The New York Herald Newspaper, August 17, 1872, Page 3

The Correspondence of the Great Trav- eller Received at the British Foreign Office. THE LUALABA COUNTRY “Kintefwetefwe,” or the Floating Bridge of the Lualaba River. FOLLOWING IN THE ELEPHANT TRACKS. Travel Through the Primeval For- ests of Interior Africa. THE “SOKOS” OF MANYEMA. always ; to eat the slaves, pave them just reason to capture women and children, ts, sheep, fowls and grain. ‘The masters did not quite approve of this, but the deeds had been done, and then masters and men joined in one harmo- nious Sree Bases brid are bad, bad, bad, awfully bad, and ca: Tn ‘oing West of Bambarre, in order to embark on | the Luataba, I went down the Luamo, a river of from one hundred to two hundred yards broad. which rises in the mountains opposite Ujiji, and flows across the great bend of the Lualaba. When near its confluence i found myself among people who had lately been maltreated by the slaves, and they naturally looked on me as of the same tribe as thelr persecutors, Africans are not generally un- reagonabie, though smarting under wrongs, tf you can fairly make them understand your claim to in- nocence, and do not appear as having your “back up.’ The women here were porplonane outspoken in ears Oe identity with the crue) strangers, On calling one vociferous lady, who gave me the head trader’s name, to look at my color, and see if it were the same as his, she replied, with a bitter Uttle laugh, “Then you must be his father.” The worst the men did was to turn out in force, armed with their large ars and wooden shields, and show us out ot ir districts. Glad that no collision took place, we returned to Bambarre, and then, with our friend Mu! , struck away dae north; he to buy ivory, and I to reach another part of Lualaba and buy a canoe. ‘The country is extremely beautiful, but difficult to travelover. The mountains of light gray granite stand like islands in new red sandstone, and moun- tain and valley are all clad in a mantle of different The vegetation is indescribably the grass—if grass it can over half an inch in diame- and from ten to twelve feet wanted, i fact, Invalided at Bambarre with Eat- ing Ulcers on the Feet. TERRIBLE SCENES IN A SLAVE CAMP. Fascinations of the Ivory Trade of Manyema. THE MAN-EATERS. The Experiences of a Tramp of Over Four Hundred Miles. THE WATERSHED OF THE NILE Tho Mistakes of Others Who Have Bravely Striven to Solve the Ancient Problem. IN THE COUNTRY OF THE CANNIBALS The Drunken Moslem Tailor Who Robbed the Doctor. KILLED BY THE KORAN. Disappointed and Baffled by the Banian Slaves Sent to Aid Him. 7 ets TERRIBLE. MASSACRE AT NYANGWE, ‘The Slavers’ Descent on the Market. Place and Five Hundred People Murdered. LIVINGSTONE’S LETTER TO DR. KIRK. The Doctor's Description of the Coming of Stanley, the Herald Explorer. WEABLY DEATITUTE WHEN BELIEVED. Contrast Between the American Prompt- ness and the English Tardiness. “BUTCHEE” OR BANIAN TRADING Banian Influence in Slaving and Trading at Zanzibar. THE FINES LEVIED ON TRADERS. Wow Slaving All Along the Coast Might Be Suppressed. AAVINGSTONE'’S COMMISSION TO STANLEY. ‘Tho Spirit With Which the Brave Old Man En- ters Upon His Final Explorations, LonDon, Angust 6, 1872, ‘The following are Dr. Livingstono’s letters to ‘ord Stanley, Earl Clarendon, Earl Granville and Dr. Kirk, which were forwarded by Mr. Stanley, the nary commissioner, to the British Foreign office, @nd received August 1, 1872. Through the courtesy ‘@f Earl Granvile the letters were given to the press ‘@r pudlication. Better No. 1—br. Livingstone to Lord Stanley. BAMBARRE, Manyvema Country, say about 150 miles West of Uylj!, Nov. 15, 1870. ‘Wr Lonv—As son's I recovered sufficiently to ‘De able to march from Us, lwent up Tanganyika about sixtyimites, and thence struck away north- ‘rent into the country of the Manyuema or Manyema, the reputed cannibals, My object was to follow @own the central tine of drainage of the Great Nile Valley, which I had seen pass- fog through the great Lake Bang- weolo, and changing its name from Chambeze 0 Luapula; then, again, on passing through Lake ‘Moero, assuming the name Lualaba, and after form- dng a third Jake (Ramolondo) becoming itseit agreat #iverian lake, with many islands init. 1 soon found myself in the large bend which this great lacustrine siver makes by Nowing west about one handred and eighty miles, then sweeping round to tho north, ‘Two hours were the utmost I cowd accomplish ina day; but by persevering J gained strength, and in duly came up to the trading party of Muhamad Bogharih, who, by native medicines and carriage, saved my jife in my igte severe illness in Marungu, ‘Two days before we reached Bambarre, the resi- ence of the most sensivie of the Manyema chiefs, called Moenekuss, we met a band of Ujijian traders, carrying 18,000 pounds weight of ivory, bought in this new feld for a mere trife in thick gopper brace- high—notl but elephants can walk. ‘The leaves of is megatherium grass are armed with minute spikes, which, as we worm our way along elephant walks, rub disagreeably on the aide of the face where the gun is held, and the hand is made sore by fending it off the other side for hours. The rains were fairly set in by November; and in the mornings, or after a shower, these leaves were loaded with moisture which wet us to the bone. The valleys are eee aaulatng, and in each innumerable dells have to be crossed. There may be only a thread of water at the bottom, but the mud, mire or (scottice) “glaur’ 18 grievous; thirty or forty yards of the path on each side of the stream are worked the feet of passen- gers into an adhesive compound. By placing @ foot on each side of the narrow way one may waddle a little distance along, but the rank crop of gingers and bushes cannot iene the few inches of soil required for the aide of the foot, and down he comes into the slough. The often runs along the bed-of the rivulet for sixty or more yards, as if he who first cut it out went that distance seeking for a part of the forest less dense for his axe. In other casca the muale palm, from which here, as in Madagascar, grass- cloth is woven and called by the same name, “lamba,” has taken possession of the valley. The leaf stalks, as thick as a strong man’s arm, fall off and block up, all passage save by a path made and mixed up by the feet of elephants and builaloes; the slough in 8 groan-compelling and deep. Every now and tien the tradei with rueful faces, stand panting; the sweat trickles down my face, and I suppose that I look as grim as they, though I try to cheer them with the hope that good rices will reward them at the coast for ivory ob- ined with se much toil. In some cases the sub- soil has given way beneath the elephant’s enor- mous weight; the deep hole is filled with mud, and one, taking it ali to be about calf deep, steps in to the top of the thigh, and flaps on to a seat soft enough, but not luxurious; @ merry iaugh relaxes the facial muscles, though I have no other reason for it than that it is better to laugh than to ery. Some of the numerous rivers which in this region flow into Lualaba are covered with living vegetable bridges—a species of dark ossy-leaved grass, with its roots and leaves, felts Itself into a mat that covers the whole stream. When