The New York Herald Newspaper, April 7, 1874, Page 5

sy LIVINGSTONE. Herald Special Report from London. The Explorer’s Letter to _ Mr. Stanley. Cordial Heartfelt Thanks for the Amer- ican Relief Supplies. Plum Pudding, Champagne and Perseverance. “NO MORE CHAFF” AND ERRORS RECTIFIED, The Country Around the Zambesi. Science Vindicated, but the Salary and Position to Another. What He Accomplished from 1840 to November, 1871. MOMENT AND MANNER OF HIS DEATH, TELEGRAM TO THE NEW YORK HERALD. The following special despatch to the Haraup has been received from our corre- spondent in the British metropolis: — : Lonpor, April 6, 1874. _ Mr. T. R. Webb, United States Consul at Zanzibar, arrived in this city this evening, and handed to Mr. H. M. Stanley the follow- ing letter from Dr. Livingstone: — “Lake Banoweo1a, Sourn-Centran AFRICA. “Myx Deaz Sraniex:— “I wrote you hurriedly from Unyanyembe, my mind being occupied at the moment with little worries incidental to the starting of the caravan. I felt, and still feel, that I have not sufficiently expressed my gratitude for the kind services which you have rendered unto me. I am devoutly thankful to our Loving Father for helping you through the toil. 1 am perpetually reminded of what I owe to you, for the men whom you sent in the party are working like a machine, and try faith- fully to give satisfaction. PLUM PUDDING AND CHAMPAGNE. The fruit, fish and pork have been better selected than I could have done. Your wish for joy over my plum pudding has been. ful- filled. Iam keeping your handsome present of champagne for a special occasion.” “NO MORE CHAFF" CONCERNING THE ZAMBPSI. Continuing thus in a fmendly strain over ‘two pages of paper, Dr. Livingstone tums to geographical matters. Alluding to the error with respect to the sources of the Zambesi, which took him a period of twenty-two months to eliminate, he says that on his per- ceiving the error he went back to the head waters of the Zambesi River in order to see that ‘no more chaff occurred,’’ and that he had been the ‘unfortunate means of demol- ishing two empires.” LAKE BANGWEOLO. “The Portuguese geography, with that of the Emperor of Monsomotapa,” Dr. Living- stone says, “describe Lake Bangweolo as being surrounded by a flat country, al- though it is situated 4,000 feet above the level of the sea,’’ ond he ridicules the idea of ‘the map-making mania, which is very much opposed to truth.” SELF-VINDICATION. From this ~oint Dr. Livingstone goes on to say that it is very unpleasant for him “to expose misstatements and appear in con- tradiction; but,"”’ he asks, “what am I to do?” He then adds, ‘I consulted my friend Marchison, who replied, ‘You will really discover the source of the Nile.’ “I do not wish to boast,” says the explorer, ‘but my friend got the salary and position.” 4 CHEERFUL. The letter is throughout in a cheerful tone. It covers seven pages of foolscap and contains much matter which is of a private nature. LIVINGSTONE’S LABORS. & Birdseye View of Livingstone’s Earlier Travels and Discoveries in Africa— Synopsis of Important Events from His First Departure from England in 1840 to the Time of His Discovery by Henry M. Stanley, the Herald Explorer, in November, 1871, and His Death May 4, 1873. Passing matters relating strictly to the private br domestic history of Dr. Livingstone, we will en- feavor to relate as briefly as possible the work he ‘Nas actually accomplished in opening up hitherto hidden countries to the light of science and civili- Zation. FIRST VOYAGE—1840-1856. In the year 1840 Dr. Livingstone embarked from Sngiand for the Cape of Good Hope as a missionary mder the auspices of the Lonuon Missionary Society. After a voyage of three months he reached Cape Town, ond after spending a short time there he startea for the interior, agreeably t imstructions from the directors of the society, ané after locating himse?f in the Beshuana coun- ty spent the foliowing sixteen years of his ile, from 1840 to 1856, in geographical explorations ana in medical and missionary labors among the tn- Babitants, More than two-thirds uf that part of Africa sonth of the equinoctial tine was explorea by Dr. Livingstone. Among the first discoveries made by him was that of Lake Ngami, which is described by himself in tus “Travels and Re- searenes in South Alrica”—(publisned by the Harpers). f DISCOVERY OF LAKE NoAMI, ETC. Twelve daya after his departure from the wagons &t Neabiaane ha nome to the northaast end of Lake Ngamt; and, on the ist of Angust, 1949, went down to the broad part, and, for the first time, ttus fine looking sheet of water was be- held by Europeans. The Doctor estimates the lake to D8 from seventy to 100 miles in circumier- encé, the water fresh when fall, but brackish when jow. A description is given of the rivers that empty into the lake, with accounts of the pro- digous amount of fish that abound in them and of the elephants, antelopes, &c., that feed upon their banks, RETURNS TO THE CAPR. After making @ number of expeditions during the years 1850 and 1851, but which were produc- tive of little beyond ascertaining the course of sundry small streams, the habits, condition and Jeeling of the chiefs and inhabitants. &c., the Doc- tor returnea to Cape Town in April, 1862, Here he placed his family in a homeward bound ship, prom- ising to rejoin them in two years, but five yeare elapsed before he was enabled to fulfll his promise. JOURNEY OF 1852-1856, In the beginning of June, 1852, he started on his ‘ast journey from Cape Town, This was from the sonthern extremity of the continent to St. Pau) de Loando, the capital of Angola, on the west coast, nd thence acroas South Central Africa tn an oblique direction to Quilimane, tp Eastern Africa, showing the NATURAL DIVISIONS OF AFRICA, The route to the north lay near the centre of the cone-shaped mass of land which constitutes the promontory of the cape (the Caffre country). 