The New York Herald Newspaper, January 27, 1856, Page 3

he enemy without sny serious utiempt having beea de for ivs delivery? he anawer to oe giver by every one asquatated with physical cono'tivas ft he reator wa in Aste will ply be, that the Turks silowed right ¢eason to b pact rem. Tp Armrpia, the: “ tains’? that ‘gent macoral «1 f tress of pa-ions.” a4 toe teswwnei weg apher Kit- eo aptly terms this 1 end, erny movemeu jy posatblefrem the begivning of June .o ne en hember. ‘Tbe Greeks of Xenoynos, cne Romans of jan, amd more secentiy the ‘ereluas, unde: their < comyueror Nadir Snah, learnt oy wuiferiags aud pte. experiences to kuow what immeuse ditlicul ie4 oppose itary progress thee hg ay other seasea oO the ir. ‘Te Roman soldiers became ardly chited by king the iov-cold water, and the jreaks wiih their jpbon waded throug show ix fo iu cepta. Cuey ¢ ampln cause for thelr joyoun shoutt woen they git right of toe grewa eutle huxtoe snore wale y were descending “he Trighttul wincieg paths from Armenian bighland aboye At thet time they had correct idea renpecting the eleystion of Armmnta, wad influemee produced on temperature and climate, eves southern regions, ny varistions of altituds, Thy Ry DF, exming os they cio be gen al Puntic coast, id the remains of tbe t ao coming from warn 4) the extreme fuciem- ey Of the Armenian phere. Omer Partha starting trom Bswoum, cvuld only reach taole tend of Kurs by marcoing \arougs the val-y of B borok via Artvin. The bighert as» he bea to orose Bite is upwarde oF 6,600 fert above ihe ves. The slope of ‘| Armenian Alps i¢ much pseever iv the cireoling of Pabara and Lasictan toan in tha: of ‘he [redizocd dis- jot. Tt ia previsely from thiy side that the Armeaian 11ve fastness is least wccwssible. iu no ue place do tha bink bere \eey beiow the level of the mountain ovwats hich are covered wi'h perpeiusl suow. Travelers and ca- vans, iftormir gs large party, vever thi makiog che it jwney to Kare acroas the no: thess'eru =mountaia ri igs ’ the Lagex, but iske the ususi soute fm trevlzond, | ough Beiburs to Erzeroum. It caravans alone csanot eecture to undertake the journey, bow can scinles wita 4 ir beguege and wagon treiun dos? afin kven supposing the Tuzes bad bad bea efficient numbers, they could ao lounge 1 rough the Teheros valley io Gower Cots way, ing to the frequent cefiles, and tas passage’ of atreams rough ravines wita steep and often peryaudicular wails Took on vitier side, is even more didicult tran the lof:y of Hosta Buvar, detweeu Baiouct aud Erzeroum. ere we also to sraume tratan army coulc m veacrosy bis jeted tract nee ly as fast as ove of the Ov uw non trading vane, with 118 \Ornes abd mules, Omer Pawhs would ive requised between ten auc tweive vays to reach tae jountain plain of K:zeroum trom Batoam, and fo the in of Kagerowin shuut the sane tine to get t he Segnsulu Fare as tur ay tue sources of the hich the table jand of Kara betucgs. Locka the 98 he would be forced to set upart estat K aeroun, e sccordingiy ooulo mo. ieach ‘be furireas under @ pouth, even if be porse sed all ube requisite aeaus of aveport, Wagsns and field guos roidliug upoo heels | IDDOt porvibly be da; inoud tracks pi eT TS BED a a -1- > oe fy Artuenia in this di @ cautions aad | re trend g Bumpler ewste i084 Dot at cou Is ond agents, ux er Par! twice st 0,008 such animals w canny mad isicns, buf such a number we-e wot to oe {uud ta tao and could no! eas ly bave Yeon cunvaye’ w sim by i) ping trom #! Kurepe. In the mouch of Novewoer he mounvain pars of the Saghanta onwean Kant and TeeTOUM—% pads Kaa. 1s @ Must 7,00) footed ive tue leval the sea—bec mes quite iuparssble (Cae so ruled im that Loca ity ave wreteh d ds) 0a all losis ton. b ba of Kra-soum, too, cout do novaing more ia jetoher, for ar: could then actos tran-p ret, aud Ha soidiers would p:ubadty bave been ia the aa In cpposition to the mighty tmpedur ratsed oy ma- ve snd at such sp acVansed season of *he year, J ner fesba hac really no choice. de was crnyeile® vy leave he gurrison ot Kare to its fate, ard wa iimied toa di- ersion agalast Mingrelis and [narecia, pecnaps ia the jague bope thet Mooreviel, ou lsaromy t a) Ku sis and were thres'epes, would cairn & wee of Ket and 10 Georgia. Wheiher the Sack ah gaoeratisain0 usly fudulged in sich Ulusioas or uot wisM ylan- fog his 4 joa. we caucot suy. He wes oot ged to do ome bing in deferenve t» purtic Opivion, tus’ oxidia & ttle even in furkey—some hing that migu’ look as if he shed to save Kars. A march direet ty ths placa wad mponsisie fur be reason wireaty ia x, Ho tas, thare- Te, operated ageiost the deep vwley of the Phisi«, hich he could es-iiy reach, and 6 cue climse ia ater ie mUd. It was pachups the only atep na bad to ke, it taken for the purp se vf alarming the <a.staus. A map in rliefor Turkish Armenia, which w ull nadie is more eadily to follow with che eye ne specs io t reat of the war, bas not yet hen rxesited, ta conse- uence of the uvper'ect top gispateal kuvwwixe we still have of that region. Ushakolf bas pub inned ths dese mag bt it as yet, and ot the this, althouga mace fou the sure Raselen self, is vey dewectire wad facor. writer of these linss, on his wood viatt to od during tue ex'remmny advance ‘from Evzroum to, Canis, wi DY correct tdew of the Accu far an the extornal forms vt the masoes Dany loity summits towe- there ta the plevated plains of Pesto, Alivhyert ant Bsjand bigh hove the borders oF the plateuu, pud presencg od pone for COMIBANGERE 9 SOBER hicsi avd # wpogrsphicai plan the Armepiay big? poe. On viewiog tals vast pano- ama we obtain an insigh: into the rather complicated hystem of the Armenian Twusic range, of which tas Kars nountedns, with their huge platesu, form ong of ube most plevated beapr. The whole ccnfigurstion of the Arme- inn Alpine region stands in s:riking contrast to the Cau- harus. ‘The Armenian Alps hardly anywhere d'sply the sudden sbruyt rive of ‘he Causasian towards tne tat stapes of Kuben and Teret. vurallel cany of spurs of Les vation, aud which we wight call Marine Alps, form every where s g'sCunl asceut to the reel mghiaad. Per- ps the cole ¢xception ty this raie exi-ta in the preciplt- slope to the north and nortawes: of Kare, ia he di- ction of Adshara avd La-ivtan. Itis the same direc- hion that Omer Pasha would huve been compelled to taks é he marched dicect from Kulcnix to Karn. Tua pre- sence of numerous table I.nds, of gaps formed by steams, land depressions serving a+ parser, faciitee to @ greet extent, it mast be confessed, inland inercourse cacried f¥on by the nomad I tribes, by caravaur, sod even farmiew, but only Curing the toontns of summer, The cli- hace, which depencs on the grea: elevation of the soil above the soil above the ‘ea level, li nits all traffic aad military opera‘ fons to an uncwmmoaly snort period cf the ear. F 1: fe a well known fact that the slopes of few moun'sin form an unbrcken liak witn one aaotiier, creating 80 called creat or dorsal ridge. 