Omaha Daily Bee Newspaper, September 9, 1888, Page 7

A e e VTR /) T T 0 LIFE OF THE WESTERN COWBOY Knights of the Lariat in the Past and Present. THE COWBOY IN ALL HIS GLORY, Fifteen Hoursa Day in the Saddle— Origin of the Maverick—Life Along the Trail and at the “Round-Up." A Cow Puncher's Denver News: The growing of horses and cattle in the western and north- western states and territories of com- paratively recent origin, especially in the mentioned. s was the first state to make a business of grazing eattle on the domuin, and great was her success, that sho was im- itated by all the stutes and territories west of the Missouri river as soon as they began sott up and could be supplied with stock. During the civil however, the cattle busi- ness was neglected 1o such extent, that numbers of them w quite wild and we never branded. The word “maverick” was first applied to cattle during this period: it was deri from a man of that name, who unlike his patriotic neighbors, stayed away from the battle ticld and enviched himself at the expense of the rightful owners by branding their young stock us soon as ife. last public 80 to an vivors returned only to the 1 tind t} had left, considerably din death; and as for calvesin the d, theve was none. However, strict attention to business things hog to improve, and so favorable we ssful ding that they were soon in a posi- tion to sell their surplus young stock to the people of the territories mentioned in the commencement of this chap This was the starting of the new toric Texas trail. In the “‘sixties” there were, of cour no railroads in Texas, or,indeed, west of the Missouri, and all cattle sent out of Te had to be driven ance of from 500 to 1,200 miles. salong, wearisome, and often dangerous bitsiness 1 those early day try swarmed with hostile hands of In- dians, who seemed to Jeonsider the cow- boys their Special p at the samne time they had ‘more respeet for them than for'any of the other white men with whom the, in the cause of this being that an always admives pluck f of the most essential qualific “cow punchers™ in those da A herd of et us 00 cattle would be started on its long journey with about ten men, includi k and horse herder, and they o nover being attacked by less Indians, the ‘“reds” wi enough to consider one equal to five bray With United States soldiers, however, it was quite different, as quite asmall band would not hesitate to plunder twice their num- boer of soldiers (if nigger soldiers, five times the umber), not that the white soldiers o deficient in pluck, but that their movements were so slow, through *‘red tapeism,” that a band of Indians could travel atthree times their speed. With cowmen it was quite dif- forent, as they were just as essentially “*plain men” as the “‘reds” themselves, and could break camp and start on their trail in less time than it would take a soldicr to pack his knapsack. lvery man with the *“through” herd was fur- nished with a Winchester repeating rifle, two 45-calibre Colt revolvers and an abundance of amunition. ‘T'he mess ‘wagon, containing the ‘‘chuck,” men's beds (these last generally consisted of three or four pairs “of blankets and o canvass wagon sheet) was driven by the cook. in the hindend of the wagon was fixed a mess box,which looked something like a small clothes press from the outside, with the lid opening at the end and the hinges at, the bottom. ‘o the lid was attached a stick which served asa prop, so that when the lid of the box was let down it served as a table for the cook to work at, just the height of the bottom of the wagon bed. The wagon was usually drawn hf four mules, although horses ond cattle were often used, but mules were the best, as they could stand hard- ship better than the horses, and were, of course, far faster in their movements than oxen. The horse herder would always stay close to the wagon when on the drive, 80 that in the event of the wagon get- ting stuck in a mud hole (a not at all unusual occurrence) or breaking down, he would be able to assist the cook in Betting things straight. In the “ramudu” (horse herd) there were for ten men about sixty to seventy horses, ns each man was allowed from i ht head of hor in hismount. seem to eastern people a y horses for one man, but when you ‘remember that they don't average more than fourteen hands hizh and have to pick up their food on the trail, and that the men ave in the sad- dle on an average of about fifteen hours in the twenty-four, it may not seem so many. At night, if there was no suspicion of Indians being in the vi- cinity, these horses were hobbled and turned loose to graze and it was the horscherder’s business to hunt them up before daylight in the morning, and having taken off the hobbles, drive them to the wagon so that the men could cateh fresh horses for the morning’s