The New York Herald Newspaper, December 2, 1869, Page 4

4 EUROPE. British Government Economy and Internal Relations of the Gladstone Ministry. The Irish Land and Church’Questions and English Detectives for New York. Theological and Doctrinal Aspects of the Hcumenical Council. AUSTRIAN DIPLOMACY TOWARDS TURKEY By mail from Europe we have the following inter. esting and very important special correspondence in elaboration and detail of our cable telegrams to the ‘2th of November. ENGLAND. Feovomical Measures of the Government— Army and Navy Reductions—Reported Dif- ferences in the Gladstone Ministry and a Cabinet “Split”? Anticipated—The Irish Land Question Difficult and Dangerons—Radical Revolutionary Agitation—British Govern- ment Detectives tor AmericamA Hint to Irish Tourists from the United States. LonpON, Nov. 20, 1869. For some days past the London Times and others of our English papers have been throwing out vague bints respecting the cuttings and parings which tue Ministry intend very shortly to introduce into every department of the public service, As is usual, when 80 unpopular measure 1!s about to be worked shrough, journalistic feelers are put forth, in order, as it Were, to prepare the way and make it appear as if the p osiions came from the people, and Dot toe Executive. Knowing from experience what these leading articles which advocate such determined economy and such wholesale saving were the forerunner of, I have made it my business within the last few hours to obtain from the most authentic sources positive and reliable intelligence of what we may expect to see inaugurated during the next few months, and I have succeeded even beyond what I anticipated in getting a knowledge of what ts behind the scenes. 1 confess Wat I have learned much that has surprisea Ine. The pia, matter-of-fact, business like way of pulting the matter is this:—The finances of England are very much like the cash box of a banker who has ‘cracked up’ and cannot pay more than five suillings on the pound. , To meet this the most strin- gent economy and the most wholesale cutting down of expenses are to be the order of the day. The army is to be reduced by three cavalry and nine in- fantry regimenis, making a total of about 12,000 men, In the diferent departments of the civil ser- vice there is to be a reduction in the number of employés at the rate of one in every whree. Of the corps recruited for and doing duty exclusively in our colonies, three are to be dis- banded, namely—the Cape of Good Hope mounted riflemen, the royal Canadian rifle corps and the Ceylon rifles. In the royal navy the reductions are even on a larger scale than in the army. No less than fourteen first class siips are under orders from diterent parts of the world to return home, and are not to be relieved by other vessels. In a country like ours, Where every family of the middie or upper classes have some one or more members of its num- ber employed in some branch of the civil service, or the army or navy, these measures will, I am afraid, make Nr, Gladstone very un popular, although, from what I gather, he is really not in fault. When a country has outrun its means there are but two ways of making ends meet; the one by increased taxation, the other by reduction of outlay. The English peo- ple will not stand the former and, therefore, they Will have to put up with the latter. Moreover it is the sign, a3 | take it, of another grdat Change that has come over us. The peopie— That is, tie Working Classes of Engiand—are much more masters of the situation than they were before the passing of the last {eforin bill and the election of the lasi Parliament, dmpercepubly we are ali beginning to see, yes, and to ieel, this. The peopie do not care lor the reduction or the augmentation of the army, the navy, or ine civil service; but they do care, and they Will have, dimunished taxation. What they want 18, not that their son, or their brother, or their ancie should have Usis command in the colwuies, or retain that sinecure post in the weasury, fiey bave never Nad access to the plew sant well paid berths im the public service, and theretore they do nos miss Uleml, LOW that tiey are avout vo be diminisued in number or in value. But they do care for what, in the politcal slang of the Gay, is cailed “a free breakfast table.’’ To them a penny per pound om the daty upon tea, or two pence a pound of the duty on sugar, or a tride of the duty upon tobacco, are all so many sources of increased income; and any addiuon to those customs dues are to the masses a very de- cided loss of tucome, and one waich they will not putup with, Until within che last few months tueir voice OL that matter, or, indeed, on any matter, would not have made itself heard; but it 1a otner- wise now. I do nottiink they are right. I believe that the working Classes are never 80 well off as when mouey is pleatiful, wages high and tafadon, to a certain degree, heavy. but the masses of the Englisa working ciasses do not think so, and they are every day becoming more and more the masters of this country. ur. Gladstone has, n0 doubt, immense difficulties to contend with. First there 18 that of economrzing on the public expenditure, which will, no doubt, make him most unpopular with the middie and upper Classes in this country. Then there 1s the re- ported, and, 43 you way rest assured, the real, split in his Cabine. ‘The cause of thls 18 maimiy the Insi land question.» Among the Ministers and the party “that support the Minisiry there aro not a few wealthy landed proprietors whose chief source of income and whose only source of miiuence are in Ireiand. ‘Take, for instance, tue Marquis of Hartington (vue eldest son of the Duke of Devonshire), who is Postmaster Generai in the resent adiministrauon, His father owns land in Treiand to the amount of £76,000 sterling per annum. Is 1 likely that this nobiewan, woo will one day succeed to this enormous property, Would like to see introauced a Land bill wich would take from him aud his family forever nine-tentis of the inmense influence they have in the districts Where they own so mach taud? The Duke's family nave alwaya been excelieut laudiords, and many hundreds of the poor ‘on the estates are given employment at a dead loss to the Duke’s income. But when jaws have to be enacted against the many you caunol make excep- tions in lavor of the iew. The Marquis of Lands- down, auower very lurge lrish jand owner anda Junior Lord of the Treasury under Mr. Gladstone, 18 another imstance of tie same diilicuity, In a word, the old whig families are growing cooler than lukewarm i their Support of tne present ad- ministration, and as, on the other hand, Mr, Giad- stone does not introduce a thoroughly liberal wea- sure Ou the question of the Irish land, he will lose the support of Mr. Bright, Mr. Gosnein, Mr. Stans- field and the rest of the more advanced radicals. So, on the other hand, if he does introduce sucn a mea- sure the old wiigs (and inapy v7 the English hoerams who are even what Lord Meijbourne used vo call “whigs ad something more”) Will secede from his ranks. But we must look to another reason for the dim- culties that now surround the Premier, and that is the foolish, headstrong, reckiess Conduct of the Irish themselves, or rather of the radical revolutionary party among them, There js pow going on in Lre- land @ Fenian agitation which 18 doing iar wore to ipjure the cause of good governsnent