The New York Herald Newspaper, December 21, 1872, Page 4

4 NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1872.-TRIPLE SHEET. with the “ $$ our Arian forefathers used, togett r “pramatha” (from which the Gres Prometheus) for kindling the holy fire (agni). The crotchet gre arm) ae wand 0 wiopata Srccuased on e banks o1 ‘@_ symbol of road t importance in *yTnousands PRIAM'S TROY, = MAP OF THE LAND OF ace NNO Oe OOOO ES ory and it may be seem around the ulpat of Bt. Ambrosius, in Milan. It is ‘on Celtia ——————— | funeral urn in the British Museum, which . ity of N ik, Laying Bare the Home . : —_— ° Tate feamayana tus synbol i on ine ge tout oe of Elomer’s Hector. ——— Excavations on the Site of the Ancient Cities of Dium. De Lae Ny: jate of about eight hundred years before Christ, and the expedition was four or fiv hundred years earlier, for in the Third Book Kings we find Sansorlt names for the prod ivory, apes, peacocks, spices, &c., which w brougut in’ Solomon's t ju Phoenician shipd from Ophir (identified with the present Abhira), and the names of the conquerors can scarcely thus have come into general use, ip a densely peopled a ety Mi ABYDOS y KALESSA country, in less than two or three centurl Willtam’ Brown Kerr assures me he saw sywibol frequently recurring in the ancient Hindoo temples, particularly in those of the Gaina. ANTIQUITY OF THE CROSS. It is asubject for future investigation whether the cross which has become @ later religious sym- bol is simply derived from this ancient symbot or te another representation of the same two pieces of wood with which the Arians kindled thelr sacred fire. My cateemed friend, E. Burnouf, the Sanscrit scholar, is of the latter opinion, and he writes me that he knows for certain from the ancient scho- hasts of the Vedas, from the comparative philology and from the figurative monuments, that fire ma chines in the form of a crogs, without hooks, were used by our Arian forefathers in the most remote antiquity, Hoe adds that the Greeks continued for along time to produce fire by friction im this way, and that they called the two lower pteces of wood “stauros."" This word is either derived from tha root “‘stri,” which signifies ‘lay on the ground,’? Traces of the Prehistoric Peoples | THIRTY CENTURIES DISENTOMBED. | in Regular Strata. | HISTORY ONLY FIVE FEET DEEP. ¥ VANS PROMONTORY (ORAS Arian Peoples Following Them---The Gaxrhe- i SIG YM ny \ saith) Sanacrit wor Wara,’? wi ameans Historie Greek Colony Five Cen- aay ip \K Ree iad thy Immovable. Later, when the Greeks found othoF turies Before Christ eR Ga Pe ge RY) ( came 88, em A GP ‘On some ancient Greek vases in the collection of Profeasor Rousopoulos, at Athons, I also find the symbol of the cross with crotchets,. From alt which tt seems to me certain that both the simple =, cross and the other were symbols of the highest religious importance with the Arian race at a time when the peoples now know as Ceits, Germans, Persians, Pelasgians, Hindoos, Hellenes, Stavoni- ans Were still One nation and spoke one commoa § hy nt The Great Tower of Ilium--Nep- ky tune and Apollo’s Wall. The Trojans of the Hiad-~—Three Distinct | Lay) PERGAMUS OF TROY---THE ACROPOLIS, Pottery, Weapons, Implements and Hand Mills Found---A Live Toad of Helen’s Time. THE GREAT ARIAN SYMBOL. Buns and Stars as Religious Signs--- Antiquity of the Cross. One Hundred and Fifty Work- men Digging a Trench. Exploding Chevalier’s Theory of the Site of Troy. ETYMOLOGY OF ILIOS. Labors and Researches of Doctor Henry Schliemann. ~ The following is Dr. Henry Schliemann's report, forwarded by him to the New YoRE HERALD, of his patient labors, researches and successes on the alte of anctent Troy :— EXPLODING FORMER ERRORS. In the beginning of October, 1871,I began to excavate, with eighty laborers, in the plain of Troy, on the site of an ancient city, which, after having been called Ilium during the long period ofits actual existence—say for more than two thousand years—was renamed Tiiuam Novum, about one hundred years subsequently to its entire disap- pearance. Strange to say, the city was thus named once more in the year 1788, by Le Chevalier, the originator of the notion that the village of Bunarbashi is the real site of ancient Troy—a gentleman who never visited the spot himself, as is evident from his work, as well as from his map of the plain of Troy, in which he places Ilium Novum close to Koum-Kal¢, on the wrong side of the Scamanfer, and consequently more than four miles from its real position. Thad previously made, in Augnst, 1868, a number of small excavations on the heights of Bunar- bashi, between the village and the Scamander, not certainly in the expectation that I should find @ny relics of ancient Troy at that place, but only to