The New York Herald Newspaper, July 27, 1872, Page 7

DOCTOR LIVINGSTONE. ‘The Explorer’s Story of the Slave Trade in Eastern Africa. ‘The Inducement, Charm, Intent and Ohject of His Geographi- cal Undertaking. Faving Takon Up the Burden I Could Not Bear To Be Beaten by It.” Physical and Domestic Differ- ences Between the Negro of the Interior and the West Coast Captives. “Low, Retreating Forchoads, Prognathous Jaws, Lark Heels,” and the Feeling Which They Engender in the White Man. A Modern Nimrod, with Every- Day British Habits and “Bul- bous Below the Ri’ ‘The Ladies Vory Pretty and with Nature Tri- umphant Over the Appearances of Art, “OH, THE HUSSIES!” Nativist Feuds, Faction Fights and a Natural Extradition After a Murder. Sighing for Freedom in Sight of the Broad Lualaba, Deaths from the “Broken Heart” in Separation from the Homes of Their Infancy. Meeting an. Old Friend at a Critical Moment. How Slavery “Hardens and Petrifies” Man. A “Poor Little Girl” in the Yoke—“They Are Killing Me—I Shall Die with Three Loads.” A Lullaby Song and Its Re- markable Chorus. “MAN'S INHUMANITY TO MAN.” Manyoma, the Cannibal Coun- try, and Its Customs, Wo Bogies in Infancy and a Brave Briton in Life. Description of the Great Wa- ‘ttershed of the Nile. Hs Flavial Affluents and Their United Course Toward the Father of Waters. —_+-—_—_ BAPTISM OF LAKE LINCOLN. #7] Had Serious Doubts, but Stuck to It Like a Briton.” ‘Waiting at Unyanyembe for the American Herald Supplies. **Then I Proceed to Finish Up the Geo- ‘graphical Part of My Mission.” Agriculture, Home Industry, the Ladies Going to the Fair and Stirring Scenes on Market Day. The Religior of Christ the Cure for the Curse of Cannibalism. Bultan of Zanzibar and His Placemen, the Banians and Moslems. — ‘\BERALD SPECIAL OABLE DESPATOH. TELEGAAM TO THE_WEW YORK HERALD, Lonpon, July 26, 1872, ‘The following special telegram report to the is forwarded in continuation of Doc- dor Livingstone’s narrative of his discoveries Africa: — ‘ yaues Gonpon Benxert, Jn., Esq.:— , Mv pean Sm—I wish to say little about the Wave trade.in Eastern Africa. It is not a very {aviting subject, and to some I may appear gery much akin to the old lady who relished ex paper for neither births, deaths, nog mag- i “NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1872—TRIPLE Smtur. fagea, bat for good, roy bloody mm. i am, however, far from fond of the horrible. often wish I could forget scenes I have seed, and will certainly never try to inflict on others the sorrow which being witness of man's in- humanity to man has often entailed on myself. THE EXPLORATION UNDERTAKING—ITS CHARMS AND OBJECT. Some of your readers know that about five years ago I undertook, at the in- atigation of my very dear old friend, Sir Roderick Murchison, the task of examin- ing the watershed of South Central Africa. ‘The work had a charm for my mind because the dividing line between the North and South was unknown, and a fit object for exploration. Having other work on hand I at first recom- mended another for the task, but on his de- clining to go without a handsome salary and something to fall back upon afterwards, I agreed to go myself, and was encouraged by by Sir Roderick Murchison, saying in a warm, jovial manner, ‘You will be the real discoverer of the sources of the Nile.” I thought that two years would be sufficient to go from the coast inland across the head of Lake Nyassa to the watershed, wherever that might be, and after examination try to begin a benevolent mission with some tribe on the slope back to the coast. Had I known all the time, toil, hunger, hardship and weary hours involved in that precious water parting I might “| have preferred having my head shaved and a blister put on it to grappling with my good old friend’s task; but having taken up the burden I could not bear to be beaten by it. I shall tell you a little about the progress made by and by. FACE TO FACE WITH THE SLAVE TRADE. At present let me give a glimpse of the slave trade, to which the search and discovery of most of the Nile fountains have brought me face Yo face. The whole traffic, whether by land or ocean, is a gross outrage on the com- mon law of mankind. It is carried on from age to ago, and, in addition to the untold evils it inflicts, ‘presents almost insurmountable obstacles to intercourse between different portions of the human family. This open sore in the world is partly owing to human cupidity, partly tothe ignorance of the more civilized of mankind of the blight which lights chiefly on more degraded piracy on:the high seas. It was once as common as slave trading is how, but as it became thoroughly known the whole civilized world rose