in that country than all the tory party have elected, or could effect, during the last tfly years. Men who wave everything to gain and nothing to Jose; men who are bankrupt alike in pocket and in character; men who agitate and talk sedition for the sole purpose of giviiy themselves @ Dotoriety which they could never otherwise obtain, are now working Up the more ignorant of the people into a sort of semi-rebellion, of which nothing can come gave prolonged misgovernmeut of their country, and, very likely, the return to power of tue tory party. The latter now point exuitingly to ireland and say:—"There, this increased sediuon, this aug- mentauion of violence aud crime, Lis 18 What you Dave gamed by the disestablisument of the Jrisp Church." I am creditabiy informed (and indeed It Is only what we read every day in the papers that have aad do support the présent Muusuy) tat privately Mr. Gladstone and many of the Ministers acknowledge that the Iris Church bul Gas /atied in pacilying Ire- land, and that, in jact, the state of that country is now worse than i was beiore. And | hear many English avd Irish liberals say the same. During your groat civil war in America your ple ty the North took up an attitude, a position, which drew well merited praise even from those in this country Who sympathized most with the Con- Tederates. | aliude to that coulidence in the govern- ment and deterfiination to wait out the turn of events, Now, tne irish seein to be working exactly on the opposite tack. they will not wait, They bave made the amnesty of the political convict pris- oners their platform, and declare that uniees that boon—whicb, by the way, they speak of as a right— ts granted they will Listen to noting else. As the Weekiy Dispateh, One Ol We wost ultra liberal papers ‘we bave in England, said a short time ago, ‘“nogov- | fault was to be found with the Catholic bishops, or ernment in the wortd could listen for @ moment to | that they ever mixed more than became them 1n po- Sene wan. for thelr cry 1s, untie our hands and then | litical matters, Perhaps | am wrong, but I account we'll strike you.’ What gooa can come of this agitation? None | laying down. Your Catholic bishops ta America—at whatever, but, on the contrary, great harm. [ | Jeast such as I have met in Europe—are all very foresee in it & great loss of support.by Mr. Glad- | “Roman” in thelr tone, and are therefore not much stone from his Eoglisa aud Scotch Hberals upon | given to meddle in jocal politics at home. In Ireland Irish questions, and, not at all unlikely, the return | and in France it is exactly the reverse. in both to power of the tory party. of the whole business 1s the total loss of influence | Roman in their line of thoaghi, and are anxtous to which the Roman Catholic priests have sustained in | be deemed “national,” “independent” and free of many districts (in all the disturbed parts of the | “Roman” influencgs. And jhe consequences, as & country) over their floc ten to them for a momen! Ecumenical Council, and they determined indifference, and, indeed, opposition, on | cloth in the face of a bull, It drives them mad litical matters, to their advice. They either cannot or will not gee that storm brewing in Ireland therecan } the centralizanon of such an immense be little doubt; but It ig still more certain that the | body as the Catholic Church and the placing of it storm will only injure those who are the dupes of | under she rule of # patriarch who is independent of the agitators. The British government is fully alive | all governments is really the only guarantee that to the tronbie that it believes to be in store. * | you have for the liberty of that Church, Where iy last Thursday's steamer six detecuves were | would you be in America sent to the United States, there to observe and graph to England any well known Fenians that leave | there not be perpetual intrigues seeing your liber. your side of the Atlantic for this country. Of these | ties being carried on by the whi fe: detectives four are ex-Fenians, for it 13 @ curious | But with the present organization as Rome—a Sial fact that whenever or wherever ten Irishmen con- | or a Power strong in spiritual, but weak in tem spire togetner two or three are sure to turn inform | poral power-there can never be any danger of inter- ers upon the others. With such precautions and with an increased police and military force through- out the country, Judge what chance a socalled re- ave of anything like, even temporary, Judge also, 1 any insane at tempts at rising against the government are wade, bow the hands of the tories will be strengthened and all chance of good government for Ireland put back for the next ten years at least, bellion would success 10 ireland. The Ecumenical Council—The Pope’s Letter to Archbishop Manuing—Infallibility—The Theological Aspect—Church and State— Catholicity in America. Since my last letter on the subject of the Ecument- cai Council there has appeared in the London news- papers a letter from the Pope addressed to Arch- Of these two dignitaries it is dum- cult to say which is the best abused man, at least by the British newspapers. If his Holiness says noth- ing he is taken to task for his atlence; if he writes anything he is denounced for daring to write. The letter of which I speak 1s simply adocument by which Pius the Ninth seeks to correct an error into which a great number of English writers on the sub- Ject had fallen. They have for a long time been abusing bim for daring to convene acouncil by these opinions would be condemned. The Pope writes now that this is a mistake. The Council, he says, is not called together to decide upon any former heresy or error, all of which have been long But what is meant is to discuss and decide matters connected with tne faith and discipline of the Charch, and if others, not of the Church, wish their diMculties to be smoothed -or their way to be made clear, in order to enter the Catholic Church, they have only to come to Rome, where learned divines will show them what 1s the The letter is tnat of a simple- minded old man, 4 fervent believer in his own creed, and very anxious indeed that others should join that creed, or church, which he believes to be the only But 1t has been met by a torrent of abuse from the English press, and if the poor Pope had ordered an invasion of England he could hardly be in greater disfavor than he is with the wise men of But in England men must not dare even to think differently from the infallible press, which isthe most intolerant of all powers tn the world, and yet is always procialming itself to be the And now to return to where I left oif in my last, respecting what no doubt the coming Council will be occupied in’ discussing, namely, the personal infallibility of the Pope, when speaking ex cathedra, or ofticially, on matters of faith. As I said in a former letter, there can be little doubt that this dogma will be defjned at the Council, and, a8 I believe, tt will become part and parcel of the faith of the Catholic Church. My reason for thinking 80 is, that of the many Catholic bishops and priests you mect at present on their way to Rome one and all seem to think that the great majority of the Council will be in favor of this action.. Even those whoare antagonistic to the doc- trine and who do not think that the question ought to be mooted at present seem to believe that if mooted 1t will be carried by a very large