drive. When, however, Indians were supposed to be in the neighborhood the borses were herded by the men all night long, cach man taking his turn of from two to three hours. Sometimes, even then, an Indian would slip up un- seen through the grass and stampedoe the horses, in the hope of cutting some n‘ them off and appropriating them for Hisown use. I have known horses that were, as a general thing, quite gentle, to get scared and stampede, and run from twenty to thirty miles without stopping. In case of astampede the best course for the man on herd to do is to try and keep in the lead of the horses, and after going with them a while to endeavor to circle them around camp, instead of letting them run in a straight line clear out of the country. This is the proper course to take with cattle, also, for it is quite useless (especially with cattle) to ride across and try to stop them until they get over their scure. he cattle have to be herded every night when on the trail, as they would, if turned loose, scatter so widely that it would take the greater part of a day, and often much longer, to get them to- gether again. Cattle may be driven right through a country that is full of range cattle (cattle that are kept close 0 W) they be seen by men liv- 4ng hard by), but if the trail cattle were allowed to spread during the night they would become mixed up with the range cattle in the morning, and the only way 10 se) te them would be to round-up ali the cattle in the scetion and then sond experienced men intothe reund-up 10 out the trail cattle out, one by one. stock his was one tions of of han fifty o modest ~puncher” great m This is. of course, a long, tiresome busi- ness: 80, to avoid it the “boys™ hold the herd every night in a close bunch. A description of how the men spend their day when on the trail will be of About an hour before day- ne of the men on *‘night herd" comes into camp and wakes up the cook and horseherd The former com- mences to light his fire and get break- fast, and the horses. By daylight *‘the horses up,” and breakfast is ready. over, two men go outat once 1o relieve the last guard with the cattle, These two then eat their breakf: while the harnessing their mules and loading the i meantime the ng are Breakfast gre ft : for noon, and ttle out in the other long line horses, when wring ( behind A herd on the 1 oug rung out for half a mi ive far b to lenst, Wy when ina scatteved as ¢ best mo s put in the ptl st ht: then two sides and the other three or tail end of the herd to drive well, ought not to ha in the If the vl of * noon camp two men i + the ttle, the i turn about lod up, fresh horse, > the two 0 and ir diuner. cattle are driven about seven miles to the lead to kec more on t} on the Cattle, “drags L inst > with it Then the ight cvening 1ifte a good b up. eft with the catil until after the o when the eattle men left on for first two stand until d then one of them rides up the two who go on T These two stand 12 and then two more staud tili 2 the last two stay on fro until the day herders came to . them after “breakfast. This vound of work is kept up all the s when “outtit or tw here often it is be nd are not relieve have had suppe rounded uj ove time become S wise some of the cattle or have to be hunted most is higl ks to be Asu gene to cross the ting the wag is bank fuil, but get- 1across acreek when it nt ten or fifte r like a mountain to difticult when the s modus operandi with the follows: sh man haviug u 3 best swimming horse, takes in front of him, as much grub as he thinks he can Kkeep dry, snch as o suck of flour, wer Is, and having thus tal pevishable articles tows the emply wagon across ropes from thé opposite bank if .Aream is mot too wide. Bedding treated in the same way When the cattle avrive at their dos- with the tination they are then “turned over™ to the purchaser and branded in his brand betore being “turned loose™ on the Grown e > usually hranded The X in the it r are either rounded up and held close bunch by men on horsse are in a strong corral, and cateh ¢ 1 with his noose by both fore feet very difficultafter some nry led b struggles, and in struggling d noose tighter, and is then thrown down, when two men, who are on foot, ran up 1o it, and one takes the tail and passing it under the hind leg which happens to be uppermost pulls with all his strength, at the same time planting hi firmly in the small of thea . The other holds down the brute’s . Then another man comes up and brands it with a hot iron. In this way ten men can brand from 400 to 500 eattlo aday. Often, however, grown cattle are branded in a “‘chute.” That 15 a narrow lane into which they are crowd- ed. This space is only wide enough to admit one at a time, and they are unable to turn round. Cattle can be branded much faster in this way, but as a