The New York Herald Newspaper, November 28, 1853, Page 7

nice Rhos ol if ; 0 to abandon the shifting and deceptive diplomacy for the realities of a military mpaign. One of the most powerful arguments of ievers in a pacific settlement by ambassadors lenipotentiaries was, that the climate and the of Danubian Priacipalities would preclade possibility of immediate hostilities between the ns and the Turks. Moldavia and Wallachia e visited in the autumn by violent storms of rain, hich soak the loose and heavy ground, and render impracticable for carts, artillery, or men. ‘he ers, swollen by these autumn fails, become impas- ble, and the marshy grounds of the Lower Danube e in lakes of maddy water. By a curious turn of ons, the autumn rains have not come down this ar, the provinces are dry, and the Danube is so w that the ordinary mouths are closed to every of traffic. Ths warlike spirit of the Turks has us been served by provideutial droughts, and di- omacy been worsted by the weather. HE LAST DIPLOMATIC EFFORE FOR PEACE. Annexed is a copy of the projét de note which the ee representatives of Frauce, Austria, and Prus- had prepared en dernier lieu, and presented by De Bruck, in the hope of obtaining the adhesion the British ambassador to induce the Porte to n the note of Vienna, according to the verbal in- rpretations of Olmutz :— CONFIDENTIAL PROJECT. vising the Sublime Porte to adopt th 4 to at Vienua, the Courts of Au pgland, and Prassia are penetrated with conviction that this document does mot in auy way olate the sovereign rights and the dignity of his Ma- ity the Sultan. This conviction is founded on the positive assurances at the Cabinet of St Petersburg haa given with respect the intentions which animate bis Mvjosty the Emperor Russia in demanding & genrral guarantee of the re ious immunities accorded by the Sultan to the Greek burch in his empire. It follows from these assurances that in Keg apet in rtue of the principle Iaid down in tae treaty of Kein- dji, that the Greek worship and clergy should sontiaue enjoy their spiritual pri yes under the wgis of their vereign, the Emperor demands nothing contrary to the d ypencesos and the righty of the Sultan, nothing which bplies an intention of intermeddling in the interior attairs the Ottoman empire. jWhat the Kmperor of Russia wishes is, the strict main- noe of the religious sfa‘u quo of his worship, to wit, entire equality of rights and immunities bet the Church and the other Christian communities sub- to the Porte, and consequently the enjoyment in fa- of the Greek church of the advantages accorded to communities, He does not mean to re-uacitate the lvileges of the Greek Church which have faljen into uetude by the effect of time or administrative changes, he demazds that the Sultan should make it partici- ip all the advantages which he will accord hereafter other Christian rites. he Imperial Cabinet of Austria wishes, consequently, to doubt that the Sublime Porte, in contemplating ee more, with al! the serious attention that the gravity the situation requires, the explanction given by Rus- , With the object of stating Precisely the nature and ‘ent of her demards, will decide on the pure and sim- ‘adoption of the Vienna note. bat adoption, while ensuring to the Ottoman govern- mnt a new title to the sympathy and support of the wers which have advised it to take the step, offers to st the same time «means equally prompt and honor Ne to cperate its frank reconciliation with the Russian ppire—a saconciliation which %o many all-important resta so imperatively require. 'The Constantinople correspondent of the Débuts, ho gives the note, states that it was the result of Imutz conference, the declaration of war by nrkey no; being known at the time. ‘‘Immediately r M. de Bruck,” he continues :— larrired Colonel Wildenbruck, of Prussia, with a pro- et, which was only the copy of the Austrian project. M uck did not inrist much, but the other returned to charge several times, but did not succeed better Tne rte is decidediy for war; Redschid Pashs declsres openly, and repeated this morning in my presence, t the Turks were decided to perish rather than fer accept the Vienna note. their eyes the new pro- pt of note presented to them as a guarantee from Ea- ipe, is not of more value than the nots of the Conference, d they have rejected without even discussing it. In ity, three of them, who are a Jittle familiar with Eu pean’ politics, reem to be persuaded that Europe cannot ow ther: to perish; that morally they will gain some- ing in trying the chance of arms, even if they be beaten; d, in a word, that Europe is too