against it. In now trying to make Eastern African sldve trade better known to Americans, I in- dulge the hope Iam aiding on, though in a small degree, the good time coming yet when slavery as well.as piracy will be chased from the world. Many have but a faint idea of the evils that trading in slaves inflicts on the vic- tims and authors of its atrocities. Most peo- ple imagine that negroes, after being bru- talized by a long course of servitude, with but few of the ameliorating influences that elevate the more favored races, aro fair average specimens of the African man. Our ideas are derived from slaves of the west coast, who have for ages been subject to domestic bond- agé and all the depressing agencies of, a most unhealthy climate. These have told most in- juriously on their physical frames, while fraud and the rum trade have ruined their moral natures so as not to discriminate the difference of the monstrous injustice. THE NEGRO MAN AT HOME IN THE INTERIOR. The main body of the population is living free in the interior, under their own chiefs and laws, cultivating their own farms, catching fish in their own rivors, or fighting bravely with the grand old denizens of the forests, which, in more recent continents, can only be reached in rocky, strata or under perennial ice, Winwood Reade hit the truth when he said the ancient Egyptian, with his large, round, black eyes, full, luscious lips, and somewhat depressed nose, is far nearer the typical negro than the west coast African, who has been debased by the unhealthy land he lives in. The slaves gen- erally, and especially those on the west coast at Zanzibar and elsewhere, are extremely ugly. Ihave no projudice against their color; indeed, any one who lives long among them forgets they ore black and feels they are just fellow men; but the low, retreating forehead, prog- nathous jaws, lark heels and other physical peculiarities common among slavea and West African negroes, always awaken some feelings of aversion akin to those with which we view speci- mons of the Bill Sykes and ‘Bruiser’’ class in England. I would not utter a syllable calcu- lated to pross down either class more deeply in the mire in which it is already sunk, but I wish to point out that these are not typical Africans any more than typical Englishmen, and that the natives on nearly all the high lands of the interior Continent are, as a rule, fair average specimens of humanity, SCENB AT A COUNCIL OF THE BRAD MEN FOB PEACE, =~’ T happened to be present when all the head men of the great Chief Msama—who lives weat of the south end of Tangyanyika—had come together to make peace with certain Arabs who had burned their chief town, and I am certain one could not see more finely formed, intelleo- tual heads in any assembly in London or Paris, and the faces and forms corresponded finely with the shaped heeds. Msama himself. bad sculptured on the Nineveh marbles, as Nimrod : and others, and he showed himself to be one of ourselves by habitually indulging in copious po, tations of beer, called pombe, and had be- come What Nathaniel Hawthorne called “bul- bous belo, the ribs."’ Ido not know where the phrase. bloated sristocracy’’ arose. It must be American, for I have had glimpses of & good many English 2 noblemen, and Msama was the only spoianes. org oRoated aristo- cast” on whos Keveneth aga Sat THE LADIES VERY PRETTY, mw NaTORADY AD NOT VAIN. Many of the women are very pretty, and, like all ladies; would have been much prettier if they had only let themselves alone. For- tunately the dears could not change charming black eyes, beautiful foreheads, nicely rounded limbs, well shaped forms and small hands and feet, but must adorn themselves, and this they do—‘‘oh, the hussies !'"—by filing splendid teeth to points like cats’ teeth. It was distressing, for it made their smile—which has so much power over us ke donkeys— like that of crockodile ornaments, scarce. What would our ladies doif they had none, but pout and leoture us on woman's rights. But these specimens of the fair sex make shift by adorning fine warm brown skins, tattooing various pretty devices without colors, that, besides purposes of beauty, serve the heralding uses of our Highland tartans. They are not black, but of light, warm brown color, and so very sister- ish, if I may use the word, like on new coinage, it feels an injury done one's self to see a bit of grass stuck through the cartilage of the nose 80 as to bulge out the ale nasi, or wing of the nose of the anatomists. y* CAZEMBE’S QUEEN. Cazembe's Queen, Moaria Nyombe by name, would be esteemed a real beauty either in London, Paris or New York, and yet she had 8 small hole through the cartilage, near