The New York Herald Newspaper, February 5, 1854, Page 2

“AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. spondence. yy, Ina, 13, 1854. Strange Rumers— Reporled Poitoning of a Spanish Princess —A Commercial Retrosp of of the Trade of England for thy Our London Cor past year. A te'egraphic despatch from Mad id, of the 8th Jancary, arnounees the death of the new bers Princess Two curious romors are bere sfvat. The first is, that the aforesaid royal infant died by poi von ; and ¢ cob8 “ERPYMMidte Albert was under ar- rest for treason, ia Windsor, Gapgl@, for four hours, on Wednescay. Pape Believe them who may, but rempmber that there is seldom smoke vuagcompanied by the devogging element. A glance at the several phares of the mercantile world ip the year thgongh which we have managed to pass un- aflested by #1 Is of war, unfortunately looming but too curelyewtll Bekoubtloss acceptable to the New York re 7 month of 1854. Tranmao tions, bf velmg.t certainly be, by & cessation of peaceful’ is, whih may not be reeamed till the wane of the present satefasion, may ia the end of next December at monstrate in soi asure, by ence to the figures [ am about to send yormtns incal ble injury inflicted upoa o mmerce Sy the straggies of contending vations, ani the beck wardationa to which trade and speculation are cow pel ied so injariously. The year, ixdeed, toa: bas jurt elapsed oaay fairly be re ferred to in troublous times for peace can do for exterprise, and wis nterprise can eifuct for prosperity. At the corresponding period of inst year, anticipations of success in every branch of barter and icdastry wore of the most encouraging dvvoription. The ci'y barometer— consols— stood above par, without the dividend, which September saw at oinety, anc the dicount at the b now standing as fir then bat at two per cont, y. prem weit in commercial cireloe of Leiog precerrad asments in“pe tor instance, would refnse to receive ready 7 ations in cash, from whisb fire per cant would be noted, being ab. t® ge: Lhe Oill4 cashed for two par cent at the bank, and profiting £3 for every hundred Merling So ecundly grounded, iojerd, have baen oar commercial progpostloation;, thet they have, in fact, beem nore than realiaac by their present »ppearancs, uader the present tarn of polites io, indead, at the close of the year several exteasive failures; mod the fears ea ive exporiation to the Australia m for the transactions feof an almost unpreee‘ent-diy bad tharvesi, snd ti prospect of @ worse, besides an Earopean war; while the ly ;ubrions prop ew en with regerd to Australia have brea fiucd to bave bern fatlscious, by the nnerring oriterion of rucceas, viz : the exores of demand above supply. In the month of Jamuary, aotwithetantiag the gradual diminution af boliion at the 3aok of Eogiand, which, from being of greater figure on the preoecing 10d July than had ever previously been koown, stood at twenty millions eight bun¢red thousand poands, the rate of dis count maintained its ground at two per cent, parily owing to the current payment of the dividends, Op the 6th of the month, however the directors, 1 :- fluenoed by the unfavorable aspect «f foreign excaang+a, the absence of prospects 0! success for eg tcultural ope rations, and the slow but constant drain on the builion, advanced the ra‘e of discount on» half per ceat, and console, aympattising with this movement, susteiav! » fall to 69 The quotations however, were not ma-ked during Jspuary below this figure, notwithstanding » second advance in discount to three per sent on unim peachable psper. No farther alierstion of note ensued antil July, consols going in February within an sighth of 100, and touciing par a» th in Mareb; the exalted condition of sustained iteolf- during the monty of Apri in te sucotedix oth. Ali‘t 8 riod, bowerer, owing + persistance of those canssa which influenced the oank in ite decision in January, a third ia crease in the rate of ciscount to 3s, sent fanda down .o a geaerally wavered vary uc, ‘or time n-arly oom pletely para lyzed by the more stirring ia‘eiligsuce of ths occupation of the Danubian principalities by ‘he forees of the Car, During this period other marketable sesuritier sustaiced Iterations owing, indeed, ly to local influ Exchequer bills, for example in consequaece of the snnouncement of the Chancellor of ‘hs Exchequer on the 16th of February, that theepete of interest oa the Dille issued would be reduced to TM per diem, eustaloed & heavy fall. Having std m Jannary at 738 premiam, they declined in Merch to par, and in September bad gone Gown as low as 17s. discount, In those foreign securities dealt in in the Fozlish stock market, there were also many vivleni fluotas ions. Buenos Ayrer, which in Jaouary stood at 183¢, fell oy the end of the month 10} cent; tousuing 60 in Marca, they recovered in May to Last moath they were at 65 ‘Ubilian bende agsin in ware +t 08 “and now are mat 108, while most fiectua‘ion tas been cbeervabMio Russian bonds, consequent upcn the various suscasnea and reserves in the Zest, ani speculations on a peacefal inane to negotiations. Ip J orpte were dealt in at 121%, b The vnenvi-bly renowned Spani+h bovds nave ¥: ti price from 61% to 45%. We ma, imention that in March a pew Peruvian Joan eas effected for £ (600,000 qheam uot of oulhon in ths bank, whior wa have quod at upwards of £21,000 600, oustaiacd im January us dimioutiona, Ia Febrasry thers wers in the miilions, and this &guce altered anotuer 4 12sh of March, retarving to 17%; mil- falling regalariy, afer & lions in May, covery in J We may observe, tp anticipation tha: the exient of 14 665. Qistof May there was # recu per cent, rudsequenily 0 Oe th Incis Bonéa from 3 te h able io consols, uatil 34ptem- set in, an , and exchequer bills to 17 pbillings | deciioe wav owing to the si ciseoant. Tai: sholers. fump aod doubtless in some measure To ace to ine pani ced tha dis count to five per , the ‘are at which accom od.' 4 ,maintaice!, and no topic hes bewn to was not, bow he present high price of to gepersiy cwelt’ upon ae securities in the face of dearth, sod even faina, social iscontent and foreigs ovlliged” 1 shall Gwell on this anbjeot in its other detaila in my next. W.R M Our Paris Cor: espondence. Panis, Jan. 12, 1354. The Late Circular of the Fore gn Mnister—Com- ments of the Press and the People—The Bourbon Fusion— Reception of the News from Kalefat— The Corn Question and the Cabinet—Beet Root | Sugar and Beet Root Whiskey — Organization of the Street Sweepers— Health of M. Turgot. The important *‘circular’’ of M. Drouyn de I’ Huys, | the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, is still a | subject of engrossing interest; perhaps not so much for any light it has thrown upon the great question | of the day—for, indeed, in this respect, nothing is said that was not known before, but the moderation of its tone has called forth a world of discussion ap- parently singularly congen‘al to the fertile Parisian mind. The Emperor, say some, treats Russia as a wise man should always treat bis foe—as one in whom | he may one day find a friend. Think you, they add, that Napoleon intends to proceed side by side, to go all lengths; with Eagland —to fling into the lap of that nation, whom his uncle | aptly termed ‘‘ a nation of shopkeepers,” all the rich military meteriel of France? No such thing. He measures too accurately his own position; he will go just so far as to commit England to the war; he will even sbare the honor or odiam, as parties may please” to esteem it, of its first struggles snd successes. His fleet shall bear the trivolor in “companionship with the union Jack, & French cannonade shall wake the echoes wherever | an English gun is fired; but there will bea limit to | all this. Do you not perceive