The New York Herald Newspaper, June 5, 1876, Page 3

EUROPE WAR CLOUD, Ominous Gathering of Alarming Ru- mors on the Eastern Question. THE KHEDIVE AND THE NEW SULTAN. Servia Refusing to Acknowledge Mourad Effendi. GORTSCHAKOFF IRRITATED. Austria and England—Kaiser Wilhelm and Bismarck to Confer. BEsukk = THE COUP D'RTAT IN TURKEY. Ex-Minister Boker Upon the Struggle of Cross and Crescent. [ermoraL DEsPATcH TO THE HERALD BY CABLE.) Lonpon, June 4, 1876, ‘The Daily News’ special despatches from Alexan- dria, Berlin, Vienna, Rome and Paris sound more ‘than usually alarming. THR KUEDIVE'S RELATIONS TOWARD THE NEW SULTAN. ‘The Alexandria correspondent says that Murad Effendi, the Sultan of Turkey, is an old enemy of His Highness the Khedive of Egypt. APRAID TO DO PERSONAL HOMAGE. It is not likely, therefore, that, the Khedive will | Fisk bis life by personally presenting himself in Constantinople to do homage to the new ruler of ‘the Ottoman Empire. SERVIA REMAINS RECUSANT. The Berlin despatch says that Servia will not re- cognize the new Sultan. RUSSIA AND ENGLAND, The Vienna papers say that Prince Gortschakoff Is greatly irritated, attributing the occurrence of the Turkish revolution to English interventior. DISRARLI'S SUGGESTIONS. From Vienna comes a report that the British Gov- ernment recently suggested that the warfare which Js being waged against the Turks in Servia and Mon- Wenegro should be treated as a breach of the peace of Europe committed by Russia. AN AUSTRIAN PROJECT OF ALLIANCE, | ! | ‘The Neue Freie Presse, of Vienna, advocates an English-Austrian alliance. THE KAISER AND BISMARCK. Kaiser William, af Germany, accompanied by Prinee Bismarck will arrive at Ems on Thursday. 4 CONSTITUTION FOR TURKEY, Constantinopie, June 4, 1876, ‘The Porte is drawing up a very liberal constitution, fm seven clauses, which will soon be promulgated. AN ENGLISH ADMIRAL INSPECTING THE FORTI- * FICATIONS OF THE DARDANELLES, Loxpox, Jane 5, 187. ‘The Standard’s Vienna correspondent says letters from Constantinople assert that Vice Admuirai Sir James Drummond, commanding the British fleet in the Mediterranean, has undertaken an inspection of the fortifications of the Dardanelles at the request of the Porte. THE TURKISH COUP D’ETAT. 4 CONCISE AyD CLEAR PICTUBE OF THE CON- DITION OF THE ORIENT—THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION—AN UNFLATTERING ACCOUNT OF THE NEW RULERB—THE APPROACHING DOWN- FaLL OF THE CRESCENT—THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT AND NOT THE SULTAN BE- SPONSIBLE. Puitapetputa, Jane 4, 1876, Desiring to obtain some hight on the foggy subject of Curkish politics, 1 called yesterday upon Hon. George H. Boker, tate United Statos Minister to Russia, who bas recently returned to his home in this city, as ove of the few persons on this side of the Atlantic at all tapable of yielding such light. Mr. Boker has bad special opportunities for becom- Ing acquainted with the true inwardness of the Eastern question, as woll from bis residence at St. Petersburg— where, as we all know, the affairs of the “sick man” are regarded with a peculiarly tender interest—as through bis sojourn at the metropolis of the Ottoman Enspire as our Minister to that nation previous to his Appointment to the Russian mission, J met Mr, Boker at his favorite resort, the arsto- cratic Philadelphia Club, of which he was long time president, his natural affability nos at all disturbed by inaulgonee in one of the fumed dinners of tho club Seating himselt beside ine the poet and diplomat began an mieresting aud pleasant conversation coucerning bis observations in the land of the crescent and the recent revolution which cost ADDUL Anz his throne, He was uot surprised at the transfer o¢ the reins of power irom the bands of the Jatter to those of Murad Effendi, A year before he left Cun- Stantinople, about a year since, the probability of an intrigue to bring about such a change was freely talked of and regarded with general fuvor. Abdul Aziz had Tong been extremely unpopular, and was execrated by the people with very little tear of the consequences of their blasphemy of their prophet's successor. “A year and a half ago,” said Mr. Boker, “I mude a trip Vhrough tbe interior, and found this feeling even moro (Intensified and more openly expreased than in Constan- Uinople, The condition of the country was teartul, in- dustries of all kinds prostrated, tho people ground to the very dust by the hoavy taxes, everything ut a stand- still, and everywhore Abdul Aziz was bitterly cursed ‘as the author of all their ills.” THR NEW SULTAN. Mr. Boker did not believe, however, that the situa- tion would be at all improved ander the new Sultan. The fault is in the system of government and not m the man, Murad bad been adopted by the now Turk- Ish party as a sort of figurehead or standard, around which to rally as a defivite point, and personified sen. timent to catch the national feeling. He had never im- pressed him as a man of special ability or strength of eharactur. At this point in the conversation Mr. Boker’s son, who bad been an uttaché of the legation under his father at Constantioopie und St, Petersburg, came in and banded him an illusirated paper containing a pio- ture of the new Sultan, commending jt as a guod like- ‘Bess, iu Which Mr. Boker, Sr., concurred. ‘I havo | seen him frequently,” said be. ‘lt is like bim, sud expresses bis churacter fully, It is anything but a strong face, Weakness und irresolution aro plainly Spparent there and 1 believe his reign will exibit those qualities, He has this advantage over Abdul Aziz, that his education bas been more liberal, He speaks French und understands more of European goveru- ment, poley and social characteristics thau did his predecessor, whose education and bent of mind were strictly Oriental and exclusive,”? THR NRW TURKISH PARTY. A leading mind in the recent revolution was Midhat | Pasha, really the chiet of the new ‘Turitish party of which Murad Effendi was the ostevsible represeutative Midhat Pasha was formerly Grand Vizier, bot at- tempted some reforms in the Sultan’s private afai whieh soon brought hit into disgrace, * ‘The fact 16, there isuo chance ior the Sultan to fect roforms in the government ax at present consti. tated, even if Le possesses the will and ability to at- tempt them. There 1s no possibility of au improved condition until there is # radical change in the system of government und until the Sultan takes an actual | NEW YORK HERALD, MONDAY, JUNE 5, 1876.