PE do ‘upon it yields twelve or fifteeen inches, and that amount of water rises up on the leg. At every step the foot has to be raised high enough to place it on the unbent mass in front, This nh stepping fatigues like walking on deep snow. Here and there holes appear which we could not sound with @ stick six feet long; they gave the impression that anywhere one might plump Sioa fi ter. re the water sacred lly, senda its roots to the spreads its broad leaves over the floating went 80 as to make belicve that the mat is its own, but the referred to is the real felting and supporting for it otten performs duty as bridge where ‘ow. The’ bridge is called by Manyema 7 as if he who first coined it was ing for breath alter plunging over a mile of it. Between each district of Manyema large belts of the primeval forest still stand. Into these the sun, though vertical, cannot penetrate, except by send- ing down at midday thin Pade of rays into the gloom. The rain water stands for months in stag- le made by the feet of elephants; and the dead leaves decay on the damp soil, and make the water of the numerous rivulets of the color of strong tea. The climbing plants, from the size of whipcord to that of a man-of-war’s hawser, are so humerous the ancient path is the only passage. ‘When one of the giant trees falls across the road it forms a wall breast high to be climbed over, and the mass of tangled ropes brought down makes cutting @ path round it 4 work of which travel- Jers never undertake. The shelter of the forest from the sun makes it pleasant, but the roots of trees high out of the soil across the path keep the eyes, oxlike, on the ground, e trees are 80 high that a good to. parrots or guinea harm an shot-gup does no ha: fowls on their tops, id they are often so closely Po ore that I have heard gorillas, led “sokos,” growling about fifty yards off without getting a ee gd of them.” His nest is a poor contrivance; it exhibits no more architectural skill than the nest of our Cushat dove. Here the “soko” sits in pelting rain, with his hands over his head. _The natives give hima good charac- ter, and from what I have seen he deserves it, but they call his nest his house, and laugh at him for belng such & fool ag to build a house and not go be- neath it for shelter. Bad water and frequent wettings told on us all, by choleraic symptoms and loss of flesh. Mean- ‘while the news of cheap ivory caused @ sort of Cali- fornia gous fever at Ujiji, and we were soon over- taken by a horde numbering 600 muskets, all eager for the precious tusks. These had been left by the Manyema in the interminable forests where the animals had been slain. The natives knew where they lay, and if treated civilly readily brought them, many half rotten, or gnawed by a certain ro- dent to sharpen his teeth, as London rats do on leaden pipes. I had already in this Journ two severe lessons that seeveltng in an unhealthy cli- mate in the rainy season is killing work. By gettin drenched to the skin once too often in rungo had, pneumonia, the illness to which I have re- ferred, and that was worse than tenfevers—that is fevers pprated by our medicine and not by the dir supplied to Bishop Mackenzie at the Cape as the same. Besides being Hn willing: to. bear the new comers company, I feared that by further exposure in the rains the weakness might result in some- thing worse, Iwent seven days southwest, or a little back- penny to a camp formed by the head men of the wor. horde, and on the 7th February went into winter va Ifound these men‘as civil and kind as [ could wish. A letter from the Sultan of Zanzibar, which I owe to the kind offices of Sir Bartle Frere, has been of immense service to me with most of his subjects. I had no medicine; but rest, shelter, boiling all the water I used, and a new potato, found among the natives, as restoratives, soon put me all right. The rains continued into July and fii it inches fell. The mud from the clayey soil was awiul, and it laia up some of the strongest men, in spite of their intense eagerness for ivory. I lost no time after it was feasible to travel in preparing to follow the river, but my attendants were fed and lodged by the slave women, whose | husbands were away from the camp on trade, and pretended to fear going into a canoe. I consented to refrain from buying one. They then pretended to fear the people, though the inhabitnnts all along | the Lualaba were Teported by the slaves to be re- | markably friendly, have heard both slaves and freemen say, “No one will ever attack people so good’? as they found them. Elsewhere I could em- ploy the country people as carriers, and was com- aratively independent, though deserted by some | | four times over. But in Manyema no one can be | induced to go into the next district, for fear, they | say, of being killed and eaten. was at the mercy of those who had been Moslem slaves, and knew that in thwarting me they had the sympathy of all that class in the country: and, as many others would have done, took advantage of the situation. time nortwest, in ignorance that the great river flows west and by south; but no one could tell me anything about i | A broad belt of buga, or prairie, Hes along theright | bank. Inland from this it is all primeval forest, | | with villages from eight to ten les apart. One | sees the sun only in the cleared spaces around | human dwellings. From the factilties for escaping | the forest peopic are wilder and more dangerous than those on the buda lands, | Muhawad’s people went further on in the forest | than I could, and came to the mountainous country | | of the Balegga, who collected in large nambers, | and demanded’ of the strangers why they came. “We came to buy ivory,” was the reply; “and if you have none no harm js done; we shall retura.” “Nay,” they shouted, “you came to die, and this day is ee last; you came to die—you came to die.” ‘When forced to fire on the Balegga the terror was like their insolence—extreme, And next day, | when sent for to take away the women and children | who were captured, no one appeared. Howving travelled with my informants, I knew their accounts to be trustworthy. The rivers crossed by them are numerous and large, One was so tortuous they were five hours in water I went on with only three attendants, and this | trading party passed us, and one of their num- A ber was Bore to the ground by a spear at dead of night wi ile 1 was sleeping wii my. three attend ants at a village close by. Nine villages had been burned, and, as the author of the outrage told me, at least forty men killed, because @ Manyema map tried to steal a string of beads, The midnight as- sassination was revenge for the loss of friends there. It was evident that reaction against the bioedy slaving had set in. The accounts, evidently truthfo), given by Mu- hamad’s people showed that nothing would be gejtes by going further in our present course, and, ‘ing now very lame, I limped back to Bambarre, and here Iwas laid up by the eating ulcers for many months. They are common in the Manyema country, and kill many slaves. If the foot is placed on the ground blood flows, and every night a dis- charge of bloody icbor takes Place, with pain that prevents sleep. The wailing of the poor slaves with ulcers that eat sorough everything, even bone, is