that Napoleon has never yet uttered a word which prevents him from withdrawing from the conteet she moment Russia, by some nominal concession, shall permit him to say he hag no forther anxiety for the equilibrium of Ea- rope? “England, once fairly implicated in the war, do yeu that it cannot last six month, withous its whole re being changed—that it will ASsume such a general chagacter that the Danudian brovitiogs | and Constantino, Sige will be a mere drd> in théy apo'eon cate for such @ war | o¢ean? What wi a it takes In fur its field of battle? ; the nephew of the exile of St. Helena wil, in his own retiring, impassiole way, fitin proper time to offer himse'f as a me- tor between the contending parties. Nothi quant os «hg and tallow Great Britain purchases is sufficient to set the world in flames— but flames of a peaceful and benevolent character. | Why should they waste villainous saltpetre? But England’s blood will te up, and ia proportion as by this time be in the field; the whole continent may be a belt of fire; then will be the hour for that man who, of all that ever lived, may be said ‘to bide his time.” Eogland will none of his mediator ship; she cannot say it was not otfered. The melie is st its height—jast where the great Napoleon, if he could burst the marble slumbers of his tomb, would wish to find it; and be sure his heir i+ not the man to forego all the advantage it offers Ia prison ne who wrote: and “the sword of Barras shall cut aguder the treaties of Vienna,” will not love so favorable an occasion of cutting them into shreds. There are others again who affect to take an en- tirely opposite view of Napoleon's policy, a9 instanc- ed or rather confirmed by ‘the circular.” Thess eS allege that the Emperor feels too surely that Czar has an arrow in his quiver the drawing of which will at once spread dismay and confasion a the armed hosts of France. They maintain that the “fasion” is anything but a dead le‘ter, but, on the contrary, * grat fart, that lenaists and down they went to | arrogaa.; other parties | have sacrificed on the altar ot divine right every jea- lousy and animosity—that adherents and retainers of either side have shown a noble forgetfulness is n partia} avd particular, but so general as io check on Napoleon's movements, as no one better than himself knows the extent to which this gangrene bas ran. Strange as all this may appear, is is cer- tain that holding high aud influential positions in the best society do not scraple to indulge.» The marked ab- sence fof the most insignificant shades of either legi- ing m: ajosty doubtedly tone/ avd the Uncon are not slow in throwing out dark hints, which, without hein bearer to commit them, convey a great deal to the initiated. The large majority of persons, however, readily find an answer to much of this. They do not deny vhat the army may have been tampered with; but employment will speedily, they i Malihogs It did so 1n the Great Napoleon’s time—it will do #0 again. That employment, legitimately ob- and a few months will see the military in fall sion of it. These parties say, that a man who Doldly not the man to be scared by the absence of the wi and grest, and noble. He knows that these, int! reign of a parvenu, must be recreated, and that nothing but stirring times can effect this. These sionists fram the field. Besides, is “it to B be that when the daily press~is se entirely wilt grasp of the executive thateo’ much as a whitpe would be suffered to escape if that whisper contained any real cause of terror to the chief authgrity? On the contrary, it is remarked Napoleon, whiléTnor vidly jealous on every “other subject, permits the” Assembleé National and the Union to advocate the cause of Russia and to murmur eens idiosya- .cracies in favor of legitimacy with impu%t: The following extract from the Union of the 11th inst , after these remarks, will not be altogether wain- teresting. It is the organ of the utramontane Catholics, but not of the general hierarchy of France:— D.tferent opinions tre entertained as to the primary cause «f the confilets which have put the East ia arms, but all av¢ unanimous as to the consequenoss which would .esult fer Europe if it should devide ongeking any port in ‘he sffair except by mediation, and byte pacitio Authority ef its cabinets. Ic is im Eaglani alone thet warlike peesions are rained. Waris the iastiact and the interest of England: there are to bs found in Paris ome Overbeated imaginations which will take fire at {ts cries of batre’. Our duty is to repeat to the very last moment what the conseqzence of war would be in the present state of Europe, ard we shall keep our opt- ions free from errors and drom madness, More than oyce since 1830 we have said that Europe, from the weakners caused by prace, would be one day in @ con- ditien not to be able to make war. Hts not our prognostication been alrea’y too well jastifed?. What, in f.ct, would war be after such long enervatin | of charactera and fess? War, io regular times, iss | Birugg.@ between Statea which sim, political jaitice bes act been able to diearm of their AMM! ied and pretea- siovr; in the troublous times in which we now live it would be » «tate of violence in which everything vould be ccnfasecly mixed up, the animosity of States among therm: el-@s avo that ot people against States—au immense Stnureer, ic whieh civilization would be for » loug time ewallowedep. And \hir ia what is called for by the meet- ings in Esgiand. The p liticians of Paris camnot hava retleckd ou the subject. Toere is only ong party wh oh would b: consistent in wishing for war im the present state cf Europe, and that isthe party which holds de- megogy to its herds and thinks it would ba able to let it locre op @1 the Statex—a party knowa fa France 5y frighiful disasters, and koowa Doth in Italy and Ger. many by the straggles, the principle of whien atill exisik~a party which haa thrown Switzerland out of ite inwh, and Sardinia out of its comcition of temps- rgte ménarchy and admirable prosperityea party dy to take alvantegs of any explosion, This par y, therefore loves acd wishes fr war, for war, fa ita Point of view, is destructiveness: “If this e the case, Turtit not oe seen into what perils Europe is impalied by E gland, with that poltsy of war solagecuvusiy popa | Vrizec 1p Fracos by the same pariies wao were bat « | thort time #incs so eloquent and #o poeti: agatost “perf cious Albion.” Weare aware that we shall be oli tist | Europa, after all, o ty of right and justice before waich vi ion of St. Petersbucg would ia other days have Audit Earopo for the last twelve mortha, Totwcols, ith poter, and i's manices, haa beea powerless .0 prevent the great ebook waloh hia mode the puiled np edifice of the O tomaa empire tremole, is it pure tomt with its davts and ite-mr nies it will be able 7 the last effect of this copvulsion? Rumors have been prevailing for some daygemst thot the Turks had achieved a signal vistury at Kale- fat, but in consequence of the innumerable mis-re- ports of this nature @ prudent relactauce ia giving credit to them has of late exhibited ii Inie- | pendently of which, since the affsir of Siaope, it has | come ty eso geverally understood that if the war devends sifhply upon the existing bell{gereat Pow- ers, ity ultimate result cannot be a matter of doubt, | st whether one party. or the otser for the met prevals is a matier of little interest. | The Patrie, however, of yesterday, again re- ats its belief in’ the accuracy of its previous Pereernstsied on ..this * subject. = It’ states” that | Omer Pacha had attacked in detail for several days | the different Rassian corps, forming together a force | of 30.000 men—that tre Turkish troops had inten- | | tiovatly retired on their centre, and had drawn