Omaha Daily Bee Newspaper, July 3, 1892, Page 10

{mpressing its principles upon the minds of public men. While the southorn organization was ex- tonding its influence amoug the farm- ers of the south, another body of similar charactar, based upon almost exactly the same principles ana for sumilar purposes, had boon organized in the stato of lilnois, It began in the year 1 and was known as the National Farmers ailiance, In & little while it had extended into the states of Wisconsin, Minuesota, Towa, Missouri, Kansasand the then territory of Dakota. Thoe ooject of this body was de- clared to be ‘“to interest the farmers of tho United States for their protection against class legisiation, the encroachments of con- centrated capital, the tyranny of monopoly ; to provide against being imposed upon b scandalous and scandalizing advertisements in the publie prints; to 0ppose in our respec- tive political parties tho ciection of any can didate to oftice, state or national, who is nov in sympathy with the rs' intorosts; to demaud that the existing political parties shall nominate fariiers or those who are in sympathy with them for all offices witnin the gift of the people; and to do anything in a iogitimate manner that may servo to bonefit the producer.” Aims of the Northern Worker This National farmers alliance was an open body, transacting its business in public, the eamo as hns always boon dono by regular political associutions, and in this respect was found its only practical difforonoe from tho southern alliance, which had a secrot work. In their social features they were much alike, and their aims sud objects were practically tho same At 8 © ing of the southern alliance in 1887, the foilowing declarations were mado and ‘published concerning its objects : “The objects of tho National alliance arg tounite the farmers for the promotion of their interests, socially, politically and financially ; to stcure a just representation of tho agricultural iuteresis of the country in tho national congress and stato legislatures: %0 demnand the prohibition of alion cattlo and land syndicates; -~ to opposo Al forms of monopoly as being detrimental 40 tho best interests of thopublic; to demand f our representatives in congress their votes and active intluenco in favor of the prompt pussage of such iaws as will protect livestock interests from contagious diseases; to de- mand that agricultural interests shall bo represented by » cabinot officor.” Another Anti-Mo; y Order, At about this time, in the fall of 1887, an- other association of 'farmers was offected 1n the soutnern part of tho state of Illinois, which was known as the “Farmers Mutual Bonefit association.” [ts object was to op- pose the encroachments of monopolies. This body did not extend as raidly as the othors; possibly, because 1ts officors did not exort themselves us the others had done to spread into new territory; probably because of its lator origin. Its principles wero almost identical with those of tho older organizations. This body had n secrot work, after tho fashion of tho alliance and grange, but unliko them it did not admit womer to membership. These were not the ouly organizations of tho soil-ullers, ns there was tho “Farmers League.” tho “Farmers Union,” the *Farm- ers Protective association,” the ot- Monopoly league,” and soon ad infinitum. These, however, were mostly 1n Ohio and states 10 the eastward. The difference botween tho albiance and the other bodies of farmers named wus about this o'nlliance was more aggres- sivo along political lines than any of tho others, and the allianco took moro advanced ground in favor of indcpendent political action. Iu fact, it was due to the work of the alliance leaders that the people's party was finally born. Uniting the Various Orders, A meeting of the Farmers and Laborors Union of America was callod at_tho eity of St. Louis oarly in Docomber, 1589, for the purpose of bringing together in one great organization all of tho differont bodies of or- ganizod farmors in tho country. Invitations had been seat out in advance to tho oficors of all theso different bodies and to the oficinls of the Knichts of Labor, and they ware all represcntod at this me Conferenco committoes were appointed and 8 co-operatave arrangement for potitical pur- poses was offected. e various bodies were not in reality all merged into one, but virtu- ally that was what was done. The object of this partial cousolidation was to influonce logislation 1n the intorests of farmers and la- borers gonerally, d#gy the now body was stylod the “Karmers Xlliance and Industrial Union."” Agaln Professed Nonpartisanship, The alliance here again declared ftself nonpartisan, but it was intensely political. Although priwarily social, its political fea- ture was its most powerful force, and while there was 10 open disposition to g0 into poli- ties independently, 1t was understood upon all sides that cvery possible effort which could legitimatoly sorve the interest of agri- culture and labor should bo put forth. The st Louis convention adopted a political plat- form, which was afterwards known as *The 3t, Louls Demands,” and on this platform wore based thie calls for subscquent meet- ings, which led to tho ultimate formation of tho third par At that couvention, at which wero rep- resented