one of the night sounds of a slave camp. They are Probably allied to fever, Thave been minute, even to triviality, that Your Lordship may have a clear idea of the difcuities of exploration in thie region. Satisfactory prog- Tess could only be made in canoes, with men ac- oustomed to work. I tried hard to get other mep 8b Ujiji, but all the traders were eager to secure the carriers for-themmectves, and circulated the re- port that 1 would from Manyema to my own country and leave my people to shift for themselves, like Speke; they knew perfectly that Speke’s men left first. It was like the case of certam Mako- Jolo who left me on the Shire and refused to carry back the medicine to their chief, for which Cid had come. I was afterwards accused by men siml- to the Ujijians of having abandoned them, shavagh 1 gave them cattle even after they deserted me—these being the wealth that they value most highly. s f to obtain other men at Ujiji, 1 might have ‘waited in comfort there till those for whom I hi written should come from the and my great weakness almost demanded that I should do 80; but I had then, as now, an intense desire tO finieh the work and retire. but on learning some parts ofthe history of the Lewale, or Arab Governor, of Unyanyembe, I had grave suspicions that my letters would be destroyed. He conducted tne first Eng- Nsh expedition ‘from Zanzibar to Ujiji and Uvira, and back again to the coast, and was left unpaid till the Indian government took the matter up and sent him $1,000, He seems to be naturally an ill- conditioned mortal—a hater of the English. When I sent a stock of goods to be placed in depot at ‘Ujiji to await my arrival, the Banyamwezi porters, as usual, indy it them honestly to Unyanyembe; the governor then gave them Jn charge to his slave Saloom, who stopped the caravan ten days in the way here, while he plundered it and went off to buy ivory for his master in Karague. It was evi- dent that he would do what he could to prevent evidence of the plundering from L ciy the coast; and his agent a6 Uli, who knew ail this, though i did not, after 1 had hs him in full all he asked to send the packet with about forty letters, returned it back tome with the message ‘that he did not” know what words these letters contained, Two of my friends protested strongly, and he took the packet. When I learned the character ot the Governor I lost hope of any letters going to the coast, and took back my deserters, making allow- ance for their early education and for the fact that they did well after Musa fed up to the time a black Arab, who had long been a prisoner with Cazembe, py us. He encouraged them to desert and jarbored them, and when they relented on seeing me go off to Bangweolo with Ge four followers, and proposed to follow me, he dissuaded them py the gratuitous assertion that there was war in the country to which IT was going ; and Ne did many other things which we think discreditable, thou; he got his liberty solely by the influence I i t to Cazembe. Yet, judged by the East African Mos- Jem standard, as he ought to be, and not by ours, he is @ very good man, and as 1 have learied to keep my oWn counse) among them, I never deemed it prudent to come to a rupture with the old “‘ne’er- do-well.”” Compelled to inactivity here for many months, I offered $1,000 to some of the traders for the loan of ten of their people. This is more than that num- ber of men ever obtain, but theirimaginations were inflamed, and each expected to make a fortune by the ivory now lying rotting In the forests, and none would consent to my proposition till his goods should be ailexpended and no hope of more ivory remained, T lived in what may be called the Tipperary of Manyema, and they-are -certainly a bloody people among themselves. But they are very far trom being in appearance like the ngly negroes on the West Coast. Finely formed heads are common, and generally Men and women are vastly superior to slaves of Zanzibar and elsewhere. We must go deeper than phrenology to account for their low moral tone. If they are cannibals they are not os- teatatiously so, The neighboring tribes all assert that they are mon-eaters, and they themselves laughIngly admit tho eee: But they like to im- pose on the credulous, and they showed the skull of a recent victim to horrify one of my people. I found it to be the skull ofa gorilla, or soko—the first I knew of its existence here—and this they do eat. IfI had believed a tenth of what 1 heard from traders, I might never have entered the country. Their people told tales with shocking circumstan- tiality, asif of eye witnesses, that could not be committed to aper, or even ken about beneath the breath, indeed, one wishes them to vanish from memory. But fortunately I was never fright- ened in {amany with “‘bogie,’’ and am not liabie to attacks of what may aimost be called “‘bogie- phobia; for the patient, in a. paroxysm, believes everything horrible, if only it be ascribed to the possessor of a black skin, Thave not act been able to make up my mind whether the Manyema are cannibals or not, I have of goods of suficient value to tempt any of them to call me to see a cannibal feast in the dark forests where these orgies are said to be held, but hitherto in vain. All the real evidence yet ob- tained would elicit from a Scotch jury the verdict only of “not proven,” Although I have not done half hoped to accom- dei I trust to your lordship’s kind consideration award me your approbation, and am, &¢., DAVID LIVINGSTONE, ‘ Her Majesty’s Consul, Inner Africa. Letter No. 2—Doctor Livingstone to Lord Clarendon. Usis1, Nov. 1, 1871. My Lorp—I became aware of Mr. Young’s search expedition only in February last, and that by a prt- vate letter from Sir Roderick Murchison. Though Jate in expressing my thankfulness, I am not the leas sincere in now saying that I feel extremely obliged to Her Majesty’s government, to the Adml- ralty, to Captain Richards, to Sir Roderick Murchi- son, to Mr. Young and all concerned in promoting the kind and rigorous inquiry after my fate. Had the low tone of morality among the East African Mohammedans been known Musa’s tale would have received but little attentfon. Musa ts perhaps a little better than the ayetage low-class Moslem, but all are notorious for falsehood and heartiessness. When on the Snire we were in the habit of swing- ing the vessel out into midstream every evening, in order that the air set in motion by the current of the river might pass through her entire length the whole night Jong. One morning Musa’s brother-inlaw stepped into the water in order to swim of for @ boat to brinj his companions on board, and was seized by @ crocodile; the poor fellow held wp bis hand, as if imploring assistance, in vain. On de- nouncing Musa’s heartlessness he replied, no one tell him go in there.” At another time, when we were at Senona, a slave woman was seized by a crocodile; four Makololo rushed in un- bidden and rescued her, though they knew nothing about her. Long experience leads me to look on these incidents as typical of the two races. The race of mixed blood possesses the vices of both parents and the virtues of neither, I have had more service out of low-class Moslems than any one else. The Baron Van der Decken was plundered of all his goods by this