The New York Herald Newspaper, September 17, 1875, Page 5

POOR TURKEY. Her WRebellions and Embarrassments. HOW WILL THEY END? Attitudes of Austria and Russia. Both Said To Be Anxious for Peace. WHAT WILL. SERVIA DO? Prince Milan and Miss Keshko—Interesting Family Facets, Vienna, Sept. 1, 1875, The worst thing which I note (for the Turks and for their bondholders) from this post of observation to-day Sg that the Servian boys are up. Boys are always ready to yet up/and be doing in any cause which commends itself to their imagination, and their experienced kinsfolk smile at their antics or feel scared by them, as the case may be, Uncles laugh, aunts are frightened, fathers and mothers do not quite know what to make of the unexpected energies devel- oped in their progeny. If their adventures turn out katisfactorily and some small tradesmen’s sons develop themselves abruptly into Ministers. who have contracts and other things to give away their forbears are not only satisfied with their behavior, bat proud of their achievements, If, on the other hand, the logal police make themselves disagreeable the families of the scape- graces disavow all knowledge of their pranks, but plead for their pardon with the rich eloquence of mothers’ hearts and the rough oratory of fathers’ aching iips, nevertheless. But statesmen, who look on at the world’s ways, which are always a comedy to those who think, if they are a tragedy to those who feel, know very well that public opinion thronghout the whole world depends partly on the thoughts and still more on the action of young men under twenty-five years of age. ‘The world is always in the right after its own fashion; for young, bright eyes take clearer views of facts than old eyes obseured by fear and sorrow and deceived by experience, It_is so easy fora boy to put three books of poetry and aciean shirt and acollar (he does not want any socks if of military mould) into a bundle, to buy or go tick for a ten dollar gun, and set off tothe wars with a big idea and akeen appetite for whatever may turn up. He is withheld by no pradential. motives. He has neither wife, children nor burdens, nor money in tho funds, Nothing which can possibly happen in the po- litical way will be of much consequence to him. He is tired of his books; he has, perhaps, quarrelled with his sweetheart, Hois in debt with his landlady or with his washerwoman. Anything Will be a relief from the monotony of school days and the dread of competitive examinations, The sap of hife’s springtime: rises in his veins and pushes him to do something. This is the case of the Servian boys, and if the Sultan were a phi- losopher he would rather have heard that all the dip- lJomatists in Eurepe were combining against him than that these turbulent and unreasoning youths had taken up arms for his discomfture, They are FLOCKING TO THE SCENE OF REVOLT 4n great numbers, and will increase daily in multitude, because the Servians, like all half savage peoples, have an immense respect for education, and whenever they begin to gain money they send their sons to the schools or universities of Western Europe. Prince Milan, their sovereign, moreover, is a very young man, who thinks cordially with his contemporaries, and he has just ap- pointed A YOUNG SERVIAN MINISTRY » to give effect to his ideas and theirs. Let us examine coolly into these facts and endeavor to explain their real meaning, Prince Milan and the young men of his age assuredly feel a hearty detesta- tion for the Turks. I have said (and no one who has any knowledge of the actual state of Turkey will deny the assertion) that there is now little if any oppression of the rayabs. But there were awful goings on in the last generation, and an angry pacha was a terrible Turk indeed. A contumacious rayah found no mercy. He was shot in sport or strung up like a dog to the near- est tree or tortured for amusement. His wife was often taken away from him on his wedding day; his son or his daughter were carried off and never more heard of. He was banged with sticks till he revealed the hole in the earth where the savings of his lifetime were concealed» and sometimes he was forcibly made a Mo- hammedan. Servia, Montenegro and the Her- zegovina were a long way off from civilized Europe and it was a farcry to Vienna or Paris—a still further ery to London. When the cry was made it found no echo. What did-the court of Ferdinand, or of Louis XVII. or of George IV. care for the wrangle of barba- rians? The present generation of Servians, therefore, were brought up in acrimonious hatred of the Turks; a hatred rendered more bitter by its awful impotence. They could not, they dared not rise against their op- pressors, They did not know how to do so; they only felt that their condition was most miserable, and now, as it has been in all time, the sins of the fathers are being visited on the children of those who tyrannized over them without pity or human feeling. The son of the despised raya, who was once 80 helpless, read yes terday the latest republican prints if Vienna and Paris; to-day he is prepared to act upon their teaching. THE LEADER OF THK YOUNG SERVIANS is Prince Milan, His grandfather was a swincherd, who became first a cattle des’cr and then a sovereign, He must have had a long wscttled account against tho Turks. Prince Milan is t@ be married to a Miss Keshko. Miss Keshko is the grandumughter of a large cattle dealer of Bessarabia who drove his own oxen to mar- ket and the present writer hug even him dressed in mud and rags. He must ave ocen often beaten; he must have been often robbea, often vexed. But he acquired a large fortune, which he invested in Russian Jand, His son, who dred suddenly a few years ago at Odessa, was brought up in Paris; and his widow, a very resolute little Iady of the Stourdza family, also cattic dealers, has since passed much of her time at Nice. Tho lady and her orphan daughter are brimfull of French romance, and believe in heroic patriotism and great deeds, as rich and idle ladies do. Possibly, prob ably, they pray morning, noon and night for the de- livery of the Christians from the Turks, Their pray- ers and their hopes are now backed by the Sovereign Prince of Servia and his new Ministry; they are backed, too, by Earl Russell and his kinsman, Sir Something Elliott, the British Ambassador at Con- stantinople, They are supported by all the enthusiasm and all the ignorance of Western and Northern Europe, ‘The Turkish bondholders, and only such of them ag clearly understand their own interests, are opposed to MNS, KESHKO'S PRAYERS—AN AWKWARD ITEM FOR THR TURKS. fome of the traditions of diplomacy also are silently working against the Porte. Not long ago a Wallachian boyard told me that he had succeeded, after much dif- ficulty, in obtaining AN INTERVIEW WITH M. THIERS, The President of the French Republic, then in the height of its glory, talked to the Wallachian boyard for precisely twenty minutes, showing that he was