majority. On the other hand those who are in favor of the dogma say that the denial of the infallibility of the Roman Pontiff is neither obscure, unobtrusive or latent, but that it is patent, notofious, importunate a8 they say, not indeed Trance; but it exists still, Its rooig are yet in the soul and alive, They look upon this denial of the infallibility as gravest Kind. They say that it exis: of active and hostile minds in cay fe and in \d it has been taken up by both countries as a Weapon of controversy or of con- tumely, against the Catholic Church, and especially Catnolics, they assert, are virtually united on ali doctrines of faith, even on the Jmmac- ulate Conception; but on the infallibility of the Pope there is @ divergence, which the enemies of the Church thing, or pretend to think, 1s a contradiction As Archoishop Manning, who seems to be oue of the most active and urgent advocates in favor of the definition of the dogma, says in his pastoral to nis clergy, from which I have quoted before, ‘“The combined action of Gallcanism within the Caurch and of Protestanis without it has given to this erro- neous opinion @ notoriety 1m the last two centuries, and especially in France and England, which takes it out of the catagory of imperfect and innocuous errors which may be left to evaporate or to be ab- it has inscribed uself in the history of the Church, and will live on until by the Church tt is Jinally condemned.” Here, then, 1 may ventare to say, we have got at whai 18 tbe great object of the Council. Dr. Manning ig @ prelate in high lavor at Home. He is a leading man in the Catholic Church, not only in bis own don’t believe bishop Manning. ago condemned. trath, and so forth. this wise land. most tolerant. and organized. in power, 4 once the Holy See, that no would, on the eve of where he is to take @ prominent part (and of which, among the whole 800 or 900 bishops there assembied he will be almost toe oniy—I believe the one only—convert trom Pro- Vestantism) he would hardly, l ventare to submit, put fortn the words I have marked in Italics with- out some good reason for doing so, and without be- img aware that the dogma for which he contends so earnestly will, without doubt, form a part anda very important part, of the discussions of that With the theological portion of tne question it is neither my m1ss100 nor my intention to deal, I quite agree with Arcubishop Manning when he says, in another part of bis pamphiet, that, from a Catholic point of view, It is right that the truth should ve known regarding tais dogma. ‘Let the truth be de- ciared,” he says, “whichever way it go.” It is not Ligete or give ny opinion whether the dogiwa 18 true or false; but I think 1 have fairly established my position that it wit form one of the Wain questions of tne Counctl, and that, looking at it (rom @ Catholic point of view, it is a most im- portant question, Let us now look at the question as regards the outer world. What effect will tuis drawing nearer of the Catholic Church to Rome have upon the reiations of that Church with society and With the itverties of mankind and of the different nationalities of the world? ‘Ihe theory 1 am about to promulgate may seem at first very absurd, but it is one that has not been formed ina hurry, and which on reflection will, I believe, recommend liself to many of your readers, ivis this, To begin with, the Catholic Church ali over the World 1 Of itself a power that no government can aiford to ignore or despise. Even in the United Slates it 18 & Mumerous, Compact and orderly spirit- if, a8 in your country and as in Bngiand, It 1s Kept quite apart from the’ State, it will, reat good among the more un- its followers. I!, however, on hand, it becomes a Stace church, it js sure Men are men ail the world over, generai rule, eect to effect evil. Whether priests or laymen, Church becomes part an seems lavariably to love all thatit has of good and+ vo work out its own destructioa by working evil on From this it follows that the Catholle Church, although allowed full scope and liberty, like ail over creeds aud denominations, ought never to be- come or be allowed to become @ State church. Of Luis there is no fear, you Will say, in America, for in your great repubile ali religions are looked upon as but you Will aiways have tue Cathollc Church, either national or leaning upon Rome; 1 will always have i@ main stay at Balumore or in the city that ts pullt on Seven Hills; ond f inaintain that the less you have it national, an the more you have it as part of a one great whole, Whose centre 1s in Italy, the jess cham oF 1t obtaining Undue tufuence in the land, the more Independent it Will be in itsedt and whe jess likely to interiere With ‘he laws of the land where its lot is Archbishops, bishops and priests, whose headship 1s in Rome, are pe power vo those Who are inaependont spiritual rulers and Catholic bishops are too own flocks to adit of their ing independent pastors each in his own country. ‘Yherefore it #8 that the more dependent the Catuolic Church of aby nation 14 Upon jtome, tne less likely wil it be ever o interfere with the laws or liberty of From this it follows (or, at least, Whether cigiit or Wrong, such is my theory) that as toe infallibility of the Pope, if declared to bea mat ter of faith, will, by — the visnope of the Church more cependent upon much pewer wat in their own ccuntr, owerful with the! that nation or country. tmey might (J don’t guy that they would, but thas they might) use in troublesome umes against the well being Of the State. In a word, by reduclug thelt power it will diminish their infu. ence; aud 1 dyn’t think this will be @ bad thing for the world at large—certainly not in worldly matters, You will say :nat in the United States tue Catholic Fpiscopacy aus always been loyal vo its citizenship, During the late civil war in your coun- heard a word f either in the Nort or who sou prevending tha’ NEW YORK HERALD, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1869.—TRIPLE SHEET. for this in @ great measure by the theory I have been The most curious part | these countries the bishops are more or leas ant- such has not thus far The people will not lis- | general rule, are that they interfere far too much In aro] the East— in this, as in most other undertakings, is much bet- 5 : ; A tase gs and Fe pene, and are more oonateg: with Sains: (ca ae E pe and ‘ How bog ve n ts on their way to Rome for the | World U XU. 19 18 & ques Maritime Railri ponsistioal Govaall aud iI'say that they never | Fnglisumon cannot understand. ‘The very mention Great and 0 Vigated for twelve montns by small steamers and remember and never heard of in olden times such a | to them of the word ‘“Kome”’ 13 like suaKing a red Interests will be Affected. sailing ships without any unfavorable result. The By mail from the East, by way of Europe, We | salt wate! if France or any other tele- | European Power were supreme at Rome? Would Catholic body t ference tn secular affairs by the Church, In my next letter, in which I hope to bi subject to an end, I shall put before you whi taken some pains to collect from the writ Catholic bishops throughout the world, as to what is really meant—what they really mean—by the infallibility of the Pope. Like all other doctrines snd opinions and ogee, 1b gets smalier the nearer we ai proscl fo it. [may be wrong, but it seems to me that the dogma 1s no novelty in the Catholic Charen, and