'The next division, which embraces the centre of the continent, can scarcely be called hilly, for it Consists mostly of extensive, slightly undulating Plains, inhabited by a timid race called Beshuanas. The western division is still more level than the middie one, being rugged oniy near the coast. It imcludes the great plain cailed the Kalahari Desert, which is remarkable tor little water and considerable vegetation. A people, descendants of Europeans, caliea BOERS is described by the Doctor. Population, he says, increases rapidly among them. He once met a worthy matron whose husband thought it right to imitate the conduct of Abraham while Sarah was barren ; she evidently agreed in the propriety of the measure, for she was pleased to hear the children by a mother o1 what has been thought an inierior race address her as their mother. Two centuries of the Sduth African climate have not had much effect upon the physical condition of the Boers. They area shade darker, or rather ruddier, than Europeans, and are never cadaverous look- ing, as descendants of Europeans are said to be elsewhere. The Boers subsequently vowed ven- geance against the Déctor. The parts of tne col- ony through which the Doctor passed were of sterile aspect. Wool, ivory, a few skins and horns and some cattle make up the total of exports, for which English goous, sugar, tea and coffee are re- celved in exchange. THR MISSIONARY STATION AT KURUMAN. It is ridiculous, says the Doctor, to call such places as Kuruman “Missionary Society's prop- erty.” ‘This beautiful station, ne continues, was made what it 1s, not by English money, but by the sweat and toil of fathers whose children have, not- withstanding, no place on earth which they can calla home, ‘The society's operations may be transierred to the north, and then the strong built mission premises become the home of a Boer and the stately stone church his cattle pen, No mere profession of Christianity is suficient in South Af- rica to entitle the converts to the Christian name, AN ELECTRICAL DESERT. On the 20th of November Dr. Livingstone pro- ceeded on his journey, and, after leaving Motito, forty miles off, skirted along the Kalahari Desert and sometimes within its borders, Watermelons were found in such abundance tbat a traveller he met stated that his cattle had subsisted on the fluid contained in them no less than twenty-one days. Coming to the lake (Ngami) from the southeast, he crossed the Teonghe and went round the northern part of it, being the only European traveller who had actually seen it all. The hot atr of the desert ts av times #0 strongly charged with electricity that a bunch of ostrich feathers heid a few seconds against it become as strongly charged as if at- tached to a powerful electrical machine and clasps the advancing hand with a sharp crackling sound, LITUBARUBA. On the sist of December, 1852, he reached Litubaruba. The saperstitions of the natives here furnished the Doctor with material for an amusing page. SLAVERY. . In regard to slavery the Boers assert that they are the best of masters, and thatif the English had possessed the Hottentot slaves they would have received much worse treatment than they did. What that would have been it is dificult to imagine. The Doctor facetiously remarks that “the Boers Know from experience that adult cap- tives may as well be left alone, tor escape is so easy In a wild country that no fugitive siave law can come into operation.” THE DISEASES OF THIS REGION received a full share of observation from the Doctor, and a great deal of valuable information for the materia medica is the result of his patient and scientific investigations, He recommends the borders of the Kalahari Desert as admirably suited for patients having pulmonary complaints. DISEASES AND HABITS OF WILD ANIMALS. Leaving the “wretched Bakwains” on the 15th of January, 1853, Dr. Livingstone reached the wells of Baatlanama on the 2ist, but the wells being empty he pushed on for the delicious waters of Mashtte, his oliactory nerves being frequentiy excited, while travelling, by a strong, disagreeable odor, caused by large jet black native ants, whose scent he describes as volatile as cther. He ascer- tained that many diseases prevail among wild animals, and saw the kokong or gou, kama or hartebeest, the tsessébe, Kukama and the giraffe 80 mMangy as to be uneatabte even by the natives. These discoveries are valuable as showing the character of the diet one may expect who travels in those regions. Great numbers of zebras are found dead with masses of foam at the nostrils, after the manner of | our, own epizootic, Buffaloes go blind from oph- thalmia. Rhinoceroses have worms in their eyes. Elephants are troubled with worms in their intes- tines, Antelopes are pestered with red larve. Lions become jean and perish miserably by reason of the decay of their teeth, unless fed tenderly on the flesn of women and children. When the teeth of an old lion fail from age or imperfect dentistry he becomes a man eater. In the words of the a- tives, “His teeth are worn, he will soon killmen.” But nothing the Doctor saw or heard about lions would constitute a barrier in the way of men of ordmary courage. Dr. Livingstone farmishes a very interesting chapter on the diseases and do- mestic habits of wild animals in Africa, as well as @ number of those of the native population, throw- ing much new and original light on these topics. The serpents of the country are also scientifically treated, NO CULTIVATION OF EUROPEAN GRAIN, In No part of this country, according to Dr. Liv- ingstone, can European grain be cultivated with- out irrigation, The natives all cultivate the dourrha or holcus sorghum, maize, pumpkins, melons, cucumbers and different kinas of beans. AFRICAN QUIDNUNCS. Passing on to Letloehe from Bancangwato, about twenty miles, January 28, Dr. Livingstone found a fine supply of