The Nonpartisan Leader Newspaper, March 8, 1917, Page 13

A $ ,“w” 'vm s. Alberta | DY ré'uJ by fl” B. Eone i The Business of Home-making NLY recently has scientific study been given' to house- hold affairs. Home manage- ment is a business—a profes- sion, a very complex and dif- ficult one to master. To meet changed conditions, a study of the latest econo- mic developments relating to the home is necessary for all true mothers and real helpmeets. The study of economics proves there are two divisions—production and con- sumption. TUntil quite recently the lion’s share of time and study has been given to the first—production. To secure the happiness and prosperity of people was to point the way to obtain wealth. The manner of spending that wealth was considered less important. A conviction has been growing of the equal importance of the other divi- sion—consumption—which covers the use of money after it has been acquir- ed. . This emphasizes the importance of the home in economics which will be realized by those who know how much the upkeep of the home centers around the consumption of wealth. MUCH FORMER HOME INDUSTRY IS IN FACTORIES Formerly the home was practically the. entire economic world.. Today the shop and. factory have taken most of the. productions and developed them inte large industries outside the home. Food preparations are about-the only things left to the homé which may be called creative. . Nearly all the wealth acquired outside is expended on-either the home or its interests. Women thus become the.main directors of these ex- penditures. . Quoting from De\'mes Economic Function of Woman: “There are three methods by which general prosperity may be ‘increased, -namely: a better choice, a better production, a better consumption. In comparing the rela- tive value of the three methods, it will be found there are greater immediate possibilities in the third—a better con- sumption—than in either of the others, and that of the two remaining, the first—a better choice—is more im- portant than the second.” In the light of all these faets. it is surprising that any one can look lightly upon the part given to women in the economic struggle. THE WOMAN PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART Devine further affirms that “it is the present duty of the economist to mag- nify the office of the wealth expender; to accompany her to the very thres- hold of the home that he may point out with untiring vigilence its woeful defects, its emptiness, caused not so much by lack of income as by lack of knowledge of how to spend wisely. There is no higher economic function than that of determining how wealth shall be used. Even if man remains the chief producer and woman remains the chief factor in determining how Dorothy and Vivian Visby, children of Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Visby of Hope, N. D. Mr. Visby is a farmer and a member of the League. _also did that of wealth shall be used, the economic position of woman will not be con- sidered by those who judge with dis- crimination inferior to that of man. Both may in their respective positions contribute directly and powerfully to the advancement of general prosper- ity.” There is much more money earned in nearly all families than is wisely spent. The mistake is often careless spending, not slothfulness in getting— really a misuse rather than lack of income. Money has but a limited pur- chasing power and if it goes to gratify one desire, another must be denied. As the economic importance of the This is a pretty big kitchen and a finely arranged one. Ceres hall is the dormitory for girls and contains the domestic science department and dining room. in practical use for getting the meals for the “dorm’” girls, and it is used in the class work. home is more fully realized, the busi- ness side of home-making is emphasiz- ed. The home has a close and intimate relation to the business world in gen- eral. Only business-like methods can succeed. HOUSEHOLD TASKS NEED NOT BE IRKSOME Housekeeping ranks among the pro- fessions as truly as any other occupa- tion. Could all home-makers—present or prospective—obtain adequate pre- paredness to perform the household duties, much of the present aversion would vanish. Just as soon as one's knowledge of a subject has become scientific, its performance at once be- comes a pleasure. In other words when we can get down to the funda- mental practical things eof everyday life, the household tasks will not be so irksome, but rather varied enough to be interesting. Summing up we may say that a study of home economics means ideal home life for today unhampered by traditions of the past; the utilization of the resources of modern science to improve the home life; the simplicity in material surroundings which will most free the spirit for the more im- portant and permanent interésts of the home and of society. It belongs to Ceres hall at the Agricultural college at Fargo. S5 the kitchen is The large oven at the right and the potato peeler show how the most modern kitchen equipment has been installed. A dough trough is also seen in the picture. All the equipment is run by electricity. For the Boys and Girls—Salutations HE custom of saluting people does not attract much atten- tion nowadays, only’ perhaps when we read how the na- tional salute of 21 guns was fired when the president boarded a war vessel, or how a regiment ‘“presented arms” to the general who stood on the reviewing-stand at a great parade. The custom of firing a salute in honor of various naval dignitaries, .as well