general thing the brand not ws neatly put ou as by the other process, us cattle squirm round so much that it is difficult to keep the iron steady. The wiay calves ave branded is quite. differ- ent., containing noth- ing but cows and their culves, is either in a corral or held in a close bunch,and one man rides in, and noticing the brand on & cow (that is, if the hevd is in different brands owned by different men), ropes the calf at her side, gener- ally by the head, and pulling it up to the fire, two men take it. One grasps the rope with one hand, and catching the struggling vietim by the flank on tho side farthest away from him, gives it a flip with his knee and brin it down with a thud on its side then his companion holds down the head. he takes hold of one hind leg, and down, holds the little fellow as s if in a vise. It is then branded and its ears marked, and if a bull is cas- trated. All this is done in less time than it takes to write it, and before it is well up here comes the roper with an- other. Branding is the only real work that cowboys have to porform. although ding from twelve teen hours a day in all kinds of is much harder work, only inadi way. Cowboys are given credit for being much finer horsemen than they really are. Of course every cowman ¢un ride a horse that wont buck, but so can other people: the only difference being that a cowboy is more at home in the saddle, and does not get tired. But cowhoys who can ride buck-jumpers are compur- atively scarce. Even those who have been at it for years. There isa pecul- iar somcthing about a bucking horse, which is very difticult to “‘get the hang of.” Once in a while you meet some “tenderfoot” boy from the east, to whom riding comes natural, and who in a little time becomes a famous *bronco buster.” Anybody who can ride at all can stick toa ho that only prances and cuts up, rearing, ete., but when a horse bows his back up, so that you can’t see anything in front of you but the horns of the saddle, and then com- mences his play, it is far from casy to ride him. Even among cowboys, who hove the rcl\:utnticn of being good rid- ers, those who ride in the *'slick sad- dle” are comparatively scarce. A slick saddle is one without any straps or other things to hold on to. A great many bronco viders use what is called a buck strap. That is a strap attached to the front of the saddle to hold on te. But & more common way bf riding mean horses is to hobble your stirrups to- ether and then, getting your feet well nto them, turn your toes out. When the horse goes to bucking, if you can keep your feet in the stirrups he can't throw you, as the hobble prevents you from being raised more than & few ter goes off to hunt his | L LLIST Of Some of the Firms and Corporations Employing Stenographers and T5pe- Writer Operalors WHO HAVE GRADUATED FRO¥ enographers.) nt, Omaha, Omaha Omaha Ouniahu ticial District, Co- R. H. Mockett & Neb. Land Ofic insurance, Lincoln, B. & M. Land O Lincoln, Neb, Sioux City & Paci 1 County Court, Bird City Stotts, Cox & Hous Packing House, Nebras , th Judicial District, Gr. attorney-u Western Union Tole St do IR1 onal Bin h & u odman Lins N. Hick . I, Grable, real estate, Omiha addlo. not now nearl in the e ood hand would month and boned, whils a would” get from $35 10 % r". w hiud new No The days tor up of the cattle re hio will b country bef Arge pastur ase all over t long. Now, to all young fellows in the cast who are anxious to bacome cowhoy-. they should ke the adviez th s uny other occupation to be L had bettor take it and let * hing” severely alone. aised in castern towns it sounds very nice and romantic when one talks of being out on the frontie horschack, camping out, ete., but wh ouce at it the 1y i dream. e range The quality of the blood depends much upon good or bad di; and assimlation: to make the blool rich in and strength giving constituents, use Dr. J. H. McLean's thening ordial and Blood Purific L will nour- ish the properties of the blood which the elements of vitality drawn. — A Rom A recent Cincinnati spe two brothers, Nick and aloo on Vine mua and no, L Opposite :xt door n watic tale his moments of idleness when he ceased 0 serve his customers with tho foaming lager, Nick was wont to visit and chat with Emma Schunell, 15 at one time an attraction in a asa “fat givl.” She reccived wid when she retived from the eaw dus! eua she was said to have accumulated some money. Nick knew this, and it was probably an attraction in his mind additional to the personal chyrmsof Emma. He made love like atrue son of Italy, and suc- ceeded in winning from the girl a promise to marry hi Louis Perano, Nick's brother had also cast his eyes longingly upon Emma. Hearing of Nick's engigement to her, he proceeded to set it aside, if possible, and substitute himself asthe lucky man. He told his brother was not tire man for h He was aidin thisscheme by qu-l,,ri.