The New York Herald Newspaper, October 23, 1875, Page 4

TNSURGENT BOSNIA. Traces of the Fierce Partisan War- fare Waged by the Rebels. THE BURNED BLOCKHOUSES. Savage Cruelties of the Bos- nian Mussulmans. ‘A JOURNEY ON THE SAVE. Graviska (Bernie), Oct, 4, 1875, Here ome may fairly fancy himself outside the limits of Europe, instead of only at its extreme western hmit, ‘The broad stream here laves a bank which is lined with low cottages, embowered in luxuriant foliage, and trom which peep the glittering shaits of minarets. To the Fight as we face the town from the river is a fortress, whose defences are trivial, and would be of no service imaserious attack. Under a knot of trees, at a jittle distance from the banks, which here are high and studded with groves, lic lazily a uumber of coal Diack bashi-bazouks, as tranquil as ifthe insurgents were not at any moment likely to pounce down upon them. At equal distances along the shore we can see | the pagoda-shaped guardhouses, mounted on their high wooden legs, which guarantee them against the occasionally inundating waters. Here and there under the trees Turks of almost every rank fm life are squatted cross legged, carefully nursing their long stemmed pipes and dozing away the morn- ing in luxurious and, to them, delicious indolence. These people look picturesque trom a distance; but, epproaching them closely, one perceives a lack of cleanliness which surprises the person who has been Initiated into the mysteries of the bath kuown as Turkish. One venerable citizen of Berbir was detected by the deponent in the act of chasing the play- ful flea amid the shaggy labyrinths of his sunburnt Dreast. A people tha: can sit cross-leggod, smoking, for hours, on a frontier facing such a busy and thriving district as that in Austria, on the other side, can never be expected to have energy enough to wash itself, much Jess to make its streets clean and put its river banka in decent shape. A SAVE STEAMER. I camo hither from Belgrade on @ little steamer which now and then, in these days of low water and Broubles and politics, ventures to mount the Save, touching here and there on the Bosnian and Austrian banks. The Save, which adds so much to the beauty of the fertile plain spread out at the foot of the hills on which Belgrade is built, is a broad and noble stream, amply adorned with rich forests, prosperous villages, ‘and even one or two cities, upon its banks, between ‘Belgrade and Sessak. It {s really the only route of con- Sequence into Sclavonia to-day, and the commerce ‘yearly carried on along its banks is very large. No- where in Europe can one see a mure cosmopolitan or varied crowd than on the deck of a Save steamer, At the present time the collection is very remarkable; there are insurgents, some for the front, with their revolvers girded on their thighs and their girdles filled with knives; there are smart Sclavonic ‘families returning from Paris or Vienna to their homes tm some remote town; there are the coarse and awkward Slavonic workmen, in their coarsely em- Droidered white flannel jackets, their square hats and their enormously wide nether garments of sinew. There are dozens of stalwart Servians, cach one of whom, what with his weapons, his ferce mustache, his glittering eyes, and his quick ways, might at first, with @ome reason, be taken for a bandit or a bravo, but each of whom is really as gentle as a kitten, and will enter into conversation, even through the medium of an interpreter, as cheerfully and unreservedly as if you ‘were an ‘action’? member of the Skuptschina’ Thero are immensely tall monks, with hair as long as that of ‘women, and with symmetrical beards shading their half feminine half male faces. These monks wear black chimneypot hats, rounded at the tops, without Dbrims; long robes, trimmed with fur, and something ‘Very like calico petticoats beneath their robes. Despite their peaceful mien, they are possibly agents of Pope Larcho, and would themselves aid in capturing a vil- tage or pinioning a dog of a Turk with the Breatest gusto. Thére are pretty Servian maidens, with ducats and gold chains wound in the voluminous braids of their hair; they seem almost like English maidens, with their shy ways and soft-voiced “Jest,” pronounced like our English “Yes,” which they proudly respond when asked if they sympathize with the insurgents. There are young Jew boys from Roustchouk and Varna; boys with red faces and black eyes and eagie-beaked noses; boys clad in gaudy jack- ets and biack silk trousers of mighty circumference, and wearing the gayly tasselled fez upon their curls, There are stiff Austrian officers, with their miraculous mustaches, their clanking sabres and their loud and imperious voices. There are Turks of every type— good, bad, indifferent, the latter predominating—and Bosnian refugees, until one is amazed that the boat can hold #0 many people. During my journey hither I was perpetually wondering why the whole motley crew did not fly at each other's throats. But it was a good deaiJike Barnum’s Happy Family, and the Turks rolled Wheir cigarettes tranquilly as they squatted in front of ‘the vory benches occupied by the delegation of insur- gents for the Herzegovina, or half a dozen Bervians who would have been very glad of a hance to sealpthem. The insurgents themselves made Very little, perhaps too little, secret of their destination, ‘end were loud in their denunciation of Turkish cruelty whenever they thought the Turks would hear. But there was no violence, Thore were weapons enough on board to have armed twice the number of passengers carried on the boat, yet thero was not even a quarrel. The emphasis of the Sclavic gestures mado one faney from time to time that there would be trouble, put it never came. The Mohammedan went quietly to his prayers ‘within half a foot of where the busy Sclavic brain was planning the downfall of Turkish power m Europe; | the “‘rayah”’ sat noar his tyrant; the peasant munched his bread and drank his coarse soup in close proximity to the dainty dinner of grape and cheese made by the Turkish prince, and the Austrian flag covered all with Mts friendly protection. 