as other forms of greeting had an interesting beginning. They all origi- nated in the desire to show the one saluted that the saluting person was unarmed and could do the other no injury. This was important in olden days when many people went armed. When one approached another, it was necessary to assure the latter that no harm was intended and it. was shown in such a. way that the newcomer’s weapons were useless for immediate action. Many of the old customs have fallen into disuse, but some have sur- vived, although much altered in form. The present courteous raising of the . cap or hat had its origin in removing the bastinet or small metal helmet, an act which showed fearlessness by leaving the head of the wearer open to attack, and likewise occupied his right hand, so he was practically help- less. The dropping of the sword-point makes it temporarily useless. The bringing of arms to “present” in salu- tation of superiors is a custom of simi- lar origin. Shaking hands may have dated from times when men were more . suspicious than now, but it i§ a token of good will and faith on both sides. However the real origin of the hand clasp goes far back into the ages be- fore history began. DESIRE FOR SAFETY CAUSE OF CUSTOMS The old custom of entering the pres- ence of royalty uncovered likewise originated in the desire for safety; so retiring backward from the royal presence. In either case the person admitted to the throne using his sword-arm to hold his hel- met, could not easily reach or use his weapons. During the middle ages these precautions were very necessary, when it is considered that a king or any of the higher dignitaries being seated + _or occasion. could not easily defend himself Perhaps this may have been the origin - of the old custom of going down on bended knee before talking to royal ° personages. Sometimes, as a token of supreme trust in those who had done great deeds for ~the sovereign, the privilege was given to them and their descendents of remaining covered in the presence of royalty. The Talbot family in England were thus privileged and a couple of grandees of Spain are entitled to wear their hats in King Alfonso’s presence. . The word “salute” itself has the idea of “safety” in it, coming directly from the Latin “salus,” signifying “health,” then “wefare.” To “salute” is to wish health and safety. The root of the word goes back to the Sanskrit “sar,” which meant to “protect” or ‘“guard.” & WHY ODD NUMBER OF GUNS ARE FIRED Naval salutes are interesting to landsmen as well as to Jack Tars. The artillery salute is one of those cere- monies which used to have some defi- nite meaning and is meant to signify not only an honor:.to the flag, or rep- resentative of a friendly nation,- but also that the vessel has friendly intent. In due time it became the practice to give a special salute for a certain rank The odd number of the guns was selected in order that the salute might open as well as close on the “honor” side of the ship, the ves- sel’s starboard. ‘When the United States first at- tained nafional standing, the existing national salute of 21 guns was adopted _in accordance with the usage of other countries. So in international usage the national salute for every country ig 21 guns; the American national salute used in our own country is one gun for every state. The earliest instance of this domestic salute was when Cap- tain John Paul Jones fired 13 guns, one in honor of each of the 13 origma.] states. The number of guns fired in an ar- tillery salute varies with the rank of the officer or personages saluted. The president’s salute is 21 guns, while admirals of the navy, generals of the army, governors of the states, ambas- sadors from foreign countries and jus- THIRTEEN : tices of the supreme court are saluted by a salvo of 17 guns. Salutes gradu- ally diminish in the number of guns fired until they reach the lowest grade, sevenr guns for a junior commanding officer or our consul at a foreign port. KINGS BURN MORE POWDER IN SALUTES Custom varies in European countries, but all foreign rulers have more powder burned in their honor than is consumed in the presidential salute. The king and queen of England have a salvo of 51 guns.. The number of guns fired in honor of members of the royal family and important military person- ages is fixed by law. Kaiser Wilhelm outranks any other contemporary sovereign, being saluted by 101 guns. This is the standard for emperors and some kings. The birth of an heir to the throne of a state is signalized by 101 guns also. Some of the Oriental modes of salutation & are very peculiar. In central Tibet the custom is for the saluter to stick out ' his tongue, hold his right ear, rub his left hip, and bow deeply, doing them all at once. The Chinese rub noses on bended knee when they meet. Surely there is no danger of the other fel- low being assaulted when such strange customs prevail. Uses of Vinegar To stop hiccups add a teacupful of vinegar to the water when bathing. Diluted vinegar will keep meat fresh in hot close weather. Vinegar rubbed quickly on discolor- ed steelwork makes it clean. Vinegar and bran make an excellent poultice for all aches, pains and bruises. Diluted vinegar applied to furniture before polishing insures a brillant luster. Vinegar will make a new gas mantle last much longer. Soak five minutes, dry and burn off. 3 Melt one part paraffin or parowax to two parts soap and put in two table spoonfuls to every gallon of water to remove blood stains. Of course gar- ments must first be soaked in cold ‘water. ; o= . N 3N