the tip of her fine, slightly aquiline nose. But she had only filed one side of two of the front of her superb snow-white teeth, and then, what a laugh she had! Let those who wish to know go see her, She was carried to her farm in a pony phaeton, which is a sort of fikono, fast- ened in two very long poles and carried by twelve stalwart citizens. NIGGERS’ RIGHTS. If they take the Punch motto of Cazembe— ‘Niggars don’t require to be shot here’ as their own, they may show themselves to be men; but whether they do or not Cazembe will show himself a man of sterling good sense, MENTAL PECULIARITIES. Now, these people, so like ourselves inter- nally, have brave, genuine human souls. Rua, large sections of country northwest of Cazem- be, but still in same inland region, is peopled with men very like those of Wsama and Ca- zembe. An Arab, Syed Ben Habib, was sent to trade in Rua two years ago, and, as Arabs usually do where na- tives have no guns, Syde Ben Habib’s elder .brother carried matters with a high hand. The Rua men observed the elder brother slept in white tent, and, pitching spears into it by night, killed him. As Mos- lems never forgive blood, the younger brother forthwith ‘ran a muck’ on all in- discriminately in a large district. REDEEMING POINTS OF CHARACTER. Let it not be, supposed any of these people are, like American Indians, insatiable, blood- thirst savages, who will not be reclaimed or entertain terms of lasting friendship with fair- dealing strangers. Had the actual murder- ers been demanded, and a little time granted, I feel morally certain, from many other in- stances among tribes who, like the Ba Rua, have not been spoiled by Arab traders, they would all have been given up. EXTRADITIONISTS BY NATURE. The chiefs of the country would, first of all, have specified the crime of which the elder brother was guilty and who had been led to avenge it. It is very likely they would have stipulated no other should be punished but the actual perpetrator, the doméstic slave acting under his orders. being considered free of blame. I know nothing distinguishes the uncon- taminated African from other degraded peo- ples more than their entire reasonablencss and good sense. It is different after they have had wives, children and relatives kidnapped, but that is more than human nature, civilized or savago, can bear. In the chase in question indiscriminate slaughter, capture and plunder took place. A very large number of very fine young men were captured and secured in chains and wooden yokes. MEETING SYED BEN RADID’S PARTY. Icame near the party of Syed Ben Habib, close to # point where a huge rent in the Monn- tain of Rua allows the escape of thegreat river Lualaba out of Lake Mocra, and here I had for tho first time an opportunity of observing the difference between slaves and freemen made captive. When fairly across the Lualaba, Syed Ben Habib thought his captives safe, and got rid of the trouble of attending to and watching the chained gangs by taking off both chains and yokes. All declared joy and a perfect willing- ness to follow Syed to the end of the world or elsewhere, but next morning twenty-two made clear of two mountains. DEATHS FROM THE BROKEN HEART. Many more, seeing the broad Lualabe roll be- been s sort of Napoleon for fighting and con- | tween them and the homes of their infancy, quering in his younger days. lost all heart, and in three days eight of them 4 YeRy Mmop mm 100K, BOT WITH Mopzax | ‘ed. They had no complaint but pain in the ENGLISH HABITS. heart, and they pointed ont its seat correctly, Wo wea wpactly tke the apclept Avsysians | thor * wany believe the beert situated undor- neath the top of the sternum, or breast bone. ‘This tome was the most startling death I ever saw. They evidently die of brokenhearted- ness, and the Arabs wondered, seeing they had Plenty to eat, “oe oo” Me 4 YORU, mmo ax sanere Taw others perish, particularly a very fine boy ten or twelve years of age. When asked where he felt ill, he put his hand correctly and exactly over the heart. He was kindly car- ried, and, as he breathed out his soul, was laid gently on the side of the path. The captors are not unusually cruel. They were callous. Slaving hardened their hearts. AN OLD FRIEND AT A CRITICAL MOMENT. When Syed, an old friend of mine, crossed Lualaba, he heard I was in the village, where @ company of slave traders were furiously assaulted for three days by justly incensed Bobemba. I would not fight nor allow my people to fire if I saw them, because Bobemba had been especially kind to me. Syed sent o party of his own people to invite me to leave the village and come to him. Heshowed him- self the opposite of hard-hearted ; but slavery hardens within, petrifies the feelings, is bad for the victims and ill for the victimizers, Once, it is said, a party of twelve, who had been slaves in their own country—Ounda or Conda, of which Cazembe is chief or general— were loaded with large, heavy yokes, which were forked trees, about three inches in diameter and seven or eight feet long, the neck inserted in the fork and an iron bar driven across one end of the fork to the other and riveted to the other end, tied at night to the tree of ceiling of the hut, and the neck being firm in the fork and the slave held off from unloosing it, was excessively trouble- gome to the wearer, and, when marching, two yokes were tied together by tree ends and loads put on the slaves’ heads beside. A SLAVE WOMAN'S APPEAL. A woman, having an additional yoke and load, and a child on her back, said to me on passing, ‘‘They are killing me. If they would take off the yoke I could manage the load and child; but I shall die with three loads,"” The one who spoke this did die; poor little girl! Her child perished of starvation. INTERCESSION AND ITS REWARD. I intereeded some, but when unyoked off they bounded into the long grass, and I was greatly blamed for not caring in presence of the owners of the property. HOW THE SURVIVERS BORE IT. After the dsy’s march, under a broiling, vertical sun, with yokes and heavy loads, the strongest were exhausted. The party of twelve, above mentioned, were sitting down singingand laughing: “Ballo,” said I, “these fellows take to it kindly. This must be the class for whom philosophers say slavery is the natural state;’’ and I went and asked the cause of their mirth. FREEDOM'S LULLABY. Thad asked aid of their owner as to the meaning of the word ‘“Rukho,”” which usually means fly or leap. They were using it to express the idea of haunting, asa ghost, in- flicting disease or death, and the song was:— “Yes, me going away to Manga, abroad, or white man’s land, with yoke on our necks; but we shall have no yokes in death, and shall return and haunt and kill you.’’ Ohorus then struck in, which was the name of the man who had sold each of them, and then followed the general laugh, in which at first I saw no bit- terness. Tarembee, an old man, at least one hundred and four years, being one of the sellers, in accordance with African belief, they had no doubt of being soon able, by ghost power, to kill even him. THE DREAD REFRAIN. Their refrain was as if:—“Oh! oh! ob! bird of freedom, you sold me!’ LAUGHTER TELLING NOT‘OF MIRTH. “Oh! oh! oh! Ishall haunt you! Oh! oh! oh!’ Laughter told not of mirth, but of tears, such as were oppressed, and:they had no comforter. He that is higher tham the highest regardeth, MANYEMA AND THE MAN EATERS, About northeast of Rua we havea very large country called Manyuema, but by Arabs shortened into Manyema. It is but recently known. The reputation which the Manyemas enjoyed of being cannibals prevented half-cast Arab traders from venturing among them. The circumstantial details of practices as man- eaters given by neighboring tribes were con- firmed by two Arabs who, two years ago, went as far as Bambarre, and secured tho protection and friendship of the Moerekues, Lord of Light Grey Parrott, with Scarlet Tail, who was a Very superior man, The minute details of cannibal orgies given by the Arabs’ attend- ants erred by the sheer excess of the shocking details. NO BOGIES IN INFANCY AND A BRAVE BRITISH MAN. Had I believed « tenth part of what I was told I might never have ven- tured an inch in Manyema, but fortunately my mother never frightened me in infancy with “bogie” and stuff of that sort, and I am not liable to fits of bogiephobis, in which dis- ease the poor patient believes everything awfal if only it is attributed to the owner of a black skin, I have heard that the complaint was epidemic lately in Jamaica, and the planters’ mothers have much to answer for. T hope that the disease may never spread in the United States. The people here are be- Heved to be inoculated with common sense, ‘WHY GO IN THE PATH OF Davoun? But. why go aes the nnibele, ob all? Was it not like joining the Alpine Club in order to be lauded if you don’t break your neck where your neck ought to be broken ? THE CALL OF SCIENCE AND CORRESPONDING LIGHT. This makes me turn back to the watershed, as I promised. It is a broad belt of tree-cov- ered upland, some seven hundred miles in length from west to east. The general alti- tude is between four thousand and five thou- sand feet above the sea, and mountains stand on it at various points which are between six thousand and seven thousand feet above the Ocean level. On this watershed springs arise which