that if defined even as authoritatively ag Be. Manning advocates it will merely be putting in plain terms what hag been already 3 standing tra- dition of the Churon. It will certainly draw tho bishops of that Church nearer in spiritual matters to Kome, but after ali it will be but putting tn prac. tice what they have all along held in theory. TURKEY. From Hungary to Constantinople=—Trip from Pesth and Scenes by the Way—Un the Heels of Imperialism aud the Bank of the Danube— An Englishman on Constitutional Rights Railroading to Varna—Anglo-Turkism and Its Work—The Emperor of Austria First Saluted by Prussia—Baron Buest’s Policy. CONSTANTINOPLE, Nov. 5, 1869. On the evening of the 25th of October I started from the railroad station at Pest on the way to the residence of the formerly “sick man’? of the Bos- phorus, who, notwithstanding his desperate state of health, and hia more than desperate state of finances at that time, is now dispensing hospitality to royal and imperial guests, Tho train conveying the Emperor of Austria and his suite preceded us by three hours, On our jour- ney from Pest wo Baziash, on the Danube, nothing occurred beyond the ordinary monotonous incidents of a night train without sleeping cars and over- crowded with passengers, Towards morning we found ourselves in the lower Banat or Plain of Svuthern Hungary—a country very much like Southern Russia or the prairies of Southern Iitinols. The Banat 1s the most productive part of Hungary, and is famous for its fine wheat. and travel betwoen Europe and the East. Two years ago it was the good fortune of your tive operation. correspondent to pass over the entire line of the Saez Ship Canal, between Port Said and Suez; to spend some time on the fresh water canal, between Ismailia and the latter town, and to forward to the HERALD the earliest full account of those great works ever published in an American journal. In the communication referred to I briefly pointed out the diMcuities which had then been overcome and those which still remained to be met, I at the same time stated the opinion, an opinion which more re- cent experience has proved to be correct, that these difficulties had always been greatly over estimated, and closed my letter expressing my conviction that the work would be successiully completed within the given time. The canal may now be pronounced finished, though from 1,500,000 to 1,400,000 cubic metres of earth yet remain to be dredged from its bed in order to give it the maximum depth of eight metres (twenty-six feet three inches). Eight days only in- tervene between my present writing and the formal opening of the work. The completion of the canal may therefore fairly be considered an accomplished fact. Itnow only remains to be seen whether it can be kept permanently open, and whether it will at- tract suMcient business go it to enable its proprietors to make tt pay. Retrospects of great enterprises successfully car- ried to completion have this very important advan- tage over mere prospective speculations, that they are profitable as well as popular, which the latter seldom are. No more favorable opportunity than the Lonpon, Nov. 18, 1869. here. cut through a sandy desert like that between Port THE SUEZ CANAL. Said and Suez can withstand the action of water producea by the passage through it of steam vessels of from 2,000 to 3,000 tons burden, ata speed of even Presen ture— g | six miles an hour—the maximum rate of speed Past, i t and Fut Mr. Fowler's allowed by the company’s rogulattons—without Objections Answered—Influence of the | sustaining serious damage to its banks. All Canal on the Extent and Direction of that neod be said on this point is been the experience Trade and Commerce Between of the present company, and that experience ter than theory. One halfof the canal-has been na- tendency of the submerged portion of the banks is unquestionably to harden under the action of tho ; |nd It Is not Improbable that by the time have the following correspondence from Port Said, | the canal is excavated to its maximum depth and dated on the 8th of November, furnishing the frst | width throughout, and ready to admit vessels of the special written newspaper review had in detail of } largest size, the banks will have acquired such a de- our cable telegrams relative to the great work of the | gree of solidity as to leave no suflicient cause for Suez Ship Canal. The writer presents the history of | further apprehension on this score. In the sharp the modern enterprise, passes in review the many | curves and other very exposed Ppertions of the canal dimculties which were overcome, states tne present | it may be found necessary to face the slopes with situation, and, in conclusion, draws a happy fore- | gtone above and below the water line; but this 1s a cast of the commercial and other effects of the new | contingency that may never arise; and, to gum up transit, and {ts influence on the direction of trade | prieny the whole subject immediately under «con- sideration—viz., the maintenance of the canal as a permanent navigabie channel between the two seas— THE SUEZ CANAL, it may, I think, be confidently assertea that the means and appliances which have served to create Port SarD, Nov. 8, 1869. is will assuredly suffice to keep it in a state of effec- The impossibility or diMculty of supplying the ab- straction of the waters of the Bitter Lakes during the evaporation of the summer months through the ordinary section of the canal between the Bitter Lakes and Suez has been made another point of discussion by Mr, Fowler, but as no amount of mere speculative reasoning will in the slightest degree asaist the general reader to an appreciation of the merits of such an argument I forbear to discuss It The practical utility of the canal itself and its malntenance for the purposes of navigation ad- mitted, the real question remains, will it pay? Will the traMo through it be sufficient to meet not only the enormous cost of construction but the contingent expense which its operation must for a considerable season entail upon its projectors? In order to answer this question satisfactorily it will be necessary to consider briefly two other points—First, what was the purpose for which the canal was constructed? and, second, 18 that object likely to be attained, and if so, by what means? The primary object in building the canal, as is now pretty generally understood, was to save not only the long and tedious voyage round the Cape of Good Hope, but also the more expeditions yet more troublesome and expensive rallway route across the isthmus, The following table will show the saving effected in distance by the canal over the Cape route between the ports named and Point de Galle, Ceylon, which is chosen as representing o point of mean distance in the Kastern seas:— At half-past eight o'clock we arrived at Bazlash, close on the heels of the imperial party, who had takey the steamer two hours and a half bofore. We found the arches covered with evergreens, the fags more salient changes which this canal is likely to more thoroughly to do this I propose to consider pilgrims to Mohammedan sanctuaries, a3 well First, then, as to the permanent availability of the | New York. present is likely to offer tor pointing out some of the Distance in Geographical Miles.| Per Cent effect in the commerce of Europe, aud in order the By Cape.\ By ‘Suez. ‘ London.. 