per- fectly misinformed, and did not listen to one word which the boyard had to say. Thus or similarly ine structed from the depths of his own internal conscious- ness, M. Guizot wrote in his memoirs thus:—“If Europe will not deliberately consent to the partition of Turkey, which is in a dying state, at least 1t ought not to bo duped by false pretences, Tho Ottoman Empire can never be reformed; it can never be made a regular and ‘living member of the European confederacy.” There is a half truth in this axiom; but the great ques- tion now at issue is how and in what manner shall the partition of Turkey be made? None of the Powers in- terested can agree about their respective shares, and any attempt to divide it would immediately produce @ European war, Russia, indeed, demands the whole inheritance of the “Sick Mant” yet’ Russia btreelf, if ‘ono may trust recent reports, ison the evo of a civil war, which may break up the empire of the Czarg Austria, her chief competitor, well knows that any at NEW YORK HERALD, FRIDAY, SHPYKMBER 17, 1875--TKLPLE SHEET. ‘Turkey on ‘her frontier would be followed in a short time by the logs of Croatia and A NEW REVOLT IN HUNGARY, I had a Jong conversation this morning with a Russian diplomatist, who arrived here last night on a special mission. He told me that Russia intended again to be- friend Turkey and to preserve her empire intact, He said that from what he had learned of the intentions of the Austro-Hungarian Cabinet it was clear to him that Austria would do anything and everything in her power, both by occult and open dealings, to put down | the insurrection, and that she would do so by armed force if necessary, though she was unwilling to act ostensibly as the friend of Turkey. The Hungarians, he udded, are extremely jealous of the Sclaves, They are now the dominant party in the Austrian Empire, and they would fiercely oppose the introduction of any new element which would place them in a minority. AUSTRIA CANNOT ANNEX THK REVOLTED PROVINCES OF TURKEY. I then asked him what was the meaning of M. Jouine, the Russian Commissioner to the Congress of Mostar, having been taken suddenly fll, He answered that the newspapers had printed a great deal of nonsense on the subject, but that in fact M. Jouine had never been ap- pointed Commissioner at all. ‘Jouine,” said he, “who is rather a busybody, made himself conspicuous as the protector and originator of PANSCLAVONIC AGITATIONS. Jastrebow, who is much more sensible person, has been appointed to go to Mostar, and he is a great friend of Mahmoud Pacha, the new Grand Vizier, so that it will be seen at once that we mean to donothing against the interests of Turkey. The rebels are well aware of this, Prince Milan has been told by us to preserve strict ucutrality, and Montenegro has been advised to grant a free passage through her territory to the Turkish reinforcements. Directly Jastrebow was nominated by our government Vucotik, the father-in-iaw of the Prince of Montenegro, went to see him, and was ordered to keep quiet. I fancy he himself had had some notion of becoming Vojvod of Bosnia and the Herzegovina. Ifso, it was clearly ex- plained to him that he could get nu help from us. The insurgents have as yet neither arms, officers nor money.”? Indeed, the result of the struggle up to the present writing may be thus summarized :-~ 1. The revolt in Turkish Croatia is suppressed, 2. The Austrian government is acting against the in- surgents, 8, The Russian government has warned them to ex- peet no assistance. 4. The German government Austrian policy. 5, Italy is neuter, 6, The British government is in favor of the British holders of Turkish securities, and therefore ready to help the Turks. 7, The attempts which have been hitherto made by troops of Servia and Montenegrin volunteers to pass the Drina have failed, 8 Herzegovina, except the parts bordering on Monte- negro, are in the hands of the Turks, 9 The principal towns of the province have also steadily resisted the attacks of the insurgents. Tho Turks are now preparing to strike a decisive blow at the heart of the insurrection, . * I learn from a letter dated at Constantinople on the eve of Mahmoud Pacha’s appointment to the post of Grand Vizier that the Sultan 1s losing temper with the Christian Powers, save Russia, which is very ably represented by General Ignatieff. Indeed, the Porte may well Le excused for listening with some im- patience or declining any longer to listen at all to tho perpetual scoldings of foreign ambassadors, Her public debt is wholly of their creation. ‘Thirty years ago ‘Turkey had hardly any national obligations, but sho was first in- duced to drift into war, or, rather, towed into war by England, and then pestered to make reforms, to reorganize her army, to create a new fleet, to lay down {rom roads, and sho was offered money on all sides to accomplish these objects, But the same persons who have led her into expense and debt have now gradually stopped all her old sources of revenue, and, having got most of their money back in the form of contracts and usurious interest on theirloang, they are holding her up to the execration of Europe for having acted on their counsel, A TURK OF THE OLD ScHoot, therefore, like Mahmoud Pacha, may well be disposed to ask the Sultan what Turkey has gained by the al- liance of the Western Powers. As far as the peace and comfort of the Sultan are concerned Turkey had far better have submitted to the Russian demands in 1853 than have thrown herself into the arms of England. Russia would have been quite content with astrip of Moldavia and a joint protectorate over Wallachia and would have granted Turkey a handsome compensation for such concessions. Now she has lost Roumania alto- gether and is about to lore her other Christian prov- inces, Itcan really signify nothing to Turkish inter- ests that a Prince of Hohenzollern reigns at Bucharest instead of the Czar, All that concerned Turkey was the right of levying taxes there, and that she has been obliged to give up. In like manner the English alliance has been productive of the loss of Rgypt and the general revolt of her Christian States. What worse things could have happened to the Turks if England had been their foe? Again Turkey could pay the interest on her debt (which is comparatively a small debt) easily enough if left to her own devices; but she is not allowed to tax the subjects which remain to her, and when she discov- ers that no money is to be had of England she may de+ cline to receive English sermons, and perhaps ultimately sell herself to. Russia on such terms as are to be had, and while the Sultan has still something left to sell. English financiers, contractors and other job fine cters have been far too much disposed for many years to look upon Turkey as A TOMMY TIDDLER’S GROUNDS where money was to be picked up by any one who would stoop low enough for it. A list of the public rob- beries which have been committed there would