are well nigh innumerable; that is, it would take half a man’s life to count them. ‘These springs join each other and form brooks, which again converge and become rivers, or say streams of twenty, forty or eighty yards, that never dry. All flow towards the centre of on immense valley, which I believe to be the Valley of the Nile. In this trough we have at first three large rivers; then all unite into one enormous lacustrine river, the central line of drainage, which I namo Webb’s Lualaba. In this great valley there are five great lakes, One near the upper end is called Lake Bemba, or, more properly, Bangweolo, but it is nota source of tho Nile, for no large river begins in a lake. It is supplied by a river called Cham- bezi, and several others which may be con- sidered sources, and out of it flows the larger river, Luapula, which enters Lake Moera and comes out as the great lake river, Lua laba, to form Lake Komolondo. West of Komolondo, but still in the great valley, lies Lake Lincoln, which I name os my tribute of love to the great and good man America enjoyed for some time and lost. One of the three great rivers I mentioned, Bartle Frore’s or Lufira, falls into Komolondo, and Lake Lincoln becomes a la- custrine river, and it too joins the central line of drainage, but lower down, and all these united form the fifth lake, which the slaves, sent to me instead of men, forced me, to my great grief, to leave as the Unknown Lake. By my reckoning, the chronometers being all dead, it is five degrees of longitude west of Speke's position at Ujiji. This makes it probae ble that the great lacustrine river in the valley is the western branch of Petherick’s Nile, the Bahar Ghazal, and not tho eastern branch, which Speke, Grant, and Baker believed to be the river of Egypt If correct, this would make it the Nile, only, after all, the Bahar Ghazal enters the castern arm. ONWARD AND UPWARD. But though I found a watershed between ten degrees and twelve degrees south—that is a long way further up the valley than any one had dreameli—and saw the streams of some six hundred miles of it converging into the centre of the great valley, no one knew where it went after that departure of Lake Moera, Some conjectured that it went into Tanganyika ; but I saw that to do so it must run up hill, Others imagined that it might flow into tho Atlantic. It was to find ont where it actually did go that took me into Manyema. PERSONAL CONVICTION, BUT DIFFICULTIES OF PBOOF. I could get no information from traders outside; and no light could be obtained from the Manyema within, They never travel, and it was so of old. They consist of petty headmanships, and each hugs his grievance from some old feud, and is worse than our old Highland ancestors. Every head man of a hamlet would like to see every other ruling blockhead slain; but all wore kind to strangers, and, though terrible fellows among themselves, with their large spears and huge wooden shields, they were never known to injure foreigners till slaves tried the effects of gun shotsuponthem and captured their women | and children, As I could get no geographical information from them, I had to feel my way and grope in the interminable forests and prairies, and three times took the wrong direction, going northerly, not knowing that the great river makes immense sweeps to the west and south- west, I felt as if I were running my head against a stone wall. It might, after all, turn out to be the Congo, and who would risk being eaten and converted into black man for it? “STUCK TO IT LIKE A BRITOM’’ AND TRIUMPHED. Thad serious doubts, but I stuck to it like a Briton, and at last found that the mighty river left ita washing and flowed right away to the north, the two great western drains, the Lafira and Lomaine, running northeast before joining the central line or main. Webb's Lualaba told that the western side of the great valley was high like the eastern, and as this main is réported to go into large reedy lakes, it can scarcely be aught else than the western arm of the Nile, But besides all this, in which it is quite possible be mistaken, we have two fountains on, probably, the seventh hundred miles of the. watershed, and giving rise to the two rivera, the Loambai or the Up- per Zambezi andthe Kafne, which flow into. pianos inner Ethiopia; and two fonntains are reported, to rise in the same ener aatee te fira and Lomaine, flow, as we have seen, to the north, These, from full-grown, gushing fountains, rising so neax each othor and giving | 2880¢ origin to four large rivers, answer in a certain egree to the description given of the upfathom- able fountains of the Nile by the Seoretary of Minerva, in the city of