1a general ‘he higiost ricge, which constitutes als> the waiershed, posxesies lccoriderable breadth, toast spreads oat into large pla- tenus. Such ix the cate with the Aajes chain in Mexico, jas Alexander von Humoldt informs os; aud L. vom Bich jobrerved the same fact in the Lavgteld mountains of + In wos valleys interes; tue nlopes, the ce~ sparc and scattered bill tops Dorie ale ng the sides, im; an irregular sapect to tae upper and middle perte chain. “his iy also par- ‘tially Une case in Arments, where ths eye of the geal git looks in vain for thet real cevtral chain #nich is wo psl- pably distinot in morntain rauges of lose veadth -in the xyrenuees, for ipstanee, But the extraordivary brea th 07 the watershed, and the rows, three or four deen, of mountain piaius, with their /ongituzital valleys, ths! Mo Petween the highest chains, and run quite parail-L with em, are most chsrac'eristic in the Armentaa high- lance, Between Ispi: snd Kaunis. aed covaiog breadth of renriy one and 4 hulf degrees th sre four cbains ar bigh as the Alox eash of which is the souree of «large river These chei «Firm ¢ yltecrives ly the great waterrhen of Armenia. Ii is not yet kuowa which of them has ihe greatest aosolute elevation, Ja Nvaions occasions when I climbed several sumialia, chiefly with tha view o° ecyuf tug & ga geaphiest con: ceptcn of the priccipsl cha ng, [ ovcame comyiacet that a sioge, & sharp oorsal «pice 8) consptourisy poojest irg throvgh the fwme 'iate confluence ofthe =topes in ths Coucasus for ins'apce, downy exist ih Armauis, for found that the principal cost of the Arwen» (aurie system in the ce stre of the island consis.+ of thos» Our Alpine chains already sliuded to. f(y couvince aimself of tois truth the trevevler need only gam aroand from ‘the tops o1 the Sichtsbix and the Giaue Dagh, north of Erzeroum, or trom be heights of the moun ain south ees! of Deti-Bsba, opposite tee Kussa Digh, # on vital spot for viewing a grew pert of Upver Armenia, whore the eye tekes in a cne ud the same momen: the bighest ebuirs snd the two most striking of the vileant: cones standing apert, namely, the Bingosl Dagh ano Koy Dagh, which are surrounoed by the Araras eo Seinen Dagh. To all fatu:e scientifis exvlorers who intend visidug Ar- menia, T recommend the cation [ hava just described us the best for observing this stupendous land f inouvteins, ‘Uke meat northern one vf those four parallel cas as, all of tbem covered with eternal snow, runs be'waen hers an¢ Ispir, chiefly from the south-east to the nocth- west. and iv divioes the herbage of the Tassos from tha of the Armenians. Near the highest summits of its northern slope is the Cistrict that gives rise t the river Kur, taet flows trom there to Grusia in ® noruh-eastely course through « part of the Uo chin Lighlaud. The «matte of this chain, which looks oown upon the Kars p.atesu ure crowned with perpetua! enow. aud in pxacof height ceom little inferior to those of the more routhera chein, tall ‘9 degree in oresdth, and south of the sources o” the Kur, rises anotrer Alpine chaiv, whi. runs in che sum: oirec- tion, and ia the oictnpiace ot the Buoha'es Tne spacial wap of Armenia, published in Germany in 18 9, statos this cheia, that torms the nortaern side uf the great Erze- roumtaple land, to be the Bat that remark is not corre ‘The two chains more to the Kop-agh, Ak-Ougi a, wre the names © we to the nerth and north-west of K zeoun. Frernal snow fies aleo in the gorges wud ravines of the Dighest xcun.sins pere, asi des on the terrased Me and breeches in the boundary cheinot Lasistan. Che Ka- phretes, celled here tee | arssu, aptings feom the south erpmor™ terraces of the Gieur-Dagh, 7.610 feet aoore the levi of the Black Sea. the son esa e many and one of them contrioutes » consi erabls body of water to the glent stream at the ins-an’ of is birch, At the southern sids of the Kszeroum pintern there 14 athird range. which in itt ew erly corse forms the seuth borders of Hassan Kaeh, T. pre Kawh and Yajate, thenee proceeding to Ave: betdstam. One «f the Lirties: mrvntaine in this chain wm the Alt Dagh at the eastera vfrentier of Armeuia, from whwe norta-eastern terraces (8,100 feet, oa ur down ihe sourses ot the Murad Febai, or Eastern Kuphraten. Of the ‘our’h and acutheenmogt main chain ot the Ac menian high'auds the migaty Bingt-Dugh, tha Bill of ye bomsnna Heems,”” emong whish ary tte sources of je Araxes, appeara to form one ot the tighest masses I Dave not myrelf visited this mountsin, but I aw quite distinctly its enewy peaks whea [ stood in toe aummit of the stobtebit in the month of June 1844. Aa the peaks ©. the Bingy-Dagh surpass by a great deal the Shsiten Degh, near frze.oum, I thine { insy venture to ae: dowa iiehelghe at 10,000 feot or tucreabouts, “By moana cr spurs running off like yokes, the toarth Alpine chalg of ‘armenia is connected On one side with the thira caain of ‘Ala-Degb, on the ovher side wich the ating vorth ot Take Van, with the Nimrod-Dagn, perhaps with ‘the more isola ed v leano “efba ‘end the Alps of Eurdistan. Ney, \ tho onst 1! seems to b’eud with those chains and ¢i-appear as an independest range. Like the great ebaincf the Anjes, 10 the Geverip tod kivea by ‘Alex. Von Humoo'dt, toe Ivtty Armeno-Tauric range is irregularly distributer; sometiues pronped tires, four ard five deep, and then connec.ed by narrow spurs qrviting Lem guy ay bo We wext, “= NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY, JANUARY 27, 1856, From precise observasiona it han beea ascec:ained that none of the tuur Alpios casias, or, more properly spaak- ing of thefur rows ia the A mesisa monn aia capge forme an abs lite wale shed. Tacough each of sue ptreema force their way fa contrary diesti as oy naar ef coep fissues. The two branches o the Kuvhraws rine (rom chains ritoste further noc thea the Giagdl Diego, avd yet tuey take a eoatherly coursd whils the Arexes, which spioge from the mont southeca border chain cf the broaa crest, flows ficst to the aoe, aod then tends away to the east. T this acricieg ieregalart y in the river beds the water systom uf the Caucasus offers a strong contrast, Here che great aimple seatral shain ereu bies aa enormous dike, that parts the fhavial «is tricts at onve and decidealy. Deep alefts, forming tae chief parses, are only met witn at two spot; bat even there do net'sink low envag to allow che passage of o river throngn them iu am oppo-ite dirertion, Ali tne pri gs and sivuleta that rise ou tha nm rtbeastern slope flow towards the Russian steppes; sll that rush dowa.ne svuthwestern declivity awel! the ‘ivers of frans -eucasia, The absence of » narrow, sharp ricge alvog tue mountain renge i, in Avmenis, the reasoo, alse, way mouatwia plapts and avimals wre +0 exteosively met with, [he terraced form of toe Ar meuisn vignands, tae wise sprasd table lands, 60 es,ecislly charsoteris''o of this Alpine lund, are utteriy waptiug im the Caucasian ayuteu, The inf toe world wnish ia exerci+d oy the whole ot the Armenian bighlend, ia the res 1008 of sae vast to the west, have ren pointedly dwst apoa by Ritter, in the older edition of his colebcated geograpnical work. Be calls it ‘the natural boundary stone of ma ions aud empi.es,” apd, when aliuoing to the % mao Byzsnotias (now the Turkish) empire, “‘the matural goat fromder fortresa sguipat Iran.’’ The Armeaan nvt of moun‘eias is for the nations iasning from the @sast, accor ting to an Oriemal expression “tue breast to be capiuced;” for tie singtome in the west, nowever, who have to maintain sna defend their incependerce. “ihe avord to be hran- dished,” When ti e*t geographer at the: period penned theve remarks @ rut the impor'anw to tha whole worid of the Armevian highlands © gre-t part of is was KN geographically unsnvwa. Rexpecticg she cvaatey ia ‘ghich the fonrces of the Araxe rise, o1t kaowisdge waa limited .o the scanty tnformation supplied by Xeaop 10a, the entire souta-eastero point of he Armeoian uiangls, as far as Xepepoon’s deities (the mounain rampart of the Kurea), incl ding the large Alpine lakos a aad Urinis, waa still » terra iacogei’a for us. Since thaa the gtcgiaptical darkness tas been greatly cleared up, and When the writer 0° thia a-tide was wating his tour roaad the Urmia lake, be bad hac one predesewor a3 least—the sdvencurons Ker Porter. We ar) mostly inde ated for our ue intimate )now!edge of Turkish Arweata to receat English travellere. Concerning the Rissian part of Ar. renis, the German geologist, Abich, who has resided at ‘Vif sfoce 1844, haa given the most important goographi- cal an} geological account, OPERATIONS IN THE BALTIC g The Next Campaign—Sie Charles Napier's ViewseAdmirit Dundas’ Opinion=Varions Letter from Another Uritish Amiral, GIR OHARLES NAPIER ON THB ENGLISH NAVY IN THE WAR. TO THE EDITOR OF THK LONDON TIMES. In your leading article of the 2d January you at tack " statesmen, admirals and generals; you say you will set before them what the country expecis at their hands. J will leave the statesmen and generals to speak for themeelves, but i will not remsin silent, and see brat Davy condemned as cowards and imbe- cil I know the risk I run in making observations on your articles, but I will run that risk, and tell you plainly that you know nothing of ths suuject’ on which you write. Iventore to affirm that there is as mach talent, coulage and dash in the British navy now as there was in the days of Nelsou, You say, Mr. ditor, in ‘the last war the ships of England wout everywhere und did everything, with incredible daring and 31>- cosa, With only the uncertain winds aud treach e- rous waves to rely on, they entered every week; and, provided they could never getin troubled themselves with the superfluous consideration of how they could get out again. Now, Mr. editor, I served fifteen years last war, and it never was the custom Jor ships to approach, batteries at all, No admiral ever ventured to take his leet into an enemy's port, except Lord Nelson; he went into Copenhagen, guine’ @ victory, aud was well pleased to ye out; ard he never it again; he did not take his lumbering fleet, a3 you call it, to Cuil-cropa or to the Swedish waters; he never went higher in the Golf of Finland than Nargen. Sir James Saumarez, who was a most outerprising, officer, little short of Nelson, lost a liue-oi-battle-ship in attacking Alzasmus; never even went up to Cronstadt; nor did he attack either Riga, Revel or Port Baluc. Lord Nelson remained several years off Toulon, and never shoaehs of attacking it; he never thought of running his fleet into Cadiz; nor did Lord St. Vincent nor Lord Collingwood, though it was by no mcans sreag Lord Hotham never tried Toulon; neither did Lord St. Vincent, Sir Charles Cottou or Lord Ex- mouth try the Tagus. Lord Howe, Lord Bridport, Lord Gardner, Sir Charles Cotton, Lord St. Vincent, Lord Gambier and Admiral Cornwallis, treated Brest, Rochfort and L‘Orient with the greatest reapect. The dashing Cochrane burnt and drove on shore the French ships in jue Roads; aud mapy other dashing things were dorfe by frigates, aud daring euterprises by boata, but by fleets never, except at Algiers aad Acre, and they defeuded by Tarks and Egyptians. Admiral Young and Sir ony Smith, when they were captains, got their ships cut up severely by two round towers, one im Corsica, and the other on the coast ofjNaples, one or two guns. Lord Nelson did not to attack with his ships the batteries of Boulogne, but tried with bis bosts, and was deleated; ue did not dare to attack Tene- riffe with his ships, but tried hia boats, and was de- feated, and lost hisarm After this statement you must not mislead the country again, and throw odium on her officers. It enough has not been done in the Baltic by the navy to satisfy you, Mr. Editur, why don’t you put the saddle on the mght horse—the Admiralty? In 1854, a fleet was cent to the Baltic, very badl mauned, hastily pos together, and inexperienced. Without pilow (ice those we had knew avthing) and with very indifferent charts, yet we managed to get that ficet in amongst rocks and shoals up to Croustadt, and found that there was not sufficient water to float them; and hud there been water, we were ignorant of the passage up, and the batteries much too strong for our ships. At Sweaborg, we knew nothing of the , assage, and there again the batteries were tremerdously strong. What would you h. ve done, Mr. tditor? What we did do wus to point ont to the Admiralt, the proper way of attack—this was in June, 1354, The fleet then threaded their way through the labyiinth of rocks up to bomarsund, .anded the troops in an incredibly short time, and took it. Sweaborg was aguin ‘well reconnoitved, and the plan of attack repeated. You, Mr. Editor, seem to have known better than the English and French admirals, or the Marshal, and thought it could be attacked, aud the Lords of the Admiralty agreed with you. You both had heard of the fall of Senastopol, aud lost your heads, aud had not the honesty to apologise to the Admiral you had insulted, when you heard the fall of Sebastopol wus aboax. There was some excuse for the Adini- talty not providing the proper material for attack the firet campaign, but none the second. They were warved cf what was wanted; aud though they kaew that Sebastopol had held out for eleven months against an uupurallelied bombardment,und in the last twenty-four hours recei.ed 70,000 shots and 16,000 shells, 20 mortar vessels and 16 or 16 gun vessels at- tacked a place as strong as Sebastopal. They did not even suppers the mortar vessels with the fleet; they were dispersed over the Baltic, the Gulfs of Finiand and Bothnia; and when the few mortar vessels had set the place in flames, there was no fleet to take advantage of the coufusion that mast have attended the contiagration and the explo- sion. Now, as the Admirals have hauled down their their flags, and been complimented by the Admi- talty for their conduct, it is clear that the plaa of ‘the Sth must have been settled at the Board, and on it must rest the failore ~—first, for not sending gun and mortar vessels auili- cjent; ard secondly, for not having them at hand to take advantage of the conflagration and explosions. 1 was told, in 1-64, few mortar vessels or even Lancaster guns, more or less, could not muke the diflerence between the possibility and the impossi- bility of attacking Sweaborg; and in 1355 they ap- pear to have facut & lew acrew line-ol-battle ships, more or less, could nut make the difference between the porsible and the impossible. Now, Mr. Editor, the Jong and the short of it 1s this—in 1854 the Admi- ralty sent a fleet to the Bultic, without gun or mortar ves els to ausist them and clear the way, aud in 1855 they sent a few gun and mortar vessels to the Baltic, and hud not the fleet at hand to support them. In fuct, they were #0 ignorant of the art of war, that the; did Lot exyect the 13 inch mortars could do so muc! damage; all the ae to do was to fire away their shells, and not be langhed at for bringing them back; and when they found out the mortars had al- n.cstall burst, they sent o.ut a ship with a fresh sap- ly at the very time Admiral Dundas was very wise ly sending bis mortar vessels home; and so deplora- bly ignorant were they, that they did not know how the mortar veseels could go through the Kiel Canal, but positively sent them round the Scaw. Now, sir, Lask were the government sincere in their wish to cripple Russia in 1854, aud were they rerious in 18567 for certainly no one j idging by these actions can think so. You tell us, Mr. Editor, a mortar vesrel has been built and armed in three weeks; surely then 100 could have been built in a year, and in 1865 the sawe force that is preparing for 1656 might have been ready, and Sweaborg to- tally destroyed. Now, I don't blume Sir Charles Wood or Lord Palmerston, for they were not in their present offices when the Baltiv fleet