be dreary reading, and now that the Turks have been brought to ruin by them there is something delightfully cool and innocent in the complaints which are made by the persons who havo got safely off with their plunder. It is impossible even now to go intoa hotelat Constanti- nople without finding it stocked with English specula- tors come out to pick the very skin off Turkish bones, ‘They have all “STRONG LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION” to their Ambassador, or they are prepared to bribo Scruff Pacha by throwing him a red herring for a salmon, or somebody @hey know has got the ear ot Huffi Pacha, or Muffl Bey, who was the Grand Vizier's pipe boy, has promised them his influence. Most of these men will go home literally gorged with Turkish spoil, and they will be succeedea by other hordes of gold suckers equally voracious. For nearly twoscore years all the patronage worth having and a greater part of the revenues of the Turkish government have been in English hands; and it is not too much to say that no country could be go¥erned satisfactorily under such conditions. Iam far from saying that Mussulman rule is ever good; but England has done all she could to make it execrably bad throughout the Ottoman dominions. Turkey has beon mado a sink for the very offal of nepotism. Whenever any young man of the official families was too discreditable to be nomi- nated to a snug place in England, or even in her furthest dependencies, he was quartered on the Turks. Maltese, who could not speak English, noblemen’s cast-off valets, the butlers of influential old Indies, cashiered officers who had ministerial connec- tions were sent out as consuls over large districts; and these consuls wero really profects, who governed her fairest provinces in despite of pacha and cadi. Many of them habitually sold passports to any rayah who would buy thom, and the holders of these passports at once claimed exemption from taxes, on the alleged ground that they were foreign subjects, Every rayah of mod- erate shrewdness changed his nationality ostensibly in this manner, and was mado an Englishman for $1, which was the regulation price of a passport, The whole line of the great consulates, from the Dardanelles tothe furthest shores of the-Black Sea, was held by a single family, who notoriously played these tricks, and one of them ultimately found his way into penal servi- tude for a fraud which made rather too much noise to be hushed up. There is hardly a singlo commercial firm of rayahs in Turkey of which all the members do not claim different nationalities for mercantile purposes, ‘60 that no taxes or dues can be got out of them without & joint protest from tho representatives of the six Powers. ‘vhe local pachas, nevertheless obliged to furnish money, are compelled to seek it in the agricultural dis- tricts chiefly, and there they have diflcuities of another sort, The Turkish peasant has a passionate reverence is supporting the tampt on her park} annex the Chylatian nrovinged @f | for the Low coins which he scrapes Yoxetbor to hide im the grouna, ana nere 1s a story which was told me by an eye-witness, iustrative of the obstinacy with which he keeps possession of them. My informant, an Eng- lish Consul General, was on a visit toa pacha when a peasant was brought to judgment for refusing to pay taxes, The Pacha nodded to his guards, and the peas- ant was thrown down and beaten, though he cried piteously that he was a poor man who had nota piaster, and could not find one to save his life, ‘This man,” observed the Pacha, “has to be beaten thus every year.” “God bless my soul!” replied the horrified Consul General, “let me intercede for him.” “By all means,” replied the Pacha, politely. The Pacha waved his hand, and his guards, who were thwacking the man as though he were a carpet, stopped in their work, the peasant’s screams ceased and he got up. But on rising to his feet he made a false step, knocked his head against the ground, and the precise amount of taxes due from him rolled suddenly out of his mouth. He had resolved to bear as much beating as he could rather than pay; but if brought to the last extremity he had his money in readiness, ANOTEER VIEW OF THE SITUATION—INTERESTING LETTER FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT AT ‘TRIESTE. ‘Trieste, August 30, 1875. It is not difficult to give the reason for auy outbreak of the Christian subjects of Turkey, The name given them by the Turks—rayah, signifying beast—is a sufll- cient indication of the position they hold in the admin- istration of affairs, but, as in some parts of the Empire they seemed to have preserved spirit enough not to submit to be always treated as beasts, now and then there is a revolution. When the tax gatherer is reason- ably voracious the Mussulman coinhabitants are pugna- cious, and vice versa; so that between the two there is always reason for revolt. Then, as for justice, the Christian has none which he cannot pay for, and pro- tection none at all, The Herzegovina and Crete are governed at all) of all the provinces; both are poor, the soil mainly owned by Mussulman landlords and the taxes are paid in kind—one-tenth to tho government and one-third to the landlord, but the tenth is oftener the seventh, or fifth, and the third the half, because tho proprietors have a convenient way of saying to the peasant, “You have s0 many acres, they ought to produce so much, there- fore you will pay me the third ofthat.” The tax col- lectors adopt the hint, and as the taxes are farmed out atan estimated sum all above the estimate goes into the pocket of the farmer of taxes, andas he has every interest to exaggerate the yield it is never below the actuality. ‘Then the peasant has no recourse to justice, for his oath is not accepted against a Mussulman, and, already robbed of the greater part of his year’s earn- ings, he cannot pay the cadi for a favorable decision, and, if he can save enough to keep body and soul to- gether, he submits, Sometimes he caunot, and then come troubles, The Bey quiets them by the simplest means, and the poor peasant leaves his children to the care of God, and goes where no bey or tax gatherer can reach him. Here is the history of the present troubles in the Herzegovina, Last year some of these starved peas- ants, being too ready of complaint in the presence of their Mussulman compatriots, one of their number was killed, The Christians retaliated, and an affray took place, in which, the Mussulmans turning out the strongest, the Christians fled into Montenegro, near the frontiers of which the fight took place, There they passed the winter to mect the spring (& @, Juno ultimo). On tho persuasion of the authori- ties of Montenegro and the guarantee of the Turkish Mudir that no harm should be done them they returned to their homes. Soon after one of the princi- pal of them was found killed, then another and another, until the remainder took alarm and steps to protect themselves, A