The New York Herald Newspaper, February 27, 1867, Page 10

10 WASHINGTON. CONTINUED FROM THIRD PAGE. vf their conduct certain members of Congress were to call npoa, him and report at a future meet_ng to be held tor the purpose of hearing thei report, These persons ¢alied ‘upon ihe President and reported that he ex- pressed a willingness (0 coafer with such gentlemen as might see ft to cail upon him. Members of Congress ‘then called upon him, and a meeting was called at wmotber place to hear their report, This meeting ‘was on the evening prior to the introduction of the the creation of this com- resolution authorizing Tmittoc vetmnelr report was that the parties whe had represented the President as desirous of Snting se preee et mon ground which he and Congress coui occupy on the subject of reconstruction were more than justifed by his position as coramunieated to them. The precip ation of events in Congress prevented other meotin, Members attended one of the meetings who @id not attend the other, and members invited to cach attended neither, Such is substantiaily the testimony Of the two persons who claimed that they originated this movement. They declined to give names, and the committee did not insist i ae it, Decause they could be called should further developments render it ; rhe committee had proceeded no further when called upon to report, and as the witnesses have had no oppor- tonity to revise their testimony since written out by the shorihand reporter, and as there are some portions of it that ought to be suppressed if the examination is to go no farther, the committee have deemed it prudent not to bring the testimony before the House, Indeed some of it is not yet written out, and the committee have not been able to obtam the least knowledge of the reported propositions for reconciliation to be discussed between the President and members of Congress attending the meetings, nor have they relia- bie expectations of obtaining such knowledge from other witnesses, as it appears that only the disposition of the parties to reconciliation was asserted at the last meet- Ing, and that was but the Friday evening before the last measure for recons'ruction was 80 unanimously sy ed by the opponents of the President's policy the House. No teetimony has been given reflecting in the Toast ae the integrity of the Pr: nor hag, there been the least testimony reflecting upon the tn- ‘egray of any member of louse, The har- mouious vote of the ity upon the last recon- straction bill, compared ith their earliest votes upon matters of di with the President, show, no inroads upon their rights, while the fact that ao member of the ic minority was invited to these private meet! by the professed friends of the Proside nt outside of Congress is.a testimonial to their firmness of purpose and le. Reeretting their inability to make a more elaborate report in the short apace of time allotted to them, and felling confident whatever were originally the arrangements for the bringing the House to a more har- monious action with the President, they are now effect- wally interrupted, and the committee ask to be discharged from the further consideration of the subject. JOHN WENTWORTH, Chairman. URITED STATES SUPREME COURT. c Important to Importers a ignees—De- duction fro juties e Damage to Goods Sea Will Not be Made After Entry at the Custom House—Decisions in Other Cases, Wasmnoton, Feb. 26, 1867. Philo 8. Shelton etal, Plaintiffs in Error. vs. Arthur W. Austin, Collector, de—The plaintatls imported mo- lasses from Matanzas, Cuba, which when shipped was sound and sweet, but which when imported at Boston was soured, the souring baving taken place on the voy- age, The molasses was entered in the usual manner at ‘tho full value of the sweet article, After entry the im- porters asked that the damages might be appraised and allowed inthe competes of duties, This was done, bat subsequently, by direction of the Secretary of ‘Treasury, the Collector refused to mako Htowance, and exacted and collected the whole duties from the plaintifis, who paid them under protest, and brought this action ww recbver them back. The Court below, for the district of Massachusetts, held that the damaces could not be allowed after entry of the goods, and gave judgment for the government, The case was appeaied, the plaintiffs in error contending that ender the fitty- wecond section of the act of March 2, 1799, the damages shonid be allowed. Mr. Justice Swayne now delivered the opinion of the court, holding that the act of 1823 repealed the provis- dons of the act of 1799, under whien the plaintiffs claim, and that, had it not done so, the piaintif's were not within the ten days prescribed by the act of 1799, in which proof of the damage must be lodged in the Cus- tom House, Another objection, which is also conclusive Against the pisintiffs’ claim, is that the act of 1823 re- quires the damage to be ascertained before entry of the goods at the Cusiom House. The plaintiffs entered their Property at the invoice prices, and then {neisted upon Av uppraisement of the damage and a corresponding re- duction of duties, and this being refused, paid the fall amount under protest. The protest was unavailing, aud the claim for appraisement of damages and reduction of daties came too tate, the docr of relief oeing thus closed ‘and there es no power to open it but the Legislature. ‘The right could be asserted or waived at the option of the importers, and the entry of the goods before ascer- taming the damages was a waiver, and there was no power in the Executive Department of the government to restore the right. The decision rests, therefore, on two grounds—first, the requisite proof was not lodged in the Custom House within the time prescribed by the act of 1799; and secondiy, the molasses was completely ‘entered before the proceedings authorized by the act of 1823 were demanded and taken. The judgment beiow is tbe the amount of med. ‘The following decisions were also rendered : No, 114. Kelty and another vs, Cross, et al.—Error to the Gireuit Court fo. the Northern District of Lilinois, Jndgment affirmed, with costs, Opinion by Justice ri No 124. Townsend, et al., ve. Greeley.—Error to the Sopreme Court of California, Judgment atlirmed, with coats, Opinion by Justice Field. No. 130. Panuaice, appellant, vs. Sampson.