the | Russ ans as far as Kalefat, a position fortified in a mos formidable matner, but which, at a distance, stirring times are near at hand; and, perhaps, the | celebyutes. of another era may hide their dimia- ished heads, not in dud geen, as now, but because of the broad sungkine recent deeds. The priesthood, it is. gaid ith“ Napglein, and when the army is on the pa 7 ‘Ggpsti- tute a moral force that will “beat # fa- legitimists have rushed into each others arms, and ovr of all. by-gones, and that the great cause owns | nist clearly, no truer devotees than are to be found among | mnt bad acted the captains of the French army—that this feeling | ed for the month of Decsmber to state the insuffi merit the appellation of universal—that it is a real | nch is the tone in which many persons | timists or Orleanist from any resort where the reign: | of France may possibly find itself; ua- | left bere cf ali supplies for el ps to support the belief that such senti- | ments do greatly prevail; and the Assemblée Na- | mays absorb all other | tained, bas been the Fmperor's object from the first, | proclaimed himself before all Europe a parvenu, {a | f gand five hundred persons, employed every day reity of food ot prices for consumers, locxes for ihe tracer quent injury to the producers, we: | fatal comsequerces of a want of dates aod facta the moat inoontesta Suppose that the prewat like that of 1846, that it bad wait. rt 8, govern ciensy of the harvest that in Janusry ovly it hed opened our ro; ts to foreign vessels, anc that io tasé falee confidenes prices remaiaed { properly low, whilet sreand us the want of corn was raising prions and moltip yiog the demasds, what would bare oecurrec? Tost our neighbors would heve taid in their stock be/ors us, and Partly amongst us, that at preveat our porta would as yes have reortved only insignificant quantities from Bbdroad, that it would be too law fur distact sp-calations, | Fencered still more basardous by che cifficaltics of the sea at thir searon, that, ia a word, we should o# @ months whish still Tate uf from ‘he next harvest. For it must not be lost sight of, that if the harvest in France has oot besa wore in 18¢8 than in 1846 \t has been in geceral musa more go amongst arighbvoricg nations, w be «sea from this singie fect, that the price «f the hectoliirs of wheat in the London market during the las! fiys monvha of 1853 has been 5fr. higher. on an averaga, thn in ths corres ponding mcnths of 1846 The government has followed the only course pointed ot to it by duty. By frankly grappling with the éiffculty, i: has provided for it by a series cf measures of which tre opportaneness dud the Uo have Cissipated all serious disquistude for the ‘ature we Loon joan asserts that a new plan of build- ing carts other vehicles has been discovered, b which a horse can be made to draw a load one half heavier than by carte as at present constructed. Tae new vehicle has four wheels, and when the horse is harnessed the foremost pair come to about the mid- dle of his body. The weight is thrown on the axles, cnd the vehicle is constructed in such a way that part of it covers the horse up to the neck. You will have heard that a number of the beet root sugar manufacturers have been, for some time past, turning their attention to the manafacture of spirits from that roo It now appearsthat a very good cham: ne wine is made from beet roo}.«. When the juice ie leon purified by the ordinary process, and a pure of sugar and water has been obtained, it is ted@by a suitable densityPatter which it is ed by adding creag ‘of. tartar,and_the re- tangot aromatis plants. the foulest thor- many years, are Piece of military in- sections, ortwo hundred and elghty-eight : in all, composed. of eight or ten persons, men 0 women, making up a total of more than two thou- q cleaning the streets of this far famedcity of Pans = that the sections also are directed by chiefs, who, sung ee days, have been already wefring | the mark of their grade on their caps. The Empress has a bal costume this evening at the Tuileries, which is understood to be strictly of a pri- vate nature. One of the principally honored gussts is to be Mrs. Goold, a lady who some years ago ex- hibited great kindness and hospitality;in London, to her Majesty, before her present imperial elevation. | There are other ladies who did not forsee the ascend- | ing star of the present mistress of the Tuileries. One | lady, who holds an eleva‘ed rank in English and French society in Paris, on an application being made to her that she would permit an invited gaeat to bring with her Md’lle Montijo, excused hersel! by stating that ‘her list was already complete.” That lady is at present the humblest aspirant tothe favors | of the Empress Eugenie. The ball is to be opened | by a quadrille where the ladies are to be dressed 4 /a couturiére. Some little tremulousneas isexperienced, even by French ladies, not lest they should exhibit too much, but too little of the nether limb. There are very unfavorable reports fying about as fo the state of M. de Turgot, who, we hear in Paris, is not progressing so favorably as was anticipated. The War Prospects on the Baltte. [F oct the Loocon News, Jan. 2.) free people, they, ad still more the Norwegians, are The necessity of watching closely the movements of Russia in the Baltic becomes daily more apparent. | Some coup is evidently projected in that quarter | against the spring. Emissaries have been despatched | to England and America, with a view to obtain the means of increasing the efficiency of the Baltig fleet; despatch has at the ssme time been traasmitted from St. Petersburg to St ckholm, which has had the effect of inducing King Oscar to remodel tae higher departments of the Ministry of War, and to inyite his Diet to appoint a joint committee of the States to receive an important and confidentia! com- munication. - At Berlin, where the movements both of Denmark and Sweden are anxiously noted, it is understood that a negotiation has bee opened be- { tween those powers, with a view to a league offensive and defensive in the event of a general war, aad the fortifications on the Sound are being strengsheued. | Russia doubtless has two objects in view in the Bal- | tic; to put itself in a condition to strike a blow Qcainst the allies of Turkey if a chance arises; and to advance the cherished pr ject of extending its territory to the ocean. Scanuivavian peuiusula is and has been coveted by Russia as mach as the lands between the Black Sea and the Adriatic, aad equal | care has been taken, sileat!y and insiduously, +0 cast her tois around it. In 1509 Sweden was compelled to cede Finland to Russia, ad along with it fornea the north and the Aland isies to the south. The advanced post of the Rassian emyire and army was thus brought withia the distance of | twenty-nine Eogiish miles from tae Swedish | ccast, and net much more trom the Swedish capi- | tal. By a treaty concluded between the courts of St. Petersburg and Stockholm ia 1828, Russian | vessels were exempted from all duties in the Norwe- ian ports north of Transea, and now the whole of that region derives its eutire sup lies of grain from | | the Russian ports on the White Sea,- from which, also, fisting and trading vessels yearly come round had a) the appearanee of having been abandoned— | | thet thea the Turkish batteries were suddenly | unmasked, causing the Rusdans considerable loss, | wh the Ottoman reserve, which bad passed the | Danube in i ight, and were concealed behind a | wood, took them ia flank and compelled them to re- treat; acd that the inhatitants of Lesser Wallachia bad powerfully xidel the Ottomanarmy. The same | journal goes on to state, as information the correct: | ness of which it guaraatees, that