--TRIPLE SHEET. { part in it, as he does not now. ois really the head of the Mobammedan faith, the descendant ot tbe Pro. | phet, a sort, of grand Mama, who is ulmost deified and 1s altogether too sacred being to descend to the consideration of tho temporal affairs ot the nation he is supposed to govern. The Grand Vizier is tho actual ruler, and governs as the servantof the Suan, The latter has nothing to do with the details of government, and does not even pre side at the meetings of his Ministers, He is thus in utter ignorance of what is going on in bis dominions, and it 18 easy to sce what abuses aro passible, in fact jnevitable, under such a system. GOOD GOVERNMENT 15 AN IMPOSSIBILITY under it, When any serious hitch occurs in the ma- chinery the Sultan simply changes his Grand Vizier. The new official comes into office, denounces the abuses and imcompetency of his predeces- sor, discharges his satellites, surrounds himseit with his own creatures and follows studiously in his dootsteps, Tho whole political, financial and social system of Turkey is corrupt and rotten to the core, and the country virtually bankrupt, nationally und indi- vidually, Industry of all kinds is dead, Turkey is now a purely agricaltural country, her once profitable manufactures having been destroyed by her injudicious treaties with European powers; but it is 1mpossitle for a man to live honestly by agriculture. a8 TO THE sOPTAS, who have played so prominenta part in the revolu- tion, they are simply 4 religious caste—theological students, they might be called, emuracing all classes and supported from the immense revenues of tho mosques, They are in preparation to enter the Mo- hammedan priesthood, and their reputed sanctity gives them large iniluence witn the fanatical populace, Acting with them were numbers of the lower order of priests, whose iniluenco is in propor- tron to their tgnorance and fanatecism. Their Jeador , Sheik-ul-Islam, signifying the head or chief of Mohammedanism, is the spiritual head of the nation under the Sultan, as the Grand Vizier is the temporal head, but like the Jatter ts subject to removal by the Sultay, Backed by the softas, and behind thom by the ministere, however, Sheik-ul-Islam was ubie to first compel the Sultan to radicai concessions and finally to demand his abdication. Such was the condition of public fecling that what with the universal discontent of the populace under their burdens, the desire of the new Turkish party for change of policy, the fanaticism of the soitas and the intrigues of the Ministry, the revolution culmi- mated through a thorough ripening process, Anything for a change, the old ery of the fickle Grecian popu- lace, was uttered by the Sultan’s subjects with a de- cided show of reason, and THE TURNING PoIST was reached when the Sultan refused toassist the coun- try tm its desperate financial strait out of his ummense private resources, wrung as this mone; ny impoverished labor, The means lated this {immense sum of F100, tion of the country was chafouter tat When he desired 4 COPA abi) he would order the Grand “‘xiip 4 "patel with, No excuse was acc¢)) tr (ai! not speedily forthcoming the |r deposed. Consequently his Grey i 5) tomed to keep him in a good hypees iv sek tte of money which they were boul! byw . or bow, from an overburdened 96 5. ‘There is no system in the proce) ~ ers, aud tho budget is a mere shi’! has any confidence, 3 TAR WRERZRGOVINAN |” was an evidonce of the weakness ») | //susutagement of the Sultan’s government, but had no special bearing on the recent event, nor was there anything in tho Salonica outbreak indicative of aught beyond the un- versality of that spirit of fanaticism prevalent in Mohammedan communities, which, however deeply it may appear to slumber, is ever quick to awake into fierce activity when once aroused, BEFORE THE COUP D'ETAT. Constastixorie, May 23, 1876. So many reasons have combined to postpone the so- lution of the Eastern question that even a prince without any royal virtue, like the present Sultan, Ab- dul Azif, has enabled to hold the incoherent fab- Tie of thd Odtomail’ Empiré together Up To the present writing. But there aro now signs that ail the com. ponent parts of it in Europe, at least, aro falling trom his grasp. The Sultan has no money, which ts the groat support of modern sovercigns, and there is no resolute and capable man abouts him whom he can trust, and who is imterested m the muintenance of his dynasty. Moreover, he is a coarse, vulgur-minded old fellow, who has given personal offence to several people whom he would have conciliatod if he had been wise, He turned his back in an extremely insolent manner on the Emperor of Austria, when bis brother sovereign paid him ancighborly visit at Constanti- nople, and he did many impertinent things during is travels in Europe. Among other indiscrotions he went to loggerheads with people who bad been civil to the Khedive, OF WHOM HE 18 JEALOUS; and the Khedive, having bought up half the aropean permanent officials who aro to be purchased, bas raised upahost of enemies against the Sultan. The day dream of that clever and vigorous race of bandits, which was founded by Mchemot Aly, and which is pow seated on the throne of the Pharoahs, is to transfer the seat of their government to Stamboul things than that. The direct descendant of a man who started in Ifeas.a pedier in tobacco aad ended it as master of Egypt, may well be expected to extend his authority from the banks of the Nile to those of the Bosphorus if he bends his mind to the task. It must not be forgotten that THE KHEDIVE HAS ALMOST UNLIMITED COMMAND oF ‘MONEY. whereas tho Sultan bas none. Again, some of the ablest and shrowdest men im Europe would befriend the Khedive and join him in any government specula- tions likely to fill all their pockets, Lot us note well that the dethronement of the Sultan and the transfer of bis dominions to the Khedive would please an in- fivive variety of people, It would delight Turkish Londholders, because the national debt of Turkey might be ily paid if the resources of the Ottoman Empire were administered with even a deceut knowledge of finance, and the Khedive has much more than that, He Is, perbaps, the best fluancicr now living on earth, bt would please the Mohamme- dans ot Asia, who are very numerous; it would please the Powers, because it would practicallysmaintain the statu quo, which allof them desire to maintain; it would render the settlement of tho revolt on the Dan- ube easy, because the Khedive, become Sultan, would give any guarantees for good government required ot him, and he woald bo able to perform his promises of amendment, which the Sultan Is not able to perform. Iv THE SULTAN 18 KILLED in @ popular or tn