-l s mother, who preferred him to Nick. Emma transferred her aflections to Louis. Nick was so informed, and, contrary to the ways of the traditional lover, he did not commit suicide or any other rash act. He simply made up his mind that he would marry one of the family of his evstwhile betrothed. He proposed to Louisa, a younger sister of Emma, and a week ago Saturday, un- beknown to her parents, they went to Columbusand were married. ‘Then Louis and Emma, not to be out- doue, went to Lawrenceburg last Thurs- day and were marvied. hus the Perano and Schnelle fami lies were united, but not in the way or- iginally intended, and both couple- seem to be happy. ———— Horsford's Acid Pho #or the Tired Brain trom over-exertion. Try it. — Richard Berry of Nevada has taken a sol- i g e e couu a lican president. o wouk e VALENTINES SHORTHAND and TYPENRITI SECURE R & d a full supply of Underwood's Standard Writing Machine Ribbons i al i Also Underwood’s Superior Carbon We also carry a large stock of all kinds of » Carbon papers a Shorthund meat New Paxton Building, Omaha, Nebraska. Best Equipped and Only Exclusive Practical Shorthand School West of New Tnder the management of C. C, VALL the Third Judicial District of Nebraska hand teacher and writer of large expe York. PINE, Oflcial Court Stenographer of sisted by Prof. H. B, Boyles, a shorte pee, and other competent instructors, The Largest, Best and Cheapest Shorthand School in The best, | as fits him or' b one sis or reporter, e quality than can be obtaine )ecause it affords such prac the West. stical instructions to the individual pupil from school into a position as shorthand amanuen= sty beeause it gives more instruction and of a better clsowhere for the same money. Unparalelled Success in Placing Graduates in Good Paying Situations. We have in the ne and neighboring citic 3 Our positions in the we nd it is with ¢ and towns. All have stenograp! amancunsis, ete., The Bee to the la been able to TYPE-WRIT Th t vriting students. the locati PLACE TO LEAR L where nothin Al o Seeue Emplnymeni to Help Defray Expenses WhTle in Atendancea The Demand for Short-Hand Largely in Excess of the Supply. isfaction our graduates give, Il i | ~— | hay pyin nen kunowin s cons calling on us of the popu rsons who b sitions, Type-Writing course is ver Th and use of evel wljust the ma \ give instractions on the Hammond thorough. ‘o not only purt is explained to them, Th vine when out of orde Thi o is taught. Writers xceellent raphers NIGHT SCHOOL. features of our Institute is the evening sc cen unable to attend th 1 the full course at the night sessions and ¢ HOW oceupy Students Can Enter at Any Time. tudent is given individual instructions until sufiiciently advanced 1o enter the practical dictation department. other writing machines. » the best in the world.) ghborhood of one hundred graduat are giving enti -students oceupy some of the most responsible and prominent such as court reporters, private se lerable pride that we refer the readeys of re list of firms and corporations with whom ou s employed in Omaha satisfuction, and none taries, raduates have re taught how to is taught in Remington, both for same no other hd i The hest place to learn Short-Hand and Ty po- S SN is ions. college in the day time g good | for Rem=~ Paper, ine vers, including the best paper for manifolding purposes and all kinds of typewriter supplies. con of Cho, ing to twith the sia in the hachor nid the Intest ue of a litste eighte child by Charles 5 5 64 babe had th edzo to eneir littl 1, and vith o s on. dove overboard 4 o the little babs, a ved i 1y bloude pretty rivl nnel dre she wis idly, and S s in time to While be- the waves, duri lustily, she h swallowed ble salt wa which made it a most difficult matter to bring hvr wround all vight when the brave seaman go! her back into safe hands. By the thme Spratt had seized his prec- ious burden theCityof Chester was almost under water,’and turning on his back and holding the little girl on his chest, he swam with his feet to the Oceanic, and was hauled up by a score of willing hands, the owners of which had anx- hed the whole proceeding. an instance of strength that e desire for self- preservation , may be men- tioned thot while Sprat was swimming on his badk, holding the babe on his chest safely out of the water, the little cherub grabbed him with the left hand, her tiny hand finding an elegant hold in a nostril. When the sailor had freed himself of that infantile grip, his nose began swelling to almost twice its nor- mal size from the pressure to which it 1iad boon subjected. The babe was immediately taken in charge by the ladies on board the Oceanie, "They removed the wet cloth- ing and enveloped the tiny form in thick blankets. She