class in an at- tempt to go to Nyassa. As it was evidently done with the connivance of his Arab guide, Syed Majid ordered bim to refund the whole. It was the sane class that by means of a few Somauli ultimately compassed the Baron's destruction. In Burton's expedition to Ujiji and Uvira he was obliged to dis- ‘miss ‘all lowers of this class at Ujiji for dis- st of Speke's followers deserted on the arance of anger, and Musa and compan- on hearing a f Teport from a half- iP ious fe Mosiem like themscives that he had been plun- | dered by Mazitu nt a spot which, from having esnompenied me thither and peor it, they knew to be 150 miles, or say twenty days distant, and I promised to go due west not turn northward il tar past the beat of the Mazito. But in former Journeys we came through nguese, who would promptly have seized deserters; while here, at the wer end of Nyassa, we were on the Kilwa slave route, where all theif countrymen would fawn on and fatter them for bafing the Nazarenes, as they call we Christians. As soon as I turned my face west they all ran away, and they had no other complaint but “the eu.” All my diMeulties in this journey have arisen from having low-class Moslems or those who had been so before they were captured. Even of the better class few can be trusted. The Sultan places all his income and pecuniary affairs in the ds of Banians from India. When the gentlemen of Zanzibar are asked py, Uhetr Sultan entrusts his money to aliens alone they readily answer it is owing to their own prevailing faithiessness. Some, indeed, assert with a laugh that tf their severe) allowed ony of them to farm his revenue he would receive nothing but acropof Hes. In their case religion and morality are completely isjoined. It ja, therefore, not surprising t, in all their lon; intercourse with the tribes on the mainiand, no one attempt has ever been made to propagate the Mohammedan faith. Iam very far teen velag, un- willing to acknowledge and even admire the zeal of waist, avd often neck deep, with @ man in a small canoe, sounding for places which they could pass, In another case they were two hours in the water, and they could see nothing in the forest, and noth- jug in the Balegga country, but oné mountain, Packed closely to the back’ of anothers. without end, and @ very hot fountain in one ot the\valleys, Tfonnd continual wading in mud grievo for the first time tn my life my feet failed, ‘When torn by hard travel, instead of healing kin'ly, as heretefore, irritable eating ulcers fastened on The people were invariably civil, and. Jets and beads, Tho traders bad bees obliged to each foot, enough, the Zanzibar re glowing even kindy for, Pe Slaves propagated everyw! accounts of I other religtonists than the Christian; but repeated ein iu ey have propaga eb S page is an the domestic bug alone. one familar with the secondary symptoms will see at a glance on the mainiand the skin diseases and bleared eyes which say that unlimited Lignin been no barrier ‘to the spread of this foul disease, Compared with them the English lower classes are gentiemen. 1am unfeignedly than! for the kindness that prompted and carried ouf the Search Bapedlvon, and am, &c., DAVID LIVINGSTONE, Her Maj Inner Africa. jesty's Consul, 1 have jgat leagues that Muga aga oF Bs Nov. 16, ui | “well, | caste | breaking their engagement to 8 wenty montha, which was formally entered into ies Mr. Suniey, went to that gen- man, an r nly assuring him that 1 been murdered, demanded pay for all the time they had been absent and received it. They re ceived from me advance of pay and clo! i amounting to £40 sterling. I now transmi' articulars to Dr, Kirk, political age! lemand that the advances and also the pay should be refunded; for if they are allowed to keep both as the reward of faisehood, the punishment en- joined to be inflicted by Lord Stanley will gol be | laughed at, Letter No. 3—Doctor Livingstone to Lord Clarendon. Us131, Nov. 1, 1871, My Lonp—I wrote a very hurmed letter on the 28th ult., and sent it by a few men who had resolved to run the risk of paasing through contending par- ties of Banyamwezi and mainland Arabs at Unya- nyembe, which is some twenty days east of this. 1 had just come off@ tramp of more than four hun- dred miles, beneath a vertical torrid sun, and was 80 jaded in body and mind by betng forced back by faithless, cowardly attendants that I could have written little more though the messengers had not been im euch a hurry to depart as they were. Ihave now the prospect of sending this safely to the coast by a friend; but so many of my letters have disap- peared at Unyanyembe when entrusted to the care of the Lewale, or Governor, who is merely the trade agent of certain Bantans, that I shall consider that of the 28th as one ofthe unfortunates and give in this as much as I can recall. T have ascertained that the watershed of the Nile is a broad upland between ten degrees and twelve degrees south latitude, and from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, Mountains stand on it at various points, which, though not apparently very high, are between 6,000 and 7,000 feet of ac- tual altitude. The watershed is over 700 miles in length, from west to cast, The springs that rise on it are almost innumerable—that is, it would take a large part of a man’s life to count them. A bird's- eye view of some parts of the watershed would re- semble the frost vegetation on window panes. They all begin in an ooze at the head of a slightly de. pressed valley. A few hundred yards down the quantity of water from oozing earthen sponge forms a brisk perennial burn or brook a few feet broad, and deep enough to require a bridge. These are the ultimate or Peltier sources of the great rivers that flow to the north in the great Nile valley. The primaries unite and form streams in general larger than the Isis at Oxford or Avon at Hamilton, an eg be called secondary sources. They never dry, but unite again into four jarge lines o! drain- , the head waters or mains of the river of Heype ‘These four are each called by the natives Lualaba, which, if not too pedantic, may be spoken of ag lacustrine rivers, extant specimens of those which, in pre-historic times, abounded in Africa, and which in the gouth are still called by Bechu- anas ‘Melapo,” in the north, by Arabs, “Wadys;” both words meaning tne saine thing—river bed in which no water ever now flows. 