disprove by actual exploration beneath the sur- face the theory that 1t had been there, for that theory 1s in opposition to all the indications of the Iliad as studied on the ground. My expecta- tions were fully realized by the result, for | always came upon the virgin soll at a depth of less than three feet, and nowhere did I find any vestige of pottery. Moreover, the shape of the rock, which is sometimes conical, sometimes abrupt with steep sides and always irregular, suM@ciently shows that the space between Bunarbashi, the Scamander and the three heroic tombs on the summit of the mountain can | never have formed part of any city. Beyond the three tombs are the ruins of a small city—probably the Scamandria of the anctents—the site of which 1s distinctly indicated by the remains of walls, but which cannot possibly have bad more than two thousana inhabitants, whilst Troy must have had at least fifty thousand. As Demetrius of Skepsis identified the village of the Ulans with the site of Troy, and Strabo believed in his theory, I also made aD excavation at that piace, on the farm of my friend Mr. Frank Calvert; but Demetrius was evi- dently misled by a series of smail elevations, which seem to contain the ruins of huge city walls, but which, In fact, are formed of the virgin soil. TOE SITE OF TROY. Tiium certainly stood at the point called Nium Novam, on a high plateau which rises about one hundred feet above the plain and terminates ab Tuptly on its northern and northwestern sides. Its site there is distinctly indicated by the masses of broken and very ancient pottery found beneath the surface and by the ruins of the walls by which it was surrounded, and which appear to have been the walls buflit by Lysimachus. The steep descent on the northern and northwestern sides suggested, naturally, that the Acropolis had been In that quar- ter or the ancient city; and that it was so I found good evidence, and inaeed proved, by an excavation I made in April, 1870, at the northwestern corner; for 1 brought to light a buttress with walls of more than aix feet thickness, The imposing position of this plateau, which projects into the platn, as weil as its natural defences, seem to have destined it for the _FISK & RUSSRLL-NY: By the end of November, stopped by the =Winter rains, reached a length of fifty-six metres, and a depth of Asl have kept my measurements generally in metres the general reader can count the metre at forty inches English, From this cutting I had most encouraging re- Ifound the ruins of different ages in strata Ifound the ruins of my trench had of comparative regularity. historic times reaching generally only to a depth of one andahalf metres, and nowhere deeper Ina depth of from two to four metres there were no stones, and the calcined ruins left no doubt that for ages immediately pre- ceding historic times there had been only wooden Presently I shall speak of the objects found in these different layers of ruins, and pai than two metres. ® depth of four to seven metres there was an entire absence of metal, and I found a very great quantity of stone Implements of all kinds, finer pottery, all the houses built of small stones, united with earth, and evidence that the innabitants were Artans, seven to ten metres, all the houses built of unburned brick; inhabitants of Arian race; very many cop- per weapons and instruments, though Implements are for the most part of black stone (dlorit), a depth of ten metres (thirty-three feet) I camo upon immense masses of large stones, and at once believed that 1 had reached the veritable ruins of At a depth of from uilt on the slope. wall served as the sub-structure of some Trojan temple, or whether it was the wall of circumvalla- tion which Homer (Iliad, vii., 452-452) attributes to Neptune and Apoilo, I am unable to say. Large masses of great stones which I find in my trench below the wall convince me that it was formerly higher than now; but even if it had been but ten feet high, this would appear sufficient, since the site of the mount ts, itself, at an angle of forty to forty-five degrees, Below and above this wallI find masses of that Ty which resembles so much the Etruscan terracottas and which I find here exclusively in the two inches immediately above the virgin soll, and this ata depth of from 14 to 16 inches below the surface. The wall runs from east to west and thus com. I shall go on with the trench a little ways beyond the wall, but on a level with it, because I cannot clear out the rubbish be- hind without going to very great trouble, and I shall leave that labor till mext March, for the sea- son is already advanced. A GREAT FIND—IS IT PART OF PRIAM’S TOWER? Besides, my thoughts are now absorbed dn an- other important object. trench simultaneously from