the states of Arkansas, Kentucky, Kausas, Virginm, Georgin, ' Tonnessee, Louisiana, Marylaud, Alabama, Nobraska, North Carolina, South Carolina, indiana, Texas and Oklahoma territory, the following ofticers were elected: Presidont, L. L. Polk of North Carolina: vico prosident, D. H. Clover of Iansas; socrotary, J. H. Tarner of Georgia; treasurer, William Hickman of Missouri; national lec turer, Ben Terrell of Texas. Definite assur- ances of a coalitibn of all the farmers’ organ- izations wero secured, and arrangements for mutually satisfactory action on the part of the alliance and Knights of Labor wore made, although terms for a comploto consoli- dation of the two bodies could not then be agreed upon. The convention adjourned to try it again a year later. Birth of the Third Party, In tune it became a very serious quostion with members of the allinnce whothor they should operate through the muchinory of their old parties, or whethor they should join with other workers innnow and dis- tinct movement for n redress of the griev- nces of which thoy found cause to complain, This was more particuiarly the caso ie Kan- sas. Oficors of the Kansas stute allianco were called together in Aprii, 1500, for the purpose of cousidering this mutior. The question was, “Sball wo remain with tho par- ties to which we bave belongea in tue past and ask rolief through them, or shall ‘we invite the co-operation of otlier workers and with them form an independent politi- cal body 1" After lengthy debate and mature consid- eration the latier course was adopted, sud in Juné folllowing & meeting was nold in the oity of Topeka, at which delegates from the farmers ulliance, from the Farwers Mutual Benefit association, from the Knights of Labor and scveral othor bodios wore pros ent, and it was agroed that members of theso different bodies would join with other voters of like belief in & politieal movement to be known as the people's purty. Having determined to_oporate upon an in- dependent line, the Topeka meoting called a state convention 10 be held ut the sawe place in August, nt which time a recular state ticket wae placed in the field ond a platform sdopted based on the four fundamental ideus —lund, Iabor, transportation aud money ‘Tho new party olected one state officer, five members of vongress, ninety-fivo of the lower house of tho legisiature, ‘nad in the following January secured the eloction of u United States senator, Southern wrmors o Line, In Decomber, 1800, the supreme council of the alliance met at Ocala, Fla, and thirty- five statos wers ropresentod. Delegates from every body of organized farmers in the country were prosontto participate or to confer. &'hie convention of the national alli- suce of colored farmers was held at the sawe time ana place, and frieadly greotings were exchauged betweon the two bodles. There was much talk of general independent politi- cal action, but no definite steps wore taken beyond the adoption of a resolution declaring infavor of noldiug @ convontion at Cincin- nati the following soring, at which every stuto and all labor prganizations, as weil as the alliance, should be represcnted, in order that tho sense of every section of the coun- lrf' aod of all branches of orgunized labor might be first secured before deciding this important matter. The officors of the pre- ceding year were re-clocted st Ocala, with the exception of National Leoturor Terrell, who wus succeeded by J. 5. willetts of Kansas, Northern Third Party Mo The annual convention of the vorthern alliance was held in Owaba & wonth later, beginuing Jaruary 27, 1891, aud thero were represcutatives preseut from Neoraska, Towa, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Washington, Kentucky, Wiscon sin, Connecticut, Toxas and Pennsylvania, Here, too, the sentiment was avowedly in favor of independent political action, althovgh that was a subjectof minor im- portanca, The result in Kansas encouraged farmers in other states, and soon a movement was set on foot looking to the organization of an independent political movement covering the whole country. The first decisive step in that direction was that taken ta the Ocala mosting, 1n arraneing for the National union conferonce that was held at Cincinnati May 19, 1801, and &t which nearly 1,500 delogatoes, reprasonting thirty-two statos and_ two territorics, were present. They came from Alabama, Arkansas, Cali- fornia, Uolorado, Connecticut, Florida, Iilin- nois, ' indiann, lowa, Kansas, Keutucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Miunesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Obio, Penn sylvania, Rbode Isiand, Soutn Carolina, South Dakota, Tennesses, Toxas, Washing: ton, West Virginia, Wyoming, Oklahoma, District of Columbia, The Cinelonati Platform. The conferenco adoptea the following de- claratory and doctrinal principles : First—That in view of the great social, in- dustrial and economic revolutions now dawning upon the civilized world and the now and living issuos confronting the Amer- ican peoplo we beliove that the time has arrived for a crystalization of the political reform forces of our country und the forma- tion of what should be known as the paople's party of the United States of America. Second—-Tuat we most heartity endorse the demands of the platforms