4 TURKISH JUDGE. On the boat was a Turkish Judge, appointed by the central government to take his seat on the bench at Bana Luka, s Bosnian town of importance not far from this place. Bana Luka is what is known as the centre of @ sandjak, and a sandjak isan arbitrary administra- tive division. For instance, the vildiet of Bosnia with {ts little appendage Herzegovina, a divided by the Turks into seven sandjaks—that of Sara jeovo—a fine town of 60,000 inhabitants—of Trovnik, Bihatch, Bana Luka, Lvornik, Novi-Bazur aud Herze- gevina (Mostar), It was to take an important judiciary post in the Bana Luka sandjak that this venerable Mohammedan was journeying, and I was curious to dis- cover his views on recent its in Turkey-in-Europe. Bus I was at lous how to approach him, especially as he Yeomed wrapped in impenetrable reserve and evidently Spone no language except his own, until I suadenly re- membered that before leaving Belgrade I had made the acquaintance of Alexatz Stajatavits, a friendly Servian, who joined to many other accomplishments those Of ‘Speaking Turkish, Fronch and German oxceedingly well, Friend Alexats entered into my plans with zeal as well a with considerable humor, and presently engaged the old Judge ine lively conversation, in which, by means Of imterpretation, I could join. ‘The venerable lawgiver was clad in a green robe, lined with furs, which covered a parti-colored jacket, whose pockets were stuffed with packages of Turkish tobacco. His nether limbs were en- eased in leather-colored trousers, voluminous ag On his fect he wore two pairs of shoos, one fitting so loosely over the other that it could bo slippod lightly of when he stepped upon his mat to turn his (ace to heaven and pray. His head was wrapped in a red fez, sround which was wound ao immaculate white turban, whieh gave him @ grave and diguided air. In bis Fight hand he carried incessantly « long pipe, with an | amber mouthpiece, and drew wisdom from the stem in | Soporitic whiff, which sometimes cnveloped his whoio | person inacloud. His face war lean, yellow, pitty, filled with wrinkles, and bis eyes bad an eucasy sud Wandering glance, which was repulsive until ne conde. NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 23, 1875.—TRIPLE SHEET. seended to smile, when the features beeame more agreeable, Alexatz having asked the Turk if he were bound to Bosnia, he looked at him for a moment and then an- swered, “Bana Luka” Upon this he was turning away when Alexatz inquired of him if he were familiar with things im the interior of the vildiet, He answered that he had never been there before; that he knew absolutely nothing about events or persons, savo that he hed heard of some disaffection. Upon this Alexatz, im quality of good Servian, entered o & glowing description of the cruelties which the Bosnians described themselves as having en- dured, The Judge listened without moving a muscle of his face until Alexatz had finished, when he lifted up his arms, saying, “Itis not true. All these are stories invented by people who are desirous of overthrowing the government.” Then he dropped his arms list- lessly again and relapsed into a kind of reverie. Find- ing that he knew so little and was so hard headed we were about to retire, when, rounding a point in the stream, we came under a cliff on which stood a group of Bosnian soldiery gazing intently at our boat, the noise of whose approach had alarmed them. This seemed to bring him out of his reverie, and he talked fora few minutes about the fertility of the country, when in- stantly a change came over him; he left us without a word; solemnly took a mat which his domestic handed him, and turning his back to us and his face to the east, and stripping off his shoes, began to pray. He was perhaps twenty minutes at his devotions, repeat- edly kneeling and bowing his bead to the deck and re- maining prostrate (for a long time. At last he rose calmly, resumed his shoes and returned to the conversation. He was asked if he did not think it a dangerous policy to send into the midst of a people judges who do not know their language, and who are compelled to depend upon an interpreter for the justice of their decisions. His answer was that God guided the heart ota pious judge and would not allow him to go astray. Ofcourse it seemed hardly worth while to contradict this, but Alexatz next asked the venerable Turk if he had heard of the manner in which the judges at Bana Luka innocently tortured a foreign business man, whom they had arrested there for al- leged complicity in the insurrection. The Judge re- plying, with a faint smile, as if to express his utter in- credulity, in the negative, Alexatz informed him that the man was tortured with an iron band which was placed about his head, and was nearly murdered before his tormentors could be persuaded that he was really innocent. The Judge blew a thick cloud of smoke and observed that one should receive such statements with the disdain which they merited; and added that even had the judges consented to the torture, it must have ‘been done for some good reason. Thereafter we fell to talking on popular government, which the Turk con- sidered an absolute fallacy. No nation could prosper unless the power were in the hands of one man, he said. For the people he appeared to entertain a profound con- tempt, perhaps justified by the experience he had had with the lower classes of his own countrymen, A TURK’S DEVOTIONS. ‘Without intending the least disrespect it was almost impossible to refrain from laughing at the numerous adventures which the venerable Mussulman encoun- tered in the course of his prayers. He went regularly to his mat five times per day, but was often disturbed by the sailors, who wore hauling ropes, and who, on one occasion, hopelessly entangled him, while he, with his forehead on the ground, was lost in the wilderness of Mohammedar prayer. It so happened, too, that his hours of prayer were the same as those of the captain and mate for meals, and the latter were generally en- gaged in popping corks and in eating the forbidden flesh of the swine just at the time the Judge raised his hands to heaven. After a fow vain efforts to find a quiet place on deck in which to pray a happy thought struck the Turk. Thereafter he spread his mat upon the cabin hatchway, and thus escaped intrusion. The last time I ‘saw him at prayer his pic. turesquely sober figure, mounted on the hatchway, stood out im strong relief against the moonlit sky, and the dark forms} of a group of insurgents who wore scornfully watching him at his devotions lent piquancy to the scene. We passed Schabatz, a pretty town in Servia, after a variety of adventures on the sand banks, which at this season of the year show their ugly backs in the Save channel, and one bright morning we came to Brska (pronounce Bur-r-rska), in Bosnia Here for the first time we found regular Turkish troops in goodly number, and a large force of the Bosman Mussulmans, each armed with a rifle, and with three or four knives and pistols m his sash, Brska isa large Christians bearing comparison with any place on the Austrian shore, The Turkish quarter is narrow of street and ill of smell; thero is nothing graceful in it except the pretty towers of the minarcts. Here the Christians were very much alarmed at the reports of events further up the river, and were leaving in large numbers. There were among those voluntary exiles many families of wealth and culture, all speaking the Servian language, and differing no whit from the Servians of Servia. They complained bitterly of the domineering spirit mani- fested latterly by the Mussulmans, Instances without number were recounted, showing the tyranni- cal manner in which the spirit of caste was maintained by the dominant religious party. The Christians had succeeded in erecting a very large and beautiful church at Brska| The Mussulmans made no objection until chime of bells arrived from Vienna for the new