north and south across the mouth, I came, July 19, upon a colossal struc- ture of svlld masonry 12 metres or 40 fei thickness, and of @ 20 feet), buil Its structure is similar to that o' beneath the site of the temple, except that the etl have only been ablo to clear so much of it as the breadth of my cutting on its south side, and of course its top. This south side, which faces the remainder of tho high plateau on which the city stood, is slightly in- clined, 80 that at the base the wall protrudes a’ one metre; the north side, which faces the Acro) olis, with the ruins of its erpendicular, but is still buried in the rubbish, jowever, I shall be able to clear it en- tirely, as by that time my whole canal will be To this deeply interesting point I had come, as I said, by the end of November, when my operations were stopped by the rainy season. DIGGING IN EARNEST. In April last I began again with a force of 100 Men, which number I soon increased to 126, and ever since the number of my laborers has been be- tween one hundred and twenty and one hundred and fifty. Since the Autumn! had received from London some wheelbarrows and good English picks and shovels, Mr. John Latham, the director of the Pireus-Athens Railway, had supplied me with some of his best workmen, to serve as over- seers; and Mr. Cookson, the British Consul at Con- stantinople, had sent ten man carts and twenty This time I opened a cutting or platform of 70 metres breadth by 141n depth ( 233 feet by 46), cutting into the elevation from the north side, intending to carry this cutting through as faras the Chiplak road—a distance of nearly 200 metres, oratrife over an eighth of a mile; but I did not find the virgin soll even at this depth, Thereupon I cleared out @ well which I bad dis- covered in the previous October, and there 1 found the natural rock at a depth of sixteen metres, or fifty-three English feet, In order to avoid the labor of sinking the whole cutting two metres splendid Diack po pletely bars my wheelbarrows. stones are smailer, fifteen metres or fifty feet below the summit of the hill and thirty-four metres in breadth, because cer- tain indications in that direction led me to believe that I could find there the temple of Minerva. only one metre below the surface] came upona relic of Greek art, a fine sculptured marble of the time of Lysimachus, representing Phoebus Apollo in female attire, with the disc of the sun on his head and supported on four horses of beautiful workman- ship. This slab is two metres long by eignty-eight centimetres broad, and must weigh more [ also found there a lon; shall publish, and whic! Antoninus Pius, who is therein called Titus Hadrianus Antoninus, The slab with this in- scription is also of large dimensions, and weighs upwards of aton, It stood, probably, in a tem- ple, which, to judge from the sculptured figure, ‘was that of Apollo, In the hope of finding beneath this pronable site of a temple some ruins of the temple of the time of Priam, I went on, but was soon le that at this point there was but tonching the virgin an a ton, Greek inscription which £ Trefers to the Em} 4 da to believe Nittle chance of soil at a depth of fifteen Instead, therefore, of continuin; second platiorm on the intended scale opened in ita trench eight metres wide and six HE FINDS A WALI. At this part of the mount the accumulation of rubbish is very great, and exceeds fifty metres in width; for at that distance from the slope I came upon a wall built of huge stones, joined with two metres in thickness and three in heigh h, as the layers of rubbis! below it distingtiy show, had been Whether this In digging the gre rpendicular height of 6 rimitive rock, he wall found palaces, is exactly the small cup is joined to a saucer 8 centime- tres in diameter, and which has three crooked feet and two holes. How this was used is not apparent, for, as there is no hole in the cup, the two holes in the saucer cannot have sufficed for the suspension Inthe rubbish of Troy proper few fragments of with painted ornaments; was no trace of color with any other pre- save only with that whose ruins are at a depth of ten to seven metre! ‘ingle instance of that huge gob! he form of @ champagne glass which has a uniform bright red color, most partthe Trojan terracottas are indestructil by moisture; to so! roved destructive. jomestic burial place formed by three stones a: containing two urns with human ashes. Thi urns were of @ most fantastic sha} been so affected by the damp. so! utmost care! could not take them out without I doubt whether I shall be able to at these together, though I have all the pieces. joblet I also found in the lower and red goblets with handles at the bottom, so that the vessel ean only be put down on its mouth, Similar goblets