The New York Herald Newspaper, July 13, 1874, Page 6

6 NEW YORK HERALD, MONDAY, JULY 13, 1874.—-WITH SUPPLEMENT. SUNDAY IN NEW YORK °° circeameta! weekly meetings on the Vhristian Sabbath. SUNDAY AMUSEMENTS, Per contra, it is calculated, on police estima that there are aout thirty halls, saloons, &c., of nces, are compelled to hold their | proportions, and blessed with an atmosphere of the balmiest and most genial nature, it afords many | of the pleasures of a suburban paradise which mast hat ther . nip eee oe x be visited and sojourned in during the sweltering ali kinds, tn which r or sel beat of the city to ve fully appreciated. Sitting ‘. | theatrical amusements are held on Sun night. a ‘3 me the First , Socns"s@“usene’sucn as the coneerts at Terrace | 12 & quiet room of “Lebanon Vottage,” at an eleva- How the Metropolis Spends | Garden. or Central Park Garden or _ the | tion of several hundred feet above the broad and concerts occasionaily at the Grand Oper® | expansive Hudson, whose placid waters lie almost Day of the Week. House. are iavorably known to the public; Society on Fourth street, are of @ more private character, though equally popular. Balis are also | peld on Sunday nights at the Germania Assembly Rooms, on the Bowery, and at other places. Low balls were jormerly held as the Casino, 1n Houston street, on Sunday Ly ere but they became public | nuisances and were broken up by the police. The Arion Club rooms, Ob St. Mark’s place, also give entertaipments oa Sunday nights, and the majority of the German clubs on the east side make Sunday night the gala night ol all the week. Various attempts have been made by our German population to open the Germania Theatre, on Fourteenth street, for theatrical representations on Sunday nights, but 80 far in vain, It was also at one me proposed to open a Broadway theatre halt price” on Sunaay nights for the benefit of the working classes, put this scheme also fell througn. A party of amateurs are in the havit of giving private theatricals every Sunday n ght at their littie theatre or room on T'wenty-siXth street, and various Jewish clubs throaghout the city are in the habit of meeting in social gayety on Sunday Sunday Services and Sunday Amusements. ‘Some Interesting Facts and Curious Figures~How Many Go to Church and How Many Attend Balls. To one accustomed to the life of European capitals nothing im the United Staves of America seems More thorcughly opposed to the Continental | routine of existence than an American Sunday. while other entertainments, such as the converts and balis given at the rooms of the Liederkrans | Deneath my feet, amid the songs of myriads of birds, the soft repose of nature in her sweetest | and most inviting summer garv and the aroma of sweet flowers and shrubs, your correspondent, | becoming aMicved with the cacovtnes scridendi, | takes up his pen to write you a few words about the place, the people, ana what he knows in gen- | eral about it Some years ago (it is not necessary wo be precise as to date) Cornwall was emimently | @ Quaker settlement, and in fact even now one can | see at every angle he turns the handiwork of the | toritty and peace loving toliowers of George Fox in the shape of substantiaily built country seats, hanusome lawns and carefully attended pastures. Tue order, neatness and cheeriulness ol every | home in the vicinity is the first thing that strikes the stranger when hé visits this delightiul spot, ‘The hotels and private board- ing houses here are of a first class descripuion, and | | 1t18 the resort of many of the sensibiy fashionabie | city jolks who preier the luxury of @ quiet and | Realthy existence during the suimmer to the exist HYDROPHOBIA. What the People Say About the Pest of the Hour. Remedies, Suggestions and Experiences. Hydrophobia, with its attendant horrors, 1s sub- Ject im which, for weeks, our citizens have nad an intense and painful interest. When upmuzzied animals are ranging the city streets, and car- rying consternation and death into so many fami- les, it is time for the savans to discuss the ques- tion of the disease and bring to bear all the lights of sctence in order to mitigate the evil. Erudite papers have been read before learned Societies and post-mortems have been held upon the bodies of the unnappy victims of the plague. Suggestions have been considered a8 to the pro- otomy proposed by this eminent physician; {tis not necessary to have recourse to this extreme remedy; but | mean ag to lis propositions of fee ing those patients, and, particularly, as he advis to do it, with small quantities of a liquid eee that it is well to try, The white of an egg mixed with wdered sugar beaten to a loam and beef tea should be given, a teaspoontul at fifteen to twenty minutes’ interval, ‘The im) ibility of swallowing 1s here to be mentioned again. But, 1 repeat it, if the dose of extract of belladopna—five centigrammes spoken i—is resolute! ven every five minutes, the sen- sation of st: tion will disappear quickly, Belladon: not the only uselul substance against hydrophobia. Datura stramonium and other species of datura are almost as powerful as belladonna. I could point ont a particular region of Asia where nyarophopia has been cured for cen- turies by datura. One could have the idea to use atropine on purpose for acting more energetically and quicker, Atropine has not the power to cure drophobia, Atropine ts a good deal less uselul than extract of belladonna. A ropine, like quinine, is, if I am permitted so to speak, un corps sans me, more oF less altered by the chemical agents used to prepare tt, J have mentioned the extract of belladonna, which can be optained pure at any chemist’s in New York; but ifit were possible to get the liquid sub- stance expressed from the fresh root of tie piant, the curative action would be greatly increased. FREDERICK LE OLERU, D. M. P. Lately Chief Physician to the Generai Hospitai o! | Tours, France; Professor of Therapeutics to the Medical school of same city. “THE ORANGEMEN. Parade of the Boys Protestant Yesterday. SERMON BY DR. TYNG. The Arrangements for the Pic- nic To-Day. The 12th of July occurring, as it did, on the Sabe bath, was celebrated yesterday by the Orangemes of this city in a manner in keeping with the sacred- ness of the day. At ten o’clock A. M. nearly 1,00¢ members of the Order had assemblea at Urange Hall, No, 453 Poarth avenue, and were formed ta procession in two files. The Ime of march lay through Thirty-second street to Madison avenue and up the last named thoroughfare to the Church priety of filing the teeth of dogs and microscopic examinations made of the blood of the sufferers @ud the saliva of the animals affiicted with ing Janfaronnade aud uonsensical rounde'o! dissle pation ol the more but less beautiul, resorts where the Fashion holds her On the Continent Sunday is the gayest and most entertaining of all the days of the whole week. The hts. jany of our actresses, especially our operat artistes, of the Holy Trinity, corner of Forty-second street. More Suggestions. ‘The procession was