0 of the four great rivers mentioned fal) into the central Lua- laba, or Webb’s Lake River, and then we have but or main lines of drainage as depicted nearly by Ptolemy. The Trevailin, winds on the watershed are from the southeast. ‘This is easily observed by the direc- tion of the branches, and the humidity of the cli- | mate is apparent in the numbers of inchens which make the upland forest look like the mangrove swamps on the coast. In passing over sixty miles of latitude I waded thirty-two ly sic sources from calf to waist deep, and requiring from twenty minutes to an hour an a quarter to cross stream and sponge. This would give about one source to every two miles. A Suahell friend in passing along part of the Lake Baugweolo during days counted twenty-two from thigh to waist deep. This lake is on the water- shed, for the village at which I observed on its northwest shore Waa a few seconds into eleven de- grees south, and its southern shores and prne and rivulects aye certainly in twelve degrees south. I tried to cross it in order to measure the breadth accurately. The first stage to an inhabited island was about twenty-four miles, From the highest imt here the topa of the trees, evidently lifted by he mirage, Could be seen on the second stage and the third stage; the mainland was said to be as far as this beyond it, But my canoe men had stolen the canoe and gota hint that the real owners were in pursuit, and got into @ flurry to return home. a cen come back for me in a few days truly,” but I-had only my coverict left to hire another crait if they should leave me in this wide expanse of ‘water, and being 4,000 feet above the sea it was very cold: 80 I returned, The length of this lake is, at a very moderate estimate, 150 miles, It gives forth a large body of water in the Luapula; yet lakes are in no sense sources, for no large river begins in a lake; but this and others serve an important purpose fn the phenomena of the Nile. It is one large lake, and, ‘unlike the Okara, which, according to Suahell, who company, is three or four lakes ran into ong huge Victoria ‘Ryanza, gives out 8 large river which, on departing out joero, is still larger. These men hi et many years east of and could scarcely be mistaken in saying that of the three or four lakes there only one (the Okara) gives off its waters to the north, The “White Nile’. of Speke, less by a full half than the Shire out of Nyassa (for itis only eighty or ninety yards broad), can scarcely be named in comparison with the central or Webb's Lualaba, of from two thonsan@ to six thousand eae, rela- tion to the phenomena of the Nile. e atructure and economy of the watershed answer very much the same end as the great lacustrine rivers, but I cannot at present copy a lost aespatch which explained that. The mountains on the watershed are | robably what Ptolemy, for reasons now unknown, called the Mountains of the Moon, From their bases I found that the Lg of the Nile do unquestionably arise. This just what Ptolemy put dor and is true ography. We must accept the fountains, and nobody but Philis- tines will reject the mountains, though we cannot conjecture the reason for the name. unts Kenia and Kilimanjaro are said to be snow-capped, but they are so far from the sources, and send no water any part of the Nile, the; could never have been meant by the correct ancien explorers, from whom Ptolemy and his predeces- sors gleaned their true Beograp) y, 80 different from the trash that passes current in modern times, Before leaving the gubject of the watershed, I may add that I Know about six hundred miles of it, but am not yet satisfied, for unfortunately the seventh hundred is the most interesting of the | whole. Ihave @ very strong impression that in the last hundred miles the fountains of the Nile men- tioned to Herodotus by the Secretary of Minerva in the city of Sais do arise, not like all the rest, from oozing earthen sponges, but from an earthen ponders " neh Site Shai pig ed ea to Egypt, the ojher south to Inner Ethiopia. These {uahaing, Hig.) treat ‘alatautcd off, becomé large rivers, though at the mound they are sate ore than ten miles apart, That is, one foun’ rising onthe northeast of the mound becomes Bartic Frere’s Lualaba, and it fows into one of the lakes roper, Kamolondo, of the central line of drainage; | Webb's Lualaba, the second fountain rising on the | northwest, becomes (Sir Paraffin) Young's Lnalaba, which passing through Lake Lincoln and becoming | Loekt Or Lomame, and joining.the central line too, | goes north to Egypt. The third fountain on the | southwest, Palmerston’s,fbecomes the Liambia or Upper Zambest; while the fourth, Oswell’s, fountain Bd the Kafue and falls into Sambesi in Inner | Ethiopia. | More time has been spent in the exploration than | Tever anticipated. My bare expenses were paid | for two years, but had I left when the money was | expended I could have given littie more informa- | tion about the country travelled Jong in our in their three slave trading expeditions to Cazem! asked for slaves and fvory alone, an | of nothing else. From one of the subordi- nates of their last so-caHed expedition I | learnt that it was believed that the Luapula went | to Angola! I asked about the waters till I was ashamed, and almost afraid of being set down as | afflicted with hydrocephalus. I had to feel’my way, | and every step of the Way, and was generally grop- | ing in the dark; for who cared where the rivers rant Many @ weary foot I trod ere I got a clear | idea of the drainage of the Fi Nile valley. The | Most intelligent natives and traders thought that all the rivers of the upper part of that valley Nowed into ‘Yanganyika. But the barometers told'me that | to doso the wi must flow up hill. The great rivers and the great lakes all make their waters converge into the deep trough of the valley, which is a full Inch of the barometer lower than the Upper | Tanganyika. It ts only a sense of dut: ‘hich ‘your lordship wilt app Bakes me le, After $ Bere rove, that makes me remain and, if nish the geographical juestion of my mi . r being thwarted, baf- | fled, robbed, worried almost to death in following | the central lne of drainage down I have a sore | longing for home; have had a perfect surfeit of seeing strange, new lands and people, grand moun- tains, lovely nee the glorious vegetation of primeval forests, wild beasts and an endiess suc- cesston of beautiful man; besides great rivers and vast lakes—the last most interesting from their huge outflowings, which explain some of the phe- nomena of the grand old Nile. Let me explain, but in no boastful style, the mis- takes of others who have bravely striven to solve the ancient problem, and tt will be seen that I have | cogent reasons for following the painful, plodding | investigation to its conclusion, ‘oor Speke's mis- take was a foregone conclusion. When he discov- ered the Victoria Nyanza he at once jumped to the conclusion that therein lay the sources of the river of Egypt, “20,000 square miles of water,” confused by sheer immensity, Ptolemy's smali lake, “Coloc,” isa more correct Tepresentation of the actual size of that one of three or four lakes which alone sends its outflow to the north, Its name is Okara. Lake Kavirondo is three days distant from it, but connected by a nar- row arm. Lake Naibash, or Neibash, is four days from Kavirondo. Baringo is ten hh distant, and discharges by a river, the Nagardabash, to the northeast. These three or four Inkes, which have been described by several intelligent Suahell, who have lived for many years on their shores, were run into one huge Victoria Nyanza. But no sooner did Speke and Grant turn their faces this lake, to prove that it containe the Nile fountains, than they turned their ke to 0 tho springs of Tiver of Baypi NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1872—WITH SUPPLEMENT. a } twelve Mie are between four hundred and five handred miles south of the most southerly portion of the Victor! Lake. Every step of their heroic and rei splen- did achievement of following the river them er and further from. the sources they 801 jut for the devotion to the foregone con- clusion the sight of the little “White