was fitted aa, appear, however, now in downright earnest, if I may judge by the powerful flotilla the; ale now preparing. We must expect the Rassians wil do the same, and must hope we are not too late. As you, Mr. Editor, have passed a pretty severe censure on the navy, the best thing the government can do is to follow the example of the 'rench at the begin- ning of the Revolution, and send the Commussioner to irals do their duty. You, Mr. Editor, have your own correspondents, and J see no reason you ld not have your owa Commissioner; and as | have reason to taink my former friend of the Times is the writer 0, thee articles abusing the Ad:nirals, he woald be the mat jing person vo fill the oflice of Comianissio ier) aad 1 will venture to say whoever commands tue Heet will strictly obey his orders, and take care at the same time that he Ovoupy @ warm berth to his | heart's content. if the Hieet was not lost the first campaign, it was | not the fault of the Admiralty or my friend of tne | Times; they did their best to lose it. The aecoud campaign the Admiralty took good care Admiral Dundas should not destroy Sweaborg. The third | campaign had better be under my iriend of the Times, 1.4 we sbull see if ne is ax powerful with | his sword as he is with his pea. J remain, your | obedient servant, CHARLES NAPi#k. 18, Albomarle-street, Jan. 8, 1556, ADMUi 41. SAUNDERS DUNDAS. (rom the Liverpool Aviou Jau, 1866 } Admira! Dundas, it seems, bas for some time back virtually anticipated his own Seperation, of the Ual- tie command, for he said he would not nM ¢ re- same it. ‘oni o] proposed by the Admiralty for the next, Bultic expedition to be pe:- fectay futile; regarded Cronstadt ag quite impreyns- ble, and that it would be the sheerest waste of time, men, and matérie to attack it; Helsingforsas iu precisely the same category; and, morevyver, it is said, that he disapproves uf the war in principle and policy, and deems all operations in ale tic to be alike unwarranted, needless and pre- posterous. Not only this, but, it is now addol, that he acted inst his better judginout when he assailed Sweaborg; that he knew aad said the assault would prove the partial, resaltless aud abortive thing it has turned ont; that the for- tresses, the real strength of the place. would ve easily made stronger than ever, a3 they have been; and, lastly, he is reputed to have made as little se- cret of his opinions on all these poiata as did his poalopenans Sir C. Napier, on certain other poiuts year before. We believe there is -mull doubt now that when the true story of the attack on S.vea- borg comes to be told, it will differ as much from the gazetted narrative as the amended versivu oar: rent in January. 1966, of the Balaklava charge dif- fered from that told by Lord Cardigan at the Lord Mayor’s banquet the preceding wintor. I'here this rather essential dilference, that the sea captain act only did not seck to take credit for what he had uot done, but was anxious to de-line much of the credit he indisputably earned, and whioh his frieads would force upon bim; whereas the novle horse nan, who incessantly blew his own trumpet, was iasatiate of praive fer wholly unuttempted and im)os-ible per formances. Of coutre with Adwiral Dundas’ opinions, it waa not to be thought of that he should proceed to the Balticagain. But theu arises for the public two most important questions: —First, are these opinions attiibuted to him founded in fact? Are Cronstads, Hul- singtors, &c., impregnable? [s the proposed naval campaign for the coming spring in the Bultic, with our countless fleets of dada battle ships and shot-proof floating batteries, and «ll the urprece- dented accessories to success—is this campaig: cer- tain, or even remotely likely, in the opinion of tie rl oe ab emieetn the Wee to be rild ek last and the oue ing it, namely, something ouly to sigh over or to Inugh at? Secondly, if ak be the Admfral's opinion, why did he—we will not say avow it, for we believe he did avow it—but why did he not immediately throw up his command? This he might have done long ago without detrimont to the cervice, for the season was one of stagnition; but to do it now, on the very eve of the reaewal of active hostilities, is, to say the least. a very curious proceeding. Not less curious, however, is the conduct of Ministers, if they knew—as of course they must or ought to have done—the opinioa of the gallant Admiral, and did not instantly relieve him 80 lalse a ition, fraught with obvious detriment to the iency and prestige of tho navy. What must the navy, what must the natioa, what must the Ozar, thiuk of an expedition from the command of which two Admirals in succession retire?—one partly in disgust at the Admiralty, and the Admiralty disgusted with him; the other iu dis- gust with the enterprise itself. But the instance now before us need, perhaps, excite littio astonish- ment afterall. It but of a piece with the cag ceedings of thase who led us into the war, and then backed out of it. Rightly was it surmised that when certain Russians were expelled the Cabinet they left others behind them ommally friendly to the enemy. Dundas, asa non-fight ig Sania, was al- ways pega to be a protegé of that clique, as op- pored to Napier, who would have fought if he were allowed. The last action of Dundas now seemingly eae the appreciation of his Peelite admirers. haps, however, we are laboring under a delusion all this while; for we see that Admirals Lyons and Dundas are to assist at the forthcoming council of oat Geen This is, aaeed whe Barbi cuupé of the whole inexplicabilits,, o1 re is one coa- sideration gives us : Which Dundas is it?—he of the ic or of the Black Sea? As far as the enemy need care, we velieve it does not much mat ter; und of course it matters as little to the country, which has such very discreet guardians of ita honor in a war of all others that needed and admitted of deeds worthy of the antique fame of our flag. UETIRE OF A BRITISH ADMIRAL. (From the Pittsourg (Peno.) Journal, Jan. 24.] An English gentleman, well known in the oity, has ki: submitted to usa letter to him from a Bnitish Admiral, written in London on New Year's day. Weare permitted to make from it such ex- cian as will be likely to prove interesting te the Everybody here pe renae of poverty, and all, excepting the farmers, ] amafrai , are more or less Pine! y the high prices consequent on this mise- rable war. * cannot think that the Ameri- cans can be so foolish as to plunge their country into a war with us, while a neutral position is a tne one for their interests. The idea of war with the United States, which a short time ago was very gene- rally entertained bere, bas died away, but I see by tne ministerial organs that Palmerston has told Mr. Ba- chanan, in plain terms, that he has exhausted his ex- planations and apologies. What arrant fools our peop’e were to risk a rupture with the United States jor some 300 of the veriest trash that ever were en- Usted. I saw them at Hoslar, where they are ‘’ lo- cated” for drill, and would back fifty Bussiaus against the lot. I have not the least hope of peace, for I feel con- vinced that Russia will not cede an acre of her ter ritory, and they continue to make the most active preparations for next year’s campaign. I suppose sometbing will be attempted against Cronetadt, or the 150 gun-boats and the 50 mortar- boats we are to have in the spring will be a welew expence; but I do not anticipate avy decisive results. Dundas says that it is but fair to give the Russians credit for doing what we should do, and his convic tion is that if Cronstadt had a British