formed as iollows, headed by To THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD :— Sreedom and pleasure of a Parisian Sunday is well known, by description at least, to all readers; while the picturesquely exciting 1 thoas of pass- amg @ Sunday in Spain, with its .andangoes and Dui! fights, is familiar to the public. But it is not, perhaps, generally known to the non-travelled reader that not only in Catholic countries is Sun- day observed as a féte day of popular gayety, but that throughout even what is called Protestant Europe Sunday is observed as par excellence a galaday. Yet such is the fact, In Norway, Swe- den, Denmark, Russia and other partly or wholly non-Catholic countries Sunday is looked upon a day of pleasure much more than it 1s with us, and prince and peasant alike indulge in? festivities on ‘the first day of the week without offence given or taken, or without shocking any sense of decency | and morality. AN AMERICAN SUNDAY, on the contrary, is the very reverse of all this, | and the contrast in this particular with European life is very decided. Perhaps the American sys- vem is the best. Bach man or woman will hold | is or her theory on this point; but the facts of the matter admit of no dispute. The proper observance of Sunday, according to their ideas of propriety, was one of the most important points in the religious tenets, and the social discipline | of the Puritan settlers of New Engiand, where the Sunday laws were for a time su severe that the fame of their severity has passed into history. But of late years even New Engiand Sabbvatarian- ism has become modified by the spirit of we age, and many of the original Blue Laws and Sunday | Teguiations of the New England States are now mere dead letters on their statute books, As we approach the middie portions of the | ‘Wnited States the rigidity of Sunday laws and customs seems to insensibly modify and soften. In the Southern States Sunday is rather @ social than a religious institution; till fnaily, in the | metropolis of the South, the city of New Orleans, | the Continental mode of Sunday keeping prevails, and Paris, on a smaller scale. is reproduced. opéra bouge ceptions” and entertain their Iriends ou Sunday evenings, being their only “spare” evening in the week, As a rule, our German or French popula- tion are more addteted to “nis sort of tung” tan the English-speaking division of tie community. SOME CURIOUS SUNDAY PIGURES. It 1s calculated that about 5,000 persons attend public balis or entertainments of one sort or an- other on Sunday evenings, while during the win- ter seagon at least that number attend aadition- ally the public concerts and entertainments at the various jens, &c. Dur the summer it is calcula hat at least 100,000 go on ‘Sunday ex- cursions” to our parks, suburban towns or various spots aiong our rivers, &c., while the number of business” on a Sunday, including the bar rooms, the cigar shops, the news stands, the Chatham street stores, the barbers in the morning, the East side shops, &¢., exceed 7,000, Yet withal it must be borne in mind that no city in the world 1s more orderly than New York on Sunday. ff we have continental license as to Sun- day enjoyments, we at the same time have Puri- yanie strictness a8 to the preservation of quiet and prevention of unseemly noise and tumult to di turb those who celebrate the weekly Sabbath wholly as a day of worship. We have the liberty | of freemen without the excesses of an unchecked rabole. PROSPECT PARK, BROOKLYN. As soon as the sombre rain clouds had passed over Brooklyn and laid the dust the tide of travel set in towards Prospect Park. The carson the | Smith street and Coney Island line, Flatbush ave- | nue, Bergen street, Nostrand avenue and other | routes leading to the Park were thronged through- week, golng to and returning from that verdure- clad resort of the masses. Certainly the Park | never appeared to finer advantage than was the case yesterday afternoon, when the diamond drops of the generous shower glistened upon the lawn and grassy terraces under the brilliant sun- light, and the leathered tribe sung their most gorgeous notes to ears weary of the uusic of labor. The weather beimg clear and bright, the scenery was unsurpassed. There was no inconvenience experienced by pedestrians along the drives frow water carts, the dust having been pretty effectually laid, As usual, the patrous of the lake were numerous, the entire fleet of A METROPOLITAN SUNDAY. So faras Sunday in New York maybe said to have any distinctive character at all, it seems to be combined of the Sunday-keeping characteristics ©} all the other sections of the country to which allusion has just been made. tion of our Metropolitan population, perhaps aiter ali our largest and most influential portion, who ineline, in a modified form, to the New Englapda theory of the Sabbath, while a considerable section of our people are 1n favor of Continental treedom Telaxation ana enjoymeut. Asa rule, and natur- | ally enough, the foreign-born population of New York, or our “adopted citizens,”’ incline to the Contmental Sunday. Consequently, a New York Sunday at the present time presents the somewhat sugular spectacle of two almost utterly distinct Methous of observance, each method being, alike in theory ana in practice, other, yet each existing mucpendently of tue owner, and neither, as yet, entitied to claim any supremacy. For, up to date, the Continental Sun- day, as understood and practised by the French, Germans, &c., in our midst, and by a certain class | of our own citizens, has not been able to interiere | w any extent with the more seemingly decorous and courch-gotng system of our native American | and New England population. Nor has the Puri- ‘an element iD our midst been able im any impor- | tant degree to repress the instinct of our foreign population for 4 Continental Sunday. “THE SUNDAY QUESTiO: as it is called, the right method of keeping Sunday, 4s destined to become in the estimation of many of our ibinking men oue of the great issues of the American future. It is a fact not generally known Yhat there is at the present moment in this city actively, though quietly at work, actuated by a sense of duty, yet bot inspired with apy sanguine hopes of success, a society, composed of several gentiemen and ladies of this city, whose object is Yo restore, a3 far as practicable, ihe uld statutes for- the observance of Sunday, and to bring back our jor Edward Wardell, agent of the Board of | metropolitan Sundays to the original Puritan or, at least, the oid Dutch standard of solemnity. ‘This association Meets the first Sunday in every month at the house of one of its members, and reports progress, of which so far there has been mone to speak of. Tne members of this society or association (Which has as yet ne particuiar name, thougu it bas a special object) believe that ulti+ mately the “excesses” of our foreign population ‘will tend to cause a reaction Iavorable to their ew of “the Sabbath question.” Influence has @iso been brought imdireculy to bear upon Mayor