the alleged reverses of Akiska aud Alexandropol are far from having the importavce which it has been sought to give the | and that since the adoption of another pian of cam- psign by the Divan, the fave of things had entirely changed; that the Turks had obtained some suc- cesses, and were preparing for others, That a con- voy, carrying 15,000 men, as reinforcements for the ariny of Asia, was to leave Batoum on the Sd, if the state of the weather permitted—that this convoy had | nothing to fear from the Russian vessels, which were not in a condition to leave Sebastopol, either to at- | tack the Turks, or to revictual their army in Asia, | which was in a very unsatisfactory condition. | The following article from the Moniteur on the | great corn question, which bids fair to outbid in in- teret even that of the East, will be found interest | ing. Itis ia reply to an observasion made by oue of | the journals, that the failure of the last corn harveat had taken the government by surprise, and that it | | fication the old title { | the North Cape in nuaibers qnite equal to the na- | tive." The commerce of Russia, as has been remark: | ed by Mr. Oliphant, is always subordinate to its politics; and this lends imporfioce tog tact men- tioned by Mr. Laing, in his tour fh Sweden, connected with the commercial treaty cluded ia 1838 between that country and Rusia:—‘ La this treaty it is remarkable tout among the tities of his Majesty the Emperor, the term Heritier de Norvége, which it seems is one of tae oid imperial titles, is changed to Suecesseur de Norvege. This change is not of the sature of an omission, or unintentional change «f one term for aaother by clerical oversight or error ; in the Swedish rats- t Heritier de Norvege is re- tained. Being intentional, it must have a meaning. The title of : Yeritier de Norvege is derived from the intermarriages of the Dukes of Holsteid Sedles- wig into the imperial family of Russia.”. [0 a note Mr. Laing adds:— his a‘teratioa does not appear | in the treaty itself, but in the ratification of it, signed by the E ror N las, a} Toplita, 23d July, 1858. The titles of Lord of Armenia and Georgia are assumed in the same act. None who have watched the uniforn polity by which Rus sia has for more than a century bdeea en croaching upon her neighbors on all sides, can doubt the designs of the Czar upon the Scandi- navian peninsula. With a fleet infinitely superior to that of Sweden, and a rendezvous fer his sh ps | had, therefore, been unable to adopt the necessary | and armies within a (ew hours sai of the Swedish | precautions. After recapitulating the various mea- sures adopted by the government to guard against the consequences which, without them, would re sult {rom @ deficiency in the harvest, the Mon:teur says | What bae been ‘he result? Thanks to the solioi*ads of the gover: ment, the popalation end the traders in cora bavicg ‘ern warced in time, 2¢ of provisions im: | mediately becams in proy with the real state of things persen slum in = false sesurity; the trads : ivplayrd » uefal activity, was able to make pur chases aorcad iv preper time, snd wheat arrived abua- | dan ly sud reguis'ly incur portr. Fom the moath of Avgus! the srrivsis toereased, and by Sist December, upwards of five milllons of hectoli'res—that is to fay more than cooble the qaantity i of 1846-—bad eutered Fra: uyption “of the r.. he kp which regalates ing to the reality of circumstances, and ts fretition attended certaialy with eves of toposing same temporary easrifi es urers; butit has also this immense sivan. ach person b-'ng warned is time can rejaees a mp'ioo to the limits of what is absolutely ne- cenpary, acc tbat private persons, aa rellas the govern: ment, sr« not expored to deplorable mistakes. [it no doubt «fil cting thet wreat is d ‘but what wou d bein- finitely more so would be mot to ment e.ppot give sbucdance w! it ought oe i the trata to the rea distated sitastion }, Oeamot oh. exact porition of things; sll the assertions la e& not prove that ip the crisis of 1846 47, the goverament | the cf thet time did not leave thepmolic in a deceitfal re curity. The elrcalsr, so tracquill sing, of the Minister o! Agrcalture aod Commerce, is of November 16 1845, and the first measure to ward off the crisis does not go further back than 1) comber 7, it was then only that the ad verity began one kaows that rhusard traly eff it the end of March, thatis io Ragre: PL was, in the last moat PRs isions kept ate Ggure tote ly in disaccord wi h the eltuatiog—that that priey,prodac d by the geners] belief that the ba yont Waseca cely Delo an re smd that at the aod wheat eniered our ports only slo qnuaptities, And so, whew in 1847 the'm: monthe of the season arrived, prises rose with a frig y aud out of all proportions with the prie-a pre In Jaouary (he average was 20° 605 the Fesuary 83’r, 222, in March 28! 63), May S¥tr, Ofc, ami these average p ive howing the sad altua'fou of a g. ch asthe Bas Rhio, the a Seon, S jo whieh, fn corteia lyoall- 4 60%r. From these tardy ea ures resulted other inconveniences. The trade, tor late i formed, rent their commands to Iste, ag 8 great Of the arrivals took place when the ericia had pas od The speculatera beiog deorived had to naffer eno: mous lowes, and the quantities of f.recn wheat whi @ccumbered ovr ports weighed heavily on the price of a Lowl.g , emis, w Lue great leyaty wi 6 | % 1d pot soficientiy ig ulate the sprca'ations | | star gg it capital ; with the power of starving the north of Norway by stopping its supplies of foud; witha dormant claim to the Norwegian throne ready to be brought into play, Nicholas counts upon being sable at avy time to bend to his purposes a king who is an eyesore to all the old monarchies of Europe. The con of Bernadotte, by a mother sprang, like | her husband, from the middie c asses, has exoe rienced in his own person murked sights from the legit mate sOvereigns of Europe. When, in 1837,he | made the tour of Germany, he was received at the | different courts with scarcely common civility. In | 1821 the royal family of Prussia rejested his over- | tures for a mstrimonial alliance; when tae ex King of Sweden, Gustavus IV., died, ail the old Imgitt mate courts were ostentatious in their assumption of mouraing for him. Rassias, there can be sittle | doubt, is availing itself at this moment of all these circumstances to wheedie ard*bully the Kiag of Sweden, with a v'ew to gain hiin in the first instance to subserve its views against England aud Praoce, and in the second to increase its is governmept of the Scandinavian view to its ultimate incorporation mivh the Roasia counts also upon its asc cils in the royal family of Denma: remote prospect of aa opportanity cession to that throne. mark command the Ba! of Russia singly is as sian intrigues iu the nortl io the evan | , and she not very to claim the suo- Russia, Sweden, and Den- | 3 for the mari ing. The su , therefore, while it wold materially embarrass land in any war in which we might be engaged, is preznant with obstractions to our commerce with the Balsic, unless the right steps were taken at the right time. Oar best, our only sure, reliauce for counteracting avd Loess | these intrigues is in assidously cultiva- ting the will borne by the Scandinavian ~pegp'e to Bogla! Policy dictates, of cotirse, a friendly and conciliatiog deportment towards thei? mgnarchs; but the surest ‘guarantee for the good fatosand | friendly offices of th®semonarzhs will be found ia toeirconsciousvess that Yovally themaelves with Rus- sia against Eogland and Frince will alienate and irri tate their eubjecta. The S vedeF especially are aata- pose and necesgarily hostile to Ral the loss of Finland they still gonsider the deep:st d ever ir flicted on their cOhnyy. And