Nile,’ as, un- able to account for the great river, they must have turned off to the west down into the deep trough of the great valley, and there found ijacustrine rivers amply sufficient to account for the Nile and all its phenomena, ‘The next explorer, Baker, believed as honestly | as Speke and Grant that in the Lake River Albert | he had asecond source of the Nile to that of Speke, He eame further up the Nile than any other in ne times, but turned when between six hun- ved and seven hundred miles short of the caput Nitt. He is now employed in a more noble wor! than the discovery of Nile sources; and if, as all Must earnestly wish, he succeeds in su) pressing the Nile slave trade, the boon he will tow on hu- manity will be of far higher value than all my sources eaeeer When intelligent men like these and Bruce have been mistaken I have natu: felt anxious that no ‘one should come after me and find sources south of mine, which I now think can only be yossitle by water running up the southern slope of water- shed, But all that can in modern times and tn common modesty be bs th clatmed is the rediscovery of what had sunt to Oblivion, like the circumnavi- gation of Africa by the Phoenician admirals of ope of the Pharaohs about B. 0. 600. He was not be- lieved because he reported that in passin; Libya he had the sun on his right hand. This, to us who have fone round the Cape from east to west, stamps his tale as genuine. The predecessors of Polemy probably gained their Information from men who visited this very region, for in the second cantare of our era he gave in sub- stance what we now find to be genuine geography. rings of the Nile, rising in ten degrecs to grees south latitude, and their water col- lecting Into two large lacustrine rivers, and other facta, could have been learned only from primitive travellers or traders—the true discoverers of what emperors, xings, philosophers, all the great minds of antiquity, longed to know, and longed in vain. In a letter of November, 1870, now enclosed, I have tried. to ee an idea of the dimiculties cn- countered in following the central line of drainage through the country of the cannibals, called Many- uema or Manyema. | found it ayear afterwards, where it was left. Other letters had made no fur- ther progress to the coast; in fact, Manyema coun- try is an entirely new field, and nothing lke post- age exists, nor an letters be sent to Ujiji except by jarge trading parties who have spent two or three years in Manyema, e geographical results of four arduous trips in different directions in the Meapyonin ountry are briefly as follows :—The ‘at river, Webb’s Lua- laba, in the centre of the Nile valley, makes a great bend to the west, soon after leaving Lake Moero, of at least 180 miles; then, turning to the north for some distance, it makes another large sweep west of about one hundred and twenty miles, in the course of which about thirty miles of southing are made; it then draws round to northeast, receives the Loman, or Loekt, a large river which flows through Lake Lin- coin, After the union a@ large lake is formed, with many inhabited islands in it; but this has still to be explored, It is the fourth large lake in the central line of drainage, and cannot Lake Albert; for, assuming Speke’s longitude of Ujiji to be pretty correct, and my reckoning not enormously wrong, the great central lacustrine river is about five degrees west of Upper and Lower Tanganyika, @ Mean Of many barometric and bolling-point observations made Upper Tanganyika 2,830 feet high, Respect for Spel e's memory made me haz- lecture that he found it to be nearly the the habit of writing the Annum Domini a mere slip of the pen made him say 1,844 feet; but I have more confidence in the barometers than in the boiling points, and they make Tangany- ika over 3,000 feet, and the lower part of Central Lualaba one inch lower, or about the altitude ascribed to Gondokoro. Beyond the fourth lake the water paases, it is sald, into large reedy lakes, and fs in all probability Petherick’s branch—the main stream of the Nile— in distinction from the smaller eastern arm which Speke, Grant and Baker took to be the river of Ei athe rr ea could give no information about their country, because they never travel. Blood feuds often prevent them from pie? villages three or four miles off, aud many at stance of about thirty miles did not know the Mi sid river, though named to them, No trader had gone so fur as I had, and their people cared only for ivory. In my attempts to penetrate further and farther Ihad but little hope of ultimate success, for tle reat, amount of westing led toa continued effort 1o suspend the judgment, lest, after all, I mtght be exploring the Congo instead of the Nile, and it was only after the two great western drains fell into the central main, and left but the two great lacustrine rivers of Ptolemy, that I felt pretty sure of being on | the right track. | ‘The great bends west ype form one side of the great rivera above that geographical loop, the other side being Upper Tanganyika and the Lake River Albert. A waterfall is reported to exist be- tween aaeeenyike and Albert Nyanza, but I could not go to it; nor have! seen the connecting link between the two—the upper side of the loop— though I believe it exists. The Manyema are certainly cannibals, but tt was long ere I could get evidence more positive than ‘would have led a Scotch jury to give @ verdict of “Not proven.” They eat only encmies killed in war; they seem as if inetigated by revenge in their man-eating orgies, and on these occasions they do not like a stranger to see them. I offered a large reward in vain to any one who would call me to witness @ cannibal feast. Some intelligent men have told me that the meat is not nice, and made them dream of the dead. The women never par- take, and I am glad of it, for many of them far down Lualaba are very pretty; they bathe three or four times @ day, and are expert divers for oysters. Markets are held at stated times, and the women attend them in large numbers, dressed lu their best. They are light colored, have straight noses, finely formed heads, small bands and feet and per- fect forms; they are keen traders, and look on the market as @ arent institution; to haggle and joke and laugh and cheat seem the enjoyments of life, The population, especially west of the river, is pre jlously large. Near Lomani, the Bakuss or Bakoons cultivate coffee, and drink it highly scented with vanilla. Food of all kinds 1s extremely abundant and cheap. The men smelt tron from the black oxide ore, and are very good smiths; they also ameit copper from the ore and make large ornaments very cheaply. ‘They are fifa hs fine, tall, strapping fellows, far superior to the Zanzibar slaves, and nothing of the West Coast negro, from whom our ideas of Africans are chiefly derived, appears among them; no ae peepee jaws, barndoor mouth, nor lark- eels are seen. Their defects arise from absolute ignorance of all the world; besides, strangers never | appeared among them before. The terror that guns | inspire general Yano the Manyema seems to arise among the Bakuss from an idea that they are supernatural. The effect of gun-shot on a goat was shown in order to convince them that the traders had power, and that the