—Appeal from the Supreme Court of the Territory of Nevada. Decree affirmed. Opinion by Justice Davis. No. 421, City of Galena vs. the United States, ex rel. Army.-—Error to the Cireuit Court for the Northern Dis- trict of Iilinom, Judgment aifirmed, with costs. Opinion by Justice Swayne. Ne. 134, Boston ve, Forsythe.—Error to same court as above. Writ of error dismissed for want of jurisdiction, ‘Opivion by Justice Clifford. No. 136. Gilman vs. LAckwood.—Error to the Circuit Court for the district of Wisconsin. Judgment reversed and the cause remanded for proceedings, &c. Opinion by Justice Ciifford. ‘No. 361. Supervisors of Marshall county, Tl, vs. Schenck.—Error to the Circuit Court for the Northern aistriet of Illinois, Judgment aflirmed, with coste, ‘Opinion by Justice Clifford. No, 135. Parcell vs. Coleman et al.—A from the Supreme Court for the District of Coium! Judgment rmed with co-ts. Opinion by Justice Grier. No 123. The Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown Steam Packet Company vs. Sickles et al —Error to Sa- preme Court of the District of Columbia. Judgment rev-rsed and cause with direcuons to award vVeu.re de novo, Opinion by Justice No. 369. Bradley et al. vs. People of Litinois.— to Supreme of Iimola. J ment reversed and the cause ¥F. manded, with directions to enter a judgment affirming the decision of the Board of Supervisors, Opinion by Jasiiee Neon. No. 335. The Pacific Insurance Company ve Soule,— Cortificate of division from Circuit Court for District of Covmmpbia Cause dismissed for want of jurisdicuon. ‘Opinion by Chief Justice Chase. No. 346, Jones ay vs. De Lavallette and hus- band. ble it Court for district of Louisiana. Appeal dismissed for of j jotion and cause re- manded to the Cirsuit Court for saia district. Opinion by Chief Justice Chase. No, 11. State of Texas vs. Childs et. al.—Mo- murrer to bill set for argument first Mon- ~~ in May next No. lea. Chy of Philadelphia va. Diehl, “Argymen 1 ty ve. pay it ‘ommenced, oe COURT OF CLAIMS. Wasuixaton, Feb. 26, 1867. Ricard W. Mead, Administrator, dc. 0. the United State.—This is the old and familiar Spanish claim of KW. Meade, deceased, the father of General Meade, and of the present claimant, Commodore Meade, of the navy. pd in 619 ir furnished ‘the invasion ment ones © that country by teach unser teapeiee, act tee ition to be tried the with Spain of 1819, the Unned States assumed the cousteasten Conbing appear for the claim, and the government is eo by Soticiior Norton and Assistant Solicitor DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE. Nasnvix, Feb, 26, 1867. ‘The bog Court of Teanessee bas decided that notes of the Bank oi Tennessee could not be received in payment Of taxes due to the State. The decision caused # doo)iue Of the noves of the bank to 25 cents, FENIAN STATE CONVENTION, Ones, N. ¥., Feb, 26, 1867. ‘The New York tate Convention of the Fenian Brother- hood held & morning ceasion here to-day. President Roverte apd Bumerous other prominent and Influential members of the organization were present. The atiend- § of delegates was Jarge, representing a Of the Biate, ant the “delegates ves are of high character and known * Boe Conrenton 2 ia secret session thie Positive ix known as to the nature a Oe adireas js said to bear on topics howd ters hor toe Brotberboed and the objects they have Jn view. ill be ® public meeting to-morrew ¢vening, when Mi ‘naberts will deliver an addrase, Can Casvavty.—At s late hour yesterday’ afternoon Borpard Finland was found lying in a state of insensi- bility under the archway through which the curs pase a streeta, The anfortunate, a between the track while in a ¢tate Zoe aetna am ta server = SEW ‘YORK HERALD, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1867£TRIPLE SHEET, The MONKEYS OF SOUTH AMERICA, Interesting and instructive Lecture by Pro- fesser Louls Agassiz. The large hall of Cooper Institute was crowaed last ‘evening with a highly intelligent aud respectable audi- ‘ence of ladies and gentlemen, on the ocoasion of Profes- sor Louis Agassiz’s last lecture under vie auspices of the “Association for the Advancement of Science and Art.”” Having succetsively unfolded in a popular form the treasures of knowledge whieh he had acquired of the Amazon river and the region over which 1 traverses, ob- tained by his recent extended survey of that portion of the American continent, so far as refers to the configura- tion of that immense water basin or inland ocean, its glacial traces, geological strueture, land and aquatic ani- mals, and the wealth and variety of its rich tropical vege- tation, his lecture last evening had reference to the monkeys of South America and to its native inhabitants, 80 far as they differ in habits, appearance and ethnologi- cal conformation from the people of other portions of the American continent, On the subject of the monkeys of Brazil and the regiow of the Amazon tho observations of Professor Agassiz were taithful to nature, and so pointed by an advanced scientific knowledge as to be enter- taining and instractive and highly interesting. At a little before eight o’clock the lecturer was in- troduced by Dr. Griscompand proceeded to discuss the subject of his discourse, ‘The Monkeys and the Native Tahabitants of South America,” as follows:— Lapis axp Guytiemes—In an unguarded momeat I Proposed for this evening’s lecture the subject which has been announced upon the tickets, If I had con- sidered the watter more maturely I would probabiy have abstained irom bringing into such public notice a subject so full of difficulties, respecting which, after all, so little is kfown, and with reference to which there are such extreme views entertained by the most competent investigators. As it is, I have nothing left but candidiy to express my convictions withont reticence, and, if I can, without prepossession, Of course you do not expect that I shall present to you anecdotes concerning the moneys which I have seen playing among the trees in the valley of the Amazon, nor contrast with them the babits of the native inhabitants; but that 1 stal) take a broader view of the subject and discuss before you the relations which exist between the monkeys and mankind. This subject for the last ten years has engaged the direct attention of al} naturalists, and with reference to which all the investiga’ tions made wituin the last ten years have been