Havemeyer, who is of Dutch extraction, to re- store our metropolitan Sunday closer to the @id colonial Dutcn pattern; but so tar ‘Without success, as the Muyor sees cleariy that the Spirit Of the age 18 opposed to such retrogression, | than productive of a good deal of excitement | Curiously, yet naturally enough there also exists at the present time in this city a species of society r association (of Germans and freetainkers), who are privately and among themselves agitating “the Sunday question” from precisely an opposite point of view. This society takes the same ground that was acted upon, though with disastrous fatiure, | safe boarding of the vessel, the difiiculues and | during a certain period ofthe French revolution, that one aay in seven devoted to rest entirely 1s & ciear loss to labor and the worid, and that one day in every two weeks or ten Mays is quite sufficient. SUNDAY EXPERIENCES. The “Sunday question” has “loomed up” into importance several times In the history of tuis country, In the city of Pliladeiphia the issue of running the street cars on a Sunday, years ago, created an intense excitement; and a local divine, the Kev. M. Chambers, became novorious as the most prominent of the Sabbatarians. At one period tn Philadelphia the Puritan Sunday was ob- | served im all its strictness. On the other hand, aiuring the days of the “Tammany ring’ 1m this metropolis the observance of Sunday in | Many nigh quarters approached, and even | exceeded, the free aud easy Parisian | standard, Sunday night was curing this era the favourite night for theatrical rehearsals, Colonel | Fisk at the Grand Opera House and the lessees of Nibio’s, then devoted to the spectacular drama, Were in the habit of devoting the only letsu' night in the theatrical week to the “fu hearsais” of “The Tweive Temptation: White Fawn” and “The Black Crook, Sunday long the interior of these theatres were Dusting with life and gayety. During this period @iso it wasthe habit to hold during Sundays @pecial festivities at the Tammany Theatre, at which judges aud actresses, senators and ballet dancers democratically mingled. This period of carnival Was succeeded by a season of puritanical Feaction, and o/ late @ crusade has been inaugu- Fated against the German concert saloons being open on Sundays. Ali of these { serving con- ciusively to show one thing, if nothing else—that the Sunday question is in New York still an un- gettied problem. CHURCH GOING ON A SUNDAY. Every Sunday a certain number of New Yorkers (0 Ww church—precisely how many New Yorkers it #8 difficult to determine. The number of churches in the metropolis is estimated at 330—exclusive of 32 lyceums, has, &c. Each will hold on an average about 500 persons, mak- ing @ total, supposing the churches, lyceum: 4c, to ve all iull, Of about 184,000 ‘church- atiending persons every Sunday. AS the churches, lyceums, &c., are seldom over two-vbirds full, the average church attendance in the metropolis may be set down at jess than 125,000 persons, or not over one-eighth of the total popniation of the metropolis. Some farther facts regarding the churches may be of interest. Forty- four churches belong to ‘he Methodista (American and German). There are five colored Methodist churches, embracing the Bethel church in Sullivan street aud Zion church in Bieecker street, Forty- connection, fourteen belonging to “outside” Pres- hyterian organizations; sixty-eight courches be- Jong to the Episcopalians, who are the most infu- ential and wealthy of al) our metropolitan denom- Mpations; thirty-six churches are of the Roman Catholic faith, There are tour Unitarian churches, four Universalist churches, thirty Baptist churches, seven Congregational and eighteen o! the Dutch Rejormed ijaith. There are jour Quaker meeting honses and ten Lutheran chaorches, The Hevrews, MM proportion to their numbers, haye more places There is a large por | incompatipie with the | of these buildings | tairteen boats being kept in constant use carrying | visitors among the miniature islets. There was nearly five feet of water im the lake, which covers an area of sixty-four acres, The cottage, near | the lake, and tue dairy on tne hill were each weil patronized by men, women and _ Children, who quaffed deep potions of the lacteal fiuid supposed to be derived from the Alderney | cows which graze on the Park, but which, it 13 | currently Whispered, is bought in goodly quantities, “in order to meet the increased demand,” trom the Flatbush milk venders, Nevertteless, the beverage is excellent and has the indorsement of | the most radical of temperance crusaders. The turnouts on the arives leading to the Coney Islaud road were numerous and Varied in character, but the occupants of tbe vehicies appeared to be of | one accord on the main point of harmony, and that | Was that a drive in the Park Was highly enjoyable. Tuere is very little work golng on in the Way of improvements this summer ai the Park. SUNDAY AT LONG BRANCH, The Schooner Alice Bickmore Driven Ashore—The President Attends Divine ServicemHe Departs To-Day for Sa: toga—The Coming Races. LONG BRANCH, July 12, 1874. The three-masted schooner Alice Bickmore, from | Boston, bound to New ork with @ cargo of corn, at | eleven o’clock this morning, auring a heavy fog, | was driven ashore nearly opposite Howiand’s | Hotel, Having gone inside the bar and the tide being low, she cast anchor, as with the strong | ocean breeze it was impossible to extricate herself from the breakers. Immediately upon her position | becoming Known Captatn Taber, of Life Saving Station No. 5, brought a life-saving boat to tue scene, and accompanied by a crew and Ma- | | | | Underwriters, boarded the vessel to see if they | could be of any assistance. The Captain of the vessel deciined any assistance, however, but | availed himself of this means of communicating | With the shore to send a telegram to the Coast | Wrecking Company's office, at No. 49 Wall street, New York, announcing his situation and leaving it | with them to send such aid as they thought neces- | sary. Meantime two steamtugs came within hail- ing distance of the schooner, buat the profered | services of both were declined, | Of course an event like | in ite character, season of the year, this, so unasual and particularly at this could not be otherwise | among the fashionable sojourners here, As man: | as 2,000 people congregated on the blud and beach | watching, With curious anxiety, the course of | events. The launching of the life-saving boat, the | fearless recklessness of the crew, the mad toss- img of the tiny craft by the waves and the final dangers of woich were naturally greatly magnified | by the excited crowd of spectators, furnisned | themes Jor lively conversation and animated com- | ment. The whole thing furnished a very pleasant | rippie of excitement, to say the least, As | send | this despatch the fog has lifted, and the schooner remains in the same position, being madly rocked by the breakers and occasionally giving a shiver- | ing rebound as she is driven by an unusually