instruments they carried were not, as they imagined, the mere insignia of ohieftainship; they looked up to the Fetes and offered to bring ivory to purchase the chart y which Nghen! ng "i od drawn down and afterwards, when the tiaders tried to force @ passage which was refused, they darted aside on seeing Banyamwezi's followers place the arrows in the bow strings, but stood in mute amazémént while the guns | mowed them down in great numbers. They use long spears in the thick vegetation of their country with great dexterity, and they have told me frankly, what was self-evident, that but for the fire- arms not one of the Zanzibar slaves or half-castes | would ever leave their country. There ig not a single great chief in all Manyema. No matter what name _ the ferent divi- sions of people bear—Manyema, Balegga, Babire, Bazire, Bakooe—there is no political cohesion; not one king or kingdom. Hach head man is inde- pendent ofevery other. The people are industrious, and most of them cultivate the soil bel We found them everywhere very honest. When de- tained at Bambarre we had to send our goats and fowls to the Manyema sll og to prevent them being all stolen by the Zanzibar slaves. The siave owners had to do the same. Manyema land is the only country in Central Africa Lhave seen where cotton is not cultivated, spun and woven. The clothing is that known in ladagascar as “Jambas” or grass cloth, made from the Jeaves of the ‘“Muale” palm. ‘They call the good spirit above “Ngulu,” or the Great One, and the spirit of evil, who resides in the deep, “Mulambu.” A hot foumtain near Bambarre is sup) 1 to belong to this being, the author of | death by drowning and other misfortunes. Yours, | &., DAVID LIVINGSTON! Her Majesty's Consul, Inner Africa. Letter No. 4—Doctor Livingstone to Earl Granville. Usi, Nov, 14, 1871. Mv ‘orp—In my letter dated Bamvs re, Novem- ber, 1870, Row enclosed (No. 1),1 stated my grave suspicions that a packet of about forty lettera— despatches, copies of all the astronomical observa- tions from the coast onwards, and sketch maps on | tracing paper, intended to convey a clear idea of all the discoveries up to the time of arrival at | Ujiji—would be destroyed. It was delivered to the agent here of the Governor of Unyanyembe, and 1 paid him in full all he demanded to transmit it to Syde bin Salem Buraschid, the e0-called Governor, who is merely a trade agent of certain Banians of Zauzi- bar, and a person whois reputed dishonest by all. Asan agent he piifers from his employers, be they Banians or Arabs; as Governor, expected to ex- ercise the office of a magistrate, he dispenses jus- tice to him who paya most; and as the subject of a Sultan, who entrusted him because he had no power on the mainiand to supersede him, he robs his superior shamelessly. No Arab or native ever utters a good word for him but al) detest him for his injustice, as ‘The following narrative requires it 10 be known that his brother, All bin Salem Buraschid, is equally notorious for unbiushing dishonesty. All Arabs and Europeans who have had dealings with either hich | speak in ypmeasured corm of thelx frayd agd dy-, | refused to —_- =" | ptintem ‘The brothers aré employeain trade, chieny ‘by Ludha Damji, the richest Bantan in Zanzibar. It is well known that the slave trade in this country fe carried on almost entirely with his money and that of other Banian British sudjecta, The Banlans advance the goods required, and the Arabs proceed inland as their agents, perform the trading, or rather murdering, and when slaves and ivory are brought to the coast the Arabs sell the slaves, The Banians pocket the price, and adroitly let the odium rest on their agents. As arule no travelling Arab fas money suMicient to undertake an imland journey. hose who have be- come rich imitate the Banians and send their indigent countrymen _ and slaves to trade for them. The Banians could scarcely carry on their system of trade were the; not in possession of the Custom House, apd hi power to seize all the goods that pasa through it to pay themselves for debts. The so-called Governors are appointed on their recommendation, and he- come Inere trade agents. When the Arabs in the | interior are assaulted by the natives they never, unite under a Governor as @ leader, for they know that defending them or concertfhg ineans for their safety ia no part of his duty. The Avabs are nearly all in debt to the Banians, aud the Banian slavea are employed in ferreting out every trade transac tion of the debtors and when watched by Gover- nors’ slaves and Custom House officers itis scarcely possible for even this ae deceittul race to escape being fleeced, ‘o avoid this, many sur- render all their ivory to their Banian creditors, and are allowed to keep or sell the slaves as their share of the profits. It will readily be perceived that the prospect of in any Way coming under the power of ian British subjects at Zanzibar is very far from reassuring. The packe! ve referred to was never more heard of, but a man called Musa Kamaah had been employed to drive some buffaloes for me from the 8095) gpa on leaving Uji the same day the packet wis delivered for transmission I gave him a short letter, dated May, 1869, which he concealed on his person, knowing that on its production his wi depended. He had been a spectator of the dering of my goods by the Governor's slave and received a share to hold his peace. He was tained for months at Unyanyembe by the Governor, and even sent back to Ujiji on his private business, he*being ignorant all the while tha: Kamaah pos- sessed the secreted letter. It was the only docu- ment of more than forty that reached Zanzibar. It made known in some measure my wants, but m; checks on Bombay for money were in the losi acket, and Ludha, the rich Barian, was employed 0 furnish on credit all the goods and advances of pay for the men required In the expedition. Ludha is, perhaps, the best of all the Baniang of Zanzibar, but he applied to All bin Salem, the brother of his agent the Governor, to furnish two head men to conduct the ds and men to Ujijf and beyond it, wherever! might be there re- orted to be. He recommended Shereef Bosher and wathe as first and second conductors of the cara- van. Shereef, the Governor, and the Governor's brother Le 3 “birds of one feather,” the ences might have been foretold. No sooner did hereef obtain command than he went toone Mu- hamad Nassur, a Zanzibar-born Banian or Hindoo,! and he advanced twenty-five toxes of soap and eight cases of brandy for trade. He then went to Bagomoyo, on the mainland, apd received from twa Bantans there, whose names are to be unknown, quantities of opium aod echpawder: which, with the soap and brandy, were to be retailed by Shereef on the journey. In the Bagomoyo Banian’s house Shereef broke the soap boxes and stowed the con- tenta and the opium in my bales of calico, in order that the Bagas! or carriers paid by me should carry | them. ther pagazi were employed to carry the cases of brandy and kegs of ee. and patd with my cloth, Henceforth ali the expenses Of the journey were defrayed out of my prop- erty, and while retafling the barter goods of his Banian accomplices he was in no hurry to re- lieve my wants, but spent fourteen months be- tween the coast and Usifi, a digtance which could