church, when they forbade the placing of the bells in the steeple, saying that they would perhaps be clanging when the faithful were called to prayer from the mina- Tets, and that that could not be allowed. They also used very oppressive measures in closing and forbid- ding Christian schools, and showed by their general’ demeanor that they were ready, at short notice, to enter upon a war of extermination. In the country near Brska, the day before my visit, several families had been massacred, and the children had been carved in pieces by Turkish yataghans, ‘The Christian clergy fm allthe country round feared for their lives, and never went out unless accompanied by numerous friends. In Brska the Mobammedans were enraged against the Christians, claiming that they had incited the poor and ignorant rayabs in the fields to rebeilion. “Neither Turks nor Christians sleep tranquilly at night in Brska,”’ said a lady to Alexatz ‘Our life, there. fore, the past few weeks, has been a continual torture.” ‘These, ike all the other intelligent persons whom I met, lamented the complete lack of proper weapons among the rayahs. “Do you suppose,” said one of the ladies, with a little flash of sectional pride, “that there would be 15,000 retugees from Bosnia in that country (pomting to the Austrian shore) if.the men had guns and pistols to defend their homes with?” A people that for 400 years has been accustomed to have no weapons, because iis cruel masters #0 aecree, can- not prepare itself to fight in a day, even if it has arms offered to it; but when it cannot get the means of de- fence its helplessness is doubly to be pitied. The men who came down from the moun- tains at the outbreak of this insurrection to fight for their liberties were literally “armod with staves,” which are one of the chief products of the region. Very few of them have had guns in any of the batiles which have occurred in this vicinity. The majority have been armed, at best, only with re- voivers, The insurgents always endeavor to strip a Turk of his arms whenever they kill him, and will run the greatest risks in order to secure possession of a rifle or a yataghan. Our boat brought quite a formidable load of ine surgents to Alt Gradiska, opposite this place. Most of the mon were persons of some culture, and judging from the richness of their arms and dress were going to place themselves at tho head of insurgent battalions, They were in nowise disturbed by the Austrian authorities, who, although they are far from giving aid and comfort to the insurrection, do not of course seo moon is hid behind a cloud. The Selavic population, which is larger than the German along the Save, of course aids the insurgent movement as much as possible, without directly compromising itself, Most of the insurgents said that they intended simply to | ‘ish fi as much as ible, and to thoes of the poorer classes of luis own race around him, | erase the Turkish forest a prevent them from sending new troops into the dis- turbed provinces, Yet, without arms, they could not expect to assemble an army of rayshs which could effect anything beside irregular mountain warfare, and they thought the guerilla struggle would be long and painful. ‘TRACKS OF WAR. Here at Berbir, the Turks hi had a taste of what the insurgents can do, I have seen plenty of signs of the numerous severe Nights which have occurred near here. ‘The biecknouses all slong the rivor bank have been Durned during night attacks, amd the bodies of the ‘Turke And insurgents slain in the encounters ptill ie it and well built town, the quarter inhabited by the | all the little bands which slip across tho river when the | the ashes of the houses. About a mile above the long, irregular fortress at Berbir quite a formidable tight o- curred on the 9h of the present month and was fol- lowed by another a little further up the stream three nights afterward, A small body of insurgents crossed over from the Austrian shore late one evening and suc- ceeded in establishing themselves in ambush on the route along which a detachment of Turkish troops was expected to come. The troops had to pass over a little bridge on the way to Berbir, and as they were passing it received a volley of musketry which mowed them down and so frightened the survivors that they took to their legs toward the fortress, But there arose out of @ corn field another body of insurgents, who drove back the fugitives, At least a hundred Turks were killed and many of their bodies were thrown into the stream. ‘This was toward evening, and about dark the com- mander of the fortress, getting some men together, Sallied out to meet the insurgents. But the latter remained concealed until darkness bad arrived, when they retreated in their skiff to the Aus- trian shores, pursued even into the shallow water by the enraged and vindictive Turks. I went along the line of this fight, and that of the following day's, scowled at, of course, by the sullen soldiery squatting around the ruins of the blockhouses, The insurgents who had been engaged in these encounters were led by aman named Pitocha, who was killed during the scc- oud fight. After his full they retired into the moun- tains back of Berbir, where they still remain, planning future attacks. At the scene of the second fight, which ensued when the Turks at Berbir came to provent the landing of some insurgents by night, dead bodies still No thickly scattered along the shelving bank of the stream, and one or two were buoyed up and down by the lazy current, The Turks had been divested of their arms and their huge outfit leathern girdles, The insurgents had simply been pitched over the bank, Not far from a heap of dead which lay on the shore a party of Bosnian Mussulmans smoking their long pipes were dozing, with their rifles, however, slung at their backs, and their pistols lying cocked at their sides, “Bury these men!” said Alexatz when I asked him why it was not done, “The thought would never enter their heads. It would require an offort, and that they will not make unless thoy are compelled to. Besides, thoy would not byry the insurgents in any case, because they are Christian dogs!" On the slopes of the mountains the Turks had one or two small encampments, protected from assault by earthworks. The Turkish soldiers from other prov- inces are greatly discontented here; they suffer from home sickness more than from disease or insurgent bullets, Yet it is a goodly and a pleasant land, this fertile Bosnia, with its wide stretching corn fields, its plains strown with melons and golden pumpkins, its lovely cottages grouped into pretty villages, and its lofty and sombre mountains clad in virgin forests, The sun is kind and the earth is fertile; fruits and grains Tarely fail, and were the land open to railways and to liberal institutions it would bear favorable comparison with the richest and most fertile of our Southwestern States, But the wretched peasants have lost all am- bition, so long have they been forced to labor for others, and to see their earnings eaten up by taxes which they