heavy wave with increased force against the sandy beach, but with no immediate prospect of | @oy special ulterior damage. Since writing above a steamtug, whose name | was not given, offered to take off the schooner jor $2,000. The Captain offered $1,000, but this was reiused. Vice President Wilson attended the Seaside Chapel ai Long Branch to-day. THE PRESIDENT. President Grant aud family attended the Meth- odist Episcopal church in the village this morning. He wil jeave here towmorrow morning jor Sara- toga, where he wiil remain during REGATTA WEEK. _The Palestine Commandery, Knight Templars, No. 18, of New York, will make @ pilgrimage to Long Branch on the 23d inst. They will appear in untiorm attended by a band and will encamp Schmauiling’s san Souci Hotel. Among the list of arrivals last evening were General H, A. Barnum, Hon. 8.8. Cox, Mr. Henry Bergh, Dr. Edward J. Sears, ex-Ssecretary of the Navy Borie, Mr. Arthur Cheney, o} Boston: J, Rhinelander Dion, Adolpho Nones, Vice Consul de France; Dr. Crecivo, Porto Rico; Pierre Lorillard, Dexter Hawkins, Hon. &. R. Stoutenbuargn, of Newark, N. J.; Colonel er Crosby, W. ©. Gtleson, United States | Navy; Neilson Brown, of Brown Brothers, and | John k. Dos Passos, THE RACES. The second sommer meeting of the Monmont Park Association will begin on Tuesday, the 14t! ipst., and continue on Wednesday, Thurs | Saturday. The races will comprise steeple chase, | hurdles, heats and dashes, On the first day three races will be run, the first being mile heats, best | three in five. This willbe an interesting race, a5 some Of the best horses will contend. The second | race will be for the Monmouta Sequel Stakes and | tie third for the Long Hranch Steeple Chase Stakes. Twelve horses are entered tor the latter | race—namely, George West, Builet, Impecuntous, | Vesnvius, Aerolite, Henrietta, Jenny Sandford, | Stockwood, Cordelia, Electra and You Vea. During this meeting the general manager of the New n nh Jersey Southern Raliroad has consented to run @ | special boat, leaving West Twenty-fourth reet pier at hall-past ten A. M. and pier No, 8 at_a quar churehes are or the Presbyterian (orthodox) | ter of eleven, and will reach the race course at one P. M. CORNWALL, ON THE HUDSON. —— | Mountain Air, Beautifal Drives ana Magnificent Seenery=“The Old Storm King”=A New Catholic Charch. Cornwatt, July 11, 1974. are accustomed to give ‘‘re- | establishments in the city of New York which ‘do | out the afternoon and evening by the toilers of the | pectendiny ess of r devoted minions in lentiess grip and sends | them home to New York after a season at “tue Branch” or at “the Port” poor miserable wrecks | of humanity, to be placed tmmediately in care of their respective physicians. Altnough there are quite a large number of visi- tors here now, sti!l | am told the number of guests @t the gotels and cottages 18 sparse when come pared with former seasons, The class of people ‘who come here are very select and range from the millonnaire, with his splendid turnout, to the lawyer, the banking clerk and the merchant ot | rate income. One of the most attractive features of tne whole Diace 1s the Storm King Mountain, which rises to @ ureal height above tue level country. is in appearance what its name indicates—a verit- able storm King, covered densely with trees and brush, and wsarmountable at many of, its points. ltiastaved among the legendary reminiscences Van Winkle spent the sew | when he at length was awakened to consciousness | by an eagie. Who attempted to carry away the tip of | his nose. The view both up and down the Hudson | from the top of this mountain is certainly one of the grandest to be met with in the United States, | and the boid adventurer who braves the danger and labor of the ascent finds himself well repaid on reaching its apex. In years not long fone by these mountains were thickly inhabited yy bears, but now the only inhabitants of a car- nivorous predilection are baid-headed eagles, whose cries at night often make the welkin ring, adding further romantic character to the piace, souae there are quite a number of Cutholics residing in and ai:ound Cornwall, yet it was not until last summer that they had a regular piace of worship, which is due to the enterprise o! Kev. Father Kehoe, who came here some iour or five ears since, a consumptive and expecting to die, mt who appears to have been the instrument of God in building the present church and develop- ing tne Catholic interests of the place. The church ig a substantial one, built of brick, and is of no mean architectural beauty, It is not yet quite | completed, and a iair is to be opened in the village on the 4th of August, in order to raise funds to finish it. A similar fair held ast summer was | handsowely patronizéd by the visitors to Corn- wail without regard to class or ¢reed, as Father | Kehoe is esteemed as much by those who dissent from the teachings of hig Church as its most de- voted adherents. SEASIDE AND COUNTRY. FE. B. Hale, of the British army, 1s at Newport, They now have at Cape May bathing dresses for poodies. General Grant has promised an early visit to Cape May. Mollenhauer’s orchestra is at the Grand Union, Saratoga. Isaac N. Phelps, of this city, is putting tn his for- tieth season at Saratoga. Washington has been emptied into Newport, Long Branch and Saratoga. “rnanderbolt” Norton, of Coney Island, 1s sigh- ing ‘or another man to conquer. Lebanon Springs on the Fourth had what they | call a “spontaneous celebration.” The Stockton, Cape May, will give theatrical and muéical entertainments during the season. G. Galliand A. P, Bagnetti, of the Italian Con- | sular service, are at the Sand’s Point Hotel. Ex-Congressman W. A. Darling nas arrived at | Saratoga. H. G, Delafield ts at the Clarendon, Mrs. Thomas Addis Emmet, Wesley Smith and wife, and Miss Smith, of tnis city, are guests at the | Davenport House, Richfield Springs. Lake Manopac ts putting on airs. The last issue of the Herald printed there is on cream tinted paper, perfumed with bouquet of ‘New Mown | Hay.” | | eflors Castellanos, Mediavil and Martinez and Sefior and Seflorita Ferran form a Havanese party, | who arrived at the Grand Union, Saratoga, last week. Ex-Minister R. M. Corwine is at the United | States, Saratoga. Robert Squires, of the Third Avenue Raliroad, was at the Grand Union on | Monday, The popular airs of the Newport Band are ‘Devil | Let Loose” and “Satan at Large.” Wonder can it | be in honor of their leader that they make these selections, General Postiey and family, John C. Hamilton and tamily, T. J. Weeks and family, D. ©. Davis | and Wiliam Thompson anda family, of this city, are at the Fenimore House, Cooperstown. Among the guests at Martin’s Hotel, Saranac Lake, New York, are J. B. Baush, Joseph E. Rich- | ardson, M. Lake and H, Barciay, Brooklyn; OC. D, | Dickey and son, J, Potter, G. C. Brown, M. D.; W. T. Ward, A. D. Whittemore, J. W. Moller, A. N. | Motler, of New York, and about filty otaer guests from different locations. The hotel is at the en- | trance to the