was very sick af- terwards, and when seen in the sick ward, improvised on the steamer she was moaning every little while as thmfih somoething was hurting her in- wardly. She opened her large blue eyes when the reporter patted her tiny head, but closed them quickly again on seeing a strange face, Dr. McAlliste r, who wa the room, said he had been unable to prevent absolute ing toss which she couside ding and a e time L] ING'S stems: alsoail Kinds of note b Light, healthiul and comfor o imodations, and as the rooms when not otherwise engaged, olis and shorthand write able SHORT-HAND TEXT BOOKS. wd easily aceessible the | re just ner New Paxton Building, Omaha, Nebrasa. ives and he I'he rescued knew that omewhere in name | i the Chester the s from in tlumboldt county, but both mother and fath with the child on 1 been drowned. »s his intention to to his home until vho weve with v, William rowed him- osition when d, so strong way from the use had to be cal foree to compel his Villiam was arvested as the chill night aiv from through a broken window in we of Louis Blumenthal, s avm, it is suid, i . When Oflicers » court. Inde > to remain tice that lestand ‘unken man i len against ility thut window through - feop in the middle of the 1o, and in his pockets hooks =0 tied that th he ollicers chenp lodging yoen robhed lately by means The door would be ve when the lodger othing, shoes, hats, ets., vould he g The orking the grapline the transom, the thief ws it aeross che hus th are lying 10f robhe was discovercd b 100 smart to wox mough confid ithropy to b used the hooks fc than that of catching , but was held in $1.000 bonds. THE VINTAGE, just been made by eo of the Grape union which of interest, veferring to the low rates at which nes and grapes are selling in the market, the committee recommends us a remedy the suppres- sion of all inferior grapes and to this end advises the ying pes of the Mission and Malvasiz varieties and the turming of ull inferior grades of grapes iato brandy. The committee recominends further means of bettering the indus- try the compilation of reliable annual statistics relating to the production of wines and grapes in the state and the establishment of a wine exchange, where wines may be examined and sold. That portion of the report tonching upon the probable wine yield for 1858 reads as follows* The recent Lot weather prevailing throughout the state has so affected the Frnpe crop that we deem it prudent here to announce a materidl reduction in the estimated output of wine for 1588, It becomes daily evident that, owing to heat, drouth, phylloxera and vinevhur- vers, we shall muke less wine than in 1886, and but little more, if any, than in 1887, We believe that a liberal es- timate would amount to 17,000,000 gal- lons; of this 12,000,000 gallons will be made in the Coast counties, Of the remainder from the interior a large part is annually converted into brandy and sweet wines. Altogether over and who wa lid not hay 1 pl having s pur goniy whe and a» 4,000,000 gallons of wine will be dis- | tilled. leaving in the neighborhood of | 13,000,000 gallons to be offered for sale | during the coming year, We find the | consumption of winé on this coust to be ut 5,500,000 gallons and the exports 500,000 Thus it may be seen that there is no present over-production. We estimate the total amount of 1886 and IS87 wine in makers’ hands at 4,000,- 000 gallons—only about one-third of which is for sale, With these facts in | mind we eaution our winemakers against the fic of sound marketable wines, ing that prices must soon be bet- | A CHIN HIRL'S ROMANCE. Leong Gam See is the name of a pretty Chinese girl who was up in Judge Hoffman’s court the other day to have an order compelling her to return to China remanded. This object was se- cured by the testimony of Consul Bee, d that the woman was not only a prior resident, but also a woman of good character. The story tola by the consul was to the effect that the woman, while formerly living in this city, was the wife of a inaman, from whom, in con- sequence of a quarrel, she ran away. She went to the Chineso Mission and put hervself under the care of Miss Walker,to whom she expressed a wish to rewurn to China. As the exact circumstances of her former life were not known by the managers of the mission, they readily agreed to her request, and pro- cured i passage home for her. [n China, however, she again met her hus who hud also returned, “made up’ w him, and agreed to return with h California. She arrived here,however, among a number of other women of evie dent immoral character, and the whole batch were anded. At the last mo- | ment, howe before the steamer on which her peturn passage had been taken led, Attorney Mowry secured 11 from the Omaha Public Libr Further information will be supplied on application