interested in venting war not to make the Empsror of Russia relax his yretensions, since they themselves have reached the nit of conce:sions; and that their cetermination is m to die with a: in their bands rather than yield yy more. The: , then, absolutely rejested this new ject. To the reasons which made them dono it is cessary to add that, while it was submitted to them in name of the four Powers, there arrived from Frauce 4 England the answer the contre-coup of the note in h Connt Nesselrode explained his manner of under. nding the Vienna note, That reply or contre coupjwas counsel given to the Porte by the two Weetern Po’ ‘to accept the Vienna note, accompanied by precise 4 frank Eee of succoer and eupport, The, Tarks, jen, were in regarding those new positions ag and the answer mads to them was tho entry of fleets, which several days ago passed the Darda les, but have not yet appeared before Constantinople. RELATIVE FORCES OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN THE FIELD. [From the Londom Chronicle, vov 10.) The reports which have hitherto been received of je strength of the Russian force in Wallachia are 0 contietig and. too uncertain to supply ground apy confident anticipation as to the immediate sult of the campaign. The statements which have ren published vary from one hundred and fifty ousand to seventy thousand mer; and it isnoteven stain whether the division commanded by General en Sacken has yet crossed the Pruth. No blame n attach to the imperial authorities for their soli- tade to conceal the real amount of their forces. is the right, and it often may be the duty, of commander to keep his adversary in ignorance his strength, as well as of his plans. In a short me, however, we shall be enabled, from our own urces of intelligencel to correct many of the loose ertions which have been circulated with respect to le prospects of the war. In the meanwhile, it may presumed that Omer Pacha is in possession of mation sufficient to warrant his own plaa of opera- bns,and as the strength of the Turks is approxi- ely known, it seems| jmable to suppore that Russian forces which can be concentrated near ncharest are at least not superior in numbers to the my which has assumed the offensive. It is believed fat incPuding the reserve necessary to protect the trenched camp at Schumila, the Ottoman com- nder can dispoee of about 100,000 men, without pete ing the garrisons from the frontier for- anes, and it may be conjectured that a skilful pner ed, befurs crossing the Dauube, lat the enemy is unable to attack him with more n 50,000 or 60,000. Russian accounts from Bucharest are not only , but, to a ‘certain extent, they furnish terials for an opposite conclusion to that which jort to convey. We have already ited out consistency between the repo numbers killed, and those of wounded, in the action r Oltenitza. It is oddly stated, in an ac- unt of the same affair given in a Bucharest wapaper, that the Turks were repulsed to their trenchments ; and it must be allowed that the feat of 12,000 men by 3,000—who themselves mit that one-fourth of their number were dis- led—would be a brilliant feat of arms, while it puld augur the most complete success to Russia in e ensuing campaign. But when it is said that the pre numerous body wa; besten back to its en- pocbments, the question naturally arises, what ose detence? were, and on which side of the Danube were situated. Turks, according to the hole tenor of the account, were fighting for a foot- B on the left bank of the river. The hattle is re- nted as commencing as soon as they had crossed; |d yet, at the termination of the action, they had treachments ready to retreat to on the Wallachian It is evident, therefore, that they had suc- ded in their object, as is stated in tae other des ches which have reached us. The alleged suc of the Russians at Giurgevo may, perhaps, have better foundation than the pretended re of the Turks at Oltenitza. It appears t, at the former place, the 3ultan’s troops id taken pos:ession of a Russian steamer ; id it may therefore be assumed that they commaud- the course of the river—especially since, in all e accounts hitherto published, the advancing es are represented as superior in number to their ponents. 