fight took place, Some Montenegrins helped their coreligionarics and the Turks were driven out of the village. As the whole country was in a state of explosion from the tax oppressions the flame spread rapidly, and to-day there are in the Herzegovina about 8,000 to 4,000 insurgents, and the Turkish garrigon at Mostar, the capital of the district, cannot go out, and that of the city of Trebigne is closely blockaded, and must, if notrelieved, surrender in a few days. ‘The district is particularly well situated for defence, being mountainous and cut up with deep defiles, high ridges, and along the west separated from the sea by a strip of Dalmatia, so that there are only two points where access to the littoral is possible, and to reach these from the sea ships must pass through waters under the jurisdiction of Austria, At one of these points, Klek, the troops havo already tried to penetrate to the inte- rior, but with so little prospect of success that the last news from there says that they have already embarked again for Antivari, a port south of Montenegro. The passes are so strongly held by the insurgents at Klek, as well as at the other point, Castelnuovo, that they are regarded as impassable, and all that remains 1s to march through Albania and round Montenegro—a task as hopeless as the other in reference to the relief either of Trebigne or Mostar. The only other way is through Servia or Montenegro (the latter strategically as difll- cult as the others mentioned), the choice of which would be declarmg war on those semi-independent States, The news collector is worse put to it here than with the “intelligent contraband,” telegrams contradicting each other in the hour and repeating themselves as news two or three days later. What we know pretty confidently is that the insurgents have obtained many slight advan- tages, magnified by telegraph into battles, taken several blockhouses aud small posts, and hold the whole country, from Mostar to the Montenegrin frontiers, pretty much at their own disposal; and, as there seems no way for the Turkish troops to approach them, they are likely to have ail the time they need to organize; and as they receive arms, &., freely across the Monte- negrin frontier, things go on switmingly. ‘The spirits of the insurgents’ friends here seem to be high, and everything goes much as they hope so far. The general expectation is that Turkey will be obliged to declare war on Servia to stop the continual passing of armed volunteers over the frontiers into Bosnia, and at the same’ time to be able to send her own troops by that road imto the disturbed country. This, of course, would be general conflagration, ana would result in in- tervention by the Powers, Both Servia and Montenegro are quite ready to be de- clared war upon, and can hold their own unless the ‘Turkish army has undergone a radical revolution, rank and file, within the past four years; and the end of such a war would certainly be the dismemberment of the Empire, Andon the other hand, if Servia allows her people to go to the aid of the insurgents, and they keep the country now raised in revolt, the troubles will soon spread into the other districts, the result of which would be equally disastrous, It certainly seems a very difficult position for the Porte. Anti what is more, it deserves the embarrass- ment and the worst consequences which can befall it, for it has had warning after warning, and while every insurrection brings repentance and promises for better government, no sooner is it over than everything is forgotten, and nothing 18 further from the thought of the Turk than to cure his malady. ‘There is no need to look to political intrigues for |, cause for insurrection; the whole Empire is covered with gunpowder, and it hardly matters where the spark falls or who strikes it. The miserable state of evéry subject Christian race is gronnd for insurrection every day in every year and in every province of Turkey in Europe, and neither Russia nor Austria have any need to spend their money to make newones, It only needs a breath of favor from any government, a momentary success of any insurrection, to put the whole Empire in agitation. Of course Russia, who hopes to profit most by the dissolution, takes most pains to get control of the means of agitation, and little by little has come to be recognized as the hope of the rayah, I should have said two weeks ago that England had no influence, but two or threo articles in the Times lately, written in tho most complete appre- ciation of the emergency and the merits of the Turkish régime have produced an effect throughout this part of the Levant which resembles very much the thunders of the old days, England has a mighty con- servative force, which will show its gravity if she should roally abandon the Turk to himself, or call on him to render an account of those years of grace which ho owes simply and purely to her, I don’t hesitate to say, from the echoes of those Times articles which have reached me hero, on the threshold of the Levant, that they have done more to restore the impression that England is still a great nation than all the action of her diplomacy in Constantinople sinco the Crimean war, I would not have believed, without witnessing it person- ally, that any expression of English opinion or intens tion would have produced the effect which the Zimes articles have, It remains to see how far the Times will bg followed hy govarument | perhaps the worst abused (one really can’t use the word | THE IRON HORSE, ENGLISH CELEBRATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RAILWAYS—THE FIRST EFFORT FIFTY YEARS AGO, Wrst Hantixpoot, Sept. 1, 1875. More than even national interest attaches to a cele- bration which commences in a comparatively small English town on the 27th of September, for by it it is proposed to celebrate the jubilee of railways. So South Durham blows the trumpet, and Darlington, the drab centre of Northern Quakerism, beats the loud timbrel in praise of George Stephenson and Edward Pease, by whose energies the first railway was brought into being fifty years ago, That railway was swallowed up a dozen years ago by the Northeastern Railway—one of the five great lines of England—at whose bidding these celebrations are to be held at Darlington, Tho. first engine is taken down from its pedestal and is car- nied to the chief engineering works in the town to form the contre of a group of its successors, There is to be a feast of body and a flow of mind in a marquee in Southend grounds, to which railway magnates are bidden all the world over, A statue to Joseph Pease, long time treasurer of the first railway, is to be unveiled, and royalty is asked to withdraw the veil, There aro to be excursions to the chief places of industry opened in the neighborhood since the primal railway made ex- tended trade possible, and the multitude are already agog with the anticipations of the festival in which, with music and marches, they