in great num- bers are at a depth of from seven to ten metr except that instead ofa single handle they have a double one in the form of a ctown. In the Trojan ruins of granite, hammers an beautifully polished implements in the fo wedges of a splendid tran: sides small black- terraco nt tres in diameter, with a hole through the centre; a of granite 15 centimetres in 4 with a hole through the centre; flat aster in the form of bottles and punches of At the same depth I found large masses of bones, boar teeta, small shetls an, h, having been thrown into tile court yards, were in that way, ern Trojans disappeared with the destruction of none of the late layers of rubbish the least vestige of such walls ad Hf there the slightest resemblance to that graceful and fantastic new settlers of another civilization and differen’ habits and customs built a new city, and on foundations of their houses consisted of s1 all the walls above were of un- sitors to the Plain of Troy will see in my excavations, at a depth of seven to ten Of these walls turned into one solid mass of really burned brick, perhaps by the great its position is most imposing, and it overlooks the plain in ail directions, ITS FORMER STATE. From the masses of stones I found on the south side of the monument, I have nodoubt that it was once much higher than now. of what remains we are indebted entirely to the ruins of Troy itself—which covered it completely— which ruins are peculiar and cannot be mistaken for those of the cities subsequently built on the Doubtiess whatever part of the tower thrust itself above the general level of the ruined mass was thrown down by the next builders, who were of different character and customs, and has neither walls nor fortifications. That this kind of architecture—stones with clay—is as ancient as that calle roved by the fact that structure have been in the islands of Thesa and Therassia be- layers of volcanic ashes 68 feet in thickness, which were thrown out by central volcano that must have sunk into the a more than fifteen hundred years before Christ, TRACES OF THE PEOPLE, UTENSILS, Cc. So far for the great remains of the ancient city. ose now to tell of the objects found in the nt layers of rubbish whic! throw some light on the various peoples that suc- ceeded one another here throu, and I shall begin with those let habitants (the Trojans), who built on the primitive ouses of stones joined with clay, common arith all their successors at this Place, For the preservation | of the lamp. except these there historic nation, nly ti terra cotta in an a ildlage. and that with the breaking them. rubbish simple blac! are calculated to twenty centuries, by the earliest in- roper 1 also found weights axes of diorite, and sma! isparent green stone, tte ‘discs oF 5 th and “carousels,” with and without ornament Some similar terracottas, without ornamentatiot are in the museum in Athens, and two ornamented ones, Which are found in are in the Museum of Parma, but these are the only examples I have ever seen in any museum. Here I find them by thousands, and about half are These terracottas are from two to four centimetres broad and high, and have always @ hole through the middle, Those found ata height oftwo metres above the virgin soil represent the sun with his rays—sometimes stars are inter- mingled with the rays—or the sun in the centre of @ per nails seventeen centimetres long were found on the virgin soil. There was no trace of metal weapons or implements, but the nails are a suficient tl knew and worked course weapons existed. Small saws of flint stone, four and a hulfto five length, and hand millstones the terra maris of Italy, aps, preserved from the fire. (ME NEXT? tlery made by the ruined cit the metal copper, and I found many language ; and both these symbols I have found4m their most definite form on large numbers of the small terra cottas taken by me from the lowest stratum of rubbish on the site of Troy. HISTORY CONTINUED. The, nation which immediately succeeded the ancient Trojans in the occupation of this site siso remained here for centuries, inasmuch as all the rubbish, at a depth of frem ten to seven metres, is from one and the same people. Here aiso I the two symbols described above—iniubitable evi- dence that they also were Arians. Here I find no instance of the double goblet, but in ts stead those drinking cups with a handle below in the shape of @ crown, and those fantastic red goblets in the form of a gigantic champagne glass, and witha large haudile on each side, 80 that they also oniy stand on their mouths. I find here, too, drinking cups of ten to twelve centimetres in height, orna- mented with a femate face in high relief and with no handle, and @ great deal of splendidly burned but uncoiored