Adirondacks, and is a popular point | with tourists to that region, THE SUPFOOATION \OASES IN A BREWERY, On Thursday next Coroner Woltman wiil make | an investigation into the circumstances attending the deaths of Albert Berziee and Augustus Zung- ling, the Germans who were suffocated on Satur- day evening by inhaling poisonous gas ina fer- menting tank in the Howard Brewery, Thirty-third street, hear Twelith avenue. Certificates of death have been granted by Coroner Woltman, and the remains of the unfortunate men will be buried | to-day. A DISGUSTING CASE OF MAYEEM, Yesterday forenoon a man named Joseph Hughes, residing at No. 60 North Sixth street, Willlams- burg, leit his residence and visited various low drinking places in the vicinity, and in a short time | became very drunk and abusive, Mr. James Young, a iriend and neighbor, met him and en- | deavored to get him home. On the way to his | house Hughes began quarreling with Mr. Young, | who was thrown down, and during the struggle | | Hughes bit Young’s nose completely off, About \ haif an hour afterward the disjomted member was | | founa in the street, and the injured man had it | | sewed on his face again by Dr. Henderson, who | does not believe that it will adhere. Hughes was arrested by the police and locked up in the Fourth | street station house to await an examination be- fore Justice Hiliott to-day. | | ATTEMPTED SUICIDE, A young man, Edmund J. Lyons, residing at No. 69 Fleet street, Brooklyn, attempted to commit suicide by cutting his throat with a razor last | evening. Lyons was removed to the City Hospt- | tal, where his wound, which is not necessarily | fatal, was dressed. The wretched man, who had | been drinking, committed the rash act while in & frenzy of passion, having quarreied with nis wile. | THE POPE ON STREET POLITICS, The Roman correspondent of the London News | reports that the Pope received on Sunday, June 28, the leading officials of the former Pontifical i government, and spoke at some length, thanking them for their fidelity. Alluding to the recent demonstration, he said:—‘I know you are accused of causing demonstrations, and it is said you pro- pose to make one to-morrow. These reports are circulated to persuade the world that we attempt street squabbies, Our demonstrations can only be in churches; our means, prayer. | | THE TRANSIT OF VENUS. The last but one of the British government ex- peditions for observing the transit of Venus has (June 30) satied from Piymouth for Christchurch, 8 1 In tact, it | Why the excess of the disease in the West over the East 1s 80 certain and marked, and tacts may thas be developed which will be of beuefit in the dis- every of the causes and treatment of the disease | ell, that it was on the top o/ this grim monster Rip | Cholera, smallpox and yellow fever, a brief decade Nights of his repose, | ago, Were as little understood as this most myste- | Mickey Free posted up a characteristic proclama- | | closed by inviting the bystanders to attend and | point of our organis of worship thas any other falta, shalt aynagogu One of fhe most delightful and health inspiring | New Zealand, in the clipper ship Merope, The and tempies city Limite numbering twen- |. e arty consists of Major H. 8. Palmer, Royal Ba. fy-seven, while the “outside aenominations,” such | *m™mer resorts to be found within acireuit of 100 | Piney Sol niar Te Soy kl a edict ne as the Second Adventists, Swedenvorgians, United | brethren, Spiritualists, &c., occupy nineteen places See Takers Progressivists and “Priends of n- { 8nd accessible by both boat and rail, Flanked on | Cri hoto-heliograph. ‘The las: official expedie lightenment,” three names (or those who entirely | the one side by West Point and on the other by | tion—! Aphore Curglauily B any Jord, bub Who row tue | Newourg swrownded by MONBLRUAAGL IAARBICOAL | bite Milesof tha elty of Gotham is Cornwall, on the | f Darwin, Royal Engineers; Lieutenant H, Oraw- Hudson, distant about sixty miles from New York, | jord, Royal Navy, aad three non-commissioned omcers of the Royal Engineers, trained in the use wat Jor Egypt—wil) leave Engiana ip Octo- | the disease; yet the primal cause = and the femedy for, the malady still seems invoivea in completest mystery. One fact, however, appears to have escaped the notice of the investigators, and that is, in Turkey—one of the hot countrics—where troops of mangy and balf curs range in bands, and even ravage the cemeteries, hydrophobia is almost unkoown. Water 1s no more easy of access there than here, and food certainly more dificult to obtain. The Climate, too, is more conducive to the develop- ment of the’ disease, if we take as a proposition the heat of the summer ag a promoter of rabid "hag Oe Sa It might be well to inquire, then, in ie Investigations about to be so learnedly made, There are no boundaries to science, rious disease oO! tne dogs; and if there only be @iulland exhaustive examiuation of the whole subject by earnest scientists, especially those who have no pet theories to protect and defend, there | may be evolved a solution of this terrible disorder and a remedy for the victims of it which will bea biessing to humanity. hitten by a Dog. Sarah Smith, aged sixteen, of No. 26 Cherry Street, was bitten by a dog yesterday afternoon on the sidewalk. The dog was killed by Oiticer Tooie, of the Fourth precinct, Mad Dogs Shot Yesterday. A mad dog was shot-yesterday morning by OM- cer Falvey, of the Eighteenth precinct, at No, 232 Second avenue. Officer Harding, of the Eighteenth precinct, killed | @ mad dog yesterday afternoon at No. 218 East | Seventeenth street. A rabid dog was shot yesterday by Officer Moprids) of the Fourth precinct, at No. 8 James slip. Officer Nolan, of the Second precinct, killed a mad dog yesterday afternoon at No. 167 Wuliam stree The Dog Nuisance in Harlem. It ts complained by a correspondent that the dog nuisance is maintained in Harlem to as great a de- gree as before the passage of the city ordinance. The police take no pains to eniorce the law in re- lation to unmuzzied canines, and as it is so far to the pound the boy dog-catchers find it unprofita- ble to ply their occupation. Itis said that east of ‘Third avenue, between 11éth and 125th streets, the | worst specimens ol curs can be found unmuzzlea and ranging that neighborhood, to the great an- noyance and danger o1 citizens. The police should ook to this nuisance, Skull-Cap Te A correspondent writes that he knows of a num- ber of persous who have been cured of byaropho- bia, or rather have prevented the malady, by a liberal use of the common weed skullcap made into tea, Jersey Waking Up—The Day of Mercy Past—Mickey Free’s Machine ‘of | Death. To-morrow wil] be the last day of grace allowed | to the wayward rambling dogs of Jersey City. | tion yesterday calling attention to the momentous | fact in front of the imposing edifice that has served the purposes of a dog-pound since the “man from Castieblaney” frst squatted there. The war is to be waged with unrelenting vigor till the 1st of October. The implements of