more or less directly connected; tor nowadays when a naturalist studies the anatomy of an animal it is with reference to the possible explanation of the manner in which that complicated structure was brought into existence. If a naturalist nowadays investigates the embriology of an animal—that is, its transformations, its successive changes—it is with a view of ascertaining how that law which regulates those changes is stamped upon it as a living bemg. When naturalists nowadays investigate the geographical distributions of animals upon the surface of our earth it is with a view of ascertaining if “t can ibly be done, in what way the diversity which prevails all over the globe has been roduced, what is the primitive origin of this great Riversity. When geologists investigate the fossils, the remains of which are buried in the strata of our earth, when they trace the order in which they have foliowed one another ip the course of time, it is at present with a view of ascertaining how this succession has been in- duced, which were the first which bave followed, and in what relation they stand to one another. And when men imvestigate the dilferences which exist among their fellow men it 1s with a view of ascertain- mg whether men originated from one primary cause or whether there is a ynultiple origin to humanity, You see whenever naturalists nowadays approoch their subject it is everywhere with one view—to ascertain if it can be done, in what way things originate and what is the primary cause of the differences which we observe ng them. And the subject is just opening. We hardly any result to present. On the contrary, we have extreme views ciashing with one avother, ag much 80 as the viows which divide men concerning matters Of tucir salvation, which interest men with reference to their social organization. For we have schools in natura! history, as there have been schools iu, phitosophy. We have, as it were, sects, as we have denominations among Christians, and no one as a right to present his view of the subject asthe only correct one. His obligation is to present his views and to discurs his arguments m the hope of pressing his views, if he is deeply convinced of their accuracy upon his hearer, but not with the pretension that be has found the fina! soiu- tion of the problem. There is a great cuange in that re- spect, A great chanee has come upon men in that respect. It is no longer possible for any man or fur any set of mep to assume that the truth is with them exclu- sively. Men have learned that there is only one com- mon foundation for their beliefs, however much they will differ from one another tu their religioas practices. Men have learned that there is only one source for their knowledge, Which is nature, however much they may differ in their interpretation of nature’s facts, And it is with that consciousness that will present this evening my view upon the subject of the relaton which exists between man aud monkey; urging those views which are my convictions, nut urging them with the consciousness that there are other views entertained by others. (Appiause.) I wish, how- ever, to bexin my statements with a clear record, and therefore I want to make a few statemeuts concerning accusations which have been made against me ia scien- tific as weli as other jourvais. It has been stated that in my public lectures I make loose statements, which are not accurate in matters of fact; that I allow myself to be carried away by the impulse of the moment, and that my statements lacked that precision which entities to respect and contidence, And examples of such loose statements are quoted. Now, I will, that you may know within what limit my statements are considerate, just answer a few of statements. In some the lectures I have delivered I have stated that vertebrates have four limbs and ic is argued that everybody who is familiar with the Jast records of our science knows that whales apd that por- poises, &c., have only two limbs. ThisI know is the étatement of the text books, but the text books are only compilations, second hand. of our knowledge, and if these critics ‘had looked at the origina: information upon this matter, if they had consulted the work of Rapp mn the anatomy of these animals, or the work on fos- sil bones, by OUnvier, or the most extensive works of natural history, they would have known that rudimertal exterior limbs exist in ai! these animals, and that the; only are concealed by the skin. And I have dissect porpoises enough, and I have lately bad an opportunity myself of dissecting other animals on the Amazon, 20 that I know from personal observation that these inves- tigations of the anatomists I have quoted {s correct when they os deride the fully developed pair of limbs animals have on the side of the chest they bave a second rudimentary pair concealed under the skin, which is imperfectly developed. Therefore I Ferterate my statement that it 1s a natural tendency in all vertebrates to develop four limbs, and that here and there only two are and in some the second ol while i of the Fnge il g ty ; 255558 i those epines of these oldest have the character- istic structure of bone. there! a ee Spines are the spines of fishes and that Iam not wrong when I say that fishes have existed as,early as any other kind of animats. gen But this is no fora con , and I wil now turn to the of this evening's lectare the East Indies been discovered. several kinds of west i HH eeel if ki Ls 2 these comparisons have always bad for their object to establish the d flerences which exist between one a8 com- pared with the other, Recently a third kind of monkey closely allied to the preceding has been found ia the w lagoons and on the more southern of Africa, and that spe * been deserit der the gorilla, Ir scertained that that animal we: alre known », though very imperfectly, for an alvasion i wo 4d of smail, hairy m Woe Coast poa, which could noi hich were ve ce and un- tamable, A bat the gorilta w kno be doubted thai (be avimel mentioned wast monkey, Now tae question is what are the relations which exist between these monkeys and the other kind of monkeys, and ali monkeys tekep and mankind, Before \ proceed to them = more let me say a general words concerning their distribution. monkeys known are to be found within the tropics. — ig only on the border of the tropics, in the paris