as adopted at St Louis, Mo,, in 1850; Ocala, Fla., in 1500, and Owmaha, Neb,, in 1501, by industrial organi- zations there represeated, summariz ns follows: (1) The right to make and issus money 15 & Sovereign power to be maintainod by tho people for tho common benefit. Hence, wo demand the abolition of Nutional banks as bauks of issuc, and as a substitute for national bank notes wo demand that logal tender treasury notes be issued in sufficient volumo to trausact the business of the coun- try on a cash basis without damuge or espo- clal advantage to uny class or calling, such uotes Lo be logal tender 1 payment of all debts, pubhic ana private, and such notes when demanded by the people shall be louned to them at wot more than 2 per cent per &unum upon non- perishable products, as indicated 1n the sub- treasury plan, and also upon real estate,with proper limitation upon the quantity of lana and amount ot money. (b) Wedemand tho free and unlimited coinuge of silver. (c) Wo demand the passage of laws prohibiting alien ownership of land and that congress take prompt action to devise some plan to obtain all lands now owned by alien and foreign syodicates, and that all [and held by railroads and other cov- porations in oxcess of such as is actually used and nuedou by them be reclaimed by the government and hela for actual settlers oaly. (4) Believing the doctrine of equal richts to all and special privileges to none we demand that taxation—national, state or municipal—shall not be used to build up ono interest or class at the expenso of another. (0) We domand that all rovenue—national, state or county—shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the government, and bonestly administered. (f) demund a just und equitablo system of graduated tax on incowe. (g) We demand the most rigid, honest and just national cou- trol and supervision of the means of public communication and transportation, and 1if this control and supervision does not remove the abuses now existing we demand the gov- ernment ownership of such means of com- munication and transportation. (h) We de- mand the election of president, vice-presi- dent and United States senators by a direct vote of the people. Third—Tuat we urge united action of all progressive organizations in autonding tho conference called for February 22, 1592, by six of the leading reform organizations, Fourth—That a national central committee bo appointed by this conference, to be com- posed of a chaivman, to be elected by this body, and of three members from each state represented, to bo named by each state dele- gation. Fifth—That this central committee shall ropresent this body, attend the national con- ference on February 22, 1802, and if possinle unite with that aud ali other reform organi- zations thoro assembled. Sixth—Lf no satisfactory agreement can be effected, this committee shall call a na- tional convention not later than June 1, 1892, for the purpose of nominating candidates for president and vice president. Seventh—That the membors of the central committee for each state where there is no independent political organization conduct an active system of po- litica! agitation in tueir respective states. Prohibition Plank Snowed Under, Such was the platform over whicn the con- vention went wild, The report was adopted with a whoop, and the new party was prac- tically ushered into oxistenca on the spot. An effort was made to havo probivition and universal suffrage planks inserted, but they were overwhelmingly repudiated. The St. Louls Meoeting. Arrangemonts were there made for a gen- eral urion of all the industrial forces of the country in o convention at St. Louis, Febr- 22, 1802, for the purpose of complating organ- ization and arranging for putting a national ticket in tho field. A national committeo, composed of tho following earnest third party aavocates, was appointed to exorcise a general supervision over the new movement Arkansas—L. P, Featherstone, Isance E. Me- Cracken, J. 0. A. Bush, lifornfa—darion Cannon, 1. C. Dillon, A, G. Hinekly. Connecticut—Robert Plque. Fiorida—W. D, Condon, J. D. Goss, L. Bas- kins. rgin—C, C, Post. B. W v M. L. Wheat. A. J. a—0. A. Powers, Leroy Templeton, J. D. Comstock. Tinois—S, N. Norton, A, J. Stre 1, B ter, P. Elder, Lovl Dumbauld, R.S. V. Smith, T. G. Osborn. Keatucky—L. Graves, "allin Louisiana=—J. J. Mills, Dr. R. B, Paine, John Plekett. Mussuchusetts- F. Washburn, E. G. Brown, E. M. Boynton, Michizin—Hen Colvin, Mrs. John 0. Seaboll. Minnesota—Igznutius Donnelly, O. N. Kkins, Andrew Stevenson Missouri—I'wul J. Dickson, J. W. Kodgers, W, 0. Alkerson, -H. 8. Hobbs, F. A. " F Bmery, Per- Howard, 8. M. dmeston, William Dysart, ol J, Hoyt. Coiw, T B Crocker, A. Now Yerk—Tacob H. Stuc Ohio—llugo’ Preyor, Barnes. Oklahomu—Samuol Ligh John Hozan. K Penusylvania—P. A.Thompson, I'. R. Agnew, wis 15 wards. outh Dukotu—J. W. Hardin, I. N. Loucks, Fred Zepp Toxius—W. b, Thomas Gt.ines, J. 11 Dayis, Tennesseo P. Osborne, G. W. J. Kay, John A. Jam ghidd Wisconsin—Robert Sehilling, Alfred Mann- hefuor, Ao J. Phillips. ieginta—Luther 0, 3 L Thom L Keevo \ing—IL Brotenstein, J et ot Bolumbia=Tes |Crasd istrict of Columbin—Lee Crandatl, 5. A, Biand, 11, J. Schuiters st i lition Effected, On Washinglon's birthday of the present vear, tho St. Louis