a religious tumult (« very probable occurrence, by the way) there will be an end of a trou- blesome and ignorant man, who has spent all his reign in tickling bis appetites, If he survives his detbrone- ment a moderate pension should be mace to suffice a sunsualist who bas been for years misapplying the goods of bis ‘people, and who found untotd wealth too little for him, = Merey would give him somethin tice would suggest that he should live on filty cents a day and carn then. THE DYNASTY. There is no solution which will satisfy tho contend- ing wants of the friends and enemies of Turkey bata change of dynasty, and every one who knows the Khedive of Egypt will bo disposed to agree that he is the handiest, if oot the best man to Gil the vacant throne ot Constantinople ull the populatioe of the Levant are sufficiently educated .o form a contedera- tion of free Statos. VORKIGN INTRRESTS. Neither Russia nor Austria want to enter on a policy of annexation toward Turkey, nor do they want a num- ber of quarrelsome independent principaiities like the old petty Dukedoms of Italy and Germany upon their froutiers, each with a separate coinage and hostile custom houses tending to the destruction of all trade up or down the Danube. Russia wants to sell her corn, her hides, ber tallow and her woo!, Austria wants a tree outlet for horses, sheep, swine, wine, tobacco and a handred otber articles of export, A large Turkey suits both Russia and Austrin better than a emall one; | and aa for the vaet political designs attributed to the Cabinets of St. Petersburg and Vienna, those who be- lieve im them must have alimited Knowledge, imdeed, of statecraft and the motives that guide i. Both Austria and Russa, moreover, are too big already and show in- terval symptoms of breaking up. Russi bas Finland, Poland and the shores of the Baitic, beside the Cau- They have done greater { casus, to troubly her, without courting new rows with | rumbustical Turks, ausTRiA is on too uneasy terms with Hungary, Croatia and Bo- hemiato ove the notion of adding a lot of Monteregrins and Herzegovinans to her malcontents. They would pay no taxes save on compulsion, and would be always making a noise in the English newspapers. What Rus- sian or Austrian man would be the better for the vreak Up oraunexation of Turkey to either power? The Czar or the Kaiser? Not they, Who, then, would profit by such events? The answer 1s, nobody; but many good things might be got out of the RLEVATION OF THE KEURDIVE and many moro out of the improvement in Turkish trade and international communication which would result from it, For instance, Count Lambert, one of the most intimate personal fricnds, favorites and cromes of the Russian Cwsur, has an estate whico Would bo quadrupled in value by the permanent pacifi- cation of the Lower Danube, and there is many # chum of the Kaiser ayd feliow countryman of Count Andragsy in exactly the same position, Emperors and their ministers are very like other people—they usually act upon the advice of their friends, and these friends are seldom wanting in a careful consideration jor their own interest, THM DESTRUCTION OF THK OTTOMAN EMPIRE would ruin Tolstoy and Manoukbey, Lambert and Strogonoff, Pawlowski aud Moller, Brodsky and Wo- Touzow with all the great Southern Russian Jandowners, It would bricg nothing but tid- ing of disaster to Esterhazy and the magnates of Hungary. Everything is possiblo, and it is, there- fore, not impossible that Russia aud Austria may be forced by the march of events to take part in the dis- memberment of Kuropean Turkey and the creation of a new Turkish Empire, with Bagdad for its capital, but they will assuredly not doso it they ean avoid it. THE EVENTS AT SALONICA, There is no older story current im the Levant than the cock-and-bull tale about @ Christian virgin who has been cither forcibly made 1 Mohammedan or who has been induced by some gay Mussulinan de- ceiver to forswear her religion. The mouey which able Athenian editors inust have mado out of reprints of this sensational fiction (sometimes iflastrated, some- times plain) would foot up to a sum sufli- cient to make an important reduction im the Turkish national dobt, The facts of such cases, however, when divested of imaginative coloring generally resolve themselves into these:—1. Nino times in ten it turns out that there is vo Christian maid, no forcible conversion, no ama” tory Turk, and the whole business is invented to fill a Spare column in a news sheet when politics are dull 2 Itsometimes happens that a Greek or Armenian woman has been halt beateu to death by her family or Christian friends, and has sought retuge in the bouse of o hvspitable Mussulman, 8 It now and then chances that a Greek or Armenian female of no ehar- acter visits a Turkish gentleman with strictly com- mercial views, and if she docs uot realize tho trade profits which she and her connections have anticipated sho makes a “shindy’’ and declines to go home. LEAMNED MBN, WHO KNOW NOTHING of the Greeks since tho time of Pericles; students of history, who have gleaned their intelligence from the poetry of Lord Byron, wiil not readily admit that the race which they bave been taught to admire 19. now ex- tinct, The ancient Greek, indeed, was a queer fellow, He was what his clinaic mote sim—a gossip, who lived cinelly the sir. 4 aud tound bia en tert’ meus i poisoning Socrates or bdan:shing ainist af the humor suited him. Tne modern Greek bas «the gad about, talkative qualities of che contem- porastes of St, Paul and only differs trom him in respect to thie incident in his biography, viz, that he is nota Greek atall. He will call himself Epaminondas or Sophocies as eoon as look at you, und his wife, though a flerco bigov in religion, will vehomeutly assert ihut ber Christian name is Aphrodite, which ts not a Chris- tian nhme at all; but the actual dwellers in’ Theasaly, Thraco, Epirus, and those on both shores of tho Euxine, aro a mixed breed of Genoese, Venetians and Asiatics, further adulterated with the worthless Northern and Western adventurers wno were among the camp follow- ers of the Crusaders, and remained behind in the Kast when men of meuns and respectability went home, COMMERCIAL INTERESTA, = What happened at Salouica probably orjginated>'n # commercial enterprise. It is not even alleged that the Bulgarian girl of Avzot Hissar was constramed by violence to embrace Islamism, and, if she did so at all, there is no doubt that she acted of her own iree will There are, however, circutmstances which render her conversion more than problematical, and the only alleged proof of it is one which would satisty