are to swell the ranks, And as the story of the commencement of communication by rail has a cosmopolitan interest, the American public should hear of it through the Hera. Fifty or sixty years ago there was no nook of England which had greater riches in its bosom or more uninvit- ing prospects than the part of Durham lying between the rivers Tees ami Wear. There were coals in the western part which found a market in towns to the south, and for which an unlimited demand was proba- ble if they couid have been rapidly conveyed from the pit-mouth to the large towns. But the Tees was not navigable many miles from its mouth, and the Wear for a still shorter distance. Lead and coal were borne in small quantities on the backs ot horses to Stock- ton, the nearest port, but the cost of the journey and its length practically put an embargo on trade. A canal had long been suggested, but there seemed no likeli- hood of its being carried out, though engineer after engineer had demonstrated its practicability. But with the beginning of this century a combined effort in that | direction seemed determined on, and at last an influen- tial committee was appointed at’Stockton tm July, 1818, on which committee the names of two inhabitants of Darlington occur; the one, Jonathan Backhouse, a banker and manufacturer; the other, Edward Pease, a manu- facturer, and both Quakers. That committee employed Mr. George Leather, civil engineer, to survey the land and report, and in his report there is evidence that there had been some suggestion of a railway, for in it he con- trasts the expense of conveyance on a railway with that of a canal, LOOKING TO HORSES AS THE MOTIVE POWER, he estimates the cost of keep at £52 per horse annually and the driver's wages at £39 for the same period and the receipts from goods carried at £32 per year also, ‘This “losing game” is the first official estimate of a rail- way. The influence, however, of Messrs. Pease and Backhouse on the committee caused some gravitation of opinion toward a railway, and to propitiate this the order for tho draught bill was for power for. a canal or railway or of both, Eventually it was decided that a railway should be the means of communication, George Stephenson now appeared on the scene and persuaded Edward Pease to take power to work the tratlic by engines,” a few of which—the “Puffing Bil- lies” of the pits—were working at collieries. And when, aiter one legislative defeat and another post- ponement, the bill of the company was passed by Par- iament in 1821, it contained the requisite power, Through the exertions uf Joseph Pease, son of Edward of that ilk, the requisive capital of £120,000 was se- cured, and in May. 1822, the first rail of the new hne was laid at Stockton-on-Tees. Three years were spent in construction, in the building of folling stock—it a dozen or two of wagons could justify that name—and in the construction at works built for the purpose by Stephenson, Edward Pease and Thomas Richardson, of THE FIRST LOCOMOTIVE EMPLOYED on a public railway, By September, 1825, all was ready, and on the 27th of the month’ the opening took place, Three years before the Manchester and Liver- pool line was opened. What would be called now a “mixed train’? was run, “Locomotion”—as the first en- gine was named fittingly—having as freight a score or so of wagons, laden with coal, flour and passengers, and one Jong *‘coach,” in which the directors and their friends were congregated. 1 have seen the one meimento of that day, an oil painting, owned by Mr. Henry Pease, one of the few survivors of the opening, and in it the train is represented crossing the bridge over the little river Skerne at a good pace, whilst, quaintly attired, men are Waving hats that have suspicious broad brims, and a catrier’s wain is drawn up near, the driver of which looks wonderingly on, That first trip, with 4 GEORGE STEPHENSON AS THE DRIVER, demonstrated the practicability of railways and demol- ished the idea of ucanal. There has been no looking back since that beginning, so small, but of constant growth, ‘The little line of 1825 developed into a system belore it was absorbed into a greater. The annual in- come of the company a dozen years ago was three times more than the capital fifty years since. Instead of serv- ing two httle market towns with coal it had caused the development of the trade until it was the channel of conveyance to a large part of the globe. It had given birth to an even greater inaustry—that of iron, through whose northern centre its lines run like the spokes in a@ wheel, The one engine had 200 descendants; the first factory at Newcastle has sent out its’ products and its shoots to all parts of the world, and great as the growth of the grain of mustard seed has been the growth of that system of railway communication which. the genius of Stephenson and the foresight and pluck of the Darlington Quakers inaugurated. There is no need to dwell on the story. Smiles has given some of iis outlines, Itts suilicient to say that though for about eight years horses and their iron competitors had the haulage of the passenger and goods trailics, yet in or about 1833 HORSE POWER WAS DISCONTINUED, extension becaine the order of the day, and ‘the primal railway sought for fresh fields and pastures new to swell its traffic returns. It laid the foundations of Middieborough, a seaside town of a growth more American than English; it fostered the coal trailic, it developed the iron tradé of Cleveland and gave a spurt to its local manufacture until about a third of the amount of pig iron produced in the United Kingdom is brought to ik in Cleveland. Industrial centres have arisen all ulong the route, such ag Consett, where the population has been more than multiplied a dozen times, and the commerce of the district has been revived until there ure now local boasts that northern trade is the backbone of that of England, and if its recent ac- celerated momentum be kept up, the course of the successor of the first railway may prove the truth in England ot the aphorism that “northward the star of empire wends its way.’’ In South Durham there have frequently been recurring commemorations of the opening, but this year is the jubilee, and national in- terest attaches to the celebration of that event. which has given what Tennyson calls ‘an everlasting name’? to Darlington as the pioneer of rail taken up by the Northeastern Railway power in the railway world, is being seconded worthily by the town chiefly concerned; and to it the eyes of those interested in railways will be turned at the cele- bration of that event which realized the dreams of Stephenson and enabled the world to be girdled with rails, ENGLISH TUREITES IN PARIS, atest THE SCUM OF FLEET STREET OPERATING IN THE FRENCH CAPITAL—FINES FOR ‘“fHE FANCY.” Loxpox, Sept. 3, 1875. I have just returned from Paris, where I witnessed the trial of a number of English betting men who have for a considerable time ensconced themselves in the French capital. Years ago England became too hot for professional betting men, The aristocracy thought the lower orders were getting too well up in betting. This could not, of course, be permitted. Consequently meas- ure after measure was brought into the House of Com- mons until, at last, when the tory government came into power, ready money betting was made illegal, A® ‘Tattersall’s and the West End clubs the ‘swells’ could do just as they chose, At Tattersall’s even professional betting men could book bets for as many thousands as they chose, At the Victoria Club, in Wellington street— aclub composed solely of betting men—any ono may book as many bets during the week as he pleases; ho settles, if he can, on the Monday—if he can- not he disappears, and he frequently does, I mean he frequentiy disappears, Latterly Paris has presented an inviting fleld for defaulters, There betting was believed to be legal, Seven or eight years ago George Valentine, of tho firm of Valentine & Wright, highly respectable men, established himself in Paris, where he quietly and remuneratively conducted betting operations, But year after year he was fol- lowed by defaniters of various degrees until last year, when the Betting act of George Anderson, the member for Glasgow, was passed, the betting men of London went to Paris en masse, Then Paris saw @ remarkable, but not an inviting sight. Rue de Choiseul, on the Boulevard des Italiens, was literally given up to the scum of Fleet street, Rue de Choiseul and its immediate neighborhood were choke- a-block with blackguards, I don’t mean that all were Dlackguards, for among the English betting mon in Paris there were not @ few good and honorable men; but the intermixture of the “rough” element was of the most pronounced character, Besides, THR FRENCH HAVE A MANIA POR BETTING; they will bet on the smallest race at Kingsbury or Croydon; they will bet on anything; and the Parisians consequently crowded the betting offices of Ruo Choiseul, Every day the infection spread. Boys bevted, and women betked—for iy Piracy Mie mray | fing rt ag mare is the better norse, and the gutdwife looks well after the “siller.”” The usuai results ensued—or, rather, what are called the usual results, for I have little faith in them—that is, rumor had itthat thefts from employers took place to satify the craving for betting. But what did more to bring about a crisis than any- thing else was the rage into which the merry Moskoo was put when he found that the betting men—the book- makers—pocketed his money over horses put up in the lists, but that had been “scratched’’—that is, with- drawn from the race—days before he made his bet, And not only pocketed the merry Mossoo’s money, but laughed at him besides, Then it was alleged that the bookmakers themgelves owned horses, laid the odds against them and scratched them as soon as a sufficient sum of public money had been got. But more of this further on, Human endurance, even French human endurance, has its limits, So one cold Saturday night, 4 couple of inonths ago, the French police came down, ax is recorded of the Assyrian, like a wolf on the fold of the bookmakers, and MADE A CLEAN SWERP of all their books, papers and money. Experts were engaged to examine all the seized docurents, and ultimately the bookmakers were summoned to appear on the double charge of keeping gaming houses and with eseroquerie, which is the French for swindling. Strange to relate, not one London newspaper has @ correct account of ‘the trial of those men, In fact, the reports that have appeared have been crowded with inaccuracies. Twenty-four men were summoned; only thirteen appeared in court; the remainder had ‘either absconded or remained at’ home, ‘there were Jack Valentine (called “Jack” because his name is George), Billy Wright, Cris Robinson, Sam Houghton, Jem Adkins, Tubby Morris, Big Bet Sailery and one who is well known to Americans who frequent the Cosmopoh- tan, at No. 4 Rue Scribe, Silver Hair Bureh, so-called because his hair ever since he was sixteen years of age has been as white as snow. Tho others were Frenchmen and men of inferior degree on the turf. By advice of his lawyer, a leading solicitor in Paris, Jack Valentine did not appear in court, because it had been pretty well known many days before the trial took place that Valen tine and Burch were to be imprisoned as well as fined, it having been alleged that they owned horses that were run or not run, just to suit the pockets of the alleged owners, But Burch, by private influence—by means of what the French call the escalier de service—got off with a fine, notwithstanding that he was Valentine's partner, and Valentine alone, of ail the lot, was sentenced to 8,000 franes fine and one year’s imprisonment—sen- tenced in his absence by order of his lawyer, who, ha’ ing to appear in a cage at Lille on the game day, could not attend the court in Paris, _ But Lam in a position to state—in fact, T have it from Valentine's own lips—that certain horses said to have been owned by Valentine are not and never were his property—that, in fact, they belong to : TUR DUKE OP HAMILTON, ‘The Duke, after a chequered career on the English and French turf, got married some time ago. Just before his marriage the Duke, who meant to leave the turf for a time at least, gave the use of his horses to an impecunious “pal,” Jimmy Shaw, an ex-Captain in the English army, and erst a gentleman jockey. For certain reasons Shaw could not run the horses in his own name, and Valentine, in the goodness of his heart, allowed his name to be nsed as nominator, Acting, a8 T have already said, on the advice of his Inwyer and having faith in his innocence being proved when his case came on appeal before a higher tribunal in Paris, he never left the city. But last night VALENTINE WAS ARRESTED by the police and taken to the prison of Mazas, where long before his year expires the ‘“iscipline’’ will kill him. Thus the best man of the twenty-four eum- moned—for he is thoroughly honest and far from rich— is really the only man punished. To tho others the 4,000f, in which they have been mulcted is merely a fleabite, Besides, Vaien- tine has been sent to prison for an offence that if thus punished in England, would lock up half the members of the Victoria Glub—aye, and even some celebrated members of the great Jockey Club itself. Moreover, it would be all the more gulling to Valen- tine, not to say one word of the public feeling, to be aware that the horses he is said to have “worked,” and for owning which he has been convicted of eteroquerte, os the property of a peer of England, Scotland an ‘rance. Hitherto it had been delieved that the Code Napoleon made betting legal in France. ‘the present decision, however, would seem to say otherwise, In tho cases of all the accused, excepting Valentine, the charge of escroquerie was departed from; yet all wero fined. A certain feeling of legality was’ given to the