14,340 flying and the decorations still unremoved. Every- be neteiee een eee roe aun EOUaE eee Marseilles. 14,500 thing Indicated the recent presence of the royal | ®°Parately ‘Trieste . . canal for the purposes of navigation. Granted that the canal is built, grave doubts apparently still exist in the minds of many as to the ability of the company to Keep it open. Mr. J. Fowler, in his very able report and letter upon the canal published last year, stated as his opinion that the silting up of the sand at the Port Said entrance and the ac- tion of the waters of the Mediterranean would be found to be so great that the westorn jetty would have to be lengthened and strengthened, and that the more exposed portions of the canal—such, for instance, as Ei Guisr and Serapeum—would have to be planted with trees for the purpose of attracting the sand drift across the desert and keeping it from falling into the canal In order to fully appreciate the validity of Mr, Fowler’s argument it will be necessary for the reader to understand as fully a3 he can be expected to ‘without personal inspection the nature of tif har- bor of Port Said and the plan upon which the jetties have been constructed. I will therefore endeavor briefly to describe them:— Port Said, a8 is now generally known, Is situated on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, 120 miles north of Alexandria, and nearly midway between the eastern mouth of the Nile and the Gulf of Pelense or Pelusium, Previous to the creation of the town it was simply a low, sandy beach, open to the sea and divided from Lake Menzaleh by a nar- row ridge of sand. In order to form a harbor at once safe and spacious enough to accommodate the fleets of ships which were expected to seek transit through the canal it was proposed to build two jetties or piers, at right angles with the shore, which has ac- cordingly been done. These jetties are respectively 8,600 and 2,600 yards, rather more than two miles and one mile and a haif in length, They are 1,550 yards apart at their shore end and 450 yards at their sea end, and embrace a triangular area of 575 acres. This area has been dredged to the depth of thirty feet and forms the outer harbor, or avant port, where vesse!s will anchor before enter- ing the basins which communicate with the canal. The piers are constructed of huge concrete blocks, composed of sand mixed with hydraulic lime, brought from Thiel, in France, and weigh twenty- two tons each. The method pursued in constructing the piers was as simple as that employed in forming the blocks. Three blocks were placed side by side on the ocean bed. Upon these two more were placed in a similar manner, and on this substratum others were dropped irregularly till the requisite neight was reached. Great fears were entertained on the occasion of my second visit (November, 1869), even by the engineers themselves, that the Nile deposits, which are continually finding their way eastward to the amount, it is estimated, of 13,000,000 cubic yards per annum, would gradually silt up and obstruct the harbor, notwithstanding the shelter afforded by the west jetty. These fears have unfortunately proved but too well founded, and a bank of sand of very considerable extent has gradually formed within, as well as without the piers. The change in the shore line produced by the alluvial accumula- tions west of the main pler will not, it is thought, affect the utility of the harbor, though it may, in course of time, necessitate the lengthening of the pier itself; but with the deposit that has already formed within the harbor the case is widely dif- ferent. This difficulty, which might ‘easily have been obviated by building the jetties solid fully up to, if not @ little above, the water line, thus pre cluding the possibility of the sand drifting through the interstices, a8 it now does, threatens to be a serious expense to the company. In brief, it must be admitted that this part of the work has failed. The western jetty, if not both jetties, must be ren- dered intact, or dredges will have to be employed to an extent that will seriously interfere with the frame through the canal, In reference to the second point raised by Mr. fowler—viz., the accumulation of sand in the chan- nel of the canal in its more exposed portions, caused vy the winds on the, desert—there 1s less need for liscuasion. So long as the public mind remained possessed with the idea that the wifole line of the, canal lay through & desert composed of fine, drifting sand great stross was laid upou the hopelessness of keeping the canal open, and many saw, or pre- tended to see, in thia a suffiviont excuse for beltey- fag the project impracticable, But with more accu- rate knowledge in regard to the localities has come 8 corresponding change in opinion. There are, in as to the Christian shrines, The passengers were much disappointed at not finding the steamer in walting which was to take us down the Danube, and were obliged to wait hour after hour in the muddy Beziasn. The delay had tne effect of making ail the travellers better ac- quainted, and it was soon discovered that on tho passenger train from Pesth there were representa- tives of no less than eighteen nationalities, There was an American from Northern Oregon, a Russian general from the Caucases, an English Member of Parliament, a shopkeeper from Tiflis, Georgia, and every nationality of Western Europe, without a single exception, was represented. The interest aroused by such @ varied acquaintance helped to wear away the time, which, under all ordinary cir- cumstacices, hangs 80 heavily where one is obliged to walt for a train or a steamer. At hall-past three in the afternoon the steamer was at the pier, and at four we started. It was (etl apa discovered that our troublesome waiting at Beziash was caused by a “secret order’? given to the cap- tain of the boat todelay, 80 a8 not to give the possibility of our party coming into the neighbor- hood of the imperial traveller and his suite, Upon hearing this the Englishmen were greatly enraged and declared that constitutionalism iu Austria was “a mockery, @ delusion and @ snare;’’ that if the Queen of Euglana were to do such a thing it woula ubject for consideration in Parliament, This indignation did not help as on, and as seven o'clock we were obliged to stop for the mgnht on ac- count of the rapids of the Danube, which can only be oroased im the daytime. Had we been able to keep on our way in the morning we could have travelled all might, and thus arrived one day eariler in Constantinople. But, a8 one of the traveilers re- Marked, the divine right of kings, though extinct in theory, still exists, to @ certain extent, in pracuce in many European countries, and the convenience of a few hundred ordinary mortals is not to be thought of if it does not accord with the wishes o1 crowned Tulers of the earin. The ratiroad from Rustchuck, on the Danube, to Varna, on the Black Sea, is & Gy feared in 106 way. It is kept up and managed by Englishmen, and a certain per cent is guaranteed by the Turkish gov- ernment. So that it may be looked upon as one of the products of that ‘‘sincere” friendship and cor- diality which exista between the governments of Turkey and England, and a beautiful produc: it is, Ifthe world were searched over nothing could be found equal to the Varna road for bad management and disorder, After passing over a road which mast operate fearfully upon @ Man of weak nerves, r one who has