water. Here, if news is asked for, the natives reply, ‘There is no news; I heard some lies only.” OSTRICHES, Neither their flesh nor their eggs can be retied upon by Europeans who visit the country as arti- cles of savory diet. Their feathers are not referred to by Dr. Livingstone in this place as articies of commerce, perhaps for the reason that there is but little, if any, European commerce with the region. GODLESS RACES, On questioning intelligent men among the Bakwains as to their former knowledge of good and evil—of God and the future state—Dr. Living- stone avers that they have scouted the tdea of any of them ever having been without a tolerably clear conception on all these subjects. Respecting their sense of nght and wrong, they profess that noth- ing we indicate as sin ever appeared to them as otherwise, except that it was wrong to have more ‘wives than one; and they declare that they spoke Jn the same way of the dept indyence exercised NEW YUKK HERA | struck by lightning than other trees. by God in giving rain in answer to the prayers of the rainmakers, and in granting deliverances in times of danger, as they do now, before they had ever heard of white men. The want, however, of any form of public worship, or of idols, or of Jormal prayers or sacrifice, makes both Caffres and Beshusnas appear as among the most godless races of mortals known anywhere, SAL? AND BITTER WATERS OF THE DESERT. Leaving Motlatra on the 8th of February, 1853, Dr. Livingstone passed down the Mokoko. He re- fers to the salt water wells between Latiakani and Nehokotsa, the salt pan of Chuautsa, the bitter Water of the Nchokotsa, &c, CATERPILLARS FOR FOOD, ‘ Dr. Livingstone describes, among other things in this region, the mopané tree, which 18 remark- able for the little shade its leaves afford. ‘They Jold together and stand nearly perpendicular dur- ing the heat of the day, so that only the shadow of their edges comes to the ground. On these leaves the small larve of a winged insect appear, covered over with a sweet, gummy substance. ‘The people collect this in great quantities and use it as food, ana the mopané—large caterpilars three inches long, which feed on the leaves and are seen strung together—share the same fate, The wood of this tree is hard, being named iron- Wood by the Portuguese, and ig more frequently Hence it is not of much value for building purposes, EN ROUTE, On the 1st Marcb, proceeding north from Kuma- | Kama, Dr. Livingstone entered the Mohonono bush, which has silvery ieaves and the bark of which has a sweei taste, as the elephants appre- ciatea, Here Dr. Livingstone’s party, with the exception of himseif and a native, were taken down with the african fever, and the good Doctor had an bpportanity to exercise his medical skill, A NEW POISON, The effects of a native poison called n’gwa, used | by the bushmen both for killing wild animals and curing wounds in hnman bodies, are mentioned by the Doctor. The poison consists of the entrails of @ caterpillar, which are squeezed out, placed around the bottom of the bark and the poison allowed to dry in the san. Other matters of value to medical science are given by Dr. Livingstone, DIFFICULTIES. As he went north the country became very lovely ; the grass was green and often higher than the wagons, vines festooned the trees and the wild date and palmyra and severd) other trees new to him appeared. Coming to tne Sanshurch, the river was explored tor a ford. He waded along way among the reeds, in water breast deep, but no ford could be found. His servants deserted him almost toa man, and he was fain to take one of the strongest of his still weak companions and cross the river in a pontoon, the gift of some army Officers, Alter almost incredible hardships he managed to find a passage through the almost im- penetrable belt of reeds, prepared by a hippopota- mus. His object was to réach the river Chobe, on the banks of which was the village of Moremi. ‘rhis was finally accomplished, notwithstanding the opposition of the hippopotami, ana, after pro- curing aid, Dr. Livingstone returned and secured | some of the property he had left before crossing the river, and in due time reached Linyanti, the capital town of the Mokojolo, on the 23d of May, 1853. PORTUGUESE SLAVE TRADERS were here found to be doing a pretty fair business, but the arrival of Dr. Livingstone seemed to put a damper upon their operations. TEACHING THE NATIVES TO READ ‘was an interesting braneh of Dr. Livingstone’s du- tics. He states that to all who have not acquired it the knowledge of letters is quite unfathomable. It seems to them supernatural that we see in a book things taking place or having occurred at a distance. AMONG THE MOKOLOLO. The experiences of Dr. Livingstone among these people, describing their habits, laws, trade, &c., are among the most entertaining tn his travels. They read more like a romance than the practical details of tne observations of a sensible and giuted Scotchman, In September, 1853, he left for Loando, and on the 30th of November reached Gonye Falls. December 17 he was at Libonta, where he was detained for days collecting contributions of fat and butter as pres- enty to the Bajonda chiefs. Libonta is the last town of the Mokoloio, TRAVELLING. On the 27th of December Dr. Livingstone was at the confluence of the Leevba and Leeambye, the former of which he ascended to the small stream Makondo, having in the meantime declined an in- vitation trom a femule chief to visit him. On the 6th January, 1854, le reacned tne village of another female chief, Nyamoana, and interviewed her. He lefton the litt, after receiving presents from Nyamoana. We learn from the Doctor that the Balonaa are real negroes, having much more wool on their heads aud bodies than any of the Beshu- ana or Caffre tribes, which may be a matter of some interest to the physiologists, A grand recep- tion by the