know to be unjust, ‘THR BOSNIAN MUSSULMANS. It is well to bear in mind that the extortions, the massacres, and abuses in general are perpetrated by people who are of Sclavic origin, and not by the Turks alone. It isthe Turkish administration which permits and sanctions the horrible abuses to which the rayah is subjected; but the most consummate cruelties are the work of the native Bosnians, who have professed Mohammedanism for a generation or two, and who are more fanatical than the Turks them- selves. At this place the remarkable Judge whose portrait I have given you left the Save to penetrate to Bana Luka, He was received with great honors, every one in the town on learning who he was placing his hand on his heart, then on his forehead, and making a low-bow on meeting him. After a few hours of repose he mounted into a rickety wagon made on the Austrian plan, and, with his leather wardrobe sacks lashed to the back of pack horses, set off for the scene of his new duties. On board the boats on the Save none of the Turkish passengers over sit at table with the Christians, bo- cause of tho impossibility of getting meats freed from the forbidden grease. I fancy most Amer- jeans would infinitely prefer the dinners which tho Mohammedans took out of their tin ves- sols and their clegantly lacquered trays, din- ners of fresh broad, grapes, little cakes of honey and pieces of cheese, to the ducks swimming in lard and the annihilated beofsteaks which the brutal Austrian cooks serve upon the steamer tables. The old Judge never once ate meat during the two days that we jour- neyed together. He looked upon us as heathens unfit for any Paradise, and, perhaps, sincerely bemoaned the sad fate awaiting us in the next world. INSCRGENT BANDS. In the country along the Save between this place and Brod, a large town whose nationality and commerce are cut in two by the river, there are numerous small in- surgent bands wavering between the mountains and the shores, now coming down to recruit among the fu- gitives and now to receive a boat load of arms signalled to them by beacon lights from the opposite shore. Tho Servian volunteers are very numerous in the vicinity of Brod, and have thrown so much confusion among the Turks that the latter will not allow a steamer to land among them. At Brod, as here at Berbir and at Bana Luka, the Turks seem honestly convinced that nego- ciants are in some way or other connected with the insurrection, and they have thrown large numbers of them into prison without giving them the slightest hope of ever getting out. Whata prison is here in asemi- barbarous country on the confines of Europe I need hardly tell you. There are dozens of business men in prison here, all because they are vaguely sus- pected There is no other reason whatever, nor is any other given by the Turkieh officials. The long, with its crescent and its star, flying from the mast on its porch, is inhabited by o few dirtily uniformed officers, clad m blue coats with shoulder straps in the American fashion, red fez caps and blue breeches and sandals. They look about as much like officers as monkeys look like men. They are always surrounded by aset of blear-eyed shaven-headed Asiatics, each one of whom has theoretical murder in his look, and practical murder in his girdle, in the shape of richly chased and carved weapons, yataghans, cime- ters, the long knives of the Bosnian villagers, the Albanian, Dalmatian, Grecian and Smyrnian patterns of pistols, long and short, flint-lock and modern, motley Falstaffan array. In addition to the officers and soldiers at this headquarters thero are al- ways seated on the porches half a dozen of the scigneurs of the neighborhood, ego-tistical looking old blackguards, dirty in their manner and filthy (#0 says every one) in their couversation, These dis- agreeable old pipe smokers sit for hours on the porch or on the banks near the house, without further move- ment than that required for the filling of their pipes and the occasional pursuit of the playful flea “Some of them,” said Alexatz, “‘are too lazy to pray, and that for a Mussulman is the height of laziness.’ Now and then one would stumble off to some little caié and drink @ fow cups of the black Turkish coffee which leaves one’s mouth filled with grains, or would perhaps curiously inspect some wounded man who came into town with visible proofs on his person of the animosity of the insurgents, MOHAMMEDAN CRUELTY, ‘The houses on both sides of the river are filled with the wounded of tho recent skirmishes. Most of the wounded are Turks proper or Bosnian Mussulmans, and this is accounted for by the fact that the insurgent wounded wore usually helped on their journey to a bet- ter world by expeditious coups de grace, The bra- tality of the regulars does not begin to com. pare in ferocity and meanness with that of the native Mussulman volunteers. Whenever an act of peculiar atrocity 18 committed, such as the impaling alive of prisoners, the blinding and maiming of priests or the carving in pieces of little children, itis done by the native Bosnians, who long ago cepoused Mohammedan- ism. There are several hundred wounded Mussulmans in Berbir and the cottages on the outskirts, and as they recelve almost no care whatevor—medical skill being rare in this vicinity—the mortality is very great, The Slaves in Alt Gradiska, on the Austrian side, have established a kind of hospital for the insurgenta, where they already have thirty or forty patients. Among them is a young man who had his scalp literally divided into halves by a blow from a Tarkish yutaghan, yet escaped with a whole skull. Ho has sworn to re- tarn to the scone of the insurrection a8 soon as he recovers, and to kill as many Turks as fortune permite him to encounter, At Berbir it is quite possible that ® pestilence may break out aad | ‘prend from there into the interior nice the low cottage here, which has the red Ottoman flag,” wounded are better cared for and tho dead which encumber the neighborhood of the skirmish felds are not buried. After the battles the Turks pitched the dead bodies over the bank, trusting to the river to bear them down the Save to the Danube, as it has done so many times before; but the low water would not serve, and they still remain, im many places, high and dry on the banks, which the diminished flood cannot reach, The Sclaves, who are perhaps a little prone to exaggerate losses, say that the Turks have lost fully 1,000 men in skirmishes and night attacks in the region comprised within fifty square miles back of Berbir. They also represent the Turks as great cow- ards, and say that they never venture to encounter the insurgents without having double the number brought into action by the latter, It is recounted that the other day, ou the rising of cloud of dust in the plain at some distance from the fortress of Berbir, all tho people, even the soldiery, made haste to get within the walls, leaving the miserable wounded to look after themselves, The cloud proved to fore- shadow nothing worse than a troop of friendly