easily have been accomplished in three. Making every allowance for detention by sickness mn the party, and by sending back for meh to replace the first pagazt, who perished by cholera, the delays were quite suameless. Two manths at one spot,’ two months at another place, and two months at a third, without reason except desire to retail his brandy, &c., which some simple people think Mos- lems never drink, but he was able to send back from Unyanyembe over £60 worth of ivory—the pagazi again paid from my stores, He then ran rot with the supp: ee all the wa: urchasing the moat expensive food for himself, his slaves, his women, the country afforded, hen he reache® Ujiji_ bis retail trade for the Banians and himsels was finished, and in deflance of his engagement to fellow wherever I led, and men from a camp eight aaye beyond Bambarre went to Ujiji and A a ed to him that I was near and waiting for him, he re- fused their invitation to return with them, The Banians, who advanced their goods for retail by Shereef, had, in fact, taken advantage of the no- torlous Kast African Moalem duplicity to interpose elr own trade speculation between two govern- ent officers, and, almost within the shadow of the Consulate, supplant Dr. Kirk's attempt to aid me by a fraudulent conversion of the help expedi- tion to the gratification of their own greed. She- reef was their ready tool, and ha PB. at Ujije | finished the Bunian trade he acted as if he had eB one else, gotten having ever been cmplored by an Here the drunken balf-caste Moslem tailor lay in- toxicated at times tor a whole month; the drink— br tec and tombe—all bought with my beads, of course. Awathe, the other head nran, was a spectator of all the robbery from the coast onwards, and never opened his mouth in remonstrance or in sending notice to the Consul. He had carefully con- ; cealed an infirmity when engaged which | rendered him quite incapable of performing | aingle duty for , and he now asserts, like the Johanna deserters, that he ought to be paid ali his wages In full. I shall nar- rate below how soven of the Banian siaves bought by Shereef and Awathe imitated their leaders and forward, and ultimately, by falsehood and cowardice, forced me to return between four hundred and five hundred miles. But here I may mention how Sherecef finished up his services. He wrote to his friend, the Governor of Unyanyembe, for permission to sell the déhris of my feos “be- cause,” said he, “I sent slaves to Manyema to search for the Doctor, but they returned and sald that he was dead.” He also divyined on the Koran, and it told the same tale, It ts Bcarcely necessary to add that he never sent slaves in search of me, and from the people abov. mentioned, who returned froma camp in front ‘of Bambarre, he learned that I was alive and well. So, on his own authority and that of the Koran, he sold off the remaining goods at merely nominal prices to his friends for ivory und slaves for him- self, and I lately returned to find myself destitute of everything except a very few urticies of barter which | took the precaution te leave here in case of | extreme need, Thave stated the case to Dr. Kirk, acting political agentand Consulat Zanzibar, and claim as simple’ justice that the Banians, who are rich English sub- jects, should, for stepping in between me and the supplies sent, be compelied to refund the entire ex- apakn of the frustrated expedition, and all the high interest—twenty or twenty-five per cent thereon—set down against me in Ludha’s books; it not also the wages of my people and personal ex- enses for two years, the time during which, by heir surreptitious agent Shereef, my servants and mt were prevented from executing our reguiar duty. The late Sultan Seyed Majid compelled the Arab who conntved at the plunder of all the Baron Van der Decken’s goods in a vain attempt to reach Lake Nyassa to refund the whole, It is inconceiv- able that the dragoman and other paid servants of the consulate were ignorant of the fraud practised | by the Banians on Dr. Kirk and me. All the Banians and Banian siaves were pertecen well aware of Muhamad Nassur's complicity. The villany of saddiing on me all the expenses of their | retail venture of soap, brandy, opium and gunpow- | der was perpetrated tn open day, and could not es- cape the notice of the paid agents of the Consul; but how this matter was concealed from bim, and also | the dishonest characters of Syed bin Ali Buragchia and sShereef, it is dimeuit to conceive. The oft- repeated asseveration of Shereet that he acted throughout on the advice of Ludha may have a ray of truth in it. Buta little gentle peeipare, on Syed Burghash, the present Sultan, will probably ensure the punishment of Shereef, though it is also highly probable that he will take refuge near the Governor | of Unyanyembe till the affair blows over. If the rich | Bantan English subjects be compelled to refund, this alone will deter them from again plundering the servants of a government which govs to great ex- pense for their protection. I will now proceed to narrate in as few words as possible how I ‘have been baMed by the Baniam Slaves sent by Ludha, tnstead of men. They agreed to go to Ujiji, and, having there ascertained where Twas to be found, were to follow me as boatmen, carriers, woodinen orin every capacity required without reference to the customs of otlier expedi- tions. Each on being enga d received an advance | of $80 and @ promige of $5 a month afterwards. This was double to Zanzibar freemen’s pay. The; had much sickness near the coast, and Ave ated cholera, While under Shereef and Awathe they cannot be blamed for following their worthicss | leadera; these leaders remained at Ujijt, and Shereef's three siaves and his woman did the se After two months’ delay these seven Banlan slaves came along with the men ret past Bambarre as meitioged abo Th nt | the 4th of Febfiary, 1571, ha left October, 1809, Thad been latd up at Bambarre by irritable eating ulcers on both feet, which prevented me from setting @ foot on the ground from Angee 1870, to the end of the year; iece of malachite, rubbed down with watér on a Stone, was the only | remedy that had any effect; I had ‘no medicine; | some in a box had been anaccountably detained b; the Governor of Unyanyembe sage p98 thoug! nT | sent for it twice, and delivered callco to prepay the | carriers. Ihave been uncharitable enough to ste | pest that the worthy man wishes to fall heir to my wo guns in the same bok. Shereef sent by the siaves @ few coarse veads, evidently exchanged for my beautiful and dear beads, @ little calico, and, in great mercy, some of my coffee and sugar. slaves came Without loads, except my tent, which Shereef and Shey lad used till it was quite rotten and 80 full of holes tt looked as if jed wit shot. I never used \t once. hoy had been sixteen - months on the way from Zanzibar instead of three, and now, like their head men, refused to further. They swore so positively that the Constd had told them to force me back, and on no account to go forward, tha ctually looked again at their engagement to be sure my eyes had not ‘vot tad me. Fear atone made them consent to go, but I not been aided by Muhamad rib, they w: have gained their point by sheer brazen-faced false- CONTINUED ON SLETH PAGE,