1t is not improbable that the maia body the Ruseians is still iu the neighborhood of Bucha- bt, and that their generals are waiting to ascertain princi line of the Turkish advance before opting any decisive measures. It would seem, from e reports which have been received, that Omer cha has made demonstrations on all the roads ich lead from the Danube to Bucharest ; and it hy have been impossible for the Russians to throw eit whole force on any of his detachments, at the ik of having their positions turne 1 by movements her on the east or on the west. Some surprise may, perhaps, have been created by e passive attitude which has thus far been main- ined by the invader. If the army of occupation id amounted to 150,000 men, it would have been ‘y, after the four months which have elapsed since e cros-ing of the Pruth, to display an overwhelm- g force at all the principal passage: of the Danube. ere is no reason to doubt ‘hat the whole power the Russian empire has been directed towards the ht of war; and, after making all reasonable deduc- ns from the nominal amount, 250,000 or 300,000 mn must be availeble for the pending strag- » But it is necessary to make head against enemy in Asia, as well a3 Europe; and mies must be fed after they have beea collect- The Russian Commissiarat is known, at so re- nt a period as that of the Hungarian cam aign 1849, to have been the worst Ved poten in Bu be; and it is certain that the Imperial armies e seldom acted with yes beyond their own ntier. The resources of the Danubian provinces ‘silat toa great extent, been already coa- med; and it seems that acts of the grosses: vio ce are practised to keep down the price of pro- lovs. It must also be remembered that even the esian returns allow that 12,000 men are in the is eee list which implies a proportionate loss cath. Turkey, then, it is said by her enemies, must be onger than the foe against whom Europe thinks it essary to protect ber. It may be hoped that the Be resent campaign may eonfirm this opiniony but | z yet it is ona: apd the war is wholly 1. fensive. There is no question of assailing Russia 1 | ip her tarn, or of recovering Bessarabia and the’ Crimea. In truth, however, it is absurd to repre- | sent the policy of France and England as dependent on the chances of the campaign in Wallachia Whether Russia is strong or weak, she has assailed Turkey, aud the re-establishmeot of the European | system can only be insured by the resolution of the Vestern powers to enforce the evacuation of the principalities. It will be wel! to remember that a control over the policy of the Porte can only be p1r- chased at the price of effective material aid. In se- curing to Turkey the safety of her capital, and the command of the sea, we retain the right and the power to watch the progress. of the war, tor the purpose of facilitating an arrangement, as soon as the invader shall have been repulsed, on the | condition of his consenting to abandon all pre- | tension to interference with the internal affairs of an independent State. The time may come when the aggressor himself will have reason to rejoice that the efforts of his organs and admirers to detach England from the cause of Turkey, have | proved signally unsucceseful. Our government has steadily persevered in its policy, notwithstanding the vituperation of opponents, who blamed the ministers for their prudence, and the counsels of (a friends, who suggested excuses for treachery and cowardice. The power which desires to be respected as an arbiter, must prove that it is strong as well as just; and the allied fleets, in their present position, constitute the title of England and France to exer- cise a friendly influence over Turkey. Their policy will continue to have peace for its object; and there is some reason to suppose that the obstinacy of the aggressor may soon relax. The map will sufficiently explain that a treaty of Bucharest can scarcely contain tha same terms with a treaty of Adrianople; but there is still time to anticipate a general war by pru- dent and early concessions. OMER PACHA AND MUSTAPHA PACHA—THE CAMP AT SHUMLA—ITS SITUATION AND BOUNDARI&S, (From the London Chronicle, Nev, 8 | The Vienna Lloyd publishes some interesting per sonal particulars respecting the Turkish Generalissi mo. Omer Pacha, the writer says, is very much be- oved by the soldiers, although he conforms very lit- tle to Mahometan customs—among other things, openly drinking wine at table. He has no harem, but one wife, an Austrian lady, from Transylvania. He is a perfect gentleman, a noble horseman, and an indefatigable soldier. I have just received the following letter from the European staff officer, who writes to me from Shumla, dated Oct. 3 :— You ere aware that a commander:in-chief is of as much importonce as the whole army. Do not be- lieve, for instance, that the ill-clothed and half- starved French battalions would have commenced at Montenotto a series of uninterrupted victories, which lasted fifteen years, without