cavalry patrolling the banks in search of insurgents and forage. Alt Gradiska, in Austria, directly opposite Berbir, is a fortress and a smart town of medium size, Everything speaks of solid though homely comfort, of tranquillity, of civilization. On the Turkish side all testifies to fea- dalism and barbaric times, In Berbirevery one is armed; even the staid old pipe smokers have knives m their belts, which, ata pinch, would serve for some-° thing else than severing grapes from their parent clus- ters, In Gradiska no one is armed except the gen- darme, who keeps the peace and looks out for suspicious visitors from the Turkish shores, It is very curious to seo the fugitive Bosnian Christians standing in little groups on the Austrian shore and looking across at their fields which the persecution has compelled them to leave. They seem strangely out of place in sober and industrious Austria, There is a hint of savagery in their appearance which consorts but ill with the dull placidity of the Austrian frontiersman, Alt Gradiska 1s making heroic efforts to find worl: for these fugitives, with whom the great mass of its population sympa- thizes, but it has not yet succeeded. WENDELL PHILLIPS ON THE IN- DIANS. [From the Boston Traveller, Oct, 21.] “The Relation of our Government to the Indians’’ is tho topic of the now lecture which was delivered by Wendell Phillips at Kennedy Hall last evening. He said there had been no attempt to bring them within the girdle of the law, but only cruelty, meanness and oppression had marked the contact of Christian civili- vation with modern barbarism. The contrast was broad and marked. Men aro too apt to regard the In- dians as the lowest creatures in the human scale, and call them savages and not barbarians, But if Columbus had not discovered America; if Pizarro and Cortez had not penetrated into the interior of Mexico and Pertin their thirst for gold, there would have been here a race capable of developing 4 civilization side by side with Europe. This race had left the remains of an architec- ture us magnificent and unexplainable as that of Egypt. There were traces of attainments in astronomy, of com- fort, refinement, learning, and institutions of learning, and’no reason can be given why they should not have gone on in the development of a civilization as broad, as active and respectable as our own. But the Spaniards came with the single object of gleaning the wealth of the country; our fathers had one object in view, and that was land; and the third object for which men sought this country was furs, He would say for the fur trading companies that they had treated the Indians better than any other class or body of men had treated them, ‘Their policy was comprehended 1 First, keep peace with the Indians; among the Indians; and, third, keep intoxicating liquor from the Indians. 'He proposed to speak of the 400,000 Indians, 300,000 within the girth of the United States, and the remainder north of the great lakes under the domimion of Queen Victoria, With these people the policy of the United States had been from the outset that of ostracism. The Indian has neither been a de- pendent foreigner, nor # protected citizen, and there is no legal phrase that can describe him. ' First placed under the control of the army, he was denied the priv- ilege ot the law, and General Grant had been the tirst man of any proininence in this country who had ad- vised that the Indians be taken from the control of the army and placed under the protection of the law, But there hud been ouly one unchanging idea with regard to them since the Puritans landed. The whole history of tho country had been marked by Indian massacres and revolts, and since 1789 $1,000,000,000 had been expended in the attempts tosubjugate ‘them; but in spite of all this blood and treasure the country was no nearer to the solution of the problem than it was at first. Mr, Phillips then referred to several instances of unjustifiable warlare which had been waged against the Indians, the massacre by Colonel Tappan's command, which brought ona war in which the United States expended $7,000,000 and sacrificed the lives of 150 sol- diers; the Cheyenne butchery by General Custer and his cavalry, when there was found in the Indian camp 3,000 head ‘of cattle, the strongest possible argument against tho theory that those people were in @ stato of war against the government But nobody would listen patiently to the Indian’s case, There was no body of men in the country, {r6m Congross down to an audience like that he addressed, that would hear tho true state- ment of the case. He’ said that the whole story was summed up in tho testimony of General Harney, who had been in the service on the frontier from the age of nineteen to seventy years, and ho had said that he never had known an Indian’ tribo to break its word or the Uuited States to keep it’ The Indian wanted tools and materials to make uimself a man. Their meaw vices came from the whites and their virtues were their | own. If American civilization were blotted out to-day there would uot be left even an appeal to posterity. ‘There would not be an act that the country had dono but would be carried up by the recording angel as an accusation against it BOOKS RECEIVED. ‘The Ship in the Desert. By Joaquin Miller, Boston: Rob- erts Brothers. . By W. W. Story, New York: Scribner, Welford & Armstrong. pivlly Good Times, By P. Thorne, Boston: Roberts rothers. Toward the Strait Gate. By Rev. E. F. Burr. Boston: Lockwood, Brooks & Co. The Masque of Pandora and other Poems, Boston: James R, Ongood & U ‘American Law of Elections. By George W. McCrary. Keokuk, Iowa: It, B, Ogden. Wayside Poneillings.” By Rev. James Moriarty. Albany: Van Bentbuysen, THE AMERICAN BOOK FAIR. SECOND DAX'S PROCEEDINGS—BUYERS COMING IN SLOWLY. As the fair now going on at Clinton Hall progresses buyers from abroad are either coming in or have sent | word that they will be here soon, and by Monday it is expected that a large concourse of dealers will have gathered in the city and that trade will then become brisker. ‘The exhibition of books at the fair is ono of the finest ever made anywhere, te leading publishers having selected samples of their finest stock to display. Messrs Harper & Brothers, who are represented by Mr. Joseph Abner Harper, exhibit upward of 4,500 of their production, 1,000 of which are in paper binding, and comprise such works as the complote edition of Muloch, in 19 volumes; Wilkio Collins, in 15 volumes; Drake’s New England Coast, Farm Logends, new volume by the author of ‘The Farm Ballads, The Catskill Fairies, by Miss Vir- ginia Johnson; Man and Beast, by Mr. Wood; Dogs and Their Doings, by Mr. F. 0, Morris; Songs of Our Youth, by Miss Muloch, In addition to which the Messrs. Harper offer their Standard Juveniles, by the | Abbotts; Paul da Chaillu, Mayhew, Edgar, Bonner, Hiart, &c., as also their large list of works on history, travel and biographies, in all styles of binding, from cloth to morocco, Some of the most striking of the books offered at the fair