none of the laws of evidence. It 18 stated that “she wore the | Turkish mantlo and veil.” That is to say she was hidden ina linen cloak and bandage which left no part of her face or figure visible, and which caused hor to resemblo a walking bundle of clothes, or a Turkish woman im the ordinary costume of her country, Now, supposing it possible that she had an eye to business rather than — religion, and that sho was about to treat a question of saie or barter with the Vali or Governor General of Salonica, She certamly could not have visited His Excellency's house in any other dress but that which she had on, It was at her own request, moreover, that threo cavasses or guards of bovor in the personal service of the rnor General, accompanied her to his resi- dence, and {t appears, as jar as inen of the world can understand or sanction such doings, that there was nothing in such an event to call for consular interfer- ence. Perbaps the girl wanted A PLACE FOR FaTHRR OR HER BROTHER. The Bulgariua Christians, like many of their corell- gionists in other countries) are extraordinarily eager alter pub'ic employments, and a Pasha with threo tails has much patronage. Pt 6 she wanted to beg h family off some arrears of taxes. Porbaps—but tuere 1 Bo end to conjecture; and, therefore, the less said about the object of her visit to our new acquaintance, Mehemet Refeet Pusha, the better, LOCAL CHRISTIANITY. Here it must be observed that violent measures were first taken, not by the Turks, but by the local Christ- Avout 150 of them got together, as idle vaga- vill at times, and, having nothing else to to do, began to tear the clothes of the Pasha's visitor off her back. A crowd of Massulmuns then intertered and cuffed their heads, as a crowd of New Yorkers might have done if they saw a woman mishandled by reason of hor Chinese dress. The next step in the affair ouly brings it into the domfin of mternational In Soue foreign consuls busied themselves overmuch in it Now, the capitulations of Turkey with the Christian States give foreign consuls #0 much authority that it often makes them tipsy, There was, not long ogo, a- Consul who bad bis dinner served to the sound of trumpets, and Corsular freaks — have long been oO scandal throughout the Ottoman Eimpire, Yet many foroign nations still go on appointing vamelees Levantines to the great judicial | consulates of the Levant, and youths with the kuow- Jedge and appearance of laquais de place at Ltalian ho- tels are constantly invested with more than pretoc- tor‘al power over considerable popuiution, It 1s to be remarked that Mr. Biunt, the Englisn Consul, wh ose father was consal at Salonica before him, resolutely re- fused to interfere. The French and German consuls «id intertere, and met their deaths in the riot they thus provoked. THE CASH OF RGYET. There is strong reason to belivve that the Knedive bas been Jobbing freely in his own bonds, and that is bad floanciering for the public credit of Egypt, bow- ever proiitable it may have been to bim. The creditors ot Egypt, however, have no reason for alurm. Ferdinand de Lesseps und overy other statesman who senses a competent knowledge of the resources of | Egypt would promptly reassure any one who might consult tuem as to the solvency of the country. I re- sources are inexhaustible, and its debs is comparatively sail, There will always, however, recur perioutcal panies among the dea ers in Egyptian securities as long ua the Kledive holds absolute power cver the revenue. His Higuness is a very sharp customer, Few, indeed, are the bapk mavagers and financiers of Europe who have a keener scent for money or a more vigilant eye Jor figures than this Oriental potentate, Many a talist trom the North ard West bas visited the ban’ the Nile for the purposes of sheep shearing, figura speaking, and he has gone home shorn. The one of the richest men, if not the richest maa, in world, and those who have cujoyed an opportunity jeasuring wits with hin nave added more to their to thew self-esteem when they added Ww as 10 THK PISANCIAL COMMISSION which has been appointed to supermiend the Khedive's cash box; if the stuck exchanges of Europe aro fied with it the Khedive wilt have cause for displeasure. M. Villet, Herr Kramer and Sighor Baravelli are no doubt business me excellent opinion of their ot experience th up the result, | own abilities, The Khedive will pat them alii a bag together, aod 0 shake them up in 1 that the clear, bard heads of the alw:rable business men wil be kuocked together like marvics. Provably three weeks hence, porkibry four, Gey will have got the oars, und ever more be beard q shadows of tne Pyrauids. ng their iil Khedive will gu them, whereat THR OTHER Sbould th Villet and er all they in the cold, or be will feed fat the desires of Baravelli aud biggish sop in his pan to ope of WILL WAX FIERCK, rulers are straugely ingenious. and we may prepare ior harges and counter ctvar; Mew! reports and Par- amentary books without besides Jetiers to tho howsiapers wil about the wrangling and intatakes of the Financial Commision, the members o; whieh will not even be on apeaking terms with each other, It does not signity; Rayytean pay her debt and will doso, The rest i mere mooushioe in water aa tar as ‘he world at large is concerned. ABDUL-AZIZ. The Dethroned Sultan Dies By His Own Hand HE OPENS THE VEINS OF HIS ARM. Turkish Official Announcement of the Tragedy. SKETCH OF HIS LIFE AND REIGN. a CONSTANTINOPLE, June 4, 1876. It is oMcially announced that the ex-Sultan Abdul- Aziz committed suicide this (Sunday) morning by Opening the veins of his arm with a pair of scissors. THE OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT—AN IMPERIAL FUNERAL TO BE GIVEN THE REMAINS. WASHINGTON, June 4, 1876. ‘The Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs has ad- dressed the following telegram to the Turkish Minis- ter at Washington:— SUICIDE WHILE OF UNSOUND MIND. CONSTANTINOPLE, June 4, 1876. A sad event bus just painfully aifected our Qugust Sovereign and his government. Abdul-- Aziz Khan, the late Sultan, who for some time past, unfortunately, gave evident signs of mental derangement, having locked him- self up this morning in his apartments of the Palace of Tcheragan, committed suicide by opening the veins of hisarms with scissors, which he had concealed on his person. AN INQUIRY ORDERED, The Imperial government hastened to cause all the legal inquests (constation) to be made, also a de- tailed medical report, which will be forwarded to you very soon. THE FUNERAL, All the Ministers, the high officers, both civil and military, will be present at the