a Ronaparte. I have now been a month at Shumla, ani have had occa- sion to know Omer Pacha, the seraskier, and will tell you what I think of him. He is a most frank, disinterested and loyal man, a zealous friend to the land of which he has become a subject, and to the army which he commands, and which he has brought to a state of great perfection. His personal appear- ance is handsome, and he possesses very great per- sonal courage. His age may be about fifty-two. To this you must add great military instractlon and ex- perience, and a natural instinct for military affairs. With such qualities, he has, as you may easily imagine, an irresistible influence over the forces he commands, possessing their full confidence. By crigin a Croat, he was educated in the military schools of his country. When yet very young he left the Austrian service and repaired to Constanti- nople, where he made himself mas er of the Turkish language. He was eppcinted to a situation in the wardepartment. The Sultan Mahmoud created him ae in the army, as a recompense for his services whilst thus engaged. He has since risen to the highest posts. He owes his present position to his sword, and has been a marshal for several years. He successfully commanded the Turkish troops in Syria, Bosnia, and Montenegro, I speak of him thus particularly to qo", in order to make you well acquaiated with all the elements of which Turkey at this moment disposes for the war. I was also desirous of contradicting the report spread not long since, that Omer Pasha was an Hungarian sergeant, a deserter from the Alstrian army, who had all of a sudden been made marshal of the em- pire and grand seraskier. The chief of his staff is Major General Ahmed Pacha, who has studied at Vienna. He was director of the military academy at Pera, and unites much instruction to zeal ability. You know the im- portance of this pot Mustapha Pacha, Reis Pacha, or president of the council of the army, occupies a situation which does not exist in European armies. He is an energetic, active, and frank man, and has the appearance of a gocd soldier. The chief headquarters of the seraskier are also composted of some other superior officers, educated at the mi'ltary academies of Vienna; and of many young officers who had received their education at the militery college of Pera. The fortifications that have been constructed under their auspices, along oe of the Danube, speak favorably of their al Ly. I brought from the most incorrect notions of the Turkish army, which my journey to Shumla has succeeded in rectifying. Hitherto I thought that persoval valor, united to ferocity, disorder, and indiscipline, were the main features of the Moslem forces, and I attributed to these troops a3 much energy in the attack as disorganization and panio afterwards. The foreign officers and the German in- structors, who have rendered the greatest services to this army, and who well know it, assure me, how: ever, that the Turkish soldier is made of good stuff, jovial and obedient, and very enduring under hard- ships. The rapidity with which the new recruits who haye just been incorporated are instructed, proves beyord all things the aptitude of these peo- le for military purpoges. All the elements for form- ing an excellent army exist. A. few years time for developement—and let the milltary academy of Pera be increased in proportion with the army, by edu- cating a greater number of young men there—let the position of the lieutenants and captains be ame- liorated—and the army will be as good as those of the Western Powers. As it is, this army is cred superior to the opi- nion in which it is generally held, and to judge of it by the forces at present concentrated at Shumla, it may be safely stated not to be behind any army fer precision in tactics and the manceuvres of the three arme-—infantry, seveby, aad artillery—united. You will see that if war really commences, and the Gor- dian knot, which diplomacy has but the more en- tangled, has to be cut by the sword, the army will do ita duty well. The rest will depend ongrand com- binations, on the latitude given to the seraskier (Omer Pacha) for his operations, and of good for- tune and chance, which, after all, play a great part in all wars. I think I have already told numbers at present about 100, men, regular and irregular soldiers. Other 16,000 men are bei drawn together behind the Balkan—formed out o} the reserve of Roumelia. But if hostilities commence, I donot see why it should not be reinforced by 72 pieces of artillery, and fby other battalions of Muazaf, of whom eight or ten regiments still remain