are those displayed on the shelves ot Messrs, Scribner, Welford & Armstrong, represented by Mr. H. L. Smith. Prominently among these are Lo Croix’s new bok on The Eighteenth Century; [ts Institutions, Customs aud Costumes; France, 1700-1789, with 2 chromo-lithographs and 251 wood — engravings. Spain, by the Baron Ch, Davéllicr, illustrated by Doré, & regal book in quarto size, full of muteresting en- gravings. Handy volume ‘of Shakespeare in the new style of Turkey moro in polished oak | case, with med ‘al metal orn its. Also the same | in Russia, mot 0, &e, Handy Volume Bible, in caif and morocco bindings. Choice Poets, comprising Gray's Elegy and others. The Water Color Series of Gilt Books, in stuall quarto, comprising Views in Scotland, Euglish Lake Scenery, Views in North Wules. and Views in | Ireland. The ‘Rose Library, containing. in dainty size | and binding, Picciola, Undine, Sea Gull Kock and | others, 4, in new bindings. | Scribner's Kk ¥ Thackerayana. W. Ste Historical Piay, and many other of the choicest Eng- lish illustrated’ standard and juvenile books, | Messrs. K. P. Dutton & Co., of New York, represented by Mr. Charles A. Clapp and’ Edward ©. Swayne, have on exhibition gamples of over 1,000 volumes, coinpris- ing theological and juvenile, prayer aud hymn books— among others Farrar's Life of Christ, Pussy Tipton’s | Family, and Frisk his Flick. The fair opens at nine o'clock and closes at six, To- day the business will ccage at three o'clock, now work, Noro, a | LUNATIC ASYLUM ABUSES. Tho management of the Lunatic Asylum, Flatba which bas for so long a period been questioned, is about to be investigated by Dr. Ordronoux, the Com- missiouer in Lunacy, Mayor Hunter will appoint four promivent citizens to aswist the Cotamissioner in his labors, and there {# but little doubt that soveral of the prosent employ és will be renoved to make way for | | dog. rolorm candidates for positions in that tastitution, The imvoutigation will commence next week, ENGLAND'S FOREIGN RELATIONS, SPEECH OF LORD DERBY IN LIVERPOOL-—~THE POLITICAL SITUATION REVIRWED—ENGLAND'S POSITION IN EUROPE—THE TROUBLES IN TURKEY—THE CHINESE DIFFICULIY—THE ADMIRALTY AND FUGITIVE SLAVES. At a banquet given by the Lord Mayor of Liverpool, on the 7th inst, Lord Derby made a long and able Speech, the following summary of which is taken from the Loudon Daily Telegraph, of October 8. After re- ferring to the labor question and other affuirs relatively local Lord Derby said: ENGLAND'S POSITION IN BUROPE. Turning from these matters, 1 would say—and I am glad to say it—that the department of government with which I am connected is one of avery ueutral character. ‘You will, of course, have differences of opinion as to the merits of particular wets, and these diflerences, when they pecur, are fair subjects of political criticism and party Cree but they are differences, I think, rather of individual judgment and temperament than of party; for my own part, Iam glad that it is so, because where England is brought into relation with foreign Powers it is, above ull things, essential, if we want to be respected abroad, that we should be united at home, The very fact that Our action is so carefully watehed, and our abstention, when it takes place, so bitterly criti. eised, does not look as if Europe were inditferent to what we did or did not do, No doubt we have not now that peculiar and exceptional influence which we exercised for the last few years of the old Napoleonic wars, We gained it by subsidizing right and left ata cost of some undred millions. If we chose to use the same means We might possibly reproduce the same condition of things, but it would @ costly luxury and I don’t recommend it, We have, apart from that, an im- mense advantage over Continental Yowers. We want nothing and we fear nothing. We have no frontiers to rectify. We cannot be invaded, and no- toriously we have no aggressive designs, ‘Our one great interest {8 the maintenance of peace, and our ad- vice, when we give it, 18 known to be disinterested and sincere, I know there are persons in the present day who laugh at the notion of moral influence in public affairs, and regard material strength as the sole cle- ment of international power, I object to that view, not because it is cymical, as people sometimes say, but because it is ihuccurate, You cannot in public any more than you can in private do violent and ag- gressive acts without inspiring distrust, and to inspire | distrust is a source of weakness, In business, as you } well know, character is capital; and im international relations trustworthiness is an element of strength. Now, I believe, whoover likes or dislikes us, ‘that we are trusted; and, if wo avoid on the one hand tho’ tendeney to foolish and fussy intermeddling where our help is not wanted, and, on the other hand, if we keep clear of that absurd delusion which reason and feeling equally condemn, that nothing that happens on the Continent ought seriously to interest or affect us, 1 see no reason why we should not continue to enjoy all that respect and consideration which we have hitherto received, and ag much influence in our neighbors’ atlurs as any rational person need care to wish tor, (Applause.) TURKEY'S TROUELES. ‘There are two countries which of Jate have been at- tracting a good deal of attention, In Turkey, as you know, disturbances have been going on tor some time past—disturbances that have been greatly magnified in importance by popular report, for the simple reason that they occurred at a time when there was not much else to write about—but still serious in this sense, that in those countries there is always a good deal of loose gunpowder about, and a very small Spurk may lead to a Very large explosion, The’ armed force of the insurrection has never been considerable— indeed, I fancy one of the dilficulties of the consuls who were lately sent on a mission of conciliation was to find the insurgents whom they were to conciliate, It was hoped, no doubt, - the leaders of the movement that they should have the support, either secret or avowed, of the great Powers. In that hope they have been dis- appointed. The great Powers, without exception, have shown their sense of the ditliiculty of the situation, and of the inexpediency of pulling down where you cannot build up. 1 do mot think, therefore, that we shall bear much more of the armed in- surrection As for the steps that may be taken to prevent another outbreak by the removal of the grievances, I don’t apprebend that there will be any reluctance on the part of the Porte to grant con- siderable administrative reforms. The diiliculty will be to tind men to execute them. It is proposed by some persons that the provinees in question should have granted to them a local autonomy like that of Roumania and Servia, That 1s an idea which 1 think will not find favor in the eyes of any of the parties concerned, Local autonomy is ‘very well where you have to deal with only ono religion and race, but where Mohammedans and Chris- tians are mixed together or not