conveution assenibled, and it was theu sud there that the final coalition between all the orzunizations was effected, although tho new party movanont nad been practically agreed upon nearly year bofore. ‘I'here was really but littlo to do boyond tho porfecting of dotails, but, this little gave rise to soveral stormy sessions, Prohibition and universal suffrage advocates were bound to be neard, aud worked bard to gou tholr fuvorite planks inserted in the now party platform. Tbeir prospocts for success were brilliant until jast at the final moment, whon the couvention deliberately turned ity back on them, so to speak, and they were unceromoniously snuffed out in u twinkling, ‘P selection of u place for holdwg the nowinALE conveption on July 4 was left to a commwittue of ®n, and that commities o- clied in favor of Omaba, 1t was decidad to allow four dolegates for each mOmbor in tho two houses of congress, or eight delegates from each state and four from each congressional distriot. This gave tho nistorical number of 1,776 delegates, although no one had auticipsted it lu ade vance. inn, Georgo W. mes A, Smith, Tho St. Louls Platform, ‘The platform adopted at St. Louis stated that the nation ison the verge of wmoral, political and material ruin; that corruption dominatos the ballot box, legislatures, cou- RKross and touches even the ermine of the ouch ; newspapers are subsidizod or wuz. #loa; public opinfon is silenced; pusiness lnrnill(av.nu: howes covered with mortzages; wbor impoverished, and land ana money con. contrating iu the hands of capitalists, Work- DAILY organization pauporized_lavor boats down wages: a hire- ling stanaing armv, unrecognized by our laws, is eswbiished to shoot them down ana thoy aro rapidly do- snerating to the Kuropean condition. Thoe national power to create money is ap- propriated to eurich the bondholders; silver fins been demonetized to add to the purchas ing power of gold, wnd the supply of currency is purposely abridged to fatten usurers, bank- rupt enterprise and enslave industry. The platform declared that the old political par- ties allowed this to exist wi hout an effort at rostraint, und, thereiore, a now political or- ganization, ropresenting tho political princi vlos heroin statod, was necossary. A docla ration of principles wus then made, and a na tional currency demanded that is safo, sonud and flexible, to b issued by the genoral gov- ornment only, ana which snall be a full lezal tendor for all debts, public and private, and that without thouseof banking corporations; a just and equitable means of circulation: und & tax not to oxcosd 2 por cont, as sot forth in the subtreasury plan of the farmers alliance, or somo hotter systom It demnnded the free and unlimited coinugo of silver, so that the amount of circulating medium may bo speedily increased to not loss than 30 per capita; a graduated income tux: that all national and state revenues bo limited to tha necessary expenses of the gov- ernment, and that postal savings banks bo estalishiod by the government, Theé plat- form declared that land should not be mono- polized for speculative purposes and alien ownership of lanas should be protubited; ull lnnds now held by railroads and other cor- porations in excoss of their actual neads. and all kinds now ownod by alicns should be re- claimed by tho government aud held for ac tuul settlors only. It declared that the gov- ernment siould own and operate railroads, telograph and telephones,and demandod that the government i le 1 tender notes and pay union soldiers the difference botwoen the price of deprociated money in which they wero paid avd gold. Ttis on this platform gates of the first national couvention of the people’s party of the United States of America aro now assombling inOmabi, Marion Cannon, Marion Cannon, president of the Califor foania Iarmers Alliance and Industrial Uuion. was bora in West Virginia fifty-seven vears ngo. His ancestors for three genera- tions were West Virginians. Ho was edu- cated in a loz school house 1 that state, aud in tho carly 50's, when stiil a boy, ho erossed the plains overiand to California, driving an ox team all the way. .Ho has rosided in Cali- fornia since that time—iirst in Nevada county und afterwards in Ventura county, his present home. He owns, occupies and cultivates ono of the finest and most pro- ductivo ranches in California. A natural leader of men, he has always beon prominent in public affairs, but has always refused offico, oxcopt two years in Novaia county, when he was induced by his neigh' bors to accept the position of county recorder. Ho was clected prosidont of the Ventura county farmers alliance in July, 1800, and was unammously chosen stato president at San Joso, and was unanimously re-clected at Los Angeles 1o 1501, He possesses tho con- fidenco of the people of Colorada to a re- murkablo dogree, He was. the first state president of the farmers alliance to come out ooldly for independent political action, tak- ing the position that it 1s the only logical re- sult of the “Campaign of Education,” that has been carriea out by the silianco from the beginning ot the organization, “The goneral interest in California is in the construction of the cauul, and President Can- non and the members of the alliance ave in favor of it; but they