adj: ing the warm tem; zone, in the Old World, + the southern extremity of Spain, on the rocks of G:bral tar,a few monkeys have been observed, and ia the southernmost parts of Japan. Otherwxe the home of the monkeys is within the tropics, with the exception of Australia, in which none exist at all. But monkeys are not the same in different parte of the world, and there isa wide difference among them. In the first place, as a natural croup, distinct among the other mam- Malla, monkeys are characterized by an anatomical fact which is very striking, They have all four hands, while other animals have four feet, and man has two feet and two hands; and the dilference which et izes a hand and a foot is very obvious. A limb terminated with fingers which are all on one level, and which all bend in the same direction, is a foot. Alimb which haga number of fingers bending in the game way, while one finger may be opposite to the other, and successively be brought into contact with each of the other fingers, is a hand. The thumb, as a part of the hand, is tiexible im another direction from the fin- gers, and the thumb may be brought into jextaposition successively with each of the fingers, while this is utterly impossible with the toes of the foot, They all ‘bend in the same direction—the large we as well as the others—and the large toe cannot be brought into position successively with the other toes. Now, then, all animals which have feet at the tremity ‘of their four Mmbe are quadrupeds, and all animals which havo four hands and no feet are monkeya, And all monkeys have hands at the end of their bind limbs as well as their fore libs, whtie man bas a pair of feet and a pair of hands. ‘This ia, perhaps, the most prominent difference which may be noticed angmais, and the characteristic feature of monkeys, J must, however, say that re some slight modifications in this respect among the a as far as there are some in which the thumb 1s so short that it caunct be as regularly brought into juxtaposition with the other fingers as in the hand of man, and there are evea monkeys. in which the thumb is merely rudimental, so that four fingers are only developed, and the thumb is almost entirely wanting. Theo, again, what consti- tutes a finger is the position of ‘ae nail upen the ter! nation, The last joint of the finger ina perfect hand, the last joint of every finger bas a fiat nail covering only the ‘upper partof the joint of the finger, and not extending forward and not bending over the fast joint, Now, this is the case with all the nails of our hand, aud 18 the case also with the nails of our foot, but not with those of the animals, though we find there an imper- fect hands, perhaps where the thumb or one or two or three fi may have a perfect nail, and the others may bave curved nails bending over the termination of the finger, Thuis is the case often among some of the monkeys, We have often such monkeys m which the tiumb alone and the first tinger have a really fiat vail, the other fingers having arcted claws bending over the termination of the finger. Now aga.n, of the monkeys, we have a great variety as to size. Some of them are bot r than squirrele—not lerger ofien than our stoall striped squirrels—while othersapproach in stature, often, man; aud all possible intermed:ate dimensions exist between them. Thus monkey: © scattered ov Africa and Central and Southern Asia, but m each of these different paris of the world they present ditferent and special characteristics, The moukeye of the Oid World, that is those inhabiting the tropical portions 0° Africa and of Asia, are all remarkable for the great height of the forehead—for the great angle of the iace which they present. And naturalists have been in the habit of measuriog what is called the facial angle, which is the line passing from the forehead from the upper jaw will meet witu another line passing along the base ot the skull. In man—in intellectual man—that angle is known as the right angle; and the ancients ander- stood that so well that in their statues when they wanted to exhibit the inteliectuality of man more prominently than any other of the features of humanity, they exaggerated the incline of that line, and to their Jupiter, who was the great representation of cre- ative power, they gave s very great prominence to the forehead, which overstepped the right angles, so that the forehead is made very prominent over the tace. So well was that understood as the characteristic feature of the higher organizations of the verterbrate type. Now these monkeys of the “id World approach in that respect more to man than any “ter of the monkeys, and the young ourang outang in that respect approaches far nearer the characteristics of young humanity theu do the adult monkeys approach the characteristics of adult man. It 1s a curious fact that in their early age, when the more characteristic features are not yet strongly developed with the rigidity that marks the features of the adult, animals that are more closely related to one another resemble one another more Closely when young than in the more adult state. And we find in this respect am: the h.guer monkeys a greater resemblance between the young monkey and the young children than between the adults themselves, Another /eature of the monkeys of the Old World consists in the construction ‘of the nose The nose is one of the prominent features of the face alt through the higher type of the animals of the Old World, and in man as well as in monkeys we find a most char- acteristic difference between the different representa; Uves of these two great groups—a marked and striking diilerence in the furm of the nose. The white man has & prominent, aquiline uose, and m the shape of the nos- trils, which are opened from furwards and backwai and not sideways, so the point of the nose is the m prominent portion of the face. Other mces of men vave, on the contrary, a flattened nose, and their nos- trils open in sideways, so that the nostrils open from the side outwards. Some naturalists have observed in the monkeys of the Old World that they bave narrow noetrils, and that their nostrils open inwards, as in white men, and from forwat and backwards, and that that portion which divides the nostrils is very narrow. Then, cl it is observed that among the monkeys of the Old ‘orid we find a large number of them