funeral of His Majesty, which will take place with the accustomed pomp and honors due to the deceased, whose body will be laid in the Mausoleum of Sultan Mahmond. SEETCH O¥ THE LIFE AND REIGN OF ABDUL- AZIZ. The deceased Sultan was born in Constantinople on the 19th of February, 1880, He was the second son of the cruel and capricious Mahmond II., the firat sover- eign ot Turkey who weakened the fanatical spirit with which the Mussulmen opposed changes in her laws, hor miltary organization, &c.; and he succcoded his brother, the Sultan Abdul Meujid, om the 25th of Juno, 1861, Abdul-Aziz on ascending the throne imitated the conduct of his prodecessor ut bis acecssion in 1839, He mtroduced some relorms and announced that ho would make many moro which would put Turkey on ap equality with the Christian nations of Europe. Like Abdul Medjid he inherited from bis father, Mahmond, the belief that it would be agood thing to modernize Turkey. Mahmond was forced to form thut opinion by many bitter experiences in his youth; but while he was on the throne warfare with Russia, the Greeks, England aud France, ayd the continual need that he had to waich aod crush the turbulent among his sub- | jects, 1eft him but few opportunities to put bis purpore } into full effect. Yet be did many things which, while they rendered his throne a seat of anxiety, took out of yothe woy of his successors the most formidabie obstruc- tions to the regeneration of the Ottoman Empire. He appointed ambassadors to other countries, he watched tho actions of his officials, taking off their heads when they violated justice, and, most important tact of all, ho overthrew the Janissaries, Thus it will ‘We seen that he laid tho foundation for a great work— for the rebuilding of a governmental structure with the grandest proportions and the most perfect uccesso- ries, Hud strong men followed him, the Ottoman Em- pire would not now be fitly expressed by the contemp- tuous term, “The Sick Man of Europe.” But Abdal Medjid’ followed—a Turk, bred in a harem; yet, with somo famt glimmerings of the facts that were carried by his father's experience; only half lignts, however, finally quenched in sloth and enervat- ing vice, Abdul Medjid gained the throne of his an- Cestors with ditlculty. When his father died in 1839 Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, was in successful re- Lellion, and on the march to Constantinople, the Turkish navy was insurgent, and thero was a great party only waiting the signal to murder Medjid and hail Mehemet Ah as Sultan, At this critical time England audthe German governments interfered, and seated the youthful son of Mahmoud on the throne. He then, moved partly by gratitude, partiy bya faint percep- tion that Mussulmau intolerance must finally give way to a civilization coming from tho West, promulgated a Hatti-Sherit, or vill of rights; gtaranteeing equality before tho law to all his subjects, From time to time he proclaimed other reforms, every one of which was met by the sturdiest opposition of the fanatic Mobammedans, who wero in almost con- tinual insurrection against hint. ABDUL SKDIID WAS TOO WEAK to buifet his” misfortunes with strength, as his father did. On the one side of him wero the goveru- ments of Western Europe guarantecing the autonomy of his government against Russia, Them he felt bound to please with bis administration. But on the other siie were the upreason:ng Mohammedans who fought against every measure by which he bound | his government, and the existence of his country, to | the arms of England aod France. Thus harrassed, ho | took to sensual pleasures for ef {rom care, permitted corrupt politicians to rule his Kingaom, and ended his | life in physical and mental prostration at the age of | thirty-eight years, Abdul Aziz then came forward, | hailed as a savior for Turkey, a healing pbhysictan for “the sick man,"’ He had spent the thirty-one years of his life in retirement, and had cultivated, it was raid, virtues unusual to Turkish sovereigay. He was wise, people caid, and temperate im tho use of pleasures. While his orother lived Abdul Aziz showed no desire to mingle in State afluirs, and seemod content to study and practice agriculture on his model farw, near Scutari, It was well for him, perhaps, that | he was calm and content, else bis head might some morning have falien from ite support. Turkiwa rulers have never loved their heirs greatly. Mustapha tried to kill Mabmoud, but tho latter killed him and his ehil- dren; and even the weak Abdal Medjid could have been prevailed upon to sacrifice Aziz if he bad made himself conspicuous However, the latter was discreet; be | saved his heaa and finally secured the throne. Whon he became Sultan Turkey was very much like a loco- motive that bumps itself to pieces in a gully between | | two tracks, Ho had first to make the choice of a track— | YOK ONX ROUTE LED WACK TO KASTERN DARKNESS, the other forward to Western effulgonce -and then to | got bis locomotive on it He chose the forward roate, got bis battered locomotive on it and started, but soon soured that there were old sleepers in his way that threatened to make his car wheols jump over to the track running backward, ‘The way that Abdul Aziz began his administration | was Very cheering to the European countries that kept Turkey onder them asa useful protégé, As soon as he had warmed his seat he began 0 work of reforming and of protesting. He removed Riga Pasha, the corrapt Minster of Finance; he pavished officials, against mauy of whom charges of peculation wero pending since the Crimena war; he reduced his own salary by $3,000,000 (more than half what it had been), and he declared that he would not indulge in polygamy. At the same time toat he dis- | missed his brother's sersgiio and anmounced that he would still keep only the wife of ts youth he presented to his astonished Ministers a sov, who had been born | in 1857, avd whom he had kept sectuded and reported dead, on account of the rule that the male issue of all | members of the royal family except that of the Sulian and his soos must be killed as soon as boro. This son, Youssout-ed-Din, i# the ove in whose favor Abdul Aziz has lately been reported to have plotted to chango tho custom of succession to the throne, Soon alter bis | | mnan can take. succession the new Sultan issued an imperial ‘‘hatt,”” addressed to the Grand Vizier, in which he expounded | the line of policy be intended to adopt, His firm in- | tention was, he said, to secure order in the udministra- tion and the financial afairs of the Empire, and, at the same time, ty maintain the diseiplive and