oppose the granting of special priviieges which would make a fow individuals millionaires, at the epense of the rest of the people. Mr. Cannon cumo into national notice as temporary chairman of the historic conven- tion of February 22, at St. Louis. His powerful, resonant voice, his prompt action, aud his famuliarity with parlismentary usage held that great body firmly to business, Hon. i, F. Livingston, 1f, as Dr. Holmes says, “Live people are dead peoplo warmed over,” then Hou. L. I, Livingston is an animato second edition of Ricuelicu. A member from Gieorgia of the lower houso of the present congress, ho is one of its most conspicuous figuros, 1t 15 a forezone conclusion, at a couvention, that Colonel Livingston will carry a point or pass a_measure which ho champions. After the soveral orators havo effervesced and had their way, just at the critical,clinching ume, *Colonel Livingston of Georgia” will have the floor, and the outcome will generally be as ho dosires. But ho met a Waterloo at St. Louis. He was opposed to independent political action, and made a dotormined though unavailing fight, but although defeated this modern Richelieu was grout to the last, Colonel Livingston is of Scotch-Irish pa- rentage. He was born 1532, 1n Newton coun- ty, Georgia, and received his education in the common schools of his natve county, He has always been a farmer. For many years he was president of the Georgia Agricuitural society, and subsequontly president of the Goorgia State alliance, Which position he still holds, After his election to the presi- dency of the state farmers alliance, he can- vassod tho state of Georgia for two years, addressing the people on the econowic ques- tions affecting industrial classes. His dis- cussions were mainly devoted to the consid- oration of finance and taxation. This cau- vass resulted in his presont soat in the na- tional congress, Colonel Livingston has served sevoral terms, both in the house and senate of the Georgia logislature, and was chairman of the committee on agriculture in the house, and a member of that committee in the sen- ate that the 1,776 dele- Emperor Ni plins of Russ| A writer in Longman’s Magazine gives a graphic description of the Emporor Nicholas of Russia as he appeared some years before the Crimeun war, and of s curious fancy for masiced balls, at which he alone wore no mask. In the ballroom of the palace at St. Poters- burg he was wont to stand motionless, “towering above all,” as if waiting to be attacked. This is quite correct, but only to a certrin extent. At the masquerades at the winter palace, the czar, among all the guests, wore no mask; but he was accustomed to dis- guise himsell very closely indeed when ho attended, as he was vory fond of doing, the bais masquoes at the opera house, where he would mingle in con- versation with the other maskers, espe- cinlly with the ladies, and hear very ofteri rathor curious remarks about him- self. Tips for the Heatoed New York Herald water before drinking it. Don’t over eat. Shut up your house and board. Change your collars every fifteen min- utes, m. Heat your ice d your wife and her mother to the country, Don’t get tight—clothes. 1f the night is close and hot climb up to the roof, but don’t yield to the temp. tation to hung yourself by the clothes- lino If obliged to ride in a street car ride outside. Avoid all excitement. 1f a man tries to talk lmlilh‘s to you knock him down. Avoid over exertion, particularly when the boss isn’t looking, Don’t woar needless clothing simply a3 a matter of looks. You look like a boiled lobster anyhow. Don’t worey over what the poor will do next winter. Supscribe to the free ice fund. e Chiecago Herald: There are some exceed- Jugly interesting and exciting prospects be- foro the country if it should happen that the people’s party should put up popular and ac- coptablo candidates for the presidency and vice presidency. ————— BURLINGTON, 1., April 4, 1301, Dr. J. B. Moore—Dear Sir: Havo bsen trounled with catacen in wy head aud faco for three years —at timos was unuble to near, had a coustant ringing in wy ears and for two yoars was almost deaf. ~ Have tried ev- eral so-called remedies and boou treated by regular physicians and noted specialists ,but failod to get soy relief. I tried ouo bottle of Moore's Treo of Life Catarch Cure. It gave immediate relief and offected & pormanent cure. [ heartily recommend it to all suffor- ers of this diseuse and will cheerfully glve avy further information on being addressed at wy home, No. 223 Sweoney ave.,, Burling- on, I For salo by all druggists, Respeotfulily, R o, mon, it declared, are denied tho rieht of | for self-pro‘ection; imported, | BEE: SUNDAY J1 GREAT l".\}[}..