garriaon, no earthly power would Le able to wrest it from us. They have hauled down Dundas’ flag with as little ceremony as they did Napier’s last year, much to his disgust, and a very poor dodye, as it is evidently in- ter.ded as a reply to Napier if he brings forward his case in the House of Commous. Sir Edmund Lyons is expected in London to-day. He has left his command for the purpose of attend- ing a council in Paris, of which Louis Napoleon is chairman, to decide upon the next campaign. Fremantle is in temporary command of the Black Sea, but at this season he will not have avy oppor- turity of distinguishing himeelf. Graham is in Cumberland, but expected home shortly; he continues very shaky. I really think the Americans ‘have great cause to con plain against the Hudson's Bay Company. I hed some transactions with them seven years ago, and found complaints against the Americans in Ore- gon, groundless, and in fact, that they were the par- ties in fault. By to-day’s papers, I see there ivan intention on the part of the government at Wash- ington, to tot hak out, which will bea very wise measure. Their occupation of the so-called forte in Oregon, is a perfect anomaly. Turkish Finance. The Paris Moniteur of Jan. 9th publishes the fol- lowing letter from Constantinople, under date of the 2ith December:— ‘Ihe Ottoman government has just published a re- t, addressed by the Minister of Firauces of the ‘ultan to the Board (Commission) of Control, cou cerning the budget of expenses occasioned by the present war to Turkey. The following is a resumé of this interesting document:— The imperial government, wishing to correspond to the confidence shown by the two allied Powers in guaranteeing its Ioan, accepted the principle of control gives to the board. itis the duty of the board to see that all the money of the loan is employed in the pursuit of the war, and that this control sball not impede the ser- vice ‘The Sultan's government, to facilitate this double labor of the board, submits to it the general budget, since the commencement of the war, of the Minis- tere of War and Marine, and a statement of all the extraordmary experites of the war. ‘The statement of accounts of the Ministers of F1- nances submitted to the board comprises the budget trem the 27th of Muy, 1853, to the 27th of Septe.n- ber, 1666—28 months. In thore 28 months the Treasury disbursed for ex- traordinary expenses of war, marine and artillery, 3,015,5*8 purses, or £11,200,000. ‘There accounts are divided into three Rerets 1. From the 27th of May, 1853, to the 12th of March, 1864, the period of the Turkish financial ear. 4 2, From the 13th of March, 1854, to the 13th of March, 1866. a whole year. 3. From the 13th of March, 1855, to the 27th of September, 1855. Each period is divided into three categories—de- partments of war, marine and artillery, * The first category consists of the expenses ed by the ordinary bvdget; and of tbe amount, of £3,015 588 purses, Or £11,200,000, we find the sum of 1 462,139 purses, (£5 400,000.) covered by the Ludvet allotted to the three departments, ‘the second category consisis of the expenses for which the treasury haa been able to procure re- sources, and this figure amounts to 1,029,094 purses, OP best po Bie " he third cat consista of the expenses cover- ed by the funds of the frst loan, isa toe ansount is 623,754 purses, or £1,940,000. By the documents annexed the board will sce that the resources found by the government, exclusive of the bi feet. consiat in— 1, 617,297 purses, (£2,286,285,) the produce of the first loan. 2. 160,600 purses, (£609,000,) advanced by M. de Roth: ebild on the new loan. 3 64,499 (£201,800) national gifts. 4. 389,162 purses (£1,440,000), issue of paper money. 5. 12,652 purses (£46,700), lent by the deposit ane merchandise banks 1s de dépots et de 7 eb. —which makes 1,223,574 purses (£4,573,000.) Of this sum 617,297 purses (£2,286,000,) form the pro- duce of the first loan, of which ro ae purses (£1,940,000,) expenses settled; an 98,543 purees (£346,000) reosived by the treasury on account of the war expenses advanced. The total amount of the war expenses during the twenty-eight months being 1,553,449 purses (£5,- +60.000), and the amount of resources nan of Ly the treasury being, 1,223,574 purses {£4,573,000), the treasury may therefore cl 329,874 purses (£1,227,080.) On this latter sum the treasurer has paid:— 10,000 pare (£590,000) by conversivn into bonds bearing 10 per cent interest; 160,000 purses (£590,000) on the ordinary reve- nues destined for other branches of the service. To this sum of 1,553,449 purses (£5,800,000) must Le added a floating debt of about 20),000 purses (£760,000), which overnwent has to pay in the provinces for s in kind, and about 300, pall reed (£),235,000) for different purchases on jit for the War and Marine departments. To gerume, then, in the period of 23 months the extraordinary expenses of war amounted to sheet 2,000,000 purses (£7,400,000.) In this sum gare— 100,000 purses (£370,000) advanced to the allied armies in war materiel, ammunition, &c. During this lapse of time Turkey, to be able to re- sitt Ruseia and the Greek encroachments, was oblig- cd W have never leas than 250,000 men under arms. The troops of Egypt, paid by these proviaces, have always Leen maintained (entretenua) by the imperial government. The imperial government, without levying any new tax, maintained this war for two jae and & half, without any other resources from furope than £2,500,000 cterling of the first loan, and £600,000 advanced on the second; it may be roud to shew such a statement to its allies, justify- ng their confidence, it muet render testimony of all the populations of the empire, which, by an admirable devotion, allevi- ated the burdens of war. In submitting this statement to the Board, the go- vernment has two obj in view—that of makin; the Board thorong he ly acquainted with the actu state of affairs, and that of asking fromthe Boardon the funds of the loan the 169,74 Peeinay (£628,000) advanced to the Treasu- ry, and indispensable at the present moment, as well on account of the interest of the public debt to be paid as owing to the delay occasioned by the state oi war in collecting the revenues. Let vs pars to the Departments of War, Marine and Autil ery to rears for the present budget, one half of which is already gone. ‘The War Department, the most considerable one, has already precented its budget from the L3tl of March, 165, to the 13th of March, 1856. The Minia- try of Marine is pre; g ita budget. The artille- ry nut being able to fix beforehand the amount of matériel and ammunition required, will call upon the board for money according as it may require it. In 1846, ‘or an effective force of 122,000 men, the budget was fixed at 518,654 purses (£2,267,618), owiug to the course of exchange, £1,920,000. On this budget a sum of 81,331 purses 100,000) was Gestined for general expenses, council outlays, the diffe: ent military schools, school of engineers, &c. The 7th Corps d' Armée, that of Bagdad, di- rectly by the treasury, is not included in esti- mate. ce board will see by the annexed that there ex- Ast: — cover- Mens In‘antry and Guard 72,180 Cavalry end Artille Anillery ot fortrees 105,825 ust be deducted 2,259 men, contingent naintained by the British government. ‘The pay of this effective force for one year amounts te 136,328 parses £612 000 “ 208,867 « 1,105,000 Expenses of ‘ambulances and Othe seeeesecees 27,207 101,000 Drees and accourement 81,483 « 3023000 ‘Total 23,788 22,820,000 Dedusting’ tes from that sum,there remains a deficit of about £400,000, resulting from the exchanges and from ihe increased Vee) every article; it must be observed that the p! month of last March have again greatly increased. Each soldier of the line costs yearly 2,411 piastres, and each horseman 3,403 piastres. ‘The comps of Redifs actually under arms amounts to—)nfentr, Men 92 650 Cavalry . 