very unequal in strength, rae the stronger of the “two parties to oppress and possibly to exterminate the weaker, much may ve done in the way of removing abuses and lightening taxation; but it is useless to deny chat, do what wo may, elements of discontent will remain; it 1s only in a high state of civilization, and not always then, that two rival religions can get on side by sido in the same country. The state of things docs not, as I conceive, admit of @ good radical cure, but alleviation is possible, and the rest may be left to time. And now IT come to & question which is of more immediate and direct interest to ourselves. In the case of Turkey we have only to do our duty by other Powers. Our own interests, though very are indirect, and the de- cisions taken ao not rest wholly with us. ‘THK DIPYICULTY WITH CHINA. In China we have claims of our own to press and in- terests already extensive, and which may in course of time become almost incalculably grout, I had hoped till the last moment that I might be able to come Lere us u welcome guest—indeed, bringing the news that our Chinese difliculty was peaceably settled. That is not the case. No decisive intelligence has reached the Foreign Office on the subject. From what we know already I am hopetul that matters will go well; but that isalllcan say, I need not enter into the history of the dispute. Most of the facts are familiar to you through the newspapers. For yours past it has seemed. probable to careful observers that some collision of this kind would take place, It has come at last, aud we must do our best to turn it to guod account and make it the means of putting our relations on a better footing in future, 1 need not say that, if it could be honorably esca} @ war with China is # thing which we should all deprecate. We do not look forward with pleasure to the prospect of sacriticing men and money im a war where climate would be the chief enemy, where our opponent is hopelessly inferior in strength, and where, therefore, there 13 but litue military reputa- tion to be acquired—whatever that may be worth; but more than that, wedo not want to break up a'vast empire, to have’ another “Sick Man’? ou our hands, and to ruin a people with whom our object in holding intercourse is the development of | trade. Therefore you need not fear any ex- cess of pugnucity on our part, but it is no uso running away from plain duties Because they are un- pleasant, and temporizing with a difficulty is generally the way to make it bigger. Our demands have been | moderate and just and we mean to adhere to them, and | if trouble comes we have a good cause and we can say with truth that the fault has not been with us. (Ap- plause.) THR PUGITIVE SLAVE QUESTION, Tam occupying too much of your time, but there is | one other matter which just now is exciting a good deal of interest, and as to which it is desirable that I should say a word, I refer to tuose instructions lately issued from the Admiralty bearing om the question of slaves, who, under Various circumstances, may escape from their masters, You need pot be’ afraid that I am going into any question which will provoke controversy. I wish simply to make a statement of fact for which you have given me a convenient opportunity, Ithas been decided by the government that those instructions Shall be suspended, (Loud cheers.) We don't admit that they bear the construction popularly put upon them; still less have we ever contemplated any change of policy in pnee to the subject with which they deal, ‘There could be uo motive or imduceyent for any such change, and, if Wegad meant it, it would pot have beeu one of our last acts in the session lately ended to conclude a new and more stringent treaty with the Sul- tan of Zanzibar for the suppression of the slave trade, ‘The statement of law contained in the document I have referred 10, Whether or no it embodies the popalar view of our rights and obligations, Is simply that which we bave received on the best legal authority, But, looking at the construction placed upon it, feeling the extreme inexpediency of exciting popular passion on a matter which requires caretul handling, aud, considering that the question dealt with 1s not one requiring urgent haste, we think it better to cancel what bas been done, so that tho whole question may be considered de novo and that any future discussion upon it may not be prejudiced, This is not the time and place tor detailed explanations, but probably you will think I have said enough for the mo- ment. (Loud applause.) THE REUPP MURDER TRIAL, Tauxrox, N. J., Oct, 22, 1875, The tria) of James Keenan fur the alleged murder of Police Officer Jacob Reupp was resumed in this city to- ‘This was the fourth day of its progress, Rev. Mr. Zentner, @ Lutheran clergyman, who at, | tended the deceased officer in his dying moments, testi. | fied that he, as a witnoss, signed the dying declaration | ot Reupp. sir, Beasley, Jr., on bebalf of the State, read the do. claration in evidence. ‘After the examination of John Farrell the State rested. THE DEPENCH, Mr, W. H. Barton then opened for tho defence, which, he said, will endeavor to show that at the time the fatal ‘shot was fired the deceased police vilicer was tiot in the proper — dis of bis daty, The prisoner did nothing at the t was molosied by the officers, Ho was simply acting | within the line of any citizen, ‘The officers, Hartmann | avd Reupp, in arresting the prisoner di¢ ‘warrantabie and uncalled for, ‘The detence will also show that the prisoner was treated in the most cruel) man r. The Court adjourned until to-morrow (Saturday moruing, at ten o'clock, : COUNTERFEITERS ARRAIGNED. The nickel counterfeiters, arrested some months ago, wore arraigned yesterday in the United States Court, ‘Tho prisoners aro Philip Lewinski, John and Thomas | Lowery aud Kimauuel Do Mott, The latter pleaded guilty to making and uttering counterfeit five cent hickel pieces. He was senwenced to thirteen months imprivonmuent and a tine of ono dollar, Lewinski aud Lowery pleaded nov guilty and will be tried next Wook, AFRICA. WAR IN Liberia Attacked by the Disoon< tented Natives. A SURRENDER OF TERRITORY DEMANDED Assaults Upon Several Towns Repulsed. The following letter is from Henry W, Dennis, Seeres tary of the Treasury of Liberia, to William Coppinger, of Washington, Corresponding Secretary of the Ameri- can Colonization Society and Congul General of that , Republic in tho United States:— Mowxovza, Sept. 13, 1875. For the last four weeks I have been burdened with anxiety about the perilous condition of the people of Maryland county. Letters from the superintendent and others of that county, dated August 14 and 15, reached the government here on the 17th, giving !m formation that all tho tribes from the River Cavalia om the south to Fishtown on the north of Cape Palmas, In cluding the Cape Palmas natives, had combined to make war on the settlers and to exterminate them. It was also stated that an attack was expected daily; that the natives had stopped all communication and intercourse