‘iES 0F HISTORY Historic Dovastations by Flood and Doyas in Birops and Asia f COMPARED WITH RUSSIA'S AFFLICTION Feank © Article amine ot rpenter, Profatory to His for The Yoo from the L the Czar, Téfahf the Worl, Starvatlon's of Other Day: By the timo this letter is published T will be 1n tho heart of the famino distriots of Kus- st 1 mail it as [ start for the stoamer which is to take me to Hamburg. From thanco I go direct to St. Petersburs, and by rail, stage and droitzschka will make my way through the country whoro it is said from 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 of poople are starving. The tamine will be at its highest from now on until tho harvest in August, and the crops must bo very larea in order to prevent its ex- tension on into the winter. Within the past week I have speat some time in lookirg up the great famines of tho world, and I find that this Russian famine is one of tho most terrible mankind has ever known. There have been sinco the world began ! mighty faminos, oach of which has killed thousands and most of which have carried oft people by the millions, The scriptures speak of famines in the time of Abraham, and the of tho ‘‘soven years’ famine” which iled when Joseph was secrotary of Pharaoh’s treasury is a matter of bivlical history. Rome had its famines hundreds of years before Christ, and about 300 after Christ whoat was worth 400 pieces of silver a bushel in Autioch, and about 100 years later parents were eating their children in ltaly to kesp themselves from starving, Great Britain has had faminos back to the earliest of her records, and about the time that the Normans came over it is suid that there was such a famine over the northern conntry that many of the iubabitants sold themsolves for slaves, and that the flosh of horscs, dogs, cats and rats h fixed prices in the markets and somo, it is alleged, even ato buman flesh, Twenty thousand people starved in London during tho twelfth century, and in the times of Queen Elizabeth wheat was worth $ a bushel in Loundon. Iroland has had many famines, and overy time the potato crop fails there are numbers of deaths from starvation. Loss then fifty years ago the great potato fumine of 1846 took place, in which more than a quarier ol a million Irishmen came over 1o America. This famine lastod mora than six years and it redveed the popuiation of Irelana 2,500,000, Some Great Lidian and Chin India has always been aland of famines. The people live from hand to mouth, and they do rot fat even when tho crops are good. Tuore are more than 250,000,000 Leo- pio in India and nearly every year there is some partof Hindoostan which is more or less nffected by wint of food. One of the biggest famines 0 India was just six years bofore our declaration of indcpendonce. At that time maro thao 3,000,000 people died for want of food, and the air was so wfected by the smell of tho dead bodies that it brought diseaso as well as death, Whole villages were depopulatéd, and when the new cron came on it had i) many cases na owner. This famine was caused by drouth, Ten years later India had another great famine and when George Wasbington first took nis Famines, seat in the siaential chair peo- ple and eating their children in parts of Ing ana thousands wero dying of famine. This ter- rible famine was caused by an army of black ants which swariged over the country and destroyed the vegetation, and a fow years leter an army sof locusts came along, and heso were followed by a plague of rats which ate up the crops and almost_attacked the peoplo themselves. [n 1566 a million and a-half of people perished from famine in Bengal and about ten years later a famiue in Madras cost the English government some- thing like £50,000,000. It 1s much the same in China. are so many that at the time of o gres or a great drouth they die by millions. It is estimatea that batween 10,000,000 and 20,000,- 000 people were wiped out by tne overilow- ingof the Yellow river some yoars ago, and in 1877 70,000,000 were suffering from famine and an appeal was made to England aud America for assistanco. At this time women and children were offered by their parents for salo on the strects, and the price for a married woman was £ and you could buy a little girl for §. Many parents killed their childron rather than witness their pro- longed suffering, and the scenes of destitu- tion and starvation were terrible. It 15 the same as tho story of Russian famies, which seem to have oceurred at intervals back to the beginring of history, and which promise, 1t Is said, to continue in the future, At Floods und Drouths of the World, One of the great causes of famne in the past has beeu floods, Whether the deluge covered the whole world or only a part of 1t, it certainly killed millions and it remainea upon the éurth 150 duys, England and Ire- land have had many floods which have killed thousands, and the inundations of Hol- land have several times nearly destroyed the entire population. In 1874 the floods of the Mississippi covered 250,000 acres of cotton, 100,000 acres of corn and 500,000 acres of sugar, and the rising of ono river in Franco about this sametime caused a loss of §75,000,- 000. Some of the floods of India have carried off men by Lhe tens of thousanas, and in one inundation in Holland seventy-two towns were destroyed, and 100,000 people porished. Hundreds of famines bave been caused by heat, and drouth has carriod away millions, All ‘of the eastern countries have been affected by drouth, and nearly overy year sees a famine in some part of India. ~lndia has had thirty-four big famines in a centur, but nono of these famiues has covered th whole country, and had the moeans of tran portation been better there would have been no need for loss of life. Such of the soil as is under irvigation always produces a crop, and the Kuglish government is now aomng what it can Lo increase the