a fear of death, we arrived at Varna, here we found the following means of continuing the journey to Constantinople:—A steamer about a mile from shore, # pier extending several rods into the sea, narrow, without lamps, withouc railings, so that ail were obliga to Walk carefully in the centre lest @ false siep uAght carry them overboard ;a¢ the end of the pier @ rickety staircase and a couple of dim lamps afforded the possibility of finding our way, the best we could, into little boats, which were to transport us on board the steamer. Fortunately the weaiber was favorable and the waves did not Tun high, 80 that ye could embark without much danger. The indignation, however, was universal. The high road to the ancient capital of the Eastern Roman empire, and the chief city of the Manom- Medan world in modern times, was found to ve in such a state as to threaten the life of every passen- ger who has occasion to travel over it, Beautiful Truita o1 the Angio-iurkish alliance. I was glad to find that there were some Englishmen in the com- pany, who acknowledged this, and who did not esitate to say that England’s course in the Eastern question Was not only unchristian, but hostile to English interesta, England hag estranged the feel- Angs of all Christians in the East, It 1a seen that she 4g an enemy of the most sacred principies the mo- ment that they may tend to diminisu her power. ‘This made England the friend of a slaveholding re- bellion tn America, the enemy of Crete at a time when all Europe advised the cession of the island to Greece, And this same principie of shortsighted selfishness will deprive her of every friend in the world and reduce her to te of hopelessness in the great family of nations. ith regard to the Varna Kailroad the Turkish government does not pay the guarantee of six per cent, on the plea that the tne Boglish company does not fulfil its contract, The English company, receiving no dividends, aliows the pubite to fina its Way over the road the beat way it can. After escaping all perils by sea and land we arrived at Constantinople on the 29th, late in the evening, and found the city enurely occupied with the recep- tion of the Austro-Hungarian monarch. Adiirai Te- gethoff, having under his command four vessels of the Austrian fleet, awaited the Emperor at Varna. The Sultan’s yacht Sultaniek, having on board the Grand Vigier, the Austrian Ambassaador, Osten, Omar Pacha, Commander-iw-Uhief of the Turkish armies, together with several sid-de-camps of the Sultan, aiso repaired to Varua to conduct the Empe- ror to Constantinople. On Thursday, the Emperor being on board, the Sultanien was met at the entrance w the Boaphorus by anumber of steamers containing Austrian and Hungarian residents of Constantinople, together with many othe: passengers, Upon enteriag the Bosphorus the first salute tired tn boaor of the impe- riai visitor was from the yacht of the Crown Prince of Prossia, This welcome was soon joined in by the ‘Turkish man-ol-war and Mohammediain, or at jeast its representatives expressed, their joy at the arrival of his Apostolic Majesty in the city of the Sultan, The Sultanieh cast anchor in the Bosphorus, and the Sultan appeared in his caique, Wearing the order of S@ svephen, and going on b ‘d was met by the Emperor at the head of the stairs. The temporal representatives o1 Catholicism and Molammedanism shook hands aud descended to the Suitan’s caique, tuence to the palace of Doilma Bagtcne, where tue Sultan conducted nis guest vo his apartwents, where 6 presented w him the Minister of the Ottoman government, Alter the presentation by the Emperor of the prin- cipal persons of bis suite the Suican retired, aud received @ Visit shortly after from his guest. per in the evening, at which the Prince ot P was present, closed the festivities of the first day. Saturday, the recond day, a review was held, which certainly did not show tue Turkish army to advantage, Of this review I shall give an account tomorrow. There has also been a dinner, at which all the diplomatic corps Wasa present—an event which took place for the first time in Turkish history. The Turks, T am told, are a little taken aback by the visit, considering {has another of Count Boust’s poltica: mover. error of the in a handful testanta in tain that the canal and the world, And I European Powers, not. and once the Cathouc parcel of the State it will there be na of very Interior extent by sand from the desert, These are El Guisr Empire in Hindoatan. suuth. At these points the cuttings are deep, and tome, take trom them tis thought, also be found nocessary. many, in the destructive action of its waters, caused | repeated issues of Lor” a ho reat pd er dE by the passage through It of large vessols, Many | ¢ oe, Clearly there 1s@ saving of fifty per cent in dis- tance and a proportionate saving in time between the canal and Cape routes. The distance and time by railway between Alexandria and Suez by the present travelled route via Zagazig is very nearly the same as that through the canal; but the expense and dolay necessary in breaking cargo at Alex- andria, transporting 1¢ acrosa the isthmus, and re- shipping it at Suez are so great as to give the canal very greatly the advantage for the future. Indeed, there can be no good reason for doubting that the canal company can afford, under almost any circumstances, to give transit to steamers at rates which will defy successful competition on the part of the railway company for the transit of heavy goods across the isthmus. As regards the route round the Cape the case is different. that from five to six million tons of shipping en- gaged in the India and China trade now annually double the Cape of Good Hope. A considerable share of this traMic it is the hope of M. de Lesseps and his co-projectors to be abie to divert to the stip canal. Whether they will be able to do so remains to be seep, and in the opinion of many well informed ship- pers is very doubtful. itis well known that a large proportion of the products of the East seeking European markets will not afford to pay a steam freight in addition to the foll required by the com- pany under its present tariff, and it is equally cer- It is estimated tension, the Red Sea, cannot be successfully navigated by sailing vesseis. The consequence will be that the Cape liners and clippers will con- tinne to sail their present route till compelled, by competition, to seek the short cut across. Steam ‘will, however, sooner or later, supersede sailing vos- sels altogether. Steamers fitted with auxiliary screws, of light draft, and otherwise adapted to the navigation of the canai and the Red Sea, will be built expreasly for the trade, and when they are the traMoc through the canal will largely increase and that round the Cape be proportionately reduced, The following facts, comptied from the ofi¢lal register of the canal company, though it cannot de- termine even the probable extent of the future pusi- ness of the canal, may serve insome degree to fur- nish the general reader with a safe basis upon which to estimate its relative importance to the several M. de Lessepa estimates that from 2,000,000 to 8,000,000 tons will paas through the canal during 1870, and that this amount will be doubied the foliowing year. 1 see no good reason for thinking tne estimate excessive; for tt must be borne in mind that all ves- sels using the canal are required to pay toll (ten francs or two