no wondel ag the extension of railroads and canals is gradaaliy facilitating the intercourse between Stockholm aad the western districts of Scandinivia, that capital still derives its supplies of provisions and firewood almost exclusively from Finland. The valae of these articles received in Stockholm from Finland in tae course of one year has been estimated at £230,000 sterling, the pepulation of the city not exceeding 81,000 souls. So long, therefore, as Russia retains the Grand Duchy, it not only threctens the capital ot Sweden every moment with its ficets, bat caa any time. The Swedes see the sims of Rossia; as a more civilized neople they are averse to two prospect of faling under ita domination; a8 9 pian, and, by Weenie: the Rassian influence over | wsion may # | the law and recognizes the sacre | thing, averse to the prospect of being subjected to a despot- ism. Yet a contest between Sweden and Norway on the one havd, and Raia on the other, if the former were le!t to bear the brunt of the battie alone, would be most unequal. In 1849 the total population of Sweden did not exceed 3,433,808; in 1845 taat of Norway was only 1,828 471. The north of Norwayand Stockholm, it will be Kept in mind, are deseadent for their supplies of food upon Russia; and the out post of the Russian fleets and armies is withia a few ours sail of Stockholm, which is but weakly forti- fied. Yo repel a Russlan fleet, the King of Sweden has only 10 ships of the line, 20 frigates and smaller vessels, 12 war steamers, and 266 gan boats of his Swedish navy ; 2 frigates, 11 smaller vessels, 5 war steamers, and 137 gan bosts, which he calla his Nor- wegian vavy. The Swedish army numbers 144,013 men of all arms; the Norwegian, 23,484—in all 167,497. But of these, not more than 21,000, if so mafy, are permanently under arms; the remainder consists of va:ious kinds of militia. It may serve-to throw additional light on the defensive ee ments of Sweden to notice the time it would take © concentrate its troops upon three principal points, with a view | to resist af invader. t would take sixty-one days (or thirty-five days by forced mares to concentrate the whole Swedis army at SI holm; three-fourths of it could be drawn together in twenty-nine days (or in sixteen by forced marches) It would take eighty-five days (or foyoes by forced marches) to concentrate it at Cl 'ianstadt, on the southern coast; and seventy- six days (or thirty-nine by forced marches) to con- centrate it at Wenersberg, within forty miles of the coast, at Gottenburg. From the mountainous nature of the country, much more time would be required to bring the Norwegian contingentinto play. It is obvi vious, therefore, that the united kingdoms subject to King Oscar are even less able than Turkey to copesin- gile-banaed with ai, One yet, unless the Baltas is to become # Russian lake,they must be encouraged to resist the encreachments of the Czar, and supported in their resi-tance. This is eapec: y ihe interest of Eng- land; but that of our ally France is next, if indeed it be inferior. ThoughS: and Norway be'une qual to a contest with Russia, t) yould yet be invaluable allies in a rage to preserve the erty ofthe navi- gation of the Baltic, both from theirs local posidon and the valor and skill of their land and sea forces. An English fleet, or a combined French and English fleet, could not only guard them from Rassian inva sion, but strike the first blow at the insidious og greesor, and restore to Sweden the territory of whic it has agen robbed, whosé*inhabitants still retain a " eeling to their eld felfow-citizens. At pre- seni naval operations in the Baltic are impossi- ble; but it isto be hoped that the English govern- meut will embrace the earliest opportunity afforded by the breaking up of the ice to be on their [in the ‘Baltic as circumstances may require. can and ought to he prepared to act before Russia. We say this, not merely with reference to | the unprépared state of the Baltic fleet, but to the process by which the ice in that sea breaks up. It first begins to break up and disperse in the ee nearest the ocean; the meeting of the waves from the North Sea is a main agent; and hence the Western Baltic will be free from ice, and open.to the fleeta of England and France, while the ships of | Russia still continue icebound in its eastern re- cesses. At Stito, on the west side of the island of Gotbland, and at Capelshamn, on the east, there are harbors with depth of water (it is understood) for ships of war; and a naval force, such as Eogland and France could easi¥ fit out, would, if stationed there, command the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, lock up the Russian navy asin a pond, secure the free ravigation of the Baltic, axd be in readineas for ary ulterior operations that might be rendered ne- cessary by the eggreasions of the Ozay. “Intrigues of Russia in Asia, [From the Gs2e-te de Xp-ner } Intelligence of it importance for the world in general and for England in particular, informa ua that Russia is making gigantic preparations, ander the pretext of cbastising tne Khaa of Khiva, but im reality with a bigher aim. For fifteen years Russia has been occupied in or- | ganising the Mongole and the Kirghese; she hasfur- | nished them with men, money, aad officers, and has | had them instructed in the .use of arms and the art of w: At any moment, at a signal from the Czar, 200,000 horse from among the hordes of the Kir- | ghese, encamped between the Caspian Sea and Mount Altai, could enter upon a campaign, if Russia should | induce gPersia and Caboul to destare weaseegeinnt England, to unite their forces with A with thore of the Mongols, at ie eee e offering the | hand to the independent por India on the other | side of the Gages. In such a war with England who van tell what would beeome of Hindostam, or what | modifications the English rule in India might un- dergo? The epoch of Zingis Khan might return, and Asia pass once more under Mongolian sway. | When one reflects on the constantly increasing | misery of the Indians, bent down under the yoke of greedy merchants, it is with a feeling that their lot | could not become more wretched under the iron sceptre of the Mongo's. But, however that may be, | England has reason to dread the attempts of Russia; for if the deserts and mountains which divide the | Russian Empire from Asia be impenetrable by ropean arinies, they are not so by hordes inured to the fatigues of war. The day is not, perhaps, | ci-tant when Russia and England, the two most peer empires of the world, may be engaged in wrtilities, and war break out upon every point of their enormous possessions, England is less inform- ed than any other power of the projests and prepara- tio: s of Russia; and the a d which she affords to the Torkish army in the tran+Caucassian proviaces has H no other object but to raise aga‘nst the Russian Em- pire the Tartar hordes of the Caucasus aud the Cas- the Mongols, the Persians, and the —Kirghese, to , render abortive the projects agsinst the Indian pos- | sessions of Great Britain. | (Frém th’ London Times, Jim 7] Tf we are to believe certain of our foreign contem- poraries, other causes are at work in urging this country toa rupture with Russia than those which appear on the surface and catch the attention of the publ is not Menschikoff—no, northe Danabian Prin palities, nor even Sinope itself, that is in- | fluencing our councils. These are the pretexts which we may crafrily and ostentatiously pat forward. We | may taik about the balance of power, the necessity of keeping Ruséia out of Turkey, of openiag the | Dardanelles, and ‘preserving Constantinople from the gripe of the northern giant; but they sed deeper into the matter than all toat comes to. They) know