chief, Shinte, shows how far the African of that region has progressed in the art of court etiquette, On the Ist February, in the country called Mokwankwa, the Doctor was surprised to find English cotton cloth more eagerly inquired alter than beads and ornaments, not because the tribes were more modest, but because the climate was colder. During the entire month of February, 1854, the Doctor kept on travelling towards his ob- jective point, occasionally tarrying in villages and receiving the hospitalities of the chiefs. His des- cription of the geography of the country through which he passed is of the greatest interest to civilized people. The month of March was characterized (on the 6th) by & change of route on account of the visits of slave traders, in traversing a succession of open yawns and deeps forests, in being taken sick, par- tially recovering, encountering hostile parties, paying tribute to be allowed to pass through some countries—a system established by slave traders to curry Javor with the chiefs—in obtaining guides to get into the Portuguese territory, and on the 30th coming to a sudden descent from the high land, Below him lay THE GREAT QUANGO VALLEY. This valley equals that of the Mississippi in fer- tility. The Doctor's reflections on its geographical formations, its people and its productions are fresh contributions to science and civilization, ANGOLA. Reaching Ambaca, he was kindly received by the Portuguese Commandant, who recommended wine for his debility, aud here he took the first glass of that beverage he had taken in Airica, He felt much refreshed, and could then realize and medi- tute upon the weakening effects of the fever, CURIOUS EFFECTS OF THE FEVER, They were, he says, curious to even himself, for, “though he had tried several times since he had lett Ngio to take lunar observations, he could not avoid confusion of time and distance, neither | could he hoki the instrument steady nor perform a simple calculation.” Hence many of the positions of this part of the route were leit till his return from Loando, Often, on getting up in the morning, he found his clothing as wet trom prespiration as if he had been dipped in water. In vain had he tried to learn or collect words of the Bunda, or dialect spoken in Angola, He forgot the days of the week and the names of his companions, and had be been asked, says he, he probably couid not have told nis own, The complaint itself occupied many of his thoughts. One day he supposed he had got the true theory of it and would certainly cure the next attack, Whether in himself or companions; but some new symptoms would appear and scatter all the fine speculations which had sprang up, with extraordinary fertility, inone department ot his brain, THE DISTRICT OF ANGOLA comprises some 40,000 people, many of whom can read aud write: that of Golungo Alto about 104,000, many of whom have trades. The Doctor here makes some useful snggestions in regard to the carrying trade to the coast and trame with Euro- peans generally. He visited the deserted convent of St. Hilarion, at Bango, and heard the Jesuits | ton and by Captain Speke, and other missionaries well spoken of for their in- straction of the children. HIS MARCH TO THE SRA. January 1, 1855, the Doctor leit Pango andongo, and found the whole country drained by the Lu- calla and its fecders extremely fertile, with wild LD, TUESDAY, APKIL 7, 1874—QUADKUPLE SHERT. coffee in abundance. The Portuguese authority extends inland abont 200 miles to the river Quan- go, the sixteen districts including about 600,000 souls, The Doctor has no hesitation in asserting that if the country had been in possession of Kng- land it wonid now have been yielding a8 much or more of the raw material for her manufactures as an equal extent of territory in the cotton-growing States of America. A railroad from Loando to this valley is wanted. As he proceeds the Doctor de- scribes the characteristics of this wonderfully humid region, and says they may account in some Measure for the periodica: Moods of the Zambesi and perhaps the Nile. Leaving Linyanti in Sep- tember, 1855, he proceeded down the Leeambye and Zambesi rivers, which he found to be identi- cal, to Quilimane on the indian ocean, op May 20, 1856, having travelled upwards of 9,000 miles. Quilimane he took a #ritish war vessel for Sng- land, where he arrived December 12, 1856. THE IMPORTANCE OF DR, LIVINGSTONE’S FIRST DIS- COVERIE: Most geographers are aware that before the dis- covery of Lake Ngami and the well watered coun- | try in which the powerful tribe of the Mokololo dwell, the idea prevailed that a large part of the interior of Alrica consisted of sandy deserts, into which rivers Tan and were Jost. During Dr. Livingstone’s journey in 1852-6, {rom sea across the south intertropical part of the continent, it was found to be a well waterea country, with Jarge tracts of fine fertile soil, covered with forest and beautiful grassy valleys, occupied by @ con- siderable population, and one of the most wouder- ful waterialis (the Mosi-oa-tunya or Victoria ¥alls, said to be twice the deph of Niagara Falls) was brought to light. The peculiar form of the conti- nent was ascertained to be an elevated plateau, somewhat depressed in the centre and with fissures in the sides, by which the rivers escaped to the sea. ‘These discoveries were sufficient to extabiisn the fame of any man for a generation, but they did not sati(sy the cravings of the intrepid Livingstone. New light had been thrown on other portions of the continent by the travels of Dr. Barth, by the re; searches of Krapi, Erkhardt and Rebman, by the efforts of Dr. Blaikie (a martyr, unfortunately ; alas! not the last, to the climate), by the journey of Francis Galton, and by the discoveries of Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza by Captain Bar- “whose untimely death,” remarked the warm-hearted Livingstone, “we