effectiveness: of both land and sea forces, The bent of his foreign politics would be to strengthen moro and more the amicable relatious existing between the Ottoman Em- pire and her allies, aud to preserve the greatest respect to already existing treatios, | y people,” said be, “who are of different re- ligions and different races shall tnd in me the same jusiiee, the same solicitude and the same determination to secure their happiness.” Such declarations a8 these touched the kindliest chords in the hearts of British journalists, and they were unanimous in predicting that ABDUL Ad WOULD SAVE “THE TORKISH EMVIRE from the decay with which it bas been long threat- ened.”” At the same time somo of them tound a wonderful evidence of the rule of compen- sation in the resuscitation of Turkey while the United States were bemg destroyed. In the London Times a writer, moved by an almost similar comparison of the countries of the East and West, said, with some truth, and in evident condemuation of the war for the | Union, that “it would be curious enough if the Otto- man ard Egyptian courts were to set an example of | financial wisdom at the moment ihe democratic States | of America are throwing economy to the winds and | plunging headlo., into what must ve national debt | unless the consequence bo averted by national dis- honesty.”” In reality the energetic way in which Abdul Aziz went to work gave every reason for the belief that his realm would soon be regenerated. He began the or- ganization of a civil service und the education of young men for it, and at the eud of two years he had established a bureaucracy which was under control and from which nepotism and wire-pulling were almost thoroughly excluded. Extensive road systems were planned under bis direction, and some of them per- | fected; an immense amount of public land was recov- ered by drainage; a nationa: bank was estab'ished, and restrictions were placed upon usurera, With tho intent to fully develop all the internal interests of the Empire Abdul Aziz formed a@ special administration of mines and forests, and invited toreign capitalists to arrange with that body to work those depositories of immense wealth, At the same time he gave his atten- tion to the growth of cotton in Turkey. Years before this matter was discussed by the Turkish government, which then applied to the American government for in- formation upou the subject; but the application resulted in that government losing $40,000 and gaining not the slightest knowledge. Abdul Aziz, knowing this, wanted no new American commis- sioner to explain the subject of cotton cultivation, He sent to England for the gins, and began the cultivation ofthe plant. In every plan, though each was meant for the clevation ot his people, he received strong op- position from some class; yes, 1n some strange way be sustained hitaseif under all the fanatic condemnation, Perhaps for a time he was nerved by a fragment of old Mabmoud’s obstinacy, At all events he persevered in the attempt to rejuvenate and regenerate his empire by introducing European civilization into it, In order to study that civilization he made a Journey to England, France und Austria, although the orthodox Mussulunan pronounced loudly against the trip; and when he returned home he still further in. curred the opposition of those fanatics by decrecing new rejorms. He allowed foreigners to hold real estate in bis realm; he established a high school alter the French model, and he enriched Constantinople by YOUNDING SEVERAL SCLENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, He now begun to woary of buffettng opposition, which had been made flercer by his latest reforms; but, before lapsing into complete apathy, he tried, in 1869, to amend tha judicial system of the Empire, and ordered the Supreme Court to draw upacivil code. At about the saine timo his troubles | with the Khedive of Egypt were settled by the sub- mission of the jatter to bis will, and immediately Abdul Aziz gave himself to @ course of sensual pleasures only exceeded by the debauchery of his predecessor, Henve- forth he passed his time in eating or drinking to ex- cess or in the society of his women, for he had put away his fortaer belief in monogamy, Ho has at various times different amusements for his drunken moments; vat for some months he bas taken delight, alter his | dinner, in watching his officers play tric-trac. At such Uns is will made the gatherings very democratic, and as he moved about he was particularly pleased at obscene abuse heaped by the tric-trac players upon one another, The following account has been lately given of WIS ANERVATING DAILY LIPs:— In the morning his Altesse rises ot daybreak, his attendants wash and dress him and then spread his carpet ior him, and then all begin to say his prayers for him while he smokes, Kach one has a particular | part of the Koran assigned, and so His Majesty's prayers are gotten over with an hour sooner than if be pra; it all himself, Then his bri jas tis served, which is ail prepared under the eye of Valide Sultana and tasted by a great fut negro kept for that purpose, The Sultan, ia eatng, rolls up his sleeves to the elbow, wud altogether disdains the use of a knife, fork or spoon, cating with the natural provision for that | purpose. Strange as it may seem, he places th in bis mouth, He always eats a whole loaf of bread at cach meal, tearmg it off the loaf in large mouthfuls, which be crams in, by no tncans clegautly. Stewed chicken with rice 18 @ favorite dish, and is caten in the same manner, and each meal is washed | dowa by copious drauguts of mastic and champagn which, not being wine nor alcohol (7), the good Muss Dinner is marked by the same si plicity as to dishes, but is made upin quantity. There are two lanches between breaktast and dinner. In the forenoon, between the lunchespbe sees tho Grand Vizier if bo chooses, or saunters in to look at bis harem. Another account says:— ‘The care of his scores of palaces, pavilions, kiosks and pieasaunces op either side of the Strait constitutes one of the mam occupations of his vacant existence, ‘To hoard money, to pile up brick oF stone and mortar, and to gauze trom his window at his iro: # riding at anchor are the only breaks on the indolence and indul- geuce ef his harem seclusion, A born in the purple, bot, perbaps, destitute of such instincts and faculties as night have raised him to high destinies, Sultan Abdal Aziz has sunk into mere pampered | and cloyed voluptuary. United for any work by his effeminate bringing up, obese and flabby, incapable of sustained exertion, mental or physical, corrupted