Sais, in Egypt, to the father of all travellers, Herodotus; but I bare 1 ganfeas that it is a little prgeumptngua, | 4 in me to pan’ this forward in Conteal Africa, and without a m'28l¢ book of reference, on the torian in boyhood. OF THE PRESNNT. ~ The waters were said td*well Op from an un- fothomable depth and then part; Malt north to Egypt and half south to inner Ex hiopia. Now,’ Thave heard of the fountains afo, tementioned 80 often that I cannot doubt their existence, and I wish to clear up the point Aw con- cluding trip. sand tebe cilhas is gta with- out hesitation, but prepared, if I see reasa, 2, 00 confess myself wrong: No one would like to be considered a disciple of the testy old wouk 1- be geographer who wrote “Inner Africa Lai& Open,"’ and swore torhis’ fancies: until hype came blue in the fave. HOW THE DAY OF CONCLUSION WAS DELAYEIX The work would all have been finished long ago had the matter of supplies of men and goods nof beon entrusted by mistake to Banians and their slaves, whose efforts were all faithfully dirécted towards securing my failure. These Banians: are protected English subjects, and by their money, their muskets and their ammunition tha East African: Moslem slave trado is mainly car: ried on. The cunning’ East Indians secure most of the profits of the slave trade ‘and adroitly let odium: rest on their Arab agents, The Banians will not harm a flea or a ‘mos- quito, but my progress in geography has led me to tho discovery that they are by far the worst cannibals in all Africa. They ‘com-- pass, by means of Arab agents, the destiruc- tion of more human lives for gain in one yeas than the Manyemas do for their fiésh pots im ten. The matter of supplies and” men was’: unwittingly committed to these our Indian fel- low subjects, who had to see me in their slave market and dread my disclosures on the infa- mous part they play. The slaves were all imbued with the idea that they were’ not to’ follow, but force me back, and, after rioting on my goods for sixteen months on the way, instead of three’ months, the whole stock of* goods was sold off for slaves and ivory. Some of the slaves who came to’ Manyema‘ so baffled and worried mo that I had to return. 500 or-600 miles. LACK OF MATERIAL ADD. The only help I have received, except half ‘a - supply which I despatched from Zanzibar, im 1866, has been from Mr. Stanley, your cor respondent, and certain remains of stores which I seized from the slaves sent from Zanzie bar, seventeen months ago, and I had to come hack 300 miles to effect the seizure. I wait here at Unyanyembe only till Mr. Stanley send me fifty free men from “the coast, an then I proceed to finish up the geographical part of my mission. THE SLAVERY QUESTION AGAIN. Tcome back to tho slavery question, and if I am permitted in any way to promote its sup- pression I shall not grudge the toil and time J have spent. It would be better to lessen hur man woe than discover the sources of the Nile, ‘When parties leave Ujiji to go westward. inte Manyema the question esked is not what goods they take, but how many guns and kege of powder. If they have 200 or 300 muskets, and ammunition in proportion, they think success is certain. No traders having ever before entered Manyema the value of ivory was quite unknown; indeed, the tuska . were left in the forests with the other bones, where the animals had been slain. Many - were rotten; others were gnawed by a rodent _ animal to sharpen his teeth, as London rate do on leaden pipes. If civilly treated the people went into tho forest to spots whore they knew elephants had been killed, either by traps or spears, and bought the tusks for a few copper bracelets. I have seen parties CONTINUED ON EIGHTH PAGE.. PY see the Complexion—BSurnett’s Igallfee aeolian Branch Office, Brook] ya,. Corser rneeE eee A-nHerring’s 's Paten: CHAMIION, SAFES, 251 and 268 Broadway, corner of Magray, street, it Kah gm Baths, » Lezimaeem aves ri attl Tre free =i aries Noner. ar ate mean fetore Teese than opiate: before gentlemen day and of ’s Lacteous Farin, AmNestle’ 's ane, See $e Recommended by eminent physictans, raga A.—The Last Week. Tho next will be the last week in this city of Dr. B. °. yconitnwaaal ean ptions allingy fe rresier as eecomith Gray Tair and al over — a of et aed Mn es, Free! Iau Bip the sy close his ofice in this pa oes hue hake his aumual Vint 10. is jo. 6 Temple place. tierce ged All Night | Speake Woes gh ir ea reaae = te Sonny ‘ses, but te.” ey eines Gore and ge Ber PVacaters Bethesda [Water —iwesh Sep Kidney: and Bladder Diseasea, Sout, Sa street. in the. pT wae the. aera" sua pie, inetan~ a i) ss whic! 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