that while we are talking of Earope we are thinking of Asi#; that if we are ready to meet Rus- sia on the banks of the Danube or the Black Sea, it is because we would rather fight her. there than’ on the banks of the Indus or in the Bay of Ben: that we are, in fact, in a terr.ble fright 0 a Cossack and Turkoman iovasion of our Eastern empire ; aad | that we view in the Emperor Nicholas a worthy suc- cessor of Genghis, of Timour, or Nadir Shah, We wotlld entreat ovr cotemporaries to dismiss from their | minds these profound speculations, and t believe us when we assure them in all sincerity that we have aa little apprehen-ion of seeing the Cossacks, the Tarko- mans, or Khir.ese water their horses on the banks of the L.dus as on those of the Thames. What ideas Russia may be brooding over with respec} to our L dian empire of course we cannot tell. It is ed fd means imposs'ble that a barbarous Power, puffed u by the pompous enumeration of its half starve myriads, proud of its divlomatic successes, and | looking back on a long list of inglorious triamphs, | may look forward to the day when the kaont shall be waved over the dusky hordes of Bengal as | well as over the palefaced children of the North— | when the wilds of Siberia and the deserts of the | Cauca-us shall be enlivened by.the presence of one | more crushed aud oppressed nationality; and when | the happy regime which bas made Poland aifeoe | and erat place of fashionable resort shail cross | the Himbayas, and éktend its beneticent influence to the mouths ogjhe Ganges. This dright and suriny, cheer the reveries of a aorthera nm, aud the existence of an absulate govern- h, in spite of its arbitrary powers, respects 83 of individual rights, may well call forth in the mind of every pa- wictis Russian a wish to achieve its immediate de- molition, and to replace it by an order of things uterly untainted by the sickly spirit of modern !beralism. Bot the hopes of Russia are one and the ‘ears ot Esgland are another. We believe, and the belief is all but universal in this country, that our Indian empire has nothing whatever to fear from the intrigues or arms of Russia or ber allies. By the sword we won India, and by the sword we are prepared to maintain her. We do not trast to the fact Chat our ith all its faults, which we have never to extenuate, is undoubtedly the best to which any Asiatic people bas ever been subject. Something we might c-nnt on the saperiority of our administration, and on the benefits in the shape of Fecnrity to property, and the germs of man; 1 which we have already conferre: ight connt somewha’ on grati- but we reat our hold of India on surer and less deceptive grounds, We hold India by means of 4 large, well paid, well disciplined, and well equipped army, excellently provided with all the maniions of war, and maintained ina position of comfort and sbandance which the troops of the Emperor of Russia never knew. Provided with a large park of artillery, admirably served, and with @ numerous and efficient cavalry, consisting of men Yorn in and inured to the climate, and commande i by European officers trained t» Indian war, and thoroughly acquainted with all its vicissitudes, the Indian army is, we believe, fully equal to a far more ous task than that of defending India against il the attacks of all the foes that Russia caa bring against her. It is not suggested that, notwithstanc- ing the influence Rassia is acquiring over the wild tribes and pathless deserts of independent Tartary, a | iized army, with the usual accompani nents of | b egage and artillery, could cross the vast waste ¥ bich intervenes between the Sea of Aral an] the Hindoo Koosh, scale the most ragged and difficult tude sand see how eastiy disciplined troo Akhtier. | tance from the former | excey mon: tain barriers on the face of the #lobe, and arrive in condition to open a campaign on the burning plains of Hindostan. If the rij id oad were taken, the fanatical spirit of and Affghanistan would offer obstacles almost insurmountable, and- the commissariat at an high on Sew wise and See solate ste] would seem to surpass the power a: ree ep po Tf, on the pa hang, the left band road ba taken, the descent into India would resent difficulties such as, forja civilized army,would wholly insurmountable. This, then, is not the danger we are disposed to dread. That which we are told produces the liveliest apprehension and emotion, is the prospect of an invasion under the auspices of Russia by a cloud of Tartar cavalry, armed, accoutred and disciplined after the’ most ap- proved fashion of war in Central Asia. These troops would certainly have artillery and no baggage, and their habitual endurance of famine and «mise might enable them to dispense with some, at least, of those commissariat supplies which even a Rassian army cannot do without. Still the difficulties of the march would be, even to these wild and savage hordes, all but insuperable. @ It might occur to those who represent England as frei belbre such an invasion as this, that if we had not been much more than @ mitcti for suéu dis- orderly and predatory banditti, we shoyjd never have conquered India, or, having conqueré@ her, should never have retained her. Let those who affect to believe we are frightened by the threat of a Tartar invasion read the account of the Pindaree campaign, can scatter to the winds the efforts of Irregular valor, even though that valor be stimulated by despair and cond by thoroughly daring and e: enced leader}. The jindarees knew the country in which they fought, be tactics ane WONT of ie enemy wi Ae whem ey engaged, they were thoroughly hardened agal thereffects of they native climate, and were power fully assisted by the appearance in the ranks of their enemies for the first time of the now familiar cholera. Yet, with all these advantages over-a force of north. ern soldierg, strangers to the eying the manners, the climate, and the geography of India, the Pin- darees melted away in the presence of the British armies like snow under the heat of their own tropi- cal sun, and a single campaign was sufficient to effect the extermination of a power which once seemed to threaten the permanence of our Indian domjpion. We are not, we trust, oversanguine—our 1 it success¢s have often been preceded by our deéhest deepondency; but we believe we do not in any degree exaggerate the facts of the case whea we say that En, d has not, and has no reason to have, the slightest anxiet, th regard to the movements of Ruseia in Central Asia, or the probability of her ven- turing on the desperate enterprise of invadiog our Indian dominions. The Port of Sebastopol on the Black Sea, The followif account of the town and port of . Sc- bastopol, the Russian naval headquarters, by Vsevol- ojsky, the Russian topographer, will be found inte- Testing at the present moment :— This famous stronghold of the Russians in the Black Sea is one of the most modern creations in the rapidly growing empire of the Czs r 1786, having been occupied by noth tious than a miserable village of T The splendid natural r for a firet rate naval port, ho! fracted the keen notice of Catherine II, and in "Prev the first stone of the new fortress and arsenal was laid, and from that period it has rapidly increased in strepgth and importance. bastopol is sita- ated on the western coast of peninsala of the Crimea, in an amphitheatre to the south ofy tne harbor, ing along @ point of land which’ separates the bay of Yujnaia-Bukhta, which forms the port, from Artillery Bay, a small indentation on the other wjde. The town stands ona shaky: stra- e harl .