dollars per ton) on their measurement tonnage, whether they have the cargo on board or ‘The English and the French will, for some time at least, be the largest customers of the canal com- pany, their rival steamship lines, the Peninsular and Oriental and Messageries Impériales, furnishing now the chief mediums of communication between Europe and the East, But in this respect, as in many others, this new highway must effect a radical and Permanent change. If permanently successful it | must practically cat off Aloxandria, Marseilles and Southampton from the monopoly they have so long held of the Mediterranean trade with Egypt and the East, and open the fleld to successful competition. Brindisi and other porta on the eastern coast of Italy, by reason of their greater proximity to Port Said, will share largely in the rich trade of Marseilles and Southampton. Trieste also will become a for- midable competitor for the trade of Central Europe. The Austrian Lioyd’s line of sveamers from the latter port is doing a@ steadily in- creasing business, and diready giving evidence that it feels the stigulus. So fatas tho passenger, mail, and fast freight traMe with the East is concerned it seems well nigh certain that these two ports will supplant thetr older and woalthier rivais altogether. A new commercial era is dawning on Central Europe, the events and resulta of Which tt is now impossible to aetermine. As for our neighbor , Alex- andria, which has furnished altogether the moat re- markable instance of growth in the East, it seems not unlikely that the canal will operate unfavorably. Boats will proceed from European ports direct to the canal instead of to Alexandria as hitherto. left aside, save for the purposes of local trade, it must decilne almost as rapidly as it has risen. reality, bat three points throughout the entire length | British Statement of tho Canal Revolation— cfthe canal likely to ve affected to any considerable Its Probable War Uses and Danger to the on the north and Serapeum and Chalouf on the [From the London Saturday teview, Nov. 20.] fi bs t) bp ee laudabie adroitness, Ana Bug- . " Ish prejudice as a lever to move the sympathies and tw banks consequently high and much exposed. | tie speculative inclinations of his counsrymen. Owing to their height, the simple expedicnt of | scemed a piausible inference that a Work Which was fotming a wall or dyke’ by depositing the sand esi honed or Peony injurious to ees wouid conier @ corresponding advantage on France. Gredged out of the canal on either side of the canal | 1 was not aimoult ior French ongineers to show that was found impracticable, and tt may in conse- | Mr. Stephenson's unfavorable judgment was prema- qaence be found necessary to construct an artificial | Wire, I not oun on" and tt bad oa tai that oat J d atmaveur politician on the Continent of Europe would fence, or to plant trees and shrubs, as suggested by | take pleasure in thwarting Lord Palmerston. Mr, Fowler. A dredge or two in Lake Timsah may, | estimates of future profit were neither more nor less (rustwortuy than the conjectural statistics of otter Another obstacle to the* successful navigation of pemee thats be otters, inchnes bar tas the canai has presented itself, in the estimation of | they wish. Large sums have been raised by and deventures, and funds which would nevortheleas have occurred fas been overcome by oven go tue length of contending that no more canal | the political resources uch M. do Lessena Was Able to secure. The French government, which had from the first encouraged in every way the Project of the canal, used its influence with tie Viceroy of Egypt to induce bim to contribute large sums of money and the still more indispensable commodity Of labor, A scheme of ceding a tract of land along the canal to the company, which would nave been equivalent to the interposition of a French colony between Egypt and the rest of the Turkish empire, Was defeated by the resolute vigtiauce of rd Palmerston; but a great part of the work was done by the forced labor of Egyptians, who were subjected to ap express conscription for the purpose. The ar- rangement was ultimately modified in consequence of Lord Palmerston’s representauions that the ays- tem was scarcely distinguishabie from slave lavor; but the Egyptian government was compelied to re- deem by heavy money payments the engagements which it could no longer perform in Kind. It is said that the pressure which has been placed on the Viceroy has alieuated his feelings frou France; but it 1a possible that confidential communtecations to Englishmen may not be always wholly unreserved, The creator of @ great public Work ia Lot to be too harshly criticised for using the implements which he finds withio his reach, If the Suez ‘al becomes the main artery of trade between the Kast and the West M, de Lesseps’ fame will long outlive the memory of his financial or mechantoal contrivances, The doubtful or exaggerated accounts of the pro- gress of the canal which have from time to time been published by his agents in France and England are atthe worst not more reprenensibie than the sanguine assurances of ordinary projectors. Mr. Fowler's valuable and trastwortiy report on the state o/ the catfal eight or nine months ago con- rms tho opinion of M. de Lesseps’ professional ad- visers, that the work can be completed aad used, The exclusion of “silt”? from the approaches and of the sand of the desert from the chaunel itself may be effected at a certain expense, If tne siacs crumble with the wash of passing steamers the mise chief may be remedied by linings of masoury, which algo will cost only calculable gums. Although o steamer on the late experimental trip grounded and fouled its screw, steam dredgos will remoye occa- sional sandbanks and give a uniform depth of water from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. The sidings which must be prociaed at Irequent ihtervals to allow large vessels to pass one another Wul ve omy lateral extenslons of the canal itself. Finally, itmay well be deemed incredible that the engineers of the canal should be ignorant of the defecia which would render their gigantic work entirely abortive; nor can it be supposed that if they had discovered the failure of their bared pest they would have invited half the princes and statesmen of Kurope to cele- brate their utter discomfture, If the customs of Beypt resemble those @f Engiand the formal opening of she canal, and even the actual passage of seu- going vessels through uifferent sections of its entire length, will not have implied that it ls absolutely ready for use; but itis reported that more than a hundred vessels have been inscribed on the list of craft which are immediately to pass from Port said to Suez, and some of the number will probably have reached the Red Sea by the new passage before tuo end of the year, Marseilles, Trieste and Odessa are eager to take advantage of their comparative prox- imity to the canal, and Venice herself is nut without hope of recovering a share Of her ancient intercourse with the East, I the passage is found practicable and convenient experience will show whewler London and Liverpool can contend against the disadvantage of being 1,000 or 2,000 miles further from Port Satd than tie rival ports, The competition will probably affect the merchants and Manufacturers of the different countries not less immediately than the shipowners. Uniess cargoes