all deplore.” Then followed the arches of Van der Decken, Thornton and others; and, last of ali, the grand discovery of the main source of the Nile by Speke and Grant, The fabulous torrid zone of parched and burning sand was now proved to be @ well watered region, resembling North Amer- ica in its fresh water Jakes and India 1n its hot, humid Jowlands, jungles and cool highlands. Truly, | the civilized world cannot do too much toward honoring the living men who have ascomplished 80 much, and in keeping forever green the memo- ries of those who, like the lamented Dr. hiving- stone, have sacrified their lives in their heroic labors for the benefit of mankind. DR. LIVINGSTONE’S SECOND TOUR OF DISCOVERY— 1858-1864, Alter a rest of two years Dr. Livingstone left Engiand in 1858 and returned to his old ficld of lavor, having been appointed British Consul at Quilimane. He made another journey up the Zambesi and its tributaries, discovered, among her important things, Lakes Shirwa and Nyapa, aud returned to England tn 1864, in remarkably vigorous health considering the climate he had been living iy and the manitold hardships and pri- vations he had encountered. In this exploration, naving a number of scientific men With him, the object in view was vot to dis- cover objects of nine days’ wonder, to gaze and be gazed at by barbarians, but to note tve climate, the natural productions, the local diseases, the na- tives and their relation to the rest of the world— all which were observed with that peculiar interest which, as regards the future, the untiring explorer could not but feel in a continent whose occult history he had already done so much toward un- folding. Proceeding to the west coast, in order to find a path to the sea by which lawful commerce might be introduced to aid missionary operations, he states that it was quite striking to observe, sev- era) bundreds of mites trom the ocean, the very de- cided influence of the then prevailing policy of the English government in regard to the’ interior of Africa. Piracy had been abolished, and the slave trade 80 far suppressed that it was spoken of by Portuguese who had themselves been slave traders as a thing of the past. Lawful commerce had increased from an annual total of £20,000 in ivory and golkt dust to between £2,000,000 and £3,000,000, of which £1,000,000 was in palm oil to England alone. Over twenty missions had been established, with schools, at which more than 12,000 pupila were taught. Life and property were rendered secure on the coast and compara- tive peace imparted to wmilitons of people in the interior. In his second tour of exploration Dr. Livingstone opened much of the country to the light of civilization, which he was unable to do on his former visit. DR. LIVINGSTONE’S THIRD AND LAST EXPLORATIONS IN THE INTERIOR OF AFRICA—1665-1873—MAaY 4 (HIS DEATH). The reading pubiic are doubtless familiar with many of the most striking incidents connected with Dr. Livingstone’s final expedition to the inte- rior of Africa to discover the sources of the Nile. The repeated reports of his death, which were subsequently ascertained to be unfounded, the un- | certainty regarding his fate and whereabouts, his long and extraordinary silence, and the universal anxiety to learn what had become of him, induced a private enterprise in search of the missing ex- plorer, which the world has seen was crowned with anexampled success, HIS LAST JOURNEY. At the time of Dr. Livingstone’s return to Eng- lan d from the Zambesi in 1864 there existed con- siderable excitement in scientific circies from the discoveries of Grant and Speke of the sources of the River Nile. After a brief sojourn Dr. Living- stone prepared for his third journey of discoveries. He left England on the 14th of August, 1865, for Bombay. Thence he proceeded to Zanzibar, anu onthe 28th of March, 1866, the great explorer crossed {rom Zanzibar for the mainland, and at once startea for the mterior by way of the River Rovuma. The first information we have directly from him after his departure is contained ina de- apatch sent by him to Earl Clarendon, dated Bemba, latitude 10 degrees 10 minutes south, long gitude 31 degrees 50 minutes east, February 1, 1867, and in a letter to sir Roderick Murchison, dated at the same place on the 2d of the same month (and received in England about the 27th of April, 1868). It will be remembered that reports of his being murdered were received from Zanzibar under date of December 10, 1866, DESPATCH TO EARL CLARENDON—FEBRUARY, 1867. In his despatch to Earl Clarendon he states that he could not go round the northern end of Lake Nyassa as he intended, partly because the country had been swept of provisions by Zulu marauders and partly because he believed some of his own men would flee at the sight of danger. By strik- ing southward ne passed through a depopulated tract of about 100 miles, but became acquaited with Mataka, the most influential chief on the watershed between the coast and the lake, Some of hts people nad gone to Lake Nyassa to plunder without his knowledge, and he had ordered the captives and cattle tobe sent back. His town consists of 1,000 houses, altitude 3,000 feet, the climate cold in July. Meeting, after starting with three Wajssau chiets, they were fonad to be the GREATEST SLAVE TRADERS in the country, and seemed astonished at hearing the protests made against the trafic, it being the first time they had heard their conduct con- demned. ‘The Doctor had remained with Mataka from July vo the end of September (1867), and in the begin- ning of October tried to go westwara; but the peo- ple of Katosa, or Kiemasura, were afraid to take him up Kirk’s range, because some Arab slave- holders had been driven thence by the exasperated inhabitants. The range is only the edge of a high plateau, where the peopie, all Manganja, had not been led into buying and selling each other. Aste