irrlgated arca, and it has coverad the country with a net work of raitroaus. One of the groat troubles about the famine in Itussia is the defcetivo transport. The railroads, while they run between tho lurge ciues, arc nevertheless cowparatively few, and 1t 1s not possible to got the food quickly to the people. Australia is another country which has been troubled with drouth, and nearly 20,000,000 worth of sheop were lost through lack of water in 1877, in New South Wales, dush aboul tho same year 10,000,000 sheep wers iost in the Australiun colonies and i South Africa, and about this same time there, Wag i period of distrossing drouth in the Utnfdd States, The Russian E(u‘)nhm of today was caused by drouth, ot fivh months these Itussian provinces had notd drop of rain, and this groat heat had begn preceded by terriblo frosty winds in tue spriug. All sorts of grasses were burngd up and withered by the heat, and prairié rats by the tens of thous- acds swept over the country and ato what was left. In addilion to this there were clouds of 1nsects which came oy the millions, consuming ovorything with which they camo in contact. The loyastation oaunot bo con- coived, and it ’wwill bo some yoars betore Russia can recover from it, Tatics Withh Russian Ministers. I doubt whether (the people of the United States have any adequate fdea of the Russin of today. I have’Kuown a number of the ministérs which wo have sent to that coun try and I find that thoir idoas of lRussia and thie czar aro fur different from those of other vecple. I met the other day at Dotroit ex- Minister Lottrop, who reprosontod this country at St Pelorsburs somo vears ago M. Lothrop is one of the most famous law- yors of the northwest, uud he was very pop ularin Russia. He ix a mao of extraord inary ability and great culture, ana during his ‘stay at St Potorsburg his daughter married oue of the most noted of the Russiun barons. Wo have the idea timt the Itussian people &re uppressed by the czar and that they look upon him as o despot and @ tyrant. Suid ex-Minister Lothrop to me: 'he RRussian peoplo are us loyal to thoir ruler as aro any peoploof the world. I'hey revercnce the czar and look up to bim, sud tho masses cousider bim of a bigher order of creation than themselves. The czar has been mueh misrepresented. Ho is a cou- saientious, Goafearing man aud is doing ail be can for bis people, The Lussiau Kovera- meat, bowever, has to col 1l wore than 100,000,000 of souls. It is made up of wmavy L have money the | diverse clements, and it has to have a vast machinery and numerous officials to control these. Tho emperor has to Intrust his work largely to subordinates, and though those are on the averago efficiont and honest there are in Russia, as in the United States, some who may not be. Russiais to a large ex extent governed by the people, and it wil' be surprising to many to know that tho Rus- sians have civil rights to a larger extent than most of the countries of the world. Ao cording to the village systom of Russia, the villagers govorn thomselves. Thoy elect their own officers with tho exception of a few who are appointed by the o “Thoy mako their own laws and they are allowed to do as they nlease, where thay do not come into contact with the czar. They have their own courts and they pass their own sen- tences, now and then even to sending pris- oners to Siveria. The Russians are doing a great deal in_velleving tho distross of the famine, ana Russia is spending millions upon millions of dollars tor this purpose. I don't believe thero is a more courteous, kinder and botter people in the wo:ld than the Rus- sians, and I consider them one of tho great- est natious in the world.” Mintstor Smith on th Russian Hon, Charles Emory Smith, who hns just returned from RRussia, says that tho famine there will last up uutil late in August and without the crops are good 1t will probably extond on into the coming year, *The des- titution of tho people is.” says he, “incon- coivable and u great part of their loss comes from their stock. ‘‘ho famino was so tol rible that the cattle were carried off by it and the peonle have nothing with which to work their fiolds. In some provinces more than half tho horees were killed, and thoso that lived aro haggard and lean. A great number of the cattio were oither killed or starved to death, and inasmuch as_these are lurgely used fordraughtanimals in Russia tho 1oss is incalenlable.”” Minister Smith says that the Russians have given between £05,000.000 uwna £100,000,000 to reliove the famine ond that they aro continuously send- ing food into tho famine districts. Maoy of the richest and noblest ladies of Russia are working among the starving, and thoy have establisnod soup kitchens and tood supply points throughout tho — most severely ufllicted districts. Mr. Smith says that the Russians feel very kindly towurd tho Americans for the aid they tave sent them, and ho thinks tho action has brought tho two countries closer together. A few days ago [ called at the Russian legation in Washington on Hon. Charles do Struve, who has for vears represonted Russin n the United States, and ho told me that Americans could not appreciate how kindly Russia felt toward them for their sympathy and aid in their timo of trouble, und it is said this fecling is current