destitute of tails. Neither the ourauoutang, nor the gorilla. nor chimpan- zee has any caudal appendage. In the islands of the coast and the forests of Malacca there are large tribes of monkeys with exceedingly jong arms, but all destivute of tails, Among the large number of monkeys that in- habit and roam over the continent of Africa we find the baboon, a short tailed species. It is only among the more siender kinds of monkeys inhabiting the Old World that we find those monkeys that have as long tails as the monkeys of Africa generally have, Then, again, among those monkeys that we nd in the Old orid we find monkeys in the New World not only generally small their facial but having a prolonged snout; but of the monkeys of the Old World. And what is a most le is longer than the facial angie New grind. ers above and below, and on the it ‘and left, making twenty im all. And sa, too, have all the mon- keys of the Old World. But the monkeys of the tie below, the number of thee" grinders boing’ bes. four in al ‘Tuere ie also another class of bey. wes Toy re ive on cach side. The oe ers are exclusively found tape ft there is a class allied to the macacas found on site shore of Africa. ‘What distinguishes these monkeys from all other monkeys isthe form or shape of their head, which is protruded like that of the and occa- monkeys generally are. Their oo too, are more numerous and are provided with daws, rather with the flat natis of other monkeys, so that we haves fourth Fa nye Rosca “Sasyloammae ook ae monkeys wDich resemble the squirrel and whic ine habit tropical South America; the monkeys with broad nostrils, which inhabit South Amirica ‘within oe, forid, which are fra s Ee aie tree flourish Morincipal abode. st tree feurishes, Principal Cs ee in \ustralia should Ls not kind, higher ote Sane be or that, doce amlesals which are akin to other, for taro out Australia, which the peculiar productions of the temperate zones, has poor yp Ng animals, nor rumi- was ce take inhabit ere else the tropical nor are in Australia any of Ro camels, nor antelopes, nor tribes; no ‘beara, Do Weasels, dogs, nor wolves, no able for the pecullar tar :| pouch to carry ite Foukd on thls continent, All these animals of the ial have under the abdomen a pouch where their seuss, born in ap immature condition, are transferred, and where they remain till they reach a greater progress in development That marsupial group isa peo group of quadrupeds known only to Australia, in their various forms they a] a the other families as common in other parts of the world. Some they cail monkeys, though not having any of the . character- istics of monkeys, and others they call carnivorous animgle though they have none of the habits of carniv- orous animals, and others they class among the Tumimants, though they are not ruminants BE yh speaking. To treat upon this subject would \ me too far from the subject of this lecture, should I enter into a detailed account of these animals” All I want to im- press upon you in this sonnection is the fact that in ‘every part of the world there are peculiar tribes of ani- mals, and that these tribes do exhibit such close re a- tions to the climatic condition that we cannot with any : kind of satisfactory evidence ascribe there pecuiiarities | vo other than climatic induences under which they live. Among those monkeys there are innumerable varieties or oe Or genera; a8 you may call om, for Nag be is not of very groat importance ere. I want, however, to make ‘clear’ the fact what is the ‘nature of these differences, Among those monkeys are the ourang outang, the gorilla, and the chimpanzee, whieh bave hands made ta the same manner, and teeth the same, and in which the details of the structure pre- sent the same relations, and which are therefore consid- ered as one group. The name under which the higher monkeys are generally designated are anthropophagi monkeys, apd are called map monkeys. We have those Monkeys in which the snout is very prominent and large, like a dog, the tail short and the limbs stout, the boby large and strongly built; these are the babooy But again there are among them some kind of a difler- ent species, differing in size and differing in color, as well as differing in the of the hair over the head and neck, in the mane and so forth. We have another group of long-tailed monkeys, of the Old World, remark- able for their slender forms ‘and great length of their tails, and the greater prominence of their snonte, their teeth and the like. But among them, again, there are a number of dtfferent pee’ occupying different portions of the Old Worid of Africa and Asia. And 80 itis with the monkeys of the New World. In south America we have some monkeys with prehensile tails, but in which the tail1s covered with hair, Then again wo have the howling monkeys, in which the lower end of the tail is entirely destitute of hair, and which have the tvroat enlarged, by which it can produce reverbora- tion and sounds, which they utter very loud, and which has igtroduced the name of howling monkey. And so again with the shorter tailed monkeys of South America; and so with the squirrel ike and a great number of cies which have thove peculiarities of structure which rest in the mode ot execution of the details of the teeth, of the hands, of the face and the like, presenting condi: tions which rest in the color, m tne absolute size of the avimal, in the relative proportion of tbe limbs, and in their length as compared to the body, &c, Now, then, what do we find among men? Similar conditions aga’n. For men bave not ali the same complexion, nor do they exhibit alitae same characteristic features, And here let me urge upon you this fact; for we cannot con- sider the relations of mankind to monkeys unless we are aware bow widely men differ from one avotner. While they are men and while they have al) the characteristics of humanity, tnere are yet among them differences about as striking as the dif- Terence which dist'nguighes some of those ge era vf monkeys from one another—as strkinug unqaestionably as the differences which distinguish some of the species of monkeys from one another. Aud I am bound to say that unless we recognize these differences amovg men, and we recognize tue identity of these ditferences with differences which exist among anlinals, we are not true to our subject. And whatever be