operations of the betting men in Paris from the fact that every voucher sent out for every bet had to be stamped, and from these stamps the French government derived a considerable revenue. But no one can tell what tncongruities will crop up in France, Before I left Paris I met CAPTAIN BOYTOS, who informed me that ho had ‘been requested by Marshal MacMahon and the Duchess of Magenta to ex- hibit his life-saving apparatus in Paria This request the gallant Captain at once agreed to, asking that the lake on the Bois de Boulogne should be enclosed and he should give the money drawn for the beneilt of the suf- ferers by the recent inundations. This the Prefect of the Seine would not comply with, as he alleged he could not legally enclose a lake that belonged to the public, ‘Then Captain Boyton offered to exhibit publicly on the Seine; but this also was refused, the Minister stating that in the large crowd likely to be attracted there would be danger to life, Thus Boyton’s journey to Paris was fruitless. But he is going elsewhere. Ho had just got a telegram from Berlin, where they were erecting 40,000 seats Lo witness his performance, WEST SIDE DRIVING PARK. FIRST DAY OF THE SEPTEMBER TROTTING MEETING—SILVER TAIL AND SUSIE THE The opening day of the September trotting meeting at the West Side Driving Park was not of the pleasantest or most satisfactory character. While the horses wero scoring for the first heat of tho first event rain began to fall, and continued without interruption the entire afternoon. And then there were some peculiar deci- sions made by the judges, inadvertently, of course, which caused dissension among the drivers, so that the initial sport might have been marked by more harmo- nious proceedings. It will no doubt mend to-day, and the meeting, all in all, be @ pronounced success. The amusement opened with a purse of $150, for horses that never beat 2:35; mile heats; three im five, in harness Of eight entries six came for the word. The betting was somewhat limited before the start, and though two or three of the horses were purchased as first choice, Carroll’s sorrel mare Elien Mary seemed to have the most friends, bringing at times as much as all the rest, Sho won the first heat, Guinn’s chestnut gelding Silver Tail the second, Ellen Mary the third, and after des- perate work Silver Tail managed to secure the fourth and fifth and the race. In the fourth heat Willie's sulky collided with that of Ellen Mary and Carroll was pitched out, but not injured. The judges distanced Willie for foul driving and Fred Tyler for running, but rescinded the decision some time after and let them in “as they had failed,” said they, “to distance Silver Tail in the first heat,” for improper work. Ellen Mary took second and Tyler third money. Next on the card was a purse of $100 for horses that never beat 2:55, same conditions as the above, Sixteen entries were on the programme, eight of which came to the score, Among these, many of the “knowing” lads said, were “old vets,” with records far below “tifty- five.” ‘John Smith's’ bay mare Susie was the favorite and after four stubborn heats won the race. The dun gelding Don took second and Hector third money, SUMMARY. West Srox Dervine Park, Nwar Jersey Crry, N. J.— First day of the September trotting meeting, Judges, Elias Campbell, Lewis E. Wood and W. Cowan, Finst Race.—Parse of $150, for horses that never beat 2:35, mile heats, in harnoss; $85 to the first, $45 to the second and $20 to the third horse, STARTERS. B. ©. Guinn’s ch. g. Silver Tail ~-61211 J. Carroll’s s, m. Kilen Mary 13122 J. Doremus’ r. g. Fred. Tyler, 424465 John Lovitt’s gr. g. Willie. 26564 John Splan’s br. g. Cheston. 64833 E. J. Heard 3 dis, Time, 2 7. that never trotted better than 2:55, mile heats, best three in five, in harness. STARTERS, “John Smith’s’’ b. m. Susie, a4 3 Owner's d. gaDon.. Me Be’ G, Shipman’s br. g. Hector. 8 & 6 ¢ Jolin Splan’s br. g. John B. 4a cS Peter Manee’s §. g. Red Clou +5 5 bar. Peter Langevin’s bik. g. Sweet .6 6 bar. Owner's b. g.,Charlie, i dis, ‘M. McNamara’s br. g. Im * dis. Time, 2:45 4 —2:41—2 :45—2 45, RACING AT POUGHKEEPSIE. . Povenkrersm, N. Y., Sept. 16, 1875. ‘There were three races at Dutchess County Fair to-day. ‘The stallion race was won by Shylock in three straight heats. Time—2:50, 2:49, 2:50. The 2:50 contest was won in three a heats by Lady Van. 244%, 2:46. The free-for-all was won ‘our heats were trotted; the first race was B64, 2:36%, 2:37.34, by Prince. won by New Berlin Girl Time—2 BTM. TROTTING AT CHARTER OAK PARK. Hantronp, Cenn., Sept. 16, 1875. The race at Charter Oak Park this afternoon between Smuggler and Sensation was won by Smuggler in three straight heats. The following 18 tho SUMMARY. Cnanter Oak Park, Hartvorp, Conn, Sept, 16, 1875, —Purse $1,600. Russell's br. 8. Smuggler, He First heat....++. 36% 1:121-3 1:48 2:22) Second heat..... 864 1:12 17 2:21 ‘Third heat, 86 LiL 1:46: 2:23 heavy for the first half. nee Smuggler trotted the three heats in fine style, without a break. Sensation was sore from the running of a spike tnto one of his legs and nervous and could with dificulty be kept down to bis Work, 5 seestptinintig ican FLEETWOOD PARK, SECOND DAY OF THE RUNNING MEETING— THREE VERY INTERESTING CONTESTS—MOLLIB DARLING, FRANK AND CENTURY THE WINNERS. THE RACING. Rain commenced falling at the moment the horses were being saddled for the first race, but not heavily enough to injure an excellent track, The attendance was not so large as on the previous day, although greater than was anticipated from the threatening state of the weather during the morning and up to the time of leaving the city for the race course. Three races wero on the programme—the first, a dash of a mile and an eighth; the second, mile heats, and the third, a dash of @ mile and a quarter, In the first race there were three starters, comprising 1, A Hitchcock's bay filly Mollie Darling, 4 years old, carrying 105 Ibs.; M. Byrnes’ brown filly Nettie B., 3 years old, 92 Ibs., and E. V, Snedicor’s gray colt Derby, 8 years old, 90 lbs. Mollie Darling was the favorite, Nettie B. second choice, Derby third in favor. Mollie Darling won a very good race, in very fair time, beat- ing Nettie B, alength. Derby was beaten one hundred yards. ‘The second event was a handicap of mile heats, for all ages, for a purse of $250; $200 to the first, $50 to the second horse, There were four entries for this race, consisting of F, Stearn’s gray gelding Frank, 5 years old, carrying 90 Ibs; A. H. Torrance’s bay horse Moonstone, aged, 114 Ibs.; M Byrnes? chestnut horse Camden, aged, 108 Ibs., and John Coftee’s bay colt by Panic, three years old, 80 Ibs. Moonstone had the call in the betting before the race, Frank sec- ond choice, the Panic colt third, Camden selling at the lowest figures, Frank won the race in a short rubber, Moonstone winning the second prize, The third race was a dash of a mile and a quarter, for all ages, between L. A. Hitchcock’s chestnut horse Cen- tury, four years old, 108 Ibs. ; J W. Wilder, Jr.’s, chest nut colt Warlare, three years old, 96 Ibs., and M. Byrnes? chestnut mare by Censor, aged, 115 Ibs. Century won the race very easily, Warfare second, The following are the details ‘THE FIRST RACR. - Prrss $250; for all ages; $200 to the first, $50 to the second, One mile and an eighth. STARTERS. L. A Hitchcock's br. f. Mollie Darling, by Revolver, dain Skipper, 4 years old, 105 Ibs, (Cochran)...... 