went westward to avoid the Magitu, he turned northward as goon as he was past the longitude of their country, and came near being captured. Crossing the Loangwa and the great valley in Which i} dows—tue bed of an agclent jake—he en: at} tered the Lobisa, @ country of the Babisa, and ob- tained information as to the route the Portuguese Jolluwed in going to Cazembe, It is placed by the ; apmakers-too far east, so Dr. Livingstone trod on new ground. It will enable one to form an idea of the way he went if he conceives him going westward from Kalosas, and then northward until | he takes up “he point at which he left off in 1863, The watershed between the Loangwa and Zam- besi rises up 6,609 feet. The Zambesi was crossed in lativude 10 deg. 34 min. south, It had flooded all its banks, but the lines of trees showing its actnal size were not more than forty yards apart, He says he thinks he is now im the watershed, althouga not the highest part of it, between Zam- besi and Soapuila, sie and his party here suffered & great dea! from GNAWING HUNGER. | The Babiga, who were among the first natives to | ensage in slavery, have suffered its usual effects. Thely country is almost depopulated, and the few inhabitants have nocuing to sell. He tound no dimenity in the Loangwa and Zambesi valleys in securing suppiles of meat with the rifle; but Lobisa had no animals, and he had nard times in | marching throngh its dripping forests, but had no | serious difficulty with the natives, BEMBA, ‘This town (Bemba) has a treble line of stockades | and a deep ditch around the inner one. Dr. Living- | stoue wrltes:—The chief seems a frank, jolly Person, aud having cattle, we mean to rest a little | Wolle wich him. We are very much emaciated, but, | like certain races of pigs, take on fat kindly. Our | sorest loss has been all our medicines. We are 4,500 feet above the level of the sea, but, having rains every day, feel that we need, hike the cattle | of the people, the protection of huts.” He regrets that his geographical notes are so scanty, but | hopes to send fuller information from Tanganyika. AN AMERICANISM. In nis letter to Sir Roderick Murchison he states that he had had no news whatever from the coast since he left, but bopes tor letters and a second stock of goods at Ujiji. He had also been unable to send anything. Some letters he had written in hopes of meeting an Arab slave trader, but he says they all “skedaddled” as soon as they heard the | English were coming. ANOTHER LETTER—J .¥, 1868—THE SOURCES OF THE NILE, In another letter to the British Secretary for i Foreign Affairs, dated “Near Lake Bangweolo, | South Central Africa, July, 1863" (and read before | the Royal Geographical Society, November 8, | 1869), Dr. Tlvingstone refers to his letter of | February, 1867, im which he stated that | he had the impression that he was then on the | Watershed between Zambesi and either the Congo or (he Nile, He now states that more extended observation has since convinced him of the essen- | tial correctness of that impression, and trom what he lias seen, together with what he learned from | intelligent natives, he thinks he may safely assert that the CHIEF SOURCES Of THE NILE arise between 10 deg. and 12 deg. south lati- tnde, or nearly in the position assigned to them by Ptolemy, whose river, Phapta, is probably the Rovuma, Aware that others have been mis- taken, and laying no claim to iniallibility, he says he does not yet speak very positively, particularly of the parts west and northwest of Tanganyika, because these had not yet come under his observa- tion; but according to his previous discoveries the springs of the Nile have hitherto been searched for very much too far to the north, They rise some 400 miles south of the most southerly por- tion of the Victoria Nyanzi, and, indeed, south of all the lakes except Bangweolo, The Doctor here entered into a lengthy, but very interesting and important recital o: his geograph- ical discoveries upto the period of his present | writing. In giving an idea or AN INUNDATION which, in a small way, enacts the part of the Nile lower down, le said he had to cross two rivulets which flow into the north end of the Moero; one was thirty, the other forty yards broad, crossed by bridges. One had a quarter, the otner hall a mile of flood on each side, The Luo had covered a plain abreast of Moero, so that the water on a great part reached trom the knees to the upper part of the chest. The plain was of biack mud, with grass | higher than his head. In places, while walking in | paths, he was plunged ankle aeep in soit mud, while hundreds of soft bubbles rushed up, and, bursting, emitted a irightful odor. The state of the rivers and country made him go tn the very LIGHTEST MARCHING ORDER, He took nothing but the most necessary instru- ments and no paper except a couple of note books: and the Bible. Only one of his attendants would come where he then was; tne others, on various pretenses, absconded. ‘The fact is,” he exclaims, “they are all tired of this everlasting tramping, and 80 VERILY AM 1.” Were it not for an inveterate dislike to give in to diMculties without doing his utmost to overcome them he says he would abscond too, THE DOCTOR DISSATISFIED. ‘The Doctor expresses dissatisfaction at the Manipulation which some of his sketches had | undergone after he had sent them home. He thus expresses himself:— After all my care, and risk of health and even of life, it Is not ver uspiring to tind 200 miles of lake tacked on to the northwest end of Nyassa, and these 200 miles perched Up on an upiand region, and ‘passed over some 30%) tect higher than the rest of the lakes. We shall probably hear that the author of this feat in fancography claims therefrom to be considered w theoreucal discoverer of the source of the Nile. He shows the folly of thus intermeddling, aud Says that to his “gentle remonsgrances he received