| tum, which rises from a height of 30 feet at tremity of the point to an elevation of 190 fee the sea in the upper part. «This tig steep coast opposite, which’ also. reous Took. perfectly Gelebds the the summit of the heighta? app tom of a deep cavity, and, ing distance from the com, acclivity, few tranverse streets. . the point of land stan for the receptfon of th hind are situate the’ . sort of suburb. Outside the town, towards Artillery Bay, are the —— of the artillery corps, a few private houses, the quarantine station, and, scattered he.e and there | onthe shore Ri acpi the roadstead, tne sounting houses and lens ot the officera of the do:k yar and arsenal The town of Sebastopol itself is not | much above a mile in length, and is nowhere more then four hundred yards wide; but neither the regi- mental barracks, erecied about a half mile from the upper part of the town, nor thoee for the sailors, op- posite the town itself, nor the hospitals, are incladed within this space. The harbor, as being the most important feature of Sebastopo!,.and which has been compared to that of Malta, merits a more minute description. The principal bay is about three miles and a halfin depth, with @ width of three quarters of a mile at the mouth, widening to nearly a mile, and then narrow- ing to six hundred or seven hundred yards at the head. - The average depth at the mouth is not above me a ee, aa ce as the ancient villa, ol ier, where the naval core Reh ae about nine fathoms; and fiom there liminishes gra- doally towards the two porta to three fathoms. There is nota rock or sh in the whole harbor, opposite the Severnala Kossa, or northern point, where there isa small sandbank, which ships pert 3 the ba: ve to avoid, and where the sailors fiod abundance of fish. Atthe further end of the port water becomes gradually shallower, in the direction of Inkerman, and near the little river Byjugusen is not more than a yard or haifa yard in depth, with a muddy bottom. ‘he entrance of the hfrbor is defended by strong batteries placed at the extremities of the two points of land that form the bay. Besides these, there is another fronting the’ town, snd two more on the double point on whish the town stands, with a re- doubt higher up. © One of these batteries, which is semi-circular, also defends Artillery bay. The large harbor, as well ag the lesser, is perfectly protected from all winds by the chalk rocks which surround it, and which rise to a greater tight more inland, so that it is only on the rare occurrence of a tempest from the west that avy danger can be occasioned to the shipping in the bay. About a mile from the mouth of the bay the graod port for veswels of war forms a sort of small arm, running in @ southwest direction, This arm, which the Tartars used to call Kartali-Kosh, (Vaiture,bay) is new called Yajnaia- Bukhta, or Southport. It is upwards of a mile and a halfin length, with a wid:h of four hundred at the entrance, and hasa little narrow creek of about six hundred yards in length, in which ships can be laid up in ordi tan with foe safety. On the other side the town, in Artillery bay, is a similar creek, used to careen vessels of war, fur the purpose of cleansing | and scorching their bottoms. The sea worm, teredo navalis, which pierces submerged wood, exists in large numbers in the Black Sea, especially along the thores of the Crimea, and in the harbor of Sebasto- pol. In less than two years, if a vessel is not copper sheathed, these worms pierce through the whole of the outer timbers. Hence it is found necessary to counteract their operations by careening the vessel every two years, and scorching the outside of the bo tom with pitch and janiper wood. The situation of Se ie onadry soil causes it t) be extremeiy hea'thy, the air being tempered in summer by cooling winds, and mildened in winter by “| the she ter of lofty hills to the north and east, The — beat in summer does not exceed twenty-six jlegrees of Reaugur (77) F.). Land and sea »reezes alternate succesMively moroing and eveniaz, cooling the air, at the same time favoring the entrance and departure of ves‘els, while at sea, out ide the harbor, the prevalent winds are northeast aod northwest. Mexico, toe United S ater, we tiny. [Fem the Lon om Tim #, Jon 7) * Some time has elapeed since we found it desirable, to lay before European readers any particular obser- vations on the state of Mexico. It is about eight Pind ago, as will be easily remembered, that the exicans were engaged in a desperate war with the United States, nor.will it ne necessary for us to add, ‘that these hostilities terminated disastrously for the weaker Power. The territorial cessions obtained by the Americans on this occasion iucluded not ouly the auriferous province of California, but large dis- tric'’s besides, which still remain uninhabited and almost unexplored. It cannot, indeed, be said that these loses inflicted any serious damage on the Mex- ican nation, as it was still left ,in possession of -terri- tories fur too extensive for its ssauty population and its limited requirements; but the conseqnences of the defest, cooperating with the exhaustion pro- duced by the war itself, proved altogether fatal to the prospects of the government and the general ad- rainis'ration of the country. From that time to the presnt Mexico. with a constitution nominally re pub'icaa, has continned ina state more nearly ap- proiebing to absolute anarchy has ever been wit ested ig recent times or in modern examples of jOlty. Thére existed, in fact, neither law nor gov- rowent at all di the name, and so eutire wae the dissoluticn of institutions and the disor ean zation of all society, that it was conceived the connuy must fall of necessity to the United States, tobe by them dealt with in some manner or other, whether such a consummation was desired or not. ‘The last mails from Vera Craz, however, bave in- troduced us to a new phase of Mexican politics. and « Manifest preset poseesses. The Mexicans are heartily sick, short, of republicauiam and its accompaniments, and, Le it is upjast to attribute to these or any other igstitutions results which are chiefly due to ‘heir own national failings, they seem, at any rate, convinced that the worst stage of their country’s de- cline coincides with the maintenance of republican forms. In reality, it can hardly be sald that ame of the South American States bave ever, at any time since their emancipation, been so regulated as to give any species of goverment a fair trial; but this much is certainly true, that Mexico bas vever been 80 utterly. pacrganined as when ita affairs were ad-> ministered by itsown citizens under representative - institutions, and never so well managed as when its government approached most nearly to the abso- Jotiem of an individual. « Some reflections of this sort appear to have now induced them to return to the forms of monarchy in their least ambiguous shape. Santa ‘Anna, it is said, is soon to be supreme governor, under a title which is not yet determined, but with authority about which there can be no mistake. He is to ba styled either “ eae matters foe ae fai,” or possibly Emperor;” but he is to represent a aiving'and centralized power, and to exerelse this wer without apy restriction on the part of a popn- ir assembly. The views of the Mexicans ap exceeding le. They waut the taxes to be col- lected, the public servants to be pas, the roads to be cleared of bandisti, trade to rotected, and society to be maintained in its daily developements; in a word, they want the country to be governed, ~and, so long as there shall be some power to enforce order, they do not itly care how such power ia constituted, or whether such order may repose or nat upon the strict provisions of law. These conditions Santa Anna promises to fulfil, and it is not improba- ble that he may be as good as his word. Al ly under his rule there has been a manifest improve- ment in many departments