the origin of these differences, they are there at the same time. If it ever is proved that all men have a common origin, then it will be at ihe same time proved that all monkeys have common ongin; and it will bs by the samo evidence proved that man and monkey cannot have a different origiv, There is the appalling feature of the subject— that (he Characteristics which disiinguish different races of men are of the same nature as the characteristics which distinguish the different kinds of monkeys. And it was for that reason that early I maintained that the different races of mea must have an independent origin, because I saw the time coming when the question of the origin of man would be mixed up with the question of the origin of animais, and it might be that a community of origin might be atlirmed for all. Now I hold that idea of the community of origin of man and monkeys and other quadrapeds is a fallacy, the foundation of which I sbail try to explain presently. Batif it is anerror to consider mau as derived from monkeys, we must ad- mit that men are not derived from a com- mon atock, because the differences which exist among men are at the same time quite as striking as tbe differences which exist between monkeys and be- tween the lower animals. Let me point out these differ- ences, Let me first say in what all men agree and in what all men differ f: monkeys, All men agree in baving four ii one pair of wirich terminates with feet and the other pair terminates with hands, All men are endowed with the ability of standing erect, and thelr constitution is such that the erect position is not an ac- quirement resuiting from education, and is not the re- sult of the successive chain, but is one of the consti- tuted peculiarities of the human frame. The whole of the backbone is so organized that man can carry with case his heavy, broad head only ma vertical position. He has not, a8 animais have, a ligament with which be may support the bead in a horizontal position with ease, but the bead must be balanced on the top of the verti- cal column 1n order that it may rest and be moved with facility in every direction. Then man bas limba on the sides of the chest so zed that he can move them in every direction and touch every part of his body with them; apd that pair of limbs terminates with the most perfect hand known in nature, and that hand is #0 constituted as readily to carry out’ the mandate of the mind, It ts brought into the service of the intellect, and is no longer an organ of locomocion, as is the case in the monkey. All these peculiarities are character. istic of all men, and between monkey and map there is no structural transition, | There is po gradation from the highest monkey to the lowest race of man. All these attempts at bring- ing man closer to the monkeys by the lower types of bumanity overlook these fundamental conditions which make man, however low and infirm, @ man, and winch seperate him from the monkey however high as a mon- key he may stand. (Applause) But while we recog- pize certain structural attributes as particularly human, let us not overlook the great conditions which exist among men both in structure and attainmenis, In the first place in color the differences are obvious, bat they are comparatively of slight im) ce, Next m hair there is a marked difference. The flowing straight hair of the white race is different already from the stiff and wirey bair of the Indian; and when we begn to compare that hair with that of the Australian or with f the lander it is woolly, it is curly; to the ear, and then other r erves which go to the different about which I'need rot trouble you now These three awe ame po commit Aad that the ies ‘smallest, the mis © cou the mi position, the Lindmoss is the ‘ae In reptiles we that these three swellings have about the same dimensions— that the front swryiling begins to rise so as to stand on @ level with the widdie swelling, which itself is about as large as the bird swelling, which is raised in dimensions from the other, This is properly the hemisphere of the brain (illustrating), this is the occipital portion of the brain, and this ‘s the cerebellum. In birds we find that the front part is so far devel: as already to cover in @ measure the middle swelling, but leaves the hind Swelling uncovered. And when from the bird we rise ‘to the quadruped we find that the tront swelling covers ‘the middie swelling completely, though it does not cover the hind swelling at all. And waoen we come to man we find that not only is the middie swelling but th hind swelling also covered in such a manner, and Position so changed, that instead of extending on the same plan, or rising slightly, as is the case in the tile, or alaating, ‘as is the case in the. bird mammalia, in man the brain is brought to stand at rivht angles with the spinal marrow, which extends through the backbone along the vertebral column. Beyond this see at once that there is no Ree ible. Here we have the anterior part of the iD, which extends over the middie and rior region of the middle and hind parts of the brain in a peg- fecuy harmonious manner, and the whole com the entire system in a manner which to be exceeded would lead to a retrograde movement and not to an on- ward progress, Take the different forms of brain which we have among men, You wil! find the forebead a little more or less devel Pass from them to the mon- keys; will find tuat the cerebellum will be uncovered very slightly and then gradually more and more, In fact, you have a complete series, which shows that between men and monkeys, and monkeys and qnadrupeds, and quadrapeds and reptiles, and reptiles and fishes, there is an uninterrupted grada- tion of more or less complicated structure, but with this remarkable peculiarity, that the distance from, one to the other is unequal, ‘Now in the order of succes- sion of animals something similar. (The Pro- fesgor heré drew @ table upon the black board, showin; the various forms of animals which had exi« in all geological periods Most of the animals whi former poriods exist now, both in their oriei- nal type, though a more perfect type also exist at the present time. Tt transmutation doctrine as- sumes that animais are derived from one another, and thag there is rimitive cell formed from which all ani- may have evolved. The doctrine is that all vertebrates are