1,7 Total... 103,827 From which must be deducted the contingent nsintsined by the British goverument .. 1,741 Remalos ......sssscesesseccesecesees ++ 96,086 The body of Redifs having been placed, as regards poy, and 1ations, upon the same footing as the regu- jar troops; deduction made of £9,000 of permunent outisy for the list placed on the budget, there re- mains an expense of £1,710,000. The increase of the evel of the corps of ar- tillery and militia .f 5,872 men, which in times of peace is cedentary, and is now mobilized, forms a surplus of 15,427 purses, (£66,000). For the maintenance of the Egyptian force of 23,481 men from the month of August to Murch 13, 1£66, the sum 31,534 purses (£118,000) is demanded. For toe force of 2,000 Ottoman Cossacks up to March 13, 6,002 purses (£18,000) are demanded. For 485 Tartar horsemen for the whole year, 6,247 parses, (£23,000). ‘ ‘Lhe expense of the transport of troops, travelling expenres, and others, according to document an- nexed, would be for the year 146,912 purses (£54: Vor the army of Georgia, the accounts not having yet been sent in by Omer Pasha, the return of the expenses will be rect in later. ‘or the Redifs and other chapters the sum amount- ing to 666,023 purses, (£2,450,000), and the deficit on the budget of the Nizam (regular troops) to 105,134 purses (£400,000), the war requires, besides the ordi- nary budget, 771,168 purses, (£2,850,009). An approximate calculation must be made that the Ministries of Murine and Artillery will want 300,000 purses, (£1,125,000), and for the eventual expenres of the war, 100,00U purses, (£370,000). Such, then, isthe general state of affairs as regards the wants of the war; it proves that, with few extra- dinary resources, a vigorous war was kept up for two years and a half, and the allowances demanded cannot but appear moderate. The Treasury, forced to come forward to the detriment of other branches of the service, to help the necessities of the struggle, finds itself in the urgent want of making good th se sums to regulate its accounts. As the war estimates prerented to the board will only cover the four months which remain till the month of March, the governiwent pr to the board to concert meutures for adopting for the fature estimates such method of payment that means will never be want- age carry on the war with vigor and ease. he Ministry will send in a monthly report to the board of the employment of the funds received from it, for the approval of the expenses specitied. ‘The Ministers of War and the other heads of the service, haying assured the government of his Ma- Jesty the Sultan that this system will allow him to cany on ull branches of the service for one year, it will not be necessary to have recourse to othe fir de. itis urgent, in conclusion, to call the attention of the board to the necessity of taking energetic mea- sures to ress stockjobbing on the rate of ex- changes, which is of the greatest prejndice, an. caures very considerable losses. j The Population of China, We may with tolerable safety estimate the present pop ulition of the Chinese empire at between 350 (00,060 and 400,000,000 of buman beings. The con- tant flow of emigration from China, contrasted with the complete abeence of immigration mto China, is striking evidence of the redundancy of the popula- tion; for though that emigration is almost wholly confined to two provinces, nameiy, Kwantung and Fookien, representing together a population of pro- bably from 54,000,000 to 35,000,000, I am disposed to thir ks that a number nearer 3,000,000 than 2,000,000 fiom those provinces alone are located in foreign countries. In the kingdom of Siam it is estimated that there are at least a million and @ half of Chi- nese, of which 200,000 are in the capital (Bangkok.) They crowd all the islands of the Indian Archipela- ‘0. In Java, we know by a correct censns, there are 136,000. Cochin China teems with Chinese. In this colony we are seldom without one, two, or tree ves- rels taking Chinese emigrants to Galifornia and other places., Muititudes go to Australia, to the Plilip- pines, to the Sendwich Islands, to the western coast utraland Sovthern America; some have made their way to British En The emigration to the British West Indies has on considerable—to the Havana greater still, The annual arrivals in Singa- pore are e+timated at an average of 10,000, and eae the number that are suid uanually to retarn Dina, Alleged Wallure of the Free Trade System in jarupe. i a, eee (Eng. correspondent writes as tol- ‘The Journal des Economistes has \ately published a stavemevt uyon the commerce of Frauce for 1854, and from which it sppears that the amonat of mer chandire: ex, ‘4 from France into Kugland was £17,600,000, and the value of the importsiuto France from England was only £5,000,000, showing a ba- lance egain+t (free trade) England, and in favor of (protection) France, of £9,600,000. How long can 8 nation stayd such w drain upon ber indastry a3 this? But this is not the worst feature io the case. ‘The total amount of our exports of British and Lrish produce aud manufactures to France, as shown by our Board of Trade returns, in 1854, was £3,175,290 —the differencé of £4,524,710 being made up of fo- reign wateriuls,#uch as grain, raw cotton, tlax, hemp, Oo statis, goat's hair, iead, oil, quicksilver, raw silk, shins, spelter, spices, wool, &c. But the most important point to be opserved is the woollen trade of these two countries, and the following is a stute- ment o/ the imports of the raw material into each: — bBRED’S, LAMB’, ETC., WOOL IMPORTKD INTO GREAT B:TAIN. Imported, Ibe... 45,883,98% ast lane 12,216,480 Lelt for consumptic Imported, Exporte Briveh,.. = + -100,936,140 | Tett for consumi tion... seeeee IMPORTKD INTO FRANCE. SEEPS. LAMBS’, ETC. Tmperted, Iba, Fxported..... Left for consumption Twported, +130 555,866 Exported, 12,824,633 Left tor consumption. +117, 731.233 In the first place it is necessary to mention that the growth of wool in France aud Enziand is about equal in amount, so that the consumption of foreigu wool is a fair test of the trade of each country. It will, therefore, be seen that France, from 1842, the ie of Sir R. Peel's first tampering with our tariff, as increased her consumption of foreign wool 71,600,000 Ibs., whilst Great Britain has only in- creased 67,300,000 Ibs, showing an increase in France over England of nearly 4,500,000 Ibs.; and ! yet the imports of foreign woollen manufactures into ihe United Kingdon at the two periods weie— Free unde, 186 + £1,062, 859 Protesticn, 184 40,000 Increase under frie trate......-..2-. te eeee £1,022,359 But as 1853 was the year in which our trade ob- teined such an impetus from the rash speculation or excessive chipments to Australia, I will show the position of the woolen trade in this kingdom since that period :— IMYORTS C¥ FHEEP S$, LAMNS’, ETO., WOOL ISTO THR UNITED KINGDOM IN THE FIRST TEX MONTHS OF 1865 AND 1853, 1866, Imported saicage 2 xported- Foreign . 