by | his own overweening cousciousness of unbounded au- ity, and by the base adulation and avoration of those Who exaggerate his conceit of a power wlich they exercise in his name, but for thelr own beneiit, i Fadishab, this “Refuge of the World,’’ this ‘Shadow of God” keeps aloof from cares and duties, | withdraws within himself, limiting his imercourse to a bevy of female slaves and » herd of enachs, or court chamberlaus with euuuchs’ rts, with such effects on his temper as may be expected ‘trom a contrast be- tween the obsequiousness thi urroupds him in bis fool's paradise and tho snubs and bullets which await him whenever he ventures inte collision with the stabbornness of the outor world, It is only in bis harem, as he must feel in spite of himself, that his reign ts absolute, Outside its walls there ure revellious Gisours and meddting Christian potentates, and weak. minded Ministers grudging the supplies. Bot within thoxe walls his stronghold ix impregnable, aud there he abides, invisible, Inaccessible to reuson or romon- strance, unammabie Ww advice trom Vizier or Ambassu- dor, No trath, itis felt, can make its way to the Sultan; no good would come of it if it could. “ For any measure of reform or improvement by which bis tot- tering Empire might be stayed im its tail the Sultan has to be surprised, hoodwinked of bribed into giving is consent, nor is there ever any certainty that what has been obtained by the Minister's stratagem may not at any moment be revoked by the Sovereign’s caprice, POLITICAL TROURLES OF ANDUL-AzIz. Theso were incessant, but were maiuly confined to his own dominion, Though several times pat m Jeopardy of war by Russia Turkey was never involved in conflict with a foreign Power during the administra- tion of Abdul-Aziz, When bo ascended the throne the | people of Montenegro were carrying on « rebellion which he did pot suppress until ~— 1862, Ju 1866 the Cretans again rove in msurrection which was finally ended in 1869 by Abdul. Aziz, at tho intercession of the Kuropean goveroment, making concessions to the insurgents. The Grecks having sympathized with the Cretans, their goverument and that of Abdul-Aziz became tn- volved and a Conference of tho great Powers, meeting in Paris January 9, 1869, had to settle the trouble. ‘The last great political occurrence in which Abdul- Aziz was concerned was the making of the treaty in 1871, by which Russia procured the right to place armed vessels iu the Black Sea, Toe events that have had the most interest for the ordinary political observer bave, however, been those in which Abdal-Agiz and the present Khedive of Egypt have been concerned together, The former sovereign trom the moment that he became Sultan seems to have been determining woul very recently to change the succession w that office, #9 that bis own son, Youssouf ed-Din, could a succession to the viceroyalty of Egypt to be made from father to son, Istuail Pacha accompanied this request with a Voluntary increase of his tribute to the Porte, and at the same time he furnished the Turkish army ip Crete with 0,000 men. Perhaps this profusion on bia part is evidence that Ismail Pacha was not in collusion with Abdul Aziz, thet he did not know bow his request suited the purpose of the Sultan, Anyhow, although the request ran counter to Mohammedan law, the Sultan granted it very readily. In the tollowmg year, 1867, the Sultan inace new concessions to Ismail, and conferred ow him TUE TITLE OF KURDIVK OF KGYRT. But soon the latter revealed that be wished to be inde- pendent of the Sultan, and a war between Turkey and her vassal was only prevented by the intericrence of the European Powers. The Khedive was humbled by the Great Powers, but still appeared defiant toward the Sultan, Finally in December, 1869, he putaside his defiant attitude, having learned during the Sucz Canal opening that he could hope for no aid from European nations, and declared his submission to the Porte, Once after that the harmony of the Sultan and his powerful vassal was again broken. Just before the Franco-German war the Khedive threw a loan upon the market, and the Sultan, announcing that the loan had not the sanction of his government, cus his crodit, The war in Western Europe, it is more than likely, then prevented a summary conflict in the East, For some time past the pohey of Abdul Aziz toward the great Powers in relation to the insarrection in Herzegovina and Bosuia had become very unpopular with the fanatical Turks, and the demonstrations of the soitas and the massacre at Salonica were only striking iustences of arevival of the old Ottoman fanaticism which prevailed throughout the Empire. His deposition by the Cabinet aud the Scneik-ul-Islam, backed up by the iaduence of the softas with the populace, ia fres® ja the memory of all, RECENT BCOKS OF ‘TRAVEL.* {From the Pall Mal! Gazette, May 3.] A writer who has a strong sense of the responaibility that attends on the task of introducing new volumes te the notice of the public is likely to feel some perplexity in reviewing works such as these narratives, the one of Arctic enterprise, the other of wanderings round the world, Not that there can be hesitation as to saying what is true, But truth has many aspeets, while both time and space are restricted within narrow limits fon the public writer, Ho 18 thus driven to select ono a» pect oat of many; and, in so doing, 18 in some danger of doing injustice either to the author or to the reader, Regarded in the primary light of booka of travel, there is not much to be said as to either of tue works before us They contain little or nothing which cun be set down as original discovery, Neither is there any attempt at thas which 14 a8 important as original discovery, namely, scientific co-ordination of Whatis already known. Thus, any eifort to analyze or abstract either of these vol- umes, and to present the reader with a précis of their . contents, would be unsatisfactory, Such an abstract would no more give an idea of the books that the lew drops of water that result trom the condensation of the aqueous vapor of which It consisted would give of the rolling masses and sunlit glories of a moving cloud. But 1t does not follow that works of the kind have not ‘a purpose, a public, and a otility of their own, ‘They are, itis trae, ightenougu reading; but they ure light reading of agoou kind, ‘They tend to interest the mind in the Wonders and the beauties of nature, They not only, as far as they are read, exclude trasby and mis- chivvous works that aim oniy at arausement, but they have a jurther goo eflvct in elevating the taste and in leading the reader to