarging greatly the functions of govern- ment, cin be effected without a most careful development of our civil service is perhaps the wildest of wild utopias. RICHARD T. ELY. University of Wisconsin, Madison. INDUSTRIAL NOTES, Germany now rivals France in glass color- ing. An electric rocking chalr has been in- vented, Alabama's supply of red cedar is ex- Aluminium drums are being used by the military bands. Bight million people in the United States own their own homes. Paving blocks made of compressed hay are being experimented with. The average man can do the most work at 3 p. m., and the least at 9 a. m. A substitute for glass is made from collo dion wool, and is flexible, not brittle. More iron safes are made in Cincinnat| than in all the other cities of the union com. bined. Sapless cedar blocks from regions swept by forest fires are used lu paving Detroit's streets. Aluminium leather in building up and shoes. A firm in Augusta, Me., sends to potteries abroad photographs of places of note, and these views are artistically reproduced on pleces of china, With the new and improved methods of mining it 18 thought that it will cost less than 22 cents on the dollar this year to mine gold in Colorado. The annual reports of the railroads of Towa for the year 1893-94 show that wmore men were employed than for several years in all departments of the roads, and that a higher average of wages was paid. An encouraging piece of news comes from New England in the statement that the boot and shoe trade is showing marked improve- ment. At Marlboro, Mass., In one day last week a single firm made and shipped 20,000 pairs of shoes. Only two strikes were ever known to occur in Turkey. One was of dock yard laborers in the government employ for arrears In pay, and the other was of cigarette makers in government factories for the exclusion of women. The dockmen got thelr money and the women were turned out. A plan to build & co-operative farming col- ony has been started by Charles Linnekohl in New Jersey. He desires to band together fifty persons, each with $200 cash capital, into a company with regularly elected officers and a board of d're~tars. This company will buy a large tract of lana in Sussex or Warren county, is used as a substitute the for heels of boots Is unreliable.s APHORISMS OF NAPOLEON, Friendship is but a name, There is nothing terrible in death, The only victory over love is flight. Liberty and equality are magical words, Words pass away, but actions remain Where flowers degenerate man cannot liv Marriage has always been the conclusion of love. We must for him. I failed; therefore, accors I was wrong. Uncertainty is painful for all nations and for all men. Better never to have been born than te live without glory. Judgment in e guided by precedent. Independence, like tsland without a beach. The only encouragement for litrature is to give the poet a position in the state, Indecision and anarchy In leaders lead to weakness and anarchy in results. When we have drunk the cup of ure to the drogs, all we want is rest, Great men are like meteors, which shine and consume (hemselves to enlighten the earth. Men of lstters are useful men, who should ever be distinguished, as they do honor to their country. When a man s determined to hold a place (under government) he has aircady sold himself to it. Disdatn hatreds; hear both lay judgments uniil re resume her sway. We can only escape the arbitrariness of the judge by placing ourselves under the despotism of the law. The sight of a battlefield after the fight 1s enough to inapire princes with a love of peace and a horror of war. The praises of an enemy are suspicious; they cannot flatter a man of honor until after a cessation of hostilities. Historlans are like the sheep of Panurge— they copy that which their pred:cessors have written 5o that their opinions and interests are not opposed to it, without troubling themselves to inquire into truth or proba- bilities. laugh at man to avoid erying g to all justice, treme cases should be honor, s a rocky pleas- sides and de- m has had time to T e RELIGIOUS There are 664 churches in Philadelphia The twelfth Baptist congress Is to be held at Detroit November 13-15 Five hundred million peopls now have op- portunities of studying the bible in regions which knew almost nothing of it 100 years ago. At the opening of the present century it Is claimed that bui forty-scven translations of the Dible were in existence. Today there are ninety entire and 230 partial ones. Rev. Allen Clark has resigned the pastor- ate of the Congregational church at Ottumwa, Ta, in order to make the canvass as the populist candidate for congress in that district. The latest statistics show that in Brooklyn there are ninety-five Young People's societies, with a membership of about 10,000, and forty-two Junior societies, numbering about 1,700 members. Rev. Mrs. Sarah M. Barnes, pastor of the Universalist church at Jun :tion City, Kan,,w's 70 years old the other day, and the anni- versary was celebrated by her friends gath- ering at the church in the evening. There were choice gifts, good wishes, music, poems and all that makes a birthday a timo of pleasaut remembrance. Religlon is a somewhat changeable habit with