pottery, such as water or wine urna, from a metre to a metre and a half high and haif a metre in diameter; also small urns with humans bones, plates and bowls, vessels with a face having only one eye, and this on the forehe: probably representing a cyclope; vessela twent; to twenty-five centimetres high, of a most fan- tastic form, with @ female face, breast and abdo- men, and in addition to the two natural ears two enormous upright standing ears that evidently served as handles; many vessels with a beak-liko mouth and short or long backward bent neck; masses of small and large vessels in THE FORM OF A BALL OR AN BGG, with a short tube on each side and a hole in the same direction in the mouth through which a string was drawn to suspend them—many of these have also three feet, and some are engraved with ornaments In the form of lcaves and branches, Here are many curious vessels in the form of an animal with @ tail three feet and a long project- ing neck and mouth. Bu have an immense handle on the back. I find also very smail terra cottas representing ewine—representations of the priapus—and beautiful terracortasin the form of vulcanoes and carousels with the most Lngenious symbolical ornamentation. THE SUN INVARIABLY APPRARS on all ornamented terratottas of this kind in the remains of all nations that lived here, and [ find it almost to the very surface; also the symbol of the hee rh orotchabarsput che Caries alte with he holy “agni” burning upon it; the mystic rose, the holy Soma tree, wale gave to the gods the amsit or ambrosia—all these symbols appear only in the little carousels just mentioned, as found @ deptt of from ten to seven metres. The oars! of lightning, which closely resembles the Phoom- clan letter “Noun,” 1 found represented six: times on a small vulcano taken from a depth eight metres. In this case these signs stood im groups of four, so placed as to form across around a central sun. However, the bol of lightning is not Umited to these depeas, for for sf it also many times on the small vuloan and carrouseis at a depth of 5 metres. In the layers, from @ depth of 10 metres nearlyto the surface, I frequently find the sun Sal apalle ry I exactly as represented on the sculptured A| found in the temple; but still more frequent find the sunin the midst of from three to eight rising suns, which form a@ cross around it; and siinilarly surrounded by stars in the centre of a cross or of a cross and ‘‘pramantha.” Sometimes five roses are represented, of which four forma cross and the fi/th @ ‘pramantha’’ around the sun. On some terracottas there are fourteen clus- ters, each of three sunbeams, extending like crooked windmill wings in all directions from a central sun, while the spaces between are filled with stars. On others are three holy altars covered with flames, and clusters of stars form a cross around the sun; or four tails of sunbeams, or two altars, with flames, and two crochetted crosses, forming @ cross around the sun, or with @ cross each sid@ the sun, and the remaining spaces filed with stars. All the small terracottas are of red and black clay, very fine and hard as stone. Sometimes the same forms are cut in black, viue or green stone. This nation had also HAND MILLSTONES MADE OF LAVA, hammers, wedges and pesties, of diorit weights, mortars and discs of granite, slings loadstone and a great many small saws of silex and volcanic glass; but all these are of much bet- ter workmanship than in the upper layers. Fiat pleces of alabaster, in the shape of bottles, the use of which is unknown to me; balls of serpentine or porph ry, 5 centimetres in diameter, with » ole through the middle; spoons of bone and many bone punches are found here. BARBAROUS SUCCESSORS. At a depth of from 7 to 4 metres all the remains indicate the presence of an uncivilized people of Arian race, which again Nelda Troyaad extirpated her inhabitants, for, a8 stated in my re- port of November last (published in the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung), there is no trace of metal to these layers, and the architecture is altogether different, for here the walls are all of small stones Ane with clay. Many of these house walls may e seen im the sides of my excavations, Stone implements abound here, but more rudely made than in the layers beiow; and the terracottas are of inferior quality, though their forms are graceful and pleasing to the eye, particularly some in the form of hour glasses 10 centimetres high, and with two handies; others in the form of teacups with one handle, larger ones with two handles, There are gobiets with female faces alike in size with those previously described, but the faces are so coarsely made that I thought they were intended for owls when I first saw them and wrote of them as