derived from ot a vertebrate, that all articulates are descended from one primitive articulate, tha: all molluscs are derived from one primi- tive mollusc, that all fadiates are derived from one primitive radiate, and that these four primitive are derived themselves from a primiuve cell, tormed by the combination of- those fortuitous elements which are acting wherever light, mois. ture and maiter are brought into contact with one another. This is a doctrine professed by many emi- nent modera men of science, on the ground that every- thing which exists 1s started spontaneously by the for- mation of a prim.tive cell, under the iniluence of light acting upon matter. There has recently appeared most striking production om “the action of light upon mat- ter as originat.ng tiving bemgs,” which fairly expreeses the views of that achool, Darwin, and other English men of science, entertain the same doctrive ih a dilfer- ent light. They assume that the firs) impulse was given by an intellectual power, and that this impulse has resulted in the unfolding—in the evolution—out of the fitst germs created of all that has followed. The doctrine which I support is that it is not only the few that were started in the beginning by the creative act, but the many, and that it was not to one time only that creation has been limited, but that creation has gone on through all ages, and that under the direct influence of creative acts ail tho differences which exist im nature have been brought about. (Loud appiause.) hese are generalizations, Now let. us see what the facts are; whether tuey will susia:n the German transmutation docir:ne, or Whether tie Englisb doctrine comes nearer to ‘the truth, And if. neither be shown to be co I shall have proved my stavement that we not liveal descendants of monkeys, but that we are the chosen productions of @ Divine intell-ct, and that we are madeia ms mblance. But these are interpretations; let us look at the facts once more and ascertain how closely they approach to my view of the case, Nearly all the radiates, mollusks and the lower forms of life are found im the videst formations. The , first insects we find belong to the carboniterous periud, and. we cannot find them before. Then among ver- tebrates we have dshes trom the beginning. Then we have reptiles from the carbouiferous period onward. We have birds from the gurastic period, thou.h that is somewhat questionable, We have also ali mammaiia irom that date, I must remove here one possible objection which may be made. A fossil has been found in which is claimed to be the first animal iiving on ear: Whether it be an animal or not has not been yet fully ascertained. there are controversies upoa that point, and within the last few months discussions have arisen in learned societies whether this was or was not the remains of a living be- ing. I say let us in such instances imitate the me:hod of astronomers, when there are observations which are Very far out of the way of all information obtained be- fore—let us reject those observations until they are so Tepeated that there can be no doubt about the fact. So, I say, let us leave this case oat of consideration until it - is known that it was a living being, and until its structure is so far disclosed tuat uothung ned be predi- cated concerning its affinities. From this brief siate- ment you see how many classes we have had from the begiuning—that is, you see how many classes were coutempurancuus with one another, — his is a matter of fact; imtormation on rd. the Geological Museum m Albany, will tarnish the proof of this statement, Now can it be admitted that contemporaries are descendants of one anotner, and that animals whick have appeared to- gether at the same time are derived the one from the other? Certawly not. We have atleast representatives }. Of these different classes in the earliest strata; but this is not ail, The polybs have existed from the begin« ming through all ages. The polybs at the cariest period are among the lowest, while we have polybs of a much higher grade liviog now. And so with nearly all the lower types of living beings. fale i change, which act even in the ‘This is contrary to or, sounmeant, coutrary to any evidence wo ascribe diversified results to ; we cannot ascribe ag cause to certain the ac ion <a s eee: o™, and the agency of which is known tous. Those who are acquainted isn the effects of light and mage netism and heat upon matter, and what are the possible combinations between chemical agents, know perfectly well tha: these various combinations, these various uc- ti are different from the actions which we now wit- peas ia the animal kingdom. Therefore I say that it is not logical to ascribe the living beincs to those causes and transcribe the diversity which existe among living to causes which at one time existed. I say that uniformity of nature should produce uniformity of action. Y om conceive only one possible cause for this divers ity—the intervention of mind, We all know perfectly well, in our own case, how the human mind acts; how free it is, how it can manifest itself, and We know perfectly weil in this the festation we can 28 stamp of him from whom it comes, g& al 4 Eee F i 2 i iil a Hl i recogu ‘We know perfectty well that in the different works of an artist we can re- cognize bis peculiar ways, his peculiar mode of mani- festing himself, the peculiar stamp of his mind, So in the case of the poet and the painter, and the scuiptor and the architect. Why should we not have something of the same kind in nature? Our mind is truly nota manifestation of matter; it is somethi in- dependent of it to the extent to whi we know its freedom, and the eztent to which we can maintain its independence from surroundiog infu- ences, And to that extent and in similar manner do I conceive the intervention of mind in the production of living beings through all times, and a plan laid out and out trom beginning to end with reference to that end, And t there is thai reference to the end as it is in man, asaeen in the reiaion which man bears to the lowest form—th” fish—tha’ there is such a reter- ence to man is seen im the gradation which we observe through all times from the beginning tothe end. And that this cannot be the result of simple influ- ences—of physical conditions—is further shown by the fact which is constantly recurring of the