made either by SHORTHAND INSTITUTE, | around the tree until the y of proceedings’in her case. THE REALTY MARKET. In its review of local real estate teansactions for the month of August, McAfee Drothers Real Estate Criterion says that the land exchanges f lwrunl amounted to $1,450, ess than for any month last. In speaking of the condition of the market at present the paper says that the demand for property at present is confined almost entirely to inside business and dence property, the iuclination of buyers being apparently 1 secl for investment rather than speeulative property. Money is in de- mand, but the supply is quite equal to it. The amount loaned during August, $1,236,417, is evidence of this fact. A large proportion of thissum represents loans made for building purposes,which is an indication of confidence on the part of property owners, Flats are very mueh sought after,and rent quick- ly and for good prices. 28 remain firm in all parts of the city, aud ther is noappearance of discouragement in any quarter. We have entire confi- dence in the future and predict an ac- tive market in a short time, WIIERE POLICE FINES GO, The total amount of money received in }mlh:e court 1 for fines, forfeitures, ec., or the month of August was $2008. Of thie amount, $360 was turned over to the Home of Inchriates, $35 to the park fund, #30 to the Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals and the bal- ance, 81583, to the county treasurer, The receipts in police court 2 amounted to #2615, Of this 8390 went to the Home for Inchriates, $45to the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, #5 to the park fund and #2176 to the treasury. - S":\wm;'fl(r/;l:sxmnunmu. i he ning Bureau has »r ceived a seetion J enormous e tree from the summit of the lurr in Alpine county, It is a fine relicof carly tectionis I supplics. from all points of the city by strcot cars. and reading Californin, The thick bark is cut away and inscribed in the wood are the words: “Kit Carson, 1844,” made with a jack- knife. The tree has been dead for many years, but still the wood has grown over the letters, making them than they were originally, —— SINGULARITIES. Piochi, and one eye. The skin of a little colored girl of Macon, Ga., is constantly changing color from darlk brown to pretty pink and back to dark brown again. Wouders never ceasc, Smyraa, De Nev., has a calf with thres 0ffs A peach tree near ., that for three years past has scemed dead as Heetor, this year is loaded with fine fruit. An eyeless chicken was hatched near Crawfordyille, Ga., and bade fair to live and grow, when somebody accidentally stepped on it, and ended a first-class freak. A North Carolina man swears he has & pumpkin that, at four weeks old, weighs 188 pounds, and that, *‘when it gets its growth," he will 'exhibit it at the county fair, A Georgia girl is cutting teeth at the age of nineteen, and they are not wisdom teeth, either,buta pair of front ones which had been missing from birth and which she had just engaged a dentist to supply when nature | stepped in and spoiled his job. A Waterbury, Conn., girl had a cat of which she was extremcly fond, and which showed great affection for her. The girl died and the cat got into the room where the body luy, and us s0on us it saw the face of3its dead mistress fell dead with a groan, ‘The suicide of a cow in Muscatine county, Ia., furnished new and excruciating pointers ntemplating an excursion over the divide. The animal backed up to a tre switched her tail over n limb, then walk rush was wound up, and in this position stood and pulled till starvation ended her sufferings, Where Protection is Needed, Time: She—Senator you area pros He—Undoubtedly miss, )\ why don’t you puta tariff ign beauties who come out here in droves and crowd us out? He—My dear miss, we never put u tariff on goods when the home produet is abune dant and nbove foreign competition, —~ ¢ Had Been There. Clarinda (nestlin, - lover’s side)—Oh, George, your protection so much to-day, A huge mastiff with distended jaws came bounding at me, and to escapé the ferocious animal 1 hastily climbed & tree. I wish you had been there.” had.” For Stablemen »° Stockmen, THE GREATEST REMEDY KNOWN FOR HORSE AND CATTLE DISEASE. — CURES — Spratns, u..:z o Sore Thr mper. ¢ Wiiittow, - el Evil, Fistuln, ¥, Splints, Rings bonds and Snavin in its carly stagese i App!; J necord; whine'air onch botties Sold by Druggi Fhe Charl oses bove; TAPE WORM HREMOVED win i e AT [T TN Wt o s e s e o e i VRON FIELD. ” less distined George (regretfully)—+Yes, I wish 1 ¢ INTITUTE: MUNERATIVE SITUATIONS. writing affords o pleasant employment for women, to whom it is peculiarly well mhmh‘\l. asa of cmployment, at a time whou they justly complain that many of the avenues to independence eujoyed by wen are barred against them.