throughout the Russian empire and hat its moral intlucnce will ba very great. A Talk with Clara Barton. Tt is well known that all the gifts of the United States have beon throuvh the ked Cross society, with Miss Clara Barton at its How much these gifts amount to will mine, surprising to the peopie. Already four shiploads have been sent, and these will average about 00,000 each in value. The Towa corn which left on the Tynehead loaded that great ship aown to the water and it will bo of groat us o keeping alive of the cattlo. This included 200 carloads of corn, and it camo from lowa alone. The millers of the nortnwest furnished a shipload of flour and the s of Philadelphia bought 5,000 barrels of Minneapolis fiour and sent 1t off. A great deal of moncy has been con- tributea and much of this has come from little childron. Miss Barton tells me taat she roceived tho other day #53, every cent ot which was contributed by children who had worked for the pennies or wio had denicd themselves some luxury in order to got them for the Russians. Many cnildren through- out the country have been allowed by their parents acent a meal for doing without butter or sugar, and some little ones have been paid by their parents a centa day for doing certain chores, and 1t is from sueh pou- nies that nundreas upon hundreds of dollars bave been gathered tozether and have been sent to the little children of Russia. Tho other day a little girl was brought into the Red Cross society rooms here by her father. Sto had tightly clasped in her hands 30 cents which sha said she wished to give to the huogry little ones in IRRussia. She had saved” this and the ziving of 1t was her own 1dea. Her father told her whilo she was i the room that she need not give the money unless she wished to. He said to her that the Russian children would zieverknow that the money came from bher and ex- plained that it would go into a geueral fund and nu one would know that she had any- thing to do with it. *“But,” said tho little girl, “'the people will have that much more to eat, won't they!’ And when shoe was told yes, she © tho mouoy. Many in- stancos have oceurred here and all over the country and the gifts in some cases amount to thousands of dollars, A few days ago a lady huuded Miss Barton a slip of vaper say" ing she wanted to give this to the Red Cro! society but she did not want her name con- nected with it. It wasacheck for $1,000. How the Red Cross Works, There is no more modest woman in the United States than Miss Clara Barton. She works very quictly, and to talk with heryou would never imagine that she had manaeed some of the largest charitabio efforts in the history of this generation. Sue is of about medium height and weighs, T judge, not over 125 pounds. Shedresses In ‘black and her only jewelry 1s her routd pin of whiteenamel with a red cross in the center at the neck, and below this a great pansy made of an amethyst and presonted to Miss Barton by the grand duchess of Baden. She does not court newspaper notoriety and her mannors in conversation ure as quiel and simplo as those of any mother in the country. She makes you think more of a good mothor than of any one else and her eyes fill with sympathetic tears as she discusses the woes of the famine or the sorrows of suffering hu- manity, Sheisa woman who loves her fel- lowman and who is endowed with a large mount of the practical ability of knowing how to help them. Sho was the first woman nurse during the late war and she did great good in the Frunco-Prussian war among the wounded. Sho believes in doing good on a large scale and she tells me' that the RRea Cross society devotes itself to a study of the condition of the world, and wherever it finds that thero is want, destitution and suffering 1t considers it its duty Lo point out to the rest of the people the fuct. It does not stand be- fore the worla as a beggar butas a great 1u- formation bureau which announces to the people who have means where they may have the privilego of giving to help thewr fellowm It also under- takes to forward such gifts to those who are in want, and it devotes itself to unational ca- lamites rather than to iudividual ones, “[t1s now moro than & yoar, suid Miss Barton, “'since we snw the coming dunger in Russia. We knew that the famine was immi- nent, but before we went to work we called upon the Russian legation and asked as to- tho situation and whethor Russia would ace cent our help. Wo woce told there that the reports had not boen oxaggerated, and we found that 20,000,000 Rlussian peasants wero affected by the fallure of crops and that tho people were lwving on roots and othor refuse and that miliions were on the verge of star- vation. Wo organized our work at oneo and the result is well known. Wo will bo send- ing over money sud food from time w time, though we muy not sond itin shiploads, We are receiving coutributions daily avd we are glad to forward ail that is sent.” FiaANK G. Canrest e n: Do Gurry summor girl As long us you sticks to you ow York like a brother, Morritt—Thit's so; and_ when the se o 15 0o more than i SIster to you son Is Baby's chesl 15 like a poach, Is it Madamo Ruppert's blsach No! but baby's mama’'s cheel Volumes to its praiss doth speal! Call for Muo. 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