transfor- mations reproduced every day through the whole animal kingdoia in the production of new individuals, And here come to the closing evidence I have to submit.. There are seve hundred thousand different kinds of animals living on this globe, of all types of the animal kingdom, Now, every one of them has its line of development, and each passes through a certain number of changes. Every sparrow begins with the egg, ges through the changes which are characteristic of sparrow life until it is capa- bie of reproducing itself in eggs, which which will ge through the same changes. Every butterfly arises from an egg, which pr duces a caterpillar; that caterpiliar becomes a chrysalis, and that im turn becomes a butterfly, aud thus changes until it ig a perfect animal, ca of producing another egg. So itis wich every living being, There are those which are low, and those which are high; there are those which belong ‘to the lowest type of their clase, and those which belong to the tghest; in fact, the ani- mal kingdom, as it is now, is constantly undergoing greater changes every year than the whole animal kingdom has’ passed through {rom the beginning uvtil now, and yet we never see one of those animals swerve from the line appointed by it and chance into something that is not like itself. That is the great fact, Every living being reproduces itself under conditions which are the same now as they were in the beginning of the world till pow, and yet they do not change. Why? Because by nature they are not changeable. That is what we must mer, and if those whic) |i e now are not changeable and do not pass from one into another, though they Tepresent all the chanses which animals can pass through, is it logical to assume that thoze of earier ages have become other than what we see the animal to be now i consequence of changes, and that the taws of nature have changed in a such « manner that that which does not take place now should have taken place im earlier times? I say justus much as the cycle which every anima! passes throngh in undergoing its develop- pes had cl ‘and as if these Ted policy or} somethiug higher. So it seems, but it is not so; for while we have polybs now that are superior to those which lived in eariier periods, we have by the side of them polybs as low as the first known, as low as those ot the oldest time. What imparted to those simple forms the desire and gave thom the ity to become something higher and to go on juctng something higher, and at the same time to remain them- selves as they were at first? If they really possessed a wip x frye something higher than themselves, wv ullarities brought about by climate—{c certain ave existed in close proximity with negroes ever since | have gradually higher and higher, we have the lowest the two races have been known to exist side by side on earth, and the white ian has not assumed the woolly | that we bair of the negro nor the negro assumed the straight hair of the white race. (Laughter and applause.) Then there is a difference in the dentition, and @ very marked one, All the white race bave their teeth vert! il A a Hy Hitt 4 j H i a! 3 s ii i 3 BSB. i 5 a f £ j i | | ; ii 3g q Ha rife vA “alt j fit iz i i 353 i ell Fe ik ! k g ev ru i ht i § é i & if i i it st [ ] ‘ : H E fr Hi i i seco i wl l i i Ha a fle - dil iin | ts 7 | sai . ir { i é [ 5 : Ff : gae if i aHERI feel etfta: Hy gre, He if iti iu 4 oy 59 | | | i E i aff i ; ! i 4 3 E A t tf F iY iu EES! i & : i g ! : E | Cj ry Ba 7 5 i al ia fe Ht 7 Hi ae tie a iii a Hi i rH ig He ist io rf fi form side by side with the highest at the same time, so doctrine, th etarae ieonnanie resis reserennd ja 1e aad ot the esas Cane net tnampind: That {shot loge, aud I think that a doctrine which has aga nst itso | PT HH is k i ; 3 fishy af fe : EESEERE i i i 3 i ij ES; é Li i i ! rt hil tai 8 ff { fa i i i f BES I i | | py EE iti Alb: i I: i i] A it i r i Hue uF gee = Ft i f i i Hi 2 : ltié By i ae H 3 i s H fi i it of ui i LF a32 83 Ss 2 i E F FH y3 eee a ei #2 |82 38s fg i (li i + F i H i i: 231s] ue pea] € 4 i g i Hi il a: i 4 Hi i fe ee a i ; : d ii Hy ll i f i i ~ i a £ if z i i is Hu 4 E i i I ii i h fia ment from the egg to its perfect condition according to its appoihted law impre-sed upon it by the Creator; just so are the various fagms, the of which we find throngh all axes butted in the rocks, are appointed forms, which have never cb: akin to Him, by means of which alone he is understanding nature. Were we not made in the image of the Creator, did we not possess a spark of the Spirit which is our godlike tnheri how understand nature, how could we stand in such a rela- tion to the whole world that it should not be a sealed book ? It is because we are akin not only to the | ecw and the animal kingdom, but also to the Creator himself, ‘that we can read the world aad understand that it comes from God. (Loud applause.) Mr. Geo, Baycrort, after paying an eloquent tribute to the genius of the lecturer, proposed the following reso- lution, which was at once seconded and carried by tremendous burst of applause:— Resolved, That the thanks of this great assembly of de- lighted henrers be given to the ‘luatrious Professor Agassiz for the fulness of his insteuction, for the clearness of his. method and tilustrations, for his exposition of the ides of the superiority of mind over: transient m happy hours which passed oxer too rapl xis influences, of which the memories will tt our ves. Gen. Prosran M. Werwoxx then proposed a vote of thavks to the Society for the Advancement of Science and Art, under whose auspicies the iegtures had been delivered. The audience at once made a hearty response, immediately dispersed. after THE GOVERNORSHIP OF MARYLAND. ment of the Inungaration of Lieu- tenant Geverner Cox—Governer Swane’s Probable Declination of His United States Senatorship. announcement from ‘& postponement the inauguration of Lieutenant Governor Cox. It is now stated that Governor Swann will not will decline the United States Senatorship to which he was recently elected, and wj!! assign the reasons for his action to the Legislature in a day or two. Died. Cueveraxn.—On Tu Fe Many Gur- TRUK, only ter of ‘lana He bed CS and Charlotte Cleveland, months and 19 days. Notice of funeral im to-morrow [For Other Dea’hs See ‘nighth Page.) 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