such. There is much less terracotta here than below, and some pieces— balls covered with symbols—not found there, These are 3 to 4 centimetres in diameter. The surface of one is divided into eight equal com- partments, in one of which is a sun with ten rays, of which four are straight, while tite others ap) to represent religious symbols. One, I believe, ts ig by in the form of an egg cut in its length into two halves, With little exception all the terracotta ayers of rubbish of the few can be put to- conflagration, but each single brick can still be seen. SUMMARY OF MATERIAL RES This, in addition to the wall abo and the Colossal Tower, vessels I found im Trojans are broken, and but gether, Everything in the nature of pottery was apparently anes 78, ve described can as yet offer to science ents of urns, vases, goblets, plates and ‘wonderful execution, as mournful monu- ments of 8 nation whose glory is immortal. BS OF HOMKR'S THIRD EPIC. of these ruins would be incomplete ut syn addition of a remar! e ed by the huge stones that fell e pieces of some one double red goblet, and ajl be able to reconstruct, great part of a black double More of suese I have only the central part, sum- cient to show what the: all the terracottas of t! blet; but of a dozen ‘Kable circumstance. ngs great stones at @ depth of twelve and aixteen metres I found many large toads, and at a depth of twelve metres one small viper, sf May have reached this de ut this is out of question for en where I foun an three thousand years. It is ‘with a strange sensation that one looks upon living creatures who were the contemporaries of Hector and Andronzache, though ti Without exception e Trojans of which I have found pieces, and particularly the black urns nh n ornamentation—the shining black side, the very small ots which represent the human face erfect), as well nd bowls with tubes on each spension and sometimes with three feet— >, = Wi therelore, ve one nearly as the larger ve! for ipataiae | another has the form of a ee ® third resembles the number 3; a fourth is like the. Arabic number 2, and the remainder resembie fish- hooks. Close to the sun is a star; in the next compartment is a holy soma tree with it branches, a quadrangle with two stars and a fle with four stars. In the third is 8 soma with twelve branches, a circle with a star and @ line with twelve stars above and below it, In the fourth field is a soma tree with six branches, a triangle with three compartments and two squares; the fifth field has a with crooked beams and rabic number 2, and three st: in the fifth a deeper, but resolved to carry the operations to a Just now I am excavating to the righ \T THE RUINS TELL OF THE TROJANS, rays, and inside of it another one with site of a large city, and since I first saw the plain | proper depth, I now began to lower the floor of the | lelt.of this wonderful structure for two r Until last week the only Trojan symbol I had | crooked and soven straight rays; and then be- of Troy I have never had the slightest doubt of its phi dng “ fy the curiosity of the civilize: found in all my explorations was the and this, | tween the crotcheted crosses three clusters of identity with the site of the Homeric Ilium THE NATIVE DIFFICULTY. One haif Of the site of the Acropolis belongs to fay friend Mr. Calvert, at the Dardanelles, who had Made small excavations in various parte of bis Geld, but nome deep enough to give satisfactory fesults. The other half, which forms the north- Western corner, and which for that reason appeared to me more promising, was owned by two Turks— Koum-Kalé—who would neither sell me their feild at any price nor give permission to excavate, except on condition that I paid ® large amount of money and gave bonds to fillup the diggings as soon as they should be cutting at an incline of one in eight, an inclination that would give me the proper depth, as I esti- mated, by the time I had advanced sixteen metres, I went on thus for twenty metres. But the cutting was made with very great diMculty, for the six metres at the bottom—that is, the six metres the virgin s0il—wore of stones and robbish—rubbish the jughest I ever saw, and stone: On the Ist of Mi immediately on the greater part J opened from the south side, close to the Chiplal road, a counter-cutting, directed to meet the ono advancing from the north, This | made only thirty- four metres wide. pe south side is more gradual than on the north, J had to sing the trench more rapidly jn order to get Proper depth. But here also the diMcuities were we my own, what it is and what it can mean; and, secondly, in order to fud a p: for the rain water which at an angle of fourteen de, wn with the fury of @ mount; this noble structure, and in) it—for who can estimate what its power of