240%) Butih .. . iatoeeers 87,088,068 Left for consumpticn........scseeeeceee ee £41,005 056 Imported Exported: from south to north, and Galway linked with the pemiedering province of Ulster. The Great Nerthern line will probably be 8008 commenced, and subsidiary thus completing thone of natural resources w The Railways of Groat Britain, (From ‘ne Lavaon Ti wes, Jxu. 6, 1968.) It appears from the published traffic retarna of railways iu the united kingdom for the 1865, that the recespts amounted to £20,243310 on 7,100 . tuiles of railway The receipts for the year 1664 amounted to £16.41,465, showing an increase of £1,701,460. In addition to the published traffic re- turns, there are other traffic receipts on several acw and cld railweys, whieh are aot published ether weekly or monthly, and for which an etimateo the traffic for the Jatier balf of the year bad t» be made. The «tal length of those lines is 543 miies, and the amount of traffic avon them for the about £380,000 ‘This sum added to the shove shows the toial receipts on railways in the united kingdom tor lust year to have been £21,123,315 on 8,240 niles of railway, beiug aot tue rate of £2,567 per mile. The cost on covstruction, working stock, and @® forth, amounted wo £2.1,903,000, being at the rate | Of £80,425 per mile. The tot] receipts on railways in 164, including thore ou the lines of companies who do not prblisn their traffic returns weekls or monthly, amounted to £20,000525 on 508 miles of raiiway,showtug an increase of £1,122, 790, or 6:61 per cent in the receipts, and 2:¢4 per cent in the mileage. The increase of traffic m 1864 over 1553 was £2,0:0,000, or about 11 per cent. Nothing cun he more eatisfactor than the increase of traffic on railways, and were | not for the unwarrantuble increase of expenditare ov capital account, the railways, on the whole, would now be bay ing about 6 per cent per anuam instead of about 34 per cent, ax at present, which te | in fact an increare upon the average of tormer years of at ieast half per cent. Had the capitai intrasted oie directors been espe | cena railwuys iu the united kingdom, an their in- terenis been involved in the successful re-ult of dividend paying lines, ay in France, instead of ta the outlay of capilal, there would probably be no better property now then railways. The following shows the pro ‘ive nature of the traffic :—~ Cue incresge of traffic ou railway- in the united kingdom in the year 1/43 over that of tne preceding car, amcunted to £500,874; in 1844, to £764,337; ia 1345, to £1,068,342; in 1846, to £1.620,650; in 1<47, to 7; in ih48, to £1,109, in Ih49, to 1650, to £1,744,161; in J 51, to £109,023; im 1852, to £520,400; in 1 to £2,040,220; in 1864, to 2,080,000; aud. ia » te £1,122.750, notwithstanding the depresaion of irade. The traffic receipts, in fact. increased year after year from 1+42, when they were about £3;542,90) to £21,122,000 in 1°56. ‘Lhe expenditure on capital ac count likewive ivcre:ged from £43,000,000 ia Suir 1842, to £292,006 000 in July, 1s45——the increase the iraffic for the year beiug £16.7:0.000, and in the capital exper ded £239,000,060. ‘The av the railways per mile was in 143 > £36,360; in Lydd, £35,670; in 1945, £36,070; £31,560; inin 1847, £31,790; in Is42, £34,2 1849, £36,214; in 1850 1852, £54,630; in 1863, and in 1th, £35.426; go that, constrction of thousands of miles of comparatively cheap lines, the average cost per mile has not beea decreased. The traffic recoipta per mile per annum averaged in 1s4' 118 per mile; in 143, £3,056; in 144, £3,278: 845, £3409; in 1846, £3,306; in 1647, £2,870; in 1°48, £2,556; in 184, £2,302; in 1#50. £2,227; in 1861, £2,253; in 1852, 1863, £2,471; in 1854, £2,604; and in 1865, £2, left for coreumption.. £82, 345,855 Now, could there be anything more convincing than the above statement of the decline of the woollen trade of this kingdom? And if further proof is wanting, it will be tound in our exports of woollen mancfactuies, viz:— EXPORTS OF WOOLLEN MAn UPAUTURES IN THE FIRST TRY MONTHS OF 1853 AnD 1865, 1858... £8, 683,739 1865... 6,326,448 LOCTEMBD 00400. ss esses seeeee cece ceerse oe 082 857,201 Ihave shown that the balance of trade in 1854 against England (und free trade) in her commerce with France (and protection) was £9,600,000. I will now show the result of that year's commerce between France and the United States—two protectionist countries. Fxports from France to United States Imports into“ from“ -£12,860,000 8,800,000 Balsnee in favor of France, . £3,660,000 So that with a one-sided trad ion France has an advantage of £9,600,000, and with a country a little more liberal than herself the balance in her favor is £3,560,000. Could any thing more fully prove the necessity of reciprocal treaties ? But the total exports and imports of France in the ear 1854 were— Exports 240, | Imports 49,760 000 Balance iz favor cf Freace. £6,480 000 And the total imports and exports of the United States in 1854 were— . $276, 156,846 261,448,620 £13,688,326 Ora balance in favor of the United States of £2,- 851,734. While with Great Britain the very reverse is the case, as will be seen trom the foll 1g state- mcnt, as eee by C. N. Newdegate, Baq., M. P., in yet imports are calculated at their market value:— ANSUAL BALANCE OF TRADE AGAINST CREAT BRITAIN IN HEB COMMERCE WITH ALL THE WORLD, » £19,374.700 13,306,9 833. 668 rer mile. From this it appeurs that by closing the Ccapite] account and atteuding to the nataral in- crease of traffic the augmented receipts would, at the end of & few years, admit of respectable divi cerds on railways generally, but unfortanately for the rharehclders, the closi ag af conital accounts ie locked npon us an impossibility by railway directors and others connected with railway companies. A Present for Cronstadt. From the Liverpoal Yost ] pie {the favor of Measrs. Finch & Kelly, we have had the snticfaction of viewing one of thove considerable presents which we intend next ) shower into it avd Helsingfors in such nam- bers as will prove the sincerity of our interest im thoee strongholds, if, indeed. it shall not overwhelm them. The present we refer to is an immense bombshell of the bugest and most extraordinary roportions—one of a number which the Lowmoor ron C:mpany is under contract with the govern- ment to supply, and which the Sob Hy now rapidly carting and completing. This shell is 9 feet 5 inches in circum erence, and 36 inches in diameter. The sperrnre by which it is charged and the fuse in- serted are 2} inches in diameter, and the shell iteelf 2) inches thick throughout, and at the aperture 3g inches. The weight of the shell is 1 ton 6 cwt. } qr. Tb. pes ech ae and auch pric ae easy understan t when propel ry ja projectile force, ro granite Kan withetend those monster shells; and Cronstadt must crumble before the repeated and sustained operation of such a bom- bardment. ‘This immenee shell has been sent to the companys Live agents for transmission to the Be aetna shit eerie eae Treland— @ company ig, at uke’s request, tented him with one uncharged. Of course such a weight of metal will require considerable leverage to place it within the chamber of a mortar, aad this cannot be dove without a resort to machinery, to facilitate which we should state that the mouth of the shell is surrounded at a convenient distance by four lugs, made of wrought iron and cast into the shell, which, by these means, is placed within the mortar. The cost of each shell unfilled will be £20 to £25, and, however expensive, we could not send his Czarship an uglier present, or one more unwel- come. The mortars for the discharge of these moa- ster shells are in course of manufacture at the works Loss to the industry of the kingdom in six years .... 