continue the lines of inquiry they have suggested, Ho 18 taught to view nature with more inteiigent eyes, and to seek tor turther iniorma- tion as Lo those regions of the carth of which he has been presented with a series of divramie pictures. Mr, MacGahan may be called the representauye of literature among the crow of tha Pandora, This ves- scl—u bark of 435 tons register—drawing twelve feet of water, and titted with engines of 80 horse- power, commanded by Captuin Allen Young, Was ‘titted out iast year, and suiled for the Arctic regions a mouth laer than the expedition under the command of Captain Nares, ‘The ghject of the cruise of the Pandora was to make the Northwest Passago; to pass around the north coastef America, andcome out through Behring Sirait intothe Pacitia Ocean—a task Which the litle versel appears to have been within a few ours of accomplisuing, . To take the vessel from Southampton to San Fruneiseo in a single suwmer by way of Benring Strait was the pri- mary aim of the expedition. Failing this, it was thoir to reach King William's Isiwnd, and Ubere to tnd relics of Sir John Franklin; and even if this should not be aitained, there remained the bope of procuring some news of the Alert and the Discovery, and learning whether they got safe through the dai gers of the dreaded Meiviile Buy. But Mr, MaeG: tells us in his preface that there are so many al such excellent narratives of Arctic voyuges—the detailed accouuts of Parry, Ross, Franklin, Back, Col- lpson, MeCiure, McClintock, Osborne, Kane, Hall uud Hayes—aud that so-tuteresting is tho summary of their ‘voyages given by Mr, Clements Marl in his “Phreshe old of the Unknown Region’? that all that he has bim- self attempted is to give a lew pictures of the pleasant side of Arctic hfe, Bright, pleasant pictures be has given; aud the’ wore simply his story is tier, The somewhat histrionie commence- told the ment is followed by a moro natural and therefore moro readable chromele. Te moi A in which the bleak and landscape oppresses’ the he dungers of fog aud by the phenomenon of the magnetic need 1g With its north pole toward the Equator if tixed so a8 to move only horizon« tally, and standing within ball a degree of the perpen- dicular if allowed Lo dip—ali these lessvas of Arctic ex- ence will be read with interest and with pleasure ia nder the Northern Lights.” The account of the siedge journeys ot Ci ja Allen Young, whe was navigating ollicer of the Fox under Captain McClintock, is now, Mr, MacGahan says, for the first time given to the woud. — In the autumn of 1860 ihe Fox went inio winter quarters on the east of Bellot’s Straits, and three parties were organized to search in different directions for traces of Sir Joba Franklin and his command. English readers are faumil- jar with the incidents of two of these journeys, that of Capwin McChatock and that of Lieutenant Hobson. The duty of the third party, commanded by Capt Allen Young, was to cross Peel Strait to Prince of Wales’ Laud, and yo northward, if possible, to Vic- toria Land, 48 tar as Colinson’s winter quarters. Io the event of finding a channel, Captain Young was ta proceed to the northwest and connect bis discoveries with thoso of Captain Sherard Osborn, Aecom~ panied only by the ship's cook, two Esquimaux, and au tow dogs, Young reached Fury Beach, alter a severo struggle With the northwest gales, The stores which he expectod to nd at this spot were so deeply burt iu the snow that it wasonly by the appearanco of the top of the flagstaff peering through the arift (which was fired at by one of the Esquimaux under the idea that it Was an upimal) that he was guided where to seek for the needed suppies. On the revurn Captain Young became snowblind, and was left fortwo days alone im his sleeping bag in the snow, In the course of this memorable Journey Young walked 800 miles, under- went extreme hardships, discovered the broad channel since named MeClintock's Channel, proved the Prince ot Wales’ Land to be an nd, and explored and laid down 400 miles of new coust line. *"Under tho N. n Lights.” By J. A. MecGaham, Il lustrated. (Lor Sampson Low & 1576.) MUSICAL AND DRAMATIC NOTES, ‘The epidemic of juvenile musical phonomena hag broken out badly in Rome, Mr. John Hatumond’s cornet solos at Central Parke Gurdon ure very much aémired. Dr. Hans Von Bilow, who left for Europe on Satur day last, will likely make a short stay in London, ‘The London Aliencum says that Signor Rossi's Mace beth is a broader as well as a more claborate perform ance thao his Lear, Mr. P. 8. Gilmore is preparing a bill of unusual mage nitude for his opening concert at bis garden (the Hips podrome) on Saturday night next. Something that English concert-goers should be accustomed to by this time:—“"Mr, Sime Reeves, who was announced to appear, was unabio to sing.” Some of the London papers report that uffenbach’s first concert at Philadelphia was u great success, 40,008 francs being realized from it, This 1s news with avem geance to Offenbach and his manager. Mr. IL J. Montague, tha well known actor, takes @ beneiit at the Union Square Theatre this afternooa, ap- pearing mm “Queen Mab’’ and as Colonel Perey Kirke in “The Shoep in Woli’s Clothing.” Mr. Montague te a great favorite with the New York public and he will doubtless bave an overflowing house and an overfiow- ing treasury. Sodorita Esmeralda Cervantes, harpist to the royal and imperial Courts of Spain, Portugal and Brazil, will make ber dévut at Chickering Hall, on Tuesday evening, the 6th inst., ata grand vocul and instramental ooa- cer, Miss Adelina Philhps, Signor Ferranti, Seior R. Vilanova, Mr. E. Oudin, Mr. N. W. Gould and Signor Moderati have volunteered to assiat, On Friday night next “Consol be with. drawn trom the boards of the ‘Theatre. This withdrawal is long since made. The company will proceed to Chicago, where Miss Claxton will appoar us Constance, her omge follow him instead of his nephew, Murad Effendi. Seotiment ong the Turks was very strong against uch @ ebrage; and if it were announced suddenly Ma.c4d might get ap a very troublesome imsurrecthon. A precedeut, even though it occurred in another coun- try, would help to prepare the people of tho Empire 80 Abdal Aziz haticd with joy mado in 1806 for th8 line of inal part. Miss Claxton has made a more complete success in this part than io any previogsone The character seems to suit ber admirably, and she will no doubt score another triumph in Chicago, The right of playing “Conscience” has veon purchased by Mise Claxton, and she will star round the country with @ new company alter tho conclusivn of her Chicagoem gagemont