only a giggle.” The Doctor was evidently in low spirits when he penned this portion of his letter. THE UNDERGROUND TRIBE, It is in this letter the Doctor refers to the tribe that lives in underground houses in Rua—a matter that has already excited the attention of the curt- ous and sclentific, Somé excavations are said to be thirty miles long, bave running rills in them, and a whole district can stand a seige in them. The “writings” therein, the Doctor was told by some of the people, are on the wings of ammals and not Jetters. The people were described as very dark, well made and eyes slantingwards. LETTER TO DR. KIRK AT ZANZIBAR—“CRAZY GEOG- RAPHERS.”” On the 7th September, 1869, Dr. John Kirk, at Zanzibar, received a letter from Dr. Livingstone from the same place (giving the date as July 8, 1868), a8 those mentioned above, ana probably for- warded by the same courier. In this letter the great explorer speaks a little more plainly about some home matters. He says:— DR. LIVINGSTONE TO DR. KIRK. I shall not follow the Lualaba by canoes, as we did besi from near the Vietoria Falls to the Kebra “That was insanity, and | am not going to do any more mad things merely to please geographers, who are mostly insane. My positions have been altered for most idiotic reason at places where no one lsc obser’ or will observe in our day.” (He then refers to the Nyassa interpretation of which he complains in his tetter wo the British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.) THE LONG HIATUS AND MYSTERY—THE NEW YORK | HERALD EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF DK. LIVING- STONE. { Svume two years had elapsed since anything had | been heard directly from the great explorer (the | latest being under date July 8, 1863, as given above), and so many conflicting rumors had | found circulation iu regard to his health, captivity, privations and death that not only scientific circles, but the civilized world generally entertained an absorbing anxiety to learn something reliable about him, and in the event of his death to procure, for the benefit of science and humanity, the resuits of his latest discoveries, The Royal Geographical Society and the British government having fatied to take initiative steps in this direction it was left to pri- vate enterprise to fit out and putin motion an expedition in search of the missing traveller, This expedition was orgahized by the proprietor of the New York HERALD, and, under the leadership of the indefatigable Stanley, accomplished all that was expected of it, which was enough to create a sensation throughout Christendom. Stanley's in- structions were :—“Find out Livingstone, and get what news you can relating to his discoveries.”’ The HRRALD Commissioner's first letter is dated Kwihara, District of Unyanyembe, daly 4, 1971, Stanley’s graphic descrip. tions of his search, have received such widespread circulation, and have been so recently and to present bis discoveries up to, and partially subsequent to, hie appearance, as concisely and succinctly as possible, In Stanley’s letter of the above date he mentions hearing, in May and June, 1871, several rumors at one time about a very old man and very fat, too; with @ very long beara; ® great eater.” At another he “had his left shoulder out of joint from a fight with a liom; again, of “a very old man who came to Ujiji by the way of lake Nyassa and Uazempe.”” THE PERIOD OF MYSTERY ABOUT HIS FATE. At a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, held in London about February 12, 1872, Sir Bartle Frere stated that two and a balf years had elapsed since they had received any written communice- tion irom Dr. Livingstome, and he then described himself in great want of everthing that was re- quisite for travel in Arica, The government and the Society, Sir Bartle Frere said, took all proper means at that period to forward to him supplies, @nd ashe had not then passed beyond the ordi- nary route of traders it was thought they would reach him without diMculty, Disturbances among the tribes that intervened between Livingstone and the coast, however, prevented their reaching him. The last letter trom the Doctor, mentioned above, was dated May 30, 1869, from Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. A native in charge of the stores stated that he received a letter from Dr. Lividg- stone, dated October 15, 1870, but which letter he did not transmut to Zanzibar, LIVINGSTONE’S SAFSTY—THR HERALD CORPS WITH THE GREAT EXPLORER On the ist, 2d and 3d of May, 1872, scientific circles in Europe and America were simultaneously gratified by the injormation received from bombay and through the cable that Stanley, the comman- der of the New York HERALD expeditionary Search corps, with Livingstone, was at Ujiji in the month of January in that year. The news was confirmed by a telegram received in London from Bombay, which stated that the steamer Abydos, that carried the English Livingstone search expe- dition to Zanzibar, had arrived at Bomopay witm the intelligence that the great traveller was sale with the American, Stepley, commander of the eXpeditiun which was despatched from New York by the HERALD to search for him, Livingstone died within about one year and three months alter. Telegrams from Bembay, received in London June 13, 1872, stated that Stauley had arrived at Zanzt- bar, homeward bound, and announced that he leit Dr. Livingstone alive and well. LETTERS FROM STANLEY describing his meeting with Dr. Livingstone—"Dr, Livingstone, I presume”—were received in Lonaon. July 1, 1872, and abstracts immediately sent by cable to the HERALD in New York. Stanley an- ounces that Livingstone had become convinced that THE GAMBESI I3 THE SOURCE OF THE NILE, which will make a total length of the mystic river of Atrica of 2,600 miles, and that the Nile isnot supplied by Lake Tanganyika. After devoting some three montis to the