983,452,300 ‘This is the last ee by Mr. Newdegate upon the subject; but it may be fairly assumed, in conse- uence of the imports of graiu, &c., in 1853, 1854, #55, and the very heavy foreign demund upon our bullion, that in there years, ut the very lowest com- puutee: the balance egainst this kingdom cannot” ave been less than £20,000,000 per aunum, making the nationa) sacrifice in nine years of £143,452.300 ax the cost of the fneane polay of an experimental one-sided free trade; and if to this be added the £90,000,000 which Mr. Villiers admitted the nation had lost by the repeal of the corn laws, it makes the sum of £283,452,300 as a national sacrifice, fully proving that peaceful follies are sometimes’ more expensive than deadly warfare, Bat how stood the care previous to “ free trade?” In 1845 the balance of our commerce with all the wor d was iu (avor of England by £4,797,369. Iam, sir,&c, R. Buen. The Land Rovolation tn Ireland. The Irish Encumbered Estates Commission is now in its seventh yeur of office, (Jau., 1856,) and it will not be uninteresting to those who have watched the working of that remarkable tribunal to give an example of the complete revolution it bas effected, or rather is effecting, in the agricul- tural ond sociel condition of Ireland. The counties of Galway and Mayo contain 2,800,000 acres of jand, or about one-seventh of the area of the island. In 1860 the lunded proprietary ol those two coun- ties were, perhaps, the most hopelessly involved in Trelond. The colvent exceptions were few, chielly in the eastern portion, where sume estates were comparatively free from encumbrance, well crl tured and comfortably teuanted; while the remoter districts, including the great lakes aud highlands of the far West, exhibited little more than the primi- tive elements of agricnlunre, the land untouched by enterpriee, unimproved by capital, and even its na- tural resources unnoted, exter by the casual lance of tourists in search of the picturesque. ‘ow, on every side are unmistakable signs of im- ovement aid progress. Many estates are being nished with well constricted farmsteads, drain- age is becoming general, a higher style of farming is adopted ard the wages of labor are more than doubled w'thin the last five years. 636,000 acres, that is, about one-fourth of the available su; ot these two counties, have already chi ands, producing a total sum of upwards of £2,000,000, und petitions for sale are still pouring in unceas- ingly. The nvmber of proprietors over the extent scld has been increased fourfold, and about one- third are purchasers at ond under £2,000; these, with the English, Scotch and Ulster farmers, set- ted.on Clew Bay and in various other localities, contributing to form the nucleus of an inde; indent micdle class, the want of which has been hitherto +o injurious to the political and social interests of this country. About one-fifth of the whole number of hasers are from the other side of the Channel; but though the English avd Scotch have everywhere set a good ot le a8 farmers in occupation, they have not as proprietors, generally xpeaking, managed their ea ee with as much prudence aad profit as Irish pur- chasers. Thus the capital ond skilled industry of our Bri tish neighbors have becn drawn to that region fur theet removed in geographical position, as well as in industrial progress, from the seat of government and superior civilization, Itis gratifying to state that the improvement in our land market has ena- bled several of tha original proprietors to preserve a portion of their ancient inheritances, and they still veside among a tenantry by whom they are beloved and respected. The mineral resources and fisheries of the west have not kept pace with agricultural [raters nor has the vast water power of the great ukes been as yet a for manufacturing purpores; indeed, little decided ected in ther i is permeated ie de nes Ol progress can be ex- istry until Connanght of Mr. C. Mare, Blackwall. They are of wrought iron, and will weigh about 35 pied eavh. The Use of Arsenic, 10 THE EDITOR OF THE LONDON TIMES. Str—as the cnuse of the death of the unhappy Mrs. Wooler still remains enveloped in mystery, allow me to ofier a supposition which does not appear te have presented itself to the minds of any of the persons concerned in the investigation. it is a very common practice in some of the continent—in Germany, Hungary and the Tyrol— for persons of all classes to take arsenic in minute tities as a tonic and stimulant. It invigorates the frame, and has a remarkable effect. upon the chest, enabling them to climb steep hulls with ease; it also imparts a brilliant bloom to the complexion and a general appearance of youthfulness. The too frequent practice of giving arsenic to horses in this country is well known; and the beauty of coat, ex- ecllence of wind, and appearance of good health Kr duced by it, while the arset.ic is admint-tered in its proper emall quantity, at exactly regulated inter vals, is evident; but,as the practice is moady re soried to by grooms without the knowledge of their masters, the want of care and exactness, and the frequent change of servants, have occasioned the luss of many valuable animals, whose deaths have remained in mystery—for it is a wonderful fact with regard to the taking of arsenic thut if it be discon- tinued the constitution breaks up with precisely the same symptoms which are produced ’, arsenicad poisoning, and the sufferer (for the effect is the same on the man as on the animal) dies a miserable death from want of the arsenic, with every appearance of being the victim of oe Now, it certainly is possible, if it be not thought probable, that Mrs. Wooler may have beeu for years in the secret habit of taking arsenic, uuknown even to her nearest relations ; for arsenic eaters, like opium eaters, generally keep their own secrets. The bottle of Fowler's solution—a very convenient form of taking arsenic in very amall doses—is ia the me- dicine basket, and it would be well to inquire when and by whom that bottle was procured. Mrs. Wooler may Lave determined to leave off a bad habit, un- awere of the consequences, or, when ill and unable to help herselt to the arsenic without the knowl | of those around her, may have disliked their ing possession of her secret. ‘The News from Huytl, TO THE EDITOR OF TH HsHALD. T beg to state, in connection with the article in the Hxmatp of the 23d inst., in reference to affaiss in Hoyti, that I have dates from Portau-Pr nce of the 27th ult., which inform me thet the Haytien army had met with some reverses whieh might com- pel the Emperor to return to his capital. But he had nothing to apprehend from his own people. Here iss correct translation of an oxtract of # letter from good authority, dated at Port-aa-Prince the 20th ult., received by the last arrival:—* We have news this morning of his Majesty; he is in perfect health, and is at this moment in Banica. No {nrther news.” Banica is in the Deminican part of the island. ‘The accounts from Hayti are nerally of a highly wrought character—much of fie news from fee, being reported by masters of vessels, with the best intentions, no aout, who, biplane See informa- tion at the coffec houses, through broken English or from their inability to understand French perfectly, ive to the news collectors in this country informa- ving some foundation in trath ' which, however, the event has usually proved to exaggerated and highly, colorcd. In my judgment the Haytien army met with a re- ulse from the Dominicans, and has retired, with the emperor at its bead, to Banica, where it remained on the 20th ult. anmolested by its enemy, and there was no meeting of the two armies after the one al- ystem of railway communication { !nded to in my letter of the 27th ult,