resist ance may now be? But the difficulty of making such an escape for the Winter rains thro ie stone-like rubbish | escounter can scarcely be reciated by one without personal experience ot the structure does not exceed 40 enormous cutting, rees, woul in torrent on jure, perhaps destroy, metres in rt think Ishall dig it out in three or four weeks; butif it exceeds this, [shall make a tun- hel under the wall and open @ trench to the north, cutting so as to send the sain water by the descent of the north side, WHAT CAN THIS STRUCTURE HAVE BREN ? y wall? I find by mengare that the part I sun, to me, might almost as well be no bol at all, since in one view it is universal, and bolical Indications had left mein jan people belonged. it then seeme: call the attention of sembiance between the black Tr the black Etru: although whenever doubt as to what race the Troj But last week I found a large number of sym- pols which enable me to say with certainty that the Trojans were Arians. and that cognate symbol, which. ma: O88, AN by hac ith @ crotchet at the en ornamentation be, always entirely different from the ornamentation of Evruscan pottery, becausein the Trojan articles the ornamentation is always engraved; cut in while the ware was still soft and unburnt, and the cut lines filled with @ white substance, #els are ornamented inside and out, TROJAN PALAORS AND BWELLINGS hese splendid terracottas were used it size, because in their walls belonged all the immense masses of hewn and unhewn deacribed as @ cross wi ofeseh limb at right angles with the limb, steep stars, Terracotta balis covered only with stare in eight compartments are common. To this same nation belongs a well with sides of hewm, stones; and hand millstones are also found here, FROM BAD TO WORSE. There was another epoch in the history of Tliam in the period represented by the accumulations found at four metres. The city was again de- Sad Ag and its extirpated inhabitants were suc- ceeded by a poor and miserabie more etill of Arian race, for all the religious symbol pear; but ‘the vessels on which the symbols are marked are of different shape, some being ne: cone-like, Pottery is scarcer and coarser here. Copper was known to this pation, for there aro many lances, knives and nails of that metal. The latter are curious in form, for they have either two heads close to one another or no head at all, but both ends pointed, so that @ lead was made by jones which cover these fragm of tots BAH us Dorie» nies at the satires step, piPalbemdbnne race icc bl ls | from the western descent from the dotepo: from SY atoweate ined with iMeeaens ‘he ein here Sere made of wood, and’ ther are Mrs trenaio, the learned Inrarice, uweestion Of | Seeing that with the dimculty of the cutting I | listo the plaln, and it fs therefore not uniikelp thet | Pose ooe tone anete aeaaayeamere are crumpled Ro MCU eee calitones of ave: nan ave aoe Mr. Trenaio, the learned Director of the Imperial Museum, at once compelied the owners to sell the Held at its estimated value to the Ministry of Pub. lc Instruction, and generously gave me authority to excavate at my pleasure. Therefore, with my eighty workinen, as I said, I went at itin October (ast aud cut alarge Weuch irom the slope jute the | could hot possibly term/nate the work in the pres- ent year on the scale in which I had commenced it, J, perforce, limited myself to opening a plat- form of 150 metres in length and twenty-four to or breadth; and this will now be Muolshed in of June I also began another of Mr. Prank Calvert, close to Dy largg Riavlordy wl & pErNcadiquias depta of the structure was a tower in the wall have been the great tower of Ilium ({ti to which Andromache went up to scan search of Hector, 8 In the beginniny cutting in the fiel 87 or 38 metres here. and i may ad, vi., 386), the plain in By my excavations on the ple, I have proved that the accumulation of rubbish there exceeds 50 metres, and thus it cannot be surprising if it is If we suppose the tower abendg Gu tae KOK dg of the Wenluhy deugealy | oR by the calcination of stones and rubbish, and all the houses contained was either crushed or burned, On the primitive soil I also found a Trojan lamp consisting of @ small yo bowl rr, ur liame them with a bgp us the lamp i table. With the su O08 OF Was SeOAMM, 1 SOUR & AMAT LAP by ATO The PYMPGl Of thane two pieGes Gi Wood Which weights and hand millstones of lava, and saws and Knives of volcanic glass and sliex. One saw, 13 centimetres long by 4 wide, is so beautifully made that I thought it wasa comb, It was in wood, as the upper part shows. {perony 18 NOT VRRY DEEP. Pro-historic times terminated when the accuma- lation of rubbish had reached about two metres be- JAW wae prcdens Guciace of tke Meual (oc at teat