exploration oj the region roundabout, in company with Dr. Livingstone, the HERALD explorer left the Doctor at Unyanyembe On the 14th o1 March, 1872, it being the intention of the undaunted Livingstone to continue his ex- plorations, which he expected would occupy the following two years. AFTER STANLEY'S DEPARTURE Livingstone, it appears, left Cayanyemoe, rounded the south end of Lake Tanganyika, travelled south to Lake Bemba or Bangweolo, and crossed it south to north, He then jonrneyed along the east side, Teturning north vhrough the marsies to Muilals, LIVINGSTONE’S LETTER OF THANKS TO TRE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK HERALD is dated Ujiji, November, 1871. In it he saysif he explains the forlorn condition in which Mr, Stanley found him, Mr, Bennett will easily perceive that he has good reason to use very strong expressions of gratitude, and adds:—‘I am as cold anu non- demonstrative as we islanders are usually repute@ to be; but your kindness made my frame turill. It was, indeed, overwhelming, and I said in my soul, ‘Let the richest blessings descend from the Highest on you and yours,’ ” : THE DETAILS OF HIS DEATH, ag well a8 anterior and subsequent occurrences inconnection with the late heroic traveller and scientist, will be found in the earlier portions of this article, SEARCH A Manitoban Archbishop Publishes a Manifesto in His Favor, Ortawa, Ont., April 6, 1874, The Times, the governwent organ, this morning publishes ap extra containing Archbishop Tache’s manifesto on the Riel question, in which he de- clares that an amnesty was promised by the late government. It appears, however, that the prom- ise Was made before the Scott murder took place, The Times takes strong grounds against Riel and declares that the law must take its course. Archbishop Tache has left Fort Garry for Ottawa. 1t ts still asserted that Riel will take his seat on Wednesday. To-day, being Easter Monday, is a statatory holt- day and all the departments are closed. The Promised Amnesty. Mgr. Tache bases his defence of Riel partly ona proclamation issued by the Governor Genera), under the royal seal, under date of December 16, 1869, {rom instructions by Earl Granville, of whicn the following is an abstract:—“Hér Majesty is assured that she can rely upon the loyalty of her subjects in the Northwest, and belteves that those who are illegally ia arms have done so irom mis- nderstanding or through false representation. he Queen is convinced that in sanctioning the union of the territories of the Northwest with Canada she consults the best interests of those who reside there, and, at the same time, strength- ening and consolidating her possessions in North America as a part of the British Empire. You can, therelore, judge of the chagrin and displeasure with which the Queen regards these unreasonable and illegal acts Which have just taken place. Her Majesty commands me to inform you that she will be always ready, through my agency, as her i aa to redress ail wrongs that have foundation; and she has given me in- structions to hear and consider ai) complaints which shall be made or desires which shall be ex- pressed to me in my capacity of Governor Gen- eral, * * * Furchermore, and by her authority, I conjure and command those among you who are yet illegally assembled in defiance of law dis- perse peaceably and return to their homes under penalty of law in case of disobedience. And lastly, | inform you that in case of your obedience and immediate and peaceable dispersion I shall order that no legal measures be taken against any of those implicated in these unhappy violations of the jaw.” Fivé MtN DROWNED. A Sad Accident in Portsmouth Harbor=—A Boat Filled with Stevedores Upsets. PORTSMOUTH, Va., April 6, 1874, This morning at about half-past twelve o'clock a startling drowning affair occurred tn our harbor. Ten negro men, belonging to the stevedores’ gang of the Baltimore Steam Packet Company, having finished loading one of the freight steamers in Norfoik, got in one of the skiff foot boats that | usually ply between the two cities at night, and started to return to their homes in this city. When the boat was opposite Baker’s wharf, about half way over, it sprung a leak and began rapidly to dil, ‘The jerryman, seeing the danger, pulled vigorously for a rait on Baker's fai in, Within avout twelve fect of the rait, the skit careened and turned completely over. throw! the whole gang into the river. A strong ebd tide was running at the time, and five vo the ay hot Knowing how to swim, were swept off ani drowned. They were named Lemuel Faulk, C. Stanback, Henry Brown, George Wilson, Carter Martin, The other five of the gang swam to the raft and were saved. ‘he ferryman clung to the bottom of the upturned {oot boat, and was taken off by other boats'that came to the rescue of the ty. ‘At an early hour this morning boats were drag- ging for the boutes of those drowned, and by noom all Were recovered in the vicinity of the spot where the catastrophe occurred. All the drowned men leit famtlies residing in Portsmouth and were comparatively young. The five bodies having been towed into the slip at the foot of Hight street at one o'clock, Coroner Herman Matthews sammoned a jury and an inquest was held, The testimony of the survivors being taken, @ verdict was rendered im accordance th the above fact. The bodies were then taken in charge Ad fiends and re- moved to prepare for burial to-morrow, THE UTIOA OBESE TRADE, Utica, N. ¥., April 6, 1874, At the annual meeting of the Utica Dairymen's Board of Trace, held here to-day, Mr. Edward J. Wickson was elected President, ‘The rade of the impressed upon the public mind that it is un- necessary to repeat them here, the present object being to trace the cariier carcer of Dr. Liyingstone Board amounted jast year to 1; ag pounds of valued at $1,405,005, 7) jt sale dey onaeee ene sal of Abril” ty Be