death are in readi- ness. Mickey seems to have received a touch of nature at last; for he said yesterday that he will appoint an assistant executioner and throw up the business himseH. “Why would you do that?” asked a bystander, “Weil now, see here, gintlemin,’’ said Mickey, with an air of commiseration, ‘d’ye know what the very dogs themselves, poor crayturs, know what you are going to do with them. Many a time a fine looking animul, as purty as a picther, would | look up into my face to aX for marcy and it was as much as I could do to bring myself to dump him in. But thin, ye know, some one must doit, and if] don’t have it done Mayor Traphagen will be coming round till me, and I don’t want thim Al- dermin down there to get the chance of takin’ the bread out of my month. Hurroo for Tanderagee!"” Mickey fairly jumped .a foot from the covbie stones at the close of his little speech. “Divil @ back Pli ever go to Bushniil’s, where they make the finest whiskey in aii Ireland, whue times are 80 good here,” was the convincing peroration. Be witness the executions on Wednesday, EXCITEMENT IN LAMBERTVILLE. The mad dog mania has reached Lam- bertville, N. J. A boy named Brady was bitten by @ canine there lately, which | caused considerable excitement among the populace, Subsequeatly the same dog made an attack on the brother of this victim, which caused additional commotion. ‘The parents became alarmed and had the animal shot. Indications of hyarophobia were visible in the dog before he was despatched, as he was seen to snap and bite at | objects in @ iurious manner. The victims imme- | diately received surgical aid and are considered Out of danger. Lambertville has no aog-pound, A French Protessor on Hydrophobic Treatment. New York, July 11, 1874 To THE Eprror oF THE HERALD:— The question of hydrophobia, which you have so properly handled fn the last numbers of your valu- able paper, obliges every citizen to bring to you the little of useful knowledge he believes he has. It is of no use to look retrospectively on many more or less interesting dissertations which have failed to bring any really practical result whatever. That hydrophobia is spontaneous or caused by & poisoning; that the patient dies from fear or under the direct influence of a special poison, it does nothing for the benefit of mankind, since death is almost infailible in a trae case of hydrophobta Nothing more overwhelming than fact. The hy- drophobic poison is deposited locally in a given . Blood 1s first impregnated; the nervous system is invaded later; but 1% is ob- viously by the nervous system that hydrophobia causes death. Js it posssivle to prevent death from hydropho- bia? I mean with patients evincing the nervous | convulsions occurring in the last stage of the dis- | ease. Yes; most assuredly. Here is the modus faciendi:— 1. A fifty grammes extract of belladonna plaster ts applied on the region of the larynx. 2. A plaster exactly the same 1s put upon the ape of the neck, and successively two new plas- ters along the spinal cord to the sacrum. 8. These plasters are removed alter six hours, aud new ones applied if necessary. 4. A dose of extract o! belladonna, sufficient to produce ina man in good heaith a sensation of constriction and strangalation of the throat, 18 given to the patient. That dose of extract of bel- | Jadonna, which is five centigrammes for an adult, can be given under the shape of @ pill dissolved, if necessary, in a teaspooniul of water, and intro- duced into the stomach with the rubber tube. In case at the beginning of the medication the swallowing would be impossible, the extract of belladonna, dissolved in a spoonful of water, should be given in injection through the rectum. That same dose of five ceuntigrammes of exXwract of nel- ladonna must be given every five minutes till the 6kin begin Ww getred, The red tint of the skin is | the sure proof that belladonna is becoming poison- ous; then it i8 necessary to atop and to give again the belladonna pill at longer intervais—for instance, twenty or thitty minutes apart, and only if the spasmodic symptoms show themselves again. One wil object that belladonna has been vert often administerea to hydrophobic patients an Without the least suc » That ts notso, A fair trial has never been given to belladonna in a case ofhydrophobia, ‘The natural agents used by the physician are acting successiully, prectsely owing to the pecoliar process oi using and administering them. The writer of this has seen many times | | | | hands and invariably successful in other hands, pbine have been used on @ man who recently died of hydrophobia, I can furnish the proof that people poisoned by belladonna nave been cared by chloroform and opiates death invariably ensues, | auerences that distinguish the tribes of mankind. quinine unabie to cure fever and ague in certain | It would appear from the various communica- tions to your valuable paper that elecampane and milk, skull-cap tea, belladonna (homeopathic), and Turkish baths, properly administered, are @ sure cure for hydropbobia; whereas, under the treatment of the “regular” doctors with as in the case of Miss Butler, McCormick and many others, In view of the facts, would it not be well to establish a hydrophobia asylum? One of your M, D. correspondents from Brooklyn asserts there is no cure known ior the bite of tne cobrade capello. Ii he will look into Jones’ “Asia,” a copy of which may be ob- tained, he will find that Sir William Jones takes his oath that in India he cured several. persons bitten by cobras, with volatile caustic alkali, or ¢€au de luce, administered internally, and he con- sidered it an infallible remedy. Can any of your correspondents give any information, from actual analysis, as to the composition of a mad dog’s saliva—whether acid, alkali, corrosive, &c., and the properties of volatile caustic alkali, or eau de luce? Yours, Oo. D. TROY, M,. D. New York, July 11, 1874, Suction a Preventive. To THE EDITOR OF THE HBRALD:— There 1s but one sure way of preventing hydro- phobia supervening from the bite of arabid dog, viz., suction by the mouth. AS soon as a person is bitten let him immedi- ately put a small quantity of pulverized alum into | his mouth and commence sucking the wound, re- newing the alum occasionally. The alum, besides causing @ flow of saliva, which assimilates with the poison, acts as a styptic upon the capillary ves- sels, thus preventing absorption of the poison. It also hardens the mucous membrane of the mouth, totally preventing absorption in that manner. ‘Twenty years agol treated the bite of a rattle- snake in the above way and no bad effects tol- lowed, Nitrate of silver, nitric acid—the actual cautery or extirpation—never did and never will prevent hydrophobia. aR Financial Aspect of the Dog Question To THE Epiror oF THE HERALD: T enclose a remedy, for publication in your valu- able public spirited paper, of one of the greatest | nuisances of the age, too much worthless dog, | hoping the proposition will meet the eye of some person who may be unfortunate enough to become a representative at some juture day. We are ieeding about 7,000,000 of dogs in the United States, who prevent the propagation of sheep toa very alarming extent over the whole country, and in some States almost entirely. Statistics show an actual loss to every State in the Union of at least $30,000 annually, or an aggre- gate of at least $1,500,000, For what purpose do ‘we permit this suicidal policy, except to please pluilanthropists and old women? A good dog is worth protection by law. New York, July 11, 1874, A. A, DRAKE. 