of the administration; and it is concelved, with a good deal of reason, that ir this improvement can be promoted by the adop- tion of apy particular designation for the head of be ge the advantage would be cheaply pur- chased. It is remarkable, howeyer, that the Mexicans have not only an evident ment, buta declared aversion to republicanism of itself. They are clamoring, not so much for the creation of @ sovereign, as for the destruction and abolition of the National Congress, with all its inci- dé@nts and fomms. They want to be, not republicans, and at this moment, if our information dees not mis- lead us, they are availing themselves of all popular channels of expression to denounce and oxtin, ish all popular inbtitutions. It is impossible not to draw from these singular facts a conclusion directly at variance with that sometimes advanced by our Amerigan brethren. So far from republicanism being form of government permisible on bin we now seo that one of the sof this continent has pro- decided condemnation of judgment which carries i promealty to absolute govern- . pm the circumstance that ernment in certain States nearer ‘any discredit upon the constitution of he fault on such occasions lies, not bat with the people concerned. pe. it be. disguised or for- ther capable or inca- percent continent, aeeaauune » the real ‘exaa if, in short, they annex hey. must include the people; and to become of the Union when so lation, aliens in blood, ition, the Anglo-Saxon race, enter, of self-government, into iy upon principleg beyond their-. Comprehension? . Already are serious misgivings entertained respecting the effect ‘of the Texas votes wpon the administration of the Union, and it is clear all the pie apprehended from this quarter ‘would bg indefinitsly multiplied by any farther ac- cessions of old Spanish territory. Meither the Mexi- cans nor the inhabitants of the South American re- ‘publics are made for self government; that point has now been demonstrated by the experiments of a quarter of acentury. Yet these States, with their inbabitants, mast either carry their leaven into the American Union, or the Union must -be confined to limits far lers extensive than what has been termed its “‘ manifest destiny” is conceived to indicate. For the precent, however, there is little doubt taat Mex- ico will reap immediate sdvantage from the ter- mination of a preposterous experiment; and if, as is announced, the restoration of a strong government is coupled with fair offers to foreign capitalists, the resources of this naturally opulent and productive State may be developed to a point which twelve months ago would have been considered wholly un- approachable. f The Social and nae us Position of Sarr a. [From the London Times Jan. 13 J * We have more than once bespoken the attention and dg ge of the public for the kingdom of Sar- dinia. This State, small in comparison with some European Powers, but considerable both in resources and strength when contrasted with the other govern- ments of ely, has been for some time ref its internal administration with an earnestness, wisdom and success, entitling itto the admiration and sup- port of all enlightened commanities. 1t is not im- possible—on the contrary, it is highly probable— that we may ultimately cee in Piedmont an Italian Btate rationally governed, an Italian people content- ed with rational liberty, and an Italian sovereign_re- lying upon those popular affections which form the basis of durable monarchies. An administration, framed upon the plan of a double Chamber and a re- sponsible Cabinet, with a comparatively free press, has been hitherto found to answer so well that, though the State bas not yet escaped the inevitable troubles of a novitiate, it is, upon the whole, one the strongect States of its class, avd its chief perils, indeed, now arise from the envy and malice of thése \ tulers-who caa ill endure the spectacle of institutions £0 Spoils contrasted with heir own. A lesson instructive to all nations, and not with- ou’ its moral for ourselves, may be learnt from the question which now threatens the Sardinian govern- ment with its ehief difficulty. Sardinia, as the reader must be aware, is not only a Roman Catholic pet Mt @ country most emphatically Popish and priest-ridden. About the soundness of its faith in the eyes of the Papal See there is no manner of doubt, and the reforms now pr: jected by its govern- ment in ecclesiastical matters are entirely free from any heretical leanings towards religious liberty or pigeon enfranchisement, in the Protestant sense of the terms. The simple truth ia that Piedmont is overrun, and, as we may literally say, eaten up its church establishments and its clergythe idle and least serviceable members of the profession obe taining, as usual, a lion’s share of the conse- crated revenues, to the prejudice of toeir working brethren and the scandal of religioa in general. The extravagance of the prevailing abuses will be appreciated when we say that, though the population concerned is less than twice that of Lindon, the ecclesiastical staff includes 6 archbishops, 34 bishops, 312 beneficed canons, 741 collegiate canors, and 7,000 priests; over sad above 31 orders of monks with 347 convents, and 23 orders of nuns with 141 convents. Prodigious as there results may appear, they are little more than bave invariab!y occurred in all countries sur- rendered to Popish influence. Before the of the French Revolution there were cities on the from privil rganize continent where the larger portion of all the proper- ty and almost a majority of the population per- tained to the Church ; and there is scarcely nbn at State in which it has not been fotind necessary, some time or other, to desl summarily wish thi incumbrances. Belgium, Spain and Austria have witnessed ations if this is to be the ex; sion— of ecclesiastical property, aa sweeping as t! eee by the Reformation in England. This, jowever, is not the object of the Sardinian re- formers ; they ask for nothing but a bette bution of the church property for church uses, for & suppression of unprofitable establishments, and for a more decent maintenance of the parish priests, who are the truest and most serviceable ministers of religion. So wretchedly, notwithstanding the vast amount of church property, are these working clergy provided with the means of livicg, that out of 9.386 parochial clergy, 2,540 are subsisting upon incomes which, even when eked out by stipends from the State, average only some £33 103. aunum. Sardinian government, therefore, with the fal) con- currence and approval of the Lower Chamber and the public, propores—First, a reiuction in the num- ber of bishoprics; secondly, the suppression of the mendicant and idle relig order—the charitable and industrious orders being preserved; thirdly, & reduction in the number of canonries, especially in cases where the original object of the foundation haa become obsolete; fourthly, the equalization of canom ical bo poe bly, the appointment of what we Tay an ecclesiastical commission, with a view to the adoption of fixed rales in the collection and payment of chureh revenues, and a more arrangement of their distribution. The English reader will reco; in these poeals the identical principles which have in commended themrelves to all wise and SS Nevertheless, or, as we should aps say, very natorally, although there is ro Santa Auna, whose part in the previons dramas 8 not likely to be , and who had retaroed to preside over the Mexican rennblic, fs like'y t> re appear ins more dictatorial character thaa he at made or intended against the tenets of the BS faith, the Court of Rome is violent! posed to projected reforms; nor is it at al ‘Hkely that “hie 4 sidious and unscrupulous Powe rt, bcual