South Sea fslanders, but a party of Seventh Day Baptists from this country Is reported to have converted a large majority of the natives of Pitcairn island to that form of beliel with such zeal that it is likely to remain the state religion, so to speak, of the Pitcairners At the close of the war, less than thirty years ago, the Methodist Episcopal church numbered 1,000,000 members, owned 10,000 churches and 3,300 parsonages, worth in the aggregate $34,000,000. It has now, at the end of a period usually assigned to one generation (in round numbers), 2,500,000 members, and owns over 24,000 churches and nearly 10,000 parsonages, worth in the aggregate about $126,000,000, According to an article in the August Forum, the Methodists of this country col- lect for current expenses, prizcipally the salaries of their ministers, ahout $14,000,000 yearly; the Episcopalians =pout $13,000,000; the Presbyterians $12,000,000; the Baptists $8,000,000, and the Congregationalists $7,000,- 000. The average salary of the Methodist minister is estimated at $850. exclusive of tees and donations; of the Congregationalist | minister §$1,050; of the Presbyterian some- thing more; of the Episcopalian still more, Rev. John 8. Eberlle, a Baptist minister of Glendale, Pa., eats only one meal a day, For about thirty years he has esten a hearty meal at noon, but fasts during the other hours of the day. In the morning, in- stead of a nutritious. breakfast on eggs, chops and hot cakes, he goes to the well, draws a pitchor of cold water end drinks coplously. In the evening no salads or lusclous fruits grace his table. Instead, he again fares sumptuously upon cold water. When Philsdelphia fell int> tHe hands of the British, in 1777, the timid rector of the old Christ chufch, Rev. Jacob Duche, won an unenviable immortality for himselt by writing a letter to General Washlnglon urg- LA FRECKLA The Thres-Day Fracklo Cars. ATTENTION, PHYSIOIANNS ana CHEVISTS, Ladi and Gentlemen: Mme. M. Yale, that most wonderful woman chemist, has discovered a medici that will remove Freckles from any face in three days. Hark ye, doubting will promptly refunded In case of failure. It res moves Tan and Sunburn In one application. IV matters not if the Freckles have been from childhood to old age La Freckla will clear them in every case. Price $1.00. Sent to any part of the world. Manufactured by MME. M. YALE, Beauty and Complexion Specialist, 146 State St., Chicago. FOR SALE BY ALL FIRST CLASS DRUGGI ing him to lay down his arms and with- draw from the fleld. Mr. Duche had been plain of the continental congress and had the opening prayer, but the sight of red coats alarmed him into a sudden The identical letter to has never been found, but th autograph draft of that celebrated cpistle h been discovered among the valuable collecs tion of the late Colonel Charles Colcock Jones, Georgla's historlan. “If this letter should find you in council or in field,” it starts of, Ubefore you read another sentence, 1 bog you to take the first opportunity of retiring.” The following figures represent the capacity of the various European churches for the standing multitude, s only in a few oases are ther seats provided: St. Peter's church, I Milan cathedral, 87,000; St. ,000; St. Paul's, London, 85, 600; Petronlo, Bologna, 24,400; Florence cathedral, 24,800;° Antwerp cathedral, 24,0005 St. Sophia's, Constantinople, 23,0003 St, John's, Lateran, 22,900; Notre Dame, Pari 21,000; Piza cathedral, 13,000; St. Stephen Vienna, 12,400; St. Dominie's Bologna, 12,00 St. Peter's, Bologna, 11,400; Cathedral of Vienna, 11,000 Mark's, Venice, 7,000 Spurgeon’s tabernacle, London, 7,000. The figures opposite Spurgeon's tabernacle mean the seating capacity. The total missionary gifts of Christendom for 1893 are estimated at $14,713,627, The official report shows that there fs an onroliment of 54,718 pupils in the Sunday schools of Missouri, the tory conversion, Washington ——e 1 had the good fortune to recelve a small bottle of Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhoea Remedy when three members of my family were sick with dysentery, This one small bottle cured them all and I had some left which I gave to George W. Baker, a prominent merchant of the place, Lewi tor, N. C., and it cured him of the same complaint.—K, Bazemore, When troubled with dysentery, diarrhoea, colle or cholera morbus, give this remedy a trial and you will be more than pleased with the result. The pralse that naturally follows its Intre duction and use made it very popular, 26 and b0 cent bottles for sale by druggists, ol ikl Ria i The Sun Compared with Other Planets, Prof. Young gives an interesting table in which the sun's mass Is compared with that of all the planets of the solar system. In the table the earth's mass is represented as 1,000: maller reury Venus Earth 1,000/ Uranus | Mars L. 118/ Neptune Asteroidy (il tor | ether) e 100| Total TOLR iavaeia sin ——e Grand total...... 422108 Sun's mass on the same scale, 315,000,000 Oregon Kidney Tea cures backache. Trial sizo, 25 cents. All druggis e | “Do you think, dear, that absence makes the heart grow fonder?’ *“Perhaps it does, love," replied the maiden. “You might main away one whole evening and let ua tost it.* b