with the settlers, and that thero were not over 200 men able to bear arms and to defend the settlement against what might prove to be several thousand savages, Urgent appeals were addressed to the govern- ment to send relief and succor at once, Vice and Acting President Gardner CONVENED THE CABINET on the 18th, and invited General Yates, Colonel Sher- man and Lieutenant Colonel Williams to attend, which they did. After the letters had been read the opinion of each was invited and given, I advocated the de spatch forthwith of 100 armed men, equipped and pro- visioned, until the government could send a force of several hundred men to suppress the insurrection, Others gaid this was an unnecessary trouble and ex- pense, and it was decided to wait further advices. On Sunday, 29th, a steamer brought communications from Cape Palmas to the government, announcing that the natives were gathering in large numbers and threatening an early attack; that the settlers were very much fatigued, and some were sick from exposure in keeping guard day and night; and entreating that prow visions, men and ammunition be sent to their assiste ance and defence, On tho following day the acting President convened a council of several prominent gentlemen in addition to the Cabinet officers, ana#? was concluded to raise an ARMED PORCK OF SEVERAL HUNDRED MEN, and that they be sent to Cape Palmas as speedily -aa possible, I was directed to procure the necessary stores: for them, and also money for a month’s advance pay. to the troops, Excepting about $4,000 in specie set apart toward expenses of the American Centennial Exhibition and other special objects there was no money in the treasury. I estimated the amount required tor the military expedition to be not less than $25,000, It wag determined to use the specie on hand to buy provisions, and to borrow whatever might be necessary, The Presi« dent left here on the 2d inst. in the cutter Emmy te raise troops at Bassa and to send them to Cape Pale mas, and he has not yet returned, Our last letter from England informs us that Presi- dent Roberts had somewhat improved in health, that he had been dangerously ill since he had been in London. He is expected to come home in November. I am glad to learn that more emixrants will be sent out i= the fall. ‘Though sick and wearied out I had to perform muck labor in getting together stores, munitions of war and money for the troops of this county. Wehave raised here a torce of over 400 men, On Saturday, 11th inst, the schooner Randall and cutter Schawn were do spatched for Cape Palmas with eighty-four volunteers, provisions and ammunition, and to-day we shipped 280 men, with ammunition and two brass fleld pieces, by the mail steamer Gambia. Wo have about fifty mew waiting to go on board the cutter Emmy, on her way from Bassa with the President for Cape Palmas. THE SECRETARY OF STATE, Hon. James E. Moore, being captain of the Newport volunteers, left here in the steamer to-day with tho com- mand for the scene of action, Two of 1ay sons, James and Henry, have gone, the former as captain of one of the companies and the latter as lieutenant in another company. Nearly all the sons of the leading families of this city and many of the prominent citizens have gone, We did not lack for the quota of men wanted from thig county and had to reject a number that had voluntecrod and were not wanted. It seems that the natives in that portion of the Re- public already named have for some time past been importing cannon, muskets, powder and bail under the lead and at the instigation of several native graduates of the Protestant Episcopal mission schools at Cape Palmas, some of whom desire to become British sub- jects, The English authorities declined to accede to their wishes, but it is intimated that somo Englishuen have given these educated but ambitious natives te understand that if they can drive the Liberians from the coast their government would then make a treaty with them and give them position. In June last Presideut Roberts commissioned Pres dent elect Payne to proceed to Cape Palmas, with in- structions TO ASSEMBLE TUR NATIVE CHIEFS and bandmen of that jon, with a view to settle all difficulties and palavers ina fair and just manner, He suc ceeded, after much time and effort, in getting a few only of them to meet him, and from these and others it wag learned that their grievance was about lands. indeed, it was demanded that the public domain in Maryland ‘county be relinquished in their favor by the Liberian government, except that portion leading from Harper to Tubmantown, they alleging that we had no right te any other. Of course this demand could not be entertained or allowed; and on being so informed they forthwith stop- ped all negotiation and intercourse with the settlors, and commenced armgng aud assembling their allies for conflict, It ts said that it was not their intention te make an attack until they had'gathered their rice crops and dry weather had set it. Mr. Payne’s presence seems to have had no other effect than to bring matters to an issue earlier than they intended, and delay in not attacking the settlers before the 9th instant was be- cause they required time to make preparations and to get their allies together from other tribes, I regard this difficulty as very grave. If we shall, for any reason, fail to subdue the natives, the result would ‘be most disastrous to the entire Republic, I wish that wo had the services of an AMERICAN WAR VESSEL at this time to shell the native towns from River Cavalla to Fishtown, which would go a great way in as sisting us to bring these people toterms. The peculiar circumstances of our position on this const appear clearly to me to entitle us to the warm sympathy of the United States government, Shall wo have it in this our day of emergency and soro trial? P, $.—Soptomber 16.—Acting Prosident Gardner an rived here in the cutter Emmy, from Bassa, late on Jast ‘Tuesday night. He reports having sent from that placo on the 11th inst. over two hundred men to Cape Palmas, Yosterday we wero engaged in shipping STORES AND AMMUNITION on the Emmy, and to-day the remaining company hore embarked on her, The President went on board about four o'clock P, M., and she at once proceeded direct for Cape Pulinas, September 18,—We learn by a steamer from the lee ward that our troops by the Randall, Schawn and Gambia, and those from Bassa had arrived, and were safely landed at Cape Palmas, Four attacks by the natives on Latrobe, Jacksonville, Tubmantown and Philadelphia had been: made and repulsed. A considen able number of the natives are reported to have beos killed and wounded, These attacks were mado previow to tho arrival of the troops from this city. With the present forces at Capo Palmas wo regard the country safe, The troops are awaiting the President's arrival at the seat of war to proceed against the bostile natives 1 will endeavor to keep you advised of the progress @ affairs thoroand here, Yours, very truly, HENRY W. DENNIS. Wittam Corpisgan, Baq,, Washington Oty, D,