and markets are forthcoming a saving of (reigat will be comparatively unimportant, Indian cotton and Chinese tea destined for England must traverse the entire distance, even if they were imported in foreign bottoms, The products and the wants of Italy, of Germany and of Russia will for many years not enable them to compete with England for the trade of the East. ‘The rivalry of Marseiiles may perhaps be more formidable; but an advantage of a thousand miles in a long voyage will certamiy nos be decisive. Amore serious inconvenience might arise if the tonnage of passing vessels were luted by insuf- ficient depth of water or width of channel. English shipowners have found it to their interest to build larger ships than those which are commonly used by other nacions; and if they are forced to re- duce their tonnage in Eastern voyages, the reduction im size must extend to the same vessels when they are despatched to other parts of the world. If the largest ships which are now used, or wich might be built hereafter, are exciuded from the use or the canal, the effect will be the same as that of a short and steep gradient which may limit the load over 200 or 300 miles of railway. For a long time to come the canal, if it 18 to make any return to its pro- Jjectors, will admit six English ships for one belung- ing to all other countries. The canal will probabiy require in all cases the use of tugs; but the Ked Sea cannot be profitably navigated by sailmg vessels, because the tad ae winds are parallel to ite course, Winle there is no sufiicient room for shins to work to windward. The commercial marineot Eng- land is larger than that or the rest of Europe, and the excess of English sveamers is much larger than that of tonnage in general. If the voyage oy the Cape is found to be more commodivus and cheaper than the new passage there is no risk of foreign competition; and if, on the other hand, the canal supersedes the long voy: English ships will robably continue to carry the bulk of merchandise. For the transit of ight goods, of passengers and of specie smaller foreign vessels might obtain an artil- cial preference if the largest class of steamers were unabie to traverse tho canal. Lord Palmerston was mistaken, not in regarding the interest of Engiand, but in publicly deciaring his hostility lo an experiment which promised to be generally beneicial. His opposition stimulated the efforts of his antagonists, and the contingeat danger which ne foresaw may perhaps still be apprehended. During & War the canal would place an enemy who could seize and fortify one of the terminal ports half way between an English army in India and the base Df its opera- tions. An expedition from Sues might reach Bom- bay in three weeks, while reinforcements from Kng- land would be three months at sea, The promotera Ol the canal, even if they were not interested in tue possibility of such an operation, are perfectly jus- tified in denying the right of a singie Power to per- petuate, for its own beneft or security, an impedi- ment to the commerce of the world. The recent ceremony wgs not more than adequate to the occa. sion; but a célobration of the first year of profitabie working would be astill more exhilarating solem- nity. BOARD OF EDUCATION. Non-Resident Children Not to be Allowed in the Schoole—The Death of Assistant Supere intendent Seton. The regular session of the Board of Education was held yesterday afvernoon, the president, Mr. Richard L. Larremore, in the chair. When the roll was called ten members answered to their names. The first business in order was the consideration of the minutes of last meeting, which were adopted, after @ few alterations had been made in them, The Committee on Normal and Evening and Colored Schools reported that they had unanimously concluded to recommend Mr. Thomas Hunter for the GomGoe of president and Mr. Arthur Henry Dunden for the position of vice president of the Normal School. The committee presented the fol- lowing resolution, which was adopted without debate:— Resolved, That Mr. Thomas Hunter be and he hereby is appointed ‘president of the Female Dally Normal School, at a sulary of $4,500 per annum; that Mr. Arthur Henry Dunden be and hereby 18, appointed vice president of anid school, at a salary of $4,000 per annum, both to date from the first day of December inst. Resolved, That the president and vice president of tho Normal School have permission for not longer than one month to visit the beat normal schools in this and neighbor. ing States, with the view of investigating the moat approved methods of nortnal instruction. The School Inspectors who were nominated by the Mayor and whose names have already been pub lished, were confirmed, ‘The Committee on Bylaws reported the following important resolution, which was adopted :— . Resolved, That soction 181, page 145, of the bylaws be amended to. read as follows:—“No iperson other than an ac~ tual resident of the city of New York shall be allowed to at tend any school under tha control of this Board.” Mr. Woop offered resolution, which was adopted, asking Mr. Nathaniel Jarvis to furnish the Boar: with all the statistical information in his possession With reference to the devominational schools tn this city and county for which funds were appropriated by the Legisiature. i Condolatory and eulogistic resolutions on the deatn of Mr. Sainuel W. Seton, City Superintendent of Primary Schools, were passed, and the President avatied nimself of the opportunity to express hia personai sorrow for the loss the cause of education in this city had sustained by Mr. Seton’s decease. He also explained that he had not ordered the achoois to be closed on the occasion because the by- laws did not give him power to do so, and there was no time to call a meeting of the Board, Mr. LARREMORE paid an eloquent tribute to the Momory of Mr. Seton. The report of the special committee on bylaws was referred back, together with a resolution pro sented by Mr. Gross, proposing an amendment to one of the sections of the byiaws. ‘The Board then adjourned, THE SUICIDE ON WARD'S ISLAND. An Insane Woman Drowns Herself. The person who comunitted suicide in Ward's Island Hospital, as mentioned in yesterday's HERALD, Was Johanna Zimmerman, German wo- man, forty-two years of age. Deceased had been an inmave of the Emigrant Hospital since the 30th of Ootober jast, under the care of Surgeon Dwyer, for cancer of the breast, With walch she was sulferig. Occasionally she aypeared somewhat Mighty in her mind, but the surgeon had no idea she would harm herself. On Monday deceased expected ber brotner to call, but ag le did not come abe became despone- ent, and told one of her companions that she would notsieep in the hospiwal, and subsequently threatened to Mrs. Malove, the nurse, that she would throw herself trom the window, but she was prevented from executing that threat. At a later hour the un- fortunate woman entered the bathroom and after filing the bavh with water Jumped into it face dowu- wards With ber clothes on, soon alter which she was found dead, The surgeon was cailed and attempted to reguscitate her by means of electro-magnetia shocks but without avail. After hearing alt the evi- dence the jury found that deceased committed suis cige by diving in @ bath at tho Emigrant Hospital, Wards en ben the 2vth day of November, whtie laboring under temporary insanity, The case was investigated before Coronor Fiynun.