at Constantinople, in Bosnia, and other parts. The Russian army, which I have not seen, is stated to be good and well-looking. It ‘numbers three corp d'armée, the 3d, 4th, and 5th. Chis united force ought to amount to 180,000 men; but from what I learn it does not exceed 150.000, of whom 10,000 to 12.000 are regiments of cavalry. To these are to be added 6,000 Cossacks from the Don, and 10,000 men of cavalry of reserve. Thus there is @ total of 166,000 men, with a great proportion of cavalry. A menth ago, the 4th corps d’armée, un der General Davnenberg, which entered the princi lities by two roads—the one along the Danube, by braila, Lucsin, and Slobozie: the other in the inte ior, by Foksan, Baszeo, and Bucharest—occupied the whole of the Danube from Galatz to Sistov, whore left bank was guarded by the light eh of the Sth corps, which had been detached for that ou that this army purpose. The fifth corps d’armée was apread from Ismail to Galatz, and General Liders was at Reni. The third corps d'armée, wander the orders of General Osten Sacken, after from thirty-five to forty marches from the province of Mohilew, arrived on the banks of the Pruth. This army crossed the river, and advanced into the principalities ; for which reason the fourth corps d'armée was obliged to extend itself towards the Upper Danube and to Rahova. Apuk of ag sixty nine siege-pieces, was also advancing to Bucharest. The Russian flotilla, comporcd of eighty gunboats, is still at Braila; and though it apperred that they purposed remounting the Danube, they arrested their movements in conse- wence of the energetic measures adopted by the ussulman army. All the prepatatior s—amongst others, the maga- zines of buiscuits established at Giurgievo and Zim- aitza— predict the passage of the Danube between Rustsbuk and S)listria. Notwithstanding the excel- lent dispositions taken on the right bank of the river, Itell you that I think such a passage executable, even should the Russians, in order to force their way with greater impunity, be obliged to draw up their flotila from Ismail, thus caasing an alarm on the right bank. Remember the passage of Lobau, be- fore the battle of Wagram on a fixed point at which the Austrians had spent forty days to entrench them- selves, and were commanded by the Archduke Charles, the best commander of the empire in thore wars. If the respective state of the two hostile armies is compared to that of the years 1828 and 1529, it will be found that the relative advantage is decidedly in favor of Turkey; for whereas now the Russian army is one-third strovger than the Turkish, Torkey is now at least thrice as strong as it was then, both as re- garda the srmy itself and the fortresses, A short time since ten Russian deserters arrived here, who swam across the Danube. Several were drowned. They are Museolmans from the Crimea, who, no doubt, are unable to comprehend why they should be ordered to fight for the triumph of the orthodox Greek faith, © " T have not es yet giver you an exuct description of the entrenched cgmp at Shumla. The mountain of Shumla belongs to that chain of the Balken which is detached trom the priueipal ran, ¢ at the mountain of Bemiakapu, and then ex- tends 1. a parallel line to the sea, from the west to the east, But this mountain is nearly isola'ed, as it is very low in these parts, where it joins the chain to which it beivngs. The mountainof Shumta has a_circumference of from seven to eight hours. All around it is abiupt and rocky, the summit formiag an extensive and almost horizontal platform, about from (00 to 600 metres above the valleys surround- ing it, its sidesand the top being ia great part | covered by thick and almost unpenetvable brash- wood. Small inlets or valleys are to be met with at in tervals, runniog more or less into it, in which there is sometimes a village, from some of which a narrow ath Jeads to the top of the mountain, passing fan the wood, and descending in an easterly di yection to Shumla. The town is situated to the east, in the largest and deepest valley, which has been justly compared to a horseshoe, the entry being to the east. This is consequently the only vulnerable part of the place, whilst to the west, south, and north it is almost wholly protected by the navure of the moun- tain and the woods, whieh render all approach im- possible. But this opening to the east is well forti- tied by a range of detached forts, which are built up sane the rocky side of the mountain, being thus able to open a cross-fire'on the plain on the east. This chain numbers four forts of stonework, each carrying from Swenbe are to