9 The People, Not the Dogs, Who Are Mad, To THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD:— If we can believe the policemen’s reports pub lished in the HkRaLp and Telegram some fifty or | more mad dogs have been kilied in this city since | June 1, and these fifty dogs have bitten at ieast filty persons, If the bite of @ mad dog 1s as deadly as is claimed by the supernervous, dog tearing people, so many of whom are now Willing to runa dozen blocks after a {rigntened little cur not half as mad as its pursuers, we ought to have some fifty cases of hyaropuobia within‘ the next two months, But will we? Physicians teil us that hydrophobia is an extremely rare disease, and I much doubt if this summer's eayemence will | contradict their opinion. I rathet imagine that after the [pends nervous excitement has subsided people will conclude that either ail these “mad” dogs were not mad, or else that the bite of a mad | dog is very harmless, as so very few (will any ¥) of | those bitten will have had hyarophobia. It seems to me that the present stupid fear and excitement rather tend toward proving that it 1s the DOOp i: not the dogs, who are mad. New York, July 1, 1874. J. F, ALLEN, SPIRITUALISTIC LECTURE. SEEN. Protessor Peebles on the Different Races | and Religions of Man—Fine Figs and | Grapes in the Valley of Hell—A Son as Old as His Father. | Robinson Hall was reasonably well filled last | night by a very intelligent and attentive audience, among which there were a large number of well | dressed ladies, to hear Professor Peebles. Before | the commencement ofthe lecture some selections | of well chosen and plaintive music were sung in | chorus, with appropriate ptano accompaniments. The lecturer illustrated his discourse by a series of pictures, representing the different races of man. He took the audience with him through the different gradations of human racial intellect and The aborigines of Australia were shown to be the lowest in the scale of intellect. These were succeeded by half breeds, who possess a higher order of intelligence, and one or | two of whom are now members of the | Colonial Parliament, The original inhabitants | of Hindostan were shown and described, The Turks, Chinese, Arabs, Mahometans, Persians, Malayans and other branches of the human | family were presented to the interested audience, | and the several characteristics of these people described, The lecturer brought to view traits of character that are common to the Malayans and | the North American Indians, The Malayans, like | the Indians, run in single file; in battle they scalp | their enemies, and notch their war clubs when they kill a victim, also the Malayan women, like the squaws, perform nearly all of the work. The lecturer thought that the red men of this Con- tinent are descended from the Malayans, who must have peneirated to America by way of Kam- tchatka and Beurings Straits. The fine races of Persia and Arabia were described, and the meek- ness and passiveness of the Hindoos dwelt upon. A synoptical history was given of the great Apoiontus, who was the reputed rival of Christ, | and whose works and doctrines have been so maligned by the Christians of the Kast. The meet- | ing Was next introduced to 4 portrait of Socrates, | the Grecian philosoplier, and it was explained that this is @ copy Of a bust found in late excavations in the ancient and buried city of Herculanenm. The — portrait of the grand old Greek, Pythagoras, was presented and his doctrines expounded. The pyramids of Egypt were expiored and their history | vouched upon, It was shown that the unit of lineal measure and the capacity of our American | bushel were taken from the King’s Chamber in the Great Pyramid, Our inch and bushel were | adopted trom the English, who took them from the Romans, whe took them from the Greeks, who got them irom the Egyptians, From the Nile vailey and the cradle of Egyptian | civilization the audience were conducted to the | sacred precincts of the Holy Land, the valley of , tne Euphrates and the country of tne lost Para- ; dise. From Asia Minor the be om strayed back | to the Celestial Empire, and dwelt upon the the- ologicai idiosyncracies of the Uhinese, who look upon Western and American religion and manners a3 simply barbarous, and who are about wo send an army of idojatrous Joss worshippers to convert | ugail to the true faith, Again the speaker re- | visited the land of Mahomet, and feit himself quite at home in the country of ‘the harem, where the fairdaughters of Eve go veiled, so as not to lead men into temptation, The lecturer sought | the holy city of Jerusaiem, and took his hearers | over the scenes of Uhrisvs lavors and death. He learnediy showed that the hell | | alluded to by Christ and the aposties is not the | hell Of modern Christians, but only a valley In @ | Well-known district of Palestine, where figs and grapes now grow in great abundance, The Turks | and others, it was argued, could never become | | things may be put asi J.J, Bond, Supreme Grand Master of the United States, and Anthony Basstere, Grand Master of the State of New York :— James Hale, D. M. Prince of Orange Lodge, No. 1. William Kee, Derry Walls Lodge, No.2. J. Henderso mn, D. M. Chosen Few (Brooklyn), No, ‘am Nixon, W. M. ‘ PLE Union Lodge, No. 18, Joseph Best, W. M. Crimson Banner Lodge, No. 80, W. H. Kennedy, DISTRICT XO. EIGHT, Charles vavidson, D, M. : Gideon Lodge, No. 10, David Graham, W. M, Joshua Lodge, No. 11. J. T. Scott, W. M. tar Lodge, No. 50.’ W. BH, Washington Purple 8! ‘True Blue Lodge, No. 56. D. J. Porter, Gourly, W. M. Monaghan Both the assembling and the march were accom- plished without the slightest disturbance, and but few spectators took the trouble to witness the pro- cession as 1t passed through the streets. Sections of police, attired in citizens’ dress, from the Eighteenth, Nimeteenth and Twenty-first precincts, attended the march for the purpose of preserving order. The Rev. Dr. Tyng on Protestantism. The Rev. Dr. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., preached toa very large congregation yesterday morning. Rep- resentatives from tne various Orange organiza tions in the city occupied the body of the church, No regalia was worn and there was nothing to distinguish the congregation Irom such as usually assembles at this place of worship. Taking for his text the words (Psalms, 1x. 4) ‘Thou hast given a banner to them that fear thee, that it may be displayed because of the truth,” the minister said:—Banners are for the brave. The sturdiest arms must bear the standard; they are those who court exposure to danger. These are the conditions of all banner bearers and it is applied in this instance to the followers of the truth. It is mven to be displayed as a challenge to them that do not fear Him. All flags have a pedigree, .The earliest records recognized the need of them. With the change of dynasty by revolution came &® new standard to nations. To it they were forced to do homage. The banner of truth, of which David wrote, is the lineal progenitor of that which we grasp to-day. The standard of the “Lion of the ‘Tribe of Judah” only leads the van; now the sign of the cross is emblazoned on our banners. We have notlost our hold upon the past. The truth is complex, but it is simple. Old ways of paren de; but the word of God, which is truth, can Dever pass away. To youl give the injunction of the text, The banner of Protestantism is no new standard. It ex. isted under Henry VIII. It was found in the cata combs, It has lost ali the old corrupting supersti- jions and never can suier more irom them, It contains the truth in its clearest forms, Those who fear God are thus described, because a banner is the emblem of union, The Church of God has natar: gtown up to union, yet there are too many lines of demarca- tion in Christian associations, The unity of Prot- estants is real. It is mot the unity of darkness, where clouds shut out the sun; rather it is the unity of the clear fountain, ever flowing. Another association witha banner 18 distinct iveness. National flags stand in all parts of the world as sentinels, representing the entire power and majesty of the great people behind them. A call is always sounding in our ears to identify our- selves With the seductive influences of the Church of Rome. Every one probably whom | address this morning has felt this infiuence and has almost | every day to combat it. Do not beled astray by false dogmas. Let the lines be drawn, and let each side lift up its banner that all may know with what rea they contend. Do not trust in one man’s infallibility or in anything short of God. Another insignia of a banner energy and en- thusiasm. Jt rumimates and inspires, “Go ye into all the world to preach the gospel,” but take the banner of Christ with you, Don’t forsake your colors for foolish theorizings or philosophies. You are to leaven the world by your confidence in the standard you follow. Another banner thought 1s, confidence. Re- member that the voice of Him who suffered and was tempted for us has staked His word on the saving power of the truth. I congratulate every soul Who Is called by the grace of God to resist the influences of the world and to stand as a cham- jon for tue truth. Surely the Sermon on the ount was preacned for all who wished to ve known of all men as standard bearers. If thou art consistent, fellow Christian, you will see Christ ever encouraging and POSE gr | your faith, His banner wiil be your banner. Let tt be remem- bered, then, that the Church of God is an anvil that has worn out many hammers. The vistas of the future, which the man of God possesses, are | wonderful to contemplate. There may be a retarn of the era of persecution, Such trials may be in store for all of us. Let every Protestant home be transfigured with the light of the assurance which guarantees the final grand success of the followers of Christ’s banner. Success demands of each of yon energy, daring, faith! By whom truth is discovered or defined, it belongs unto us, All science, ifclinging to any faith, has accepted the doctrines of Protestantism. Oivil liberty has thrived only under its protection. As it 18 asso- ciated, therefore, wita the best phases of this life, it is finitely preferable to die by. It is for Prot- estants to combat the old time errors. Let all those who strive for Christ stand firm, stand fast, stand together. The Celebration To-Day. To-day there will be a grand picnic and excur- sion, under the auspices of the State Grand Lodge, starting from Fulton ferry, Brooklyn, at seven A. M.; pier at Twenty-fourth street, North- River, eight A. M., and 125th street, nine A.M. The ex- carsionists will be conveyed in the steamer Wil- liam Cook and two barges to Iona Island. The vessels wili be decorated with banners and streamers of orange, purple and blue, bearing ap propriate mottoes. The members will appear IN PULL REGALIA of the different orders of the craft—orange. purple, arch purple, black, red and white anc gold, It is tntended to make the occasion one 0 the most imposing ever held in the city. As guard) of honor, two companies of the Eighty-fourth regi ment, N.G.S.N.Y., under command of Captaini Fulierton and Douglas, and @ company of the Sev enty-ninth Highianders, under command of Cap tain Clarke, Will accompany the excursionists The following committee have charge of the excur sion:—J. J. Bond, W,. Gil, U. 8 A.; J ar J.8. Smith, 5.; James KE. Henderson, T. Kee, W. M., and Messrs, W. H. Gourley, D. Graham W. i, Graham, W. H. Kennedy and J.T. Scout. The Jersey City Orangemen. The good men and true of Jersey City who raly | round the flag once hoisted by the conqueror of the Boyne and Aughrim allowed their anniversay to pass without calling public attention to the lac, There was no demonstration whatever. A few of the members of the Order dollected at Suttons Hall, im Montgomery street, where tle Rev, Mr. Parker was called to hoid a vice at three o'clock in the afternoon. The members then responded with vigorous applause to the sentiment of ‘fhe glorious, pious and in- mortal memory.” No allusion was made on tis occasion to Popery, brass money and wooden shoea, Among those whose absence excited muh comment Was a Venerabic sergeant of police, wid never wavered in the good cause in years gone by. Mosi of those who were in attendance appeared discouraged at the apathy maniiested in the cause vhis year. ALLEGED MALPRACTICE, Coroner Woltman, yesterday afternoon, was called to No. 120 Norfolk street to tnvestigate the circumstances attending the death of Henrietta Hypodermic injections with atropine and mor- | Bolla, a German, who died in confinement, during whico she Was attended by Dr. A. Kuhbeil, of N 67 Seventh street, and Mrs. Larnialia, of street. Dr. Shine made a post-mortem examina | tion on the body and found @ rupture of some of | the organs, Indicating unmistakably that instra- | Christians, for they couid not imagine how it was, possible for one God to be three persons, of in- versely. Neither would they believe that the Son | could by any possibility be coequal with, that Is, of the same age as, the Father, or that God should preparations of opium and particularly audanum, and vice versa. A few days ago Dr, Scudder gave many ¢ Let SUEBesHOb® 1 dg Wob gpEAk of We Ace mental violence had been resorted to, In the Opinion of Dr. Shine the woman died from the eects of malpractice. Coroner Woltmaa Wl [amuse WAM la punish with what’ we call the pains of hell any of ople belonging to this generation for the sing n individual Who had lived thousands of years bbe .