2 M. Byrnes’ br. f. Nettie B., by Vandal, dam Wood- bine, 3 years old, 92 Ibs. (Slade). » 2 E. V. Snedicor’s g. ¢. Derby, by Ei 8 years old, 90 lbs. (Spelman). oie 0g, THE BETTING, Mollie Darling amet 140 120 Nettie B + 70 65 0 DEIDP. i c0.ce + 50 60 80 Tho Paris Mutuels paid $10 07. THE RACE. Nettie B. took the lead at the start, Mollie Darling second, Derby third. When the horses reached the judges’ stand Nettie B. was leading one length, Derby ‘second, a neck in front of Mollie Darling. Going down to the quarter pole Nettie showed the way by a length, Mollie Darling taking second place, Derby failing off. At the half-mile pole Nettie B. was a length in front of Mollie Darling, the latter a dozen lengths in advance of Derby. Coming up the hill of the backstretch Mollie Darling closed gradually, until at the three-quarter pole she was on even terms with Nettie B. From there to the stand Mollie Darling played with Nettie B., and came ina winner by a length, under a pull, in 2:0034. Derby was 100 yards behind. THR SECOND RACR. Hawprcar.—Purse $250, for all ages; $200 to the first, $50 to the second. Mile heats, STARTERS, F. Stearns’ g. g. Frank, by Engineer, dam Lady ‘ Culpepper, 5 years old, 90 Ibs. (Spelman) 1 AH, Torrance’s b, h. ‘Moonstone, by As hs dam Alabama, aged, 114 Ibs. (Donahue).......... 4 2 M. Byrnes’ ch. g. Cainden, by Bulletin, dam by Leviathan, aged, 108 Ibs. (Fitzgerald). ha John Coffeo’s b. c by Panic, dam Long Nino, 8 + years old, 80 Ibs, (Cochran). 8s Time, 1:4634, Camden.... 35 20 65 100 50 45 30 35 90 40 160 50 Field.. os 55. 20 25 8 The Paris Mutuels paid $15 83 on the first heat, and $11 83 on the second. THE RACE. First Heat.—The Panic colt was first away, Frank second, Camden third, Moonstone fourth, When the horses’ reached the quarter pole the Panic colt waa leading one length, Camden second, one length in ad- vance of Moonstone. The horses ran sharply around the lower turn, and at the half-mlie pole Frank had the best of it bya head, Camden second, a head in front of the Pani¢ colt, Moonstone bringing up ‘the rear, half a length be- hind. Frank managed to keep his head in front all the way up the hill of the backstretch, Camden second, three lengths in advance of the Panic colt, who was half a length in advauce of Moonstone, the latter seemingl¥ not making an effort to overtake the leaders. Frank Kept the lead to the end, winning the heat by twa lengths, Camden second, four lengths in front of the Pantie colt, who was a like distance in advance of Moon- stone. Time.of the heat, 1:46. Heat.—Camden was away first, Moonstone second, Frank third, the Panic colt fourth. When the horses’ reached the ‘quarter pole Moonstone was two lengths in front of Frank, the latter one length in ad- vance of Camden, the Panic colt close up. At the half- mile pole Moonstone was leading three lengths, Frank second, one length im advance of Camdeu, who was four lengths in front of the Panic colt. Moonstone was two lengths in front at the three-quarter pole, but there he began to shorten his stride and Frank to close on him. As he entered the homestretch Frank wag nearly on even terms with Moonstone. They were both then in trouble, and after a whip and spur contest Frauk landed a winner by a neck. Moonstone was a dozen lengths ahead of Camden, the Panic colt two lengths further off. Time of the heat, 1:47.34. THE THIRD RACK. Porse $200, for all ages; $150 to the first, $50 to the secoud One mile and a quarter, STARTERS, L. A. Hitchcock's ch. ¢. Century, by Censor, dam In- trigue, 4 years old, 108 Ibs. (Fisher). .... EES. | J. M. Weldon’s ch. ¢. Warfare, by War Dance, dam Wagonette, 3 years old, 90 Ibs, (Cochran).......... M. Byrne’s ch. in., by Censor, dam unknown, aged, 118 Ibs. (Fitugerald ; 100 35 30 The Paris Mutuels paid $7 60. THE RACE, ‘The Censor mare was first away, Warfare second, Cen- tury close up. The horses changed places in their ran up the quarter stretch, and as they passed the stand the Censor mare was leading half a length, Century second, aneck in advance of Warfare. Going around the turn the horses were nearly parallel for a momen’ and when they passed the quartor pole the mare hi still the best of it by a neck, Century second, a length ahead of Warfare. Getting into the lower turn, mare suddenly fell in the rear and Warfare and Centut went on side and side, passing the balf-mile pol on even terms five lengths clear of the mare. up the hill to the prereag, gh =! pole Century showed in front and came into the homestretch leading half a length, the mare twenty lengths behind. A merry run up the quarter stretch resulted in Century winning the race by a length, Warfare 100 yards ahead of the Censor mare, Time of the mile and a quarter, 2:1834. e te this closed the second day’s racing at Fleetwood var MYSTIC PARK. Bostox, Sept. 16, 1878, The races at Mystic Park were postponed till Friday, Goldsmith Maid trotted one mile in the rain, making the quarter in 344, the half-mile in 1:09, and the mile in 2:18, With a good day and track it is believed she would have made very fast time, LOUISVILLE FALL RACE MEETING, Loursvinis, Ky., Sept. 10, 1875. ‘The fall meeting of the Louisville Jockey Club begins next Monday. The indications are that it will be one of the most success{ul ever held in the autumn, There are nearly 200 horses now on the course, CRICKET, THE STATEN ISLAND DEFEATS TEE PROSPECT PARK CLUB, A very close and exciting game of cricket was played yesterday at Prospect Park Parade Ground, betwoen the first elevens of the Prospect Park and Staten Island clubs. Play began at half-past twelve P, M., Moore and Stevens, of the Staten Island Club, taking the bat, Sprague bowled very carefully, and the Staten Islanders went out for 21 runs, The Park Club in {ts inning only obtained 19 runs, There was splendid play on both sides, The second inning was not played, be- cause the rain fell heavily. The following is the score;— Staten Island, rk, Mooro, c. Peters b. Er. Poters, c and b. Rogers. 0 TINQUOM, 0.00 eee seeeees Reid, c. Rogers,b. Brews- pnt Sprague. .... ter. ae . Luske, b. Errington Dod , v. Roger De run out. Melville, b, Rogers. Davis, b. Sprague. W. Scott, c Sub, Brewster, run out Brewster. Robinson, run out, Roberts, not out. . P. Allen, b. Errington. . Rogers, run ont, Leg byes......... Errington, run TOtAl...seseesseeeee OL Runs Scored at the ae Lst, 2d. Bd. 4th, 5th. Staten Is nd. 0 1 8 8 8 10 Prospect Park 0 4 4 6 10 10 IL 14 19 Wadd Umpires —Diosers, A. Gilbert-and Harman,