thirty pieces of artillery; and eleven other forts of earthenwork, built with great care, and capable of holding an entire regi- ment. This is to the east also. To the north, where the mountain, at the extre- may. of the horseshoe, is more open, a parapet of earthwork has been constructed, in addition to a stone fort; it is 3,500 yards Jong, and is flanked by many outworks and redoubts for its protection. It extends to where the wood becomes impenetrable, crossing the roads leading to Tirnova aud Rasgrad. To the south and to the west the place is protected by the same woods, and there remain but a few of tl pathways above rpentioned which it has been considererd necessary fo protéct. Small works were sufficient where chese paths approach the town. Omer Pacha has, however, fortified the entry of one of these inlets, which is easiest armeched from the west of the mountain, at the village of Keuteach, two hours distant from Shum'a. Whilst he covered these roads, he bas turned the whole mountain of Shumla into a vast system of defence; thus? making it possible to sally out from the Sete by this valle to the east, into the valley of Eseki Dschuma, with all the dispoesble forces, against ax army of observation, aud against the flank of an enemy whoshould attempt aoe the Balkan by those valleys in the range of 8. The fortified mountain of Shumla thus commands, at the same time, the two parallel val'eys of Pravadi aud of Kamehsick, which, are separate from the range to which it belongs; thus shutting up the road to Adrianople, either by Aidas or by Kasam- lick, because it menaces their flank. The position of Keutesch is excellent, and well en- trenched ; and 20 cannon, with 2,000 or 3,000 men, are sufficient for it. defence. Shumla will soon be completely armed by about 250 pieces of artillery, of heavy calibre ; and whilst 25,600 men are sufficient for its de‘ence, it is capable of containing 100,000. Thé forts way be considered as all terminated now. In 1828-29 nothing of all this existed—a few outworks thrown up of earth, and ill supplied with artillery, as much the work of nature as of art. The actual state of things cannot be compared toit; and Iam of opinion that, for the future, the government ought to carry out the defensive works of Shumla, rebuilding the old circle that closed the entry to the horse-shoe to the east, and also recon- structing the parapet which has been built on the nortbern side ot the mountain, not in earthenwork, but in masonry. The permanent detached outworks which at present exist, and two other redoubts, which have just been built up of earth, are sufficient for outward defence. By the outlay of from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 of piastres the Turkish government could erect a stronghold, and at the same time an entrenched camp, which would not be inferior to any fortress in Europe; and they might for the futare place more confidence in it than in all the passes of the Balkan. How often, in the past wars, the Alps have been crossed by the valley of the Po, and by that of the Rhone, of the Rhine, and of the Inn! Now that armies possess greater mobility, why should they not be able to cress the Balkan, which is scarcely to be compared to the smaller chains of those mountains ? An army of from 60,000 to 70,000 men assembled at Shumla, as is now the case, is a far greater im pediment to the forced passage of the Balxan, were that range of Hills doubly as intr&ate a3 they are. But when the works above mentioned will have been coustructed, 50,000 men, out of a garrison of 60,000, will be enabled to go ou’ and act upon the offensive; whilst, as things are at present, a body of from 20,000 to 25,000 must always be left in defence of the camp. I do not think that I exaggerate in say- ing that the Seraskier can concentrate at Shuml & force of 60,000 men, deducting the garrisons of Widdin, Rustshuk, silistria, Varna and Nissa. Such an army could not, at Shumla, be attacked by less than double its force. SCHAMYL AND THE CAUCASUS. Traralated from the Paris Vonstitutionnel, Nov. 4 he recent appearance of Schamyl in the plains of Georgia, coinciding with the last news from the Danube, has all uf a sudden given t> the war of the Caucasus and to its chief, a Earopean import ance which they did not possess before. The sudden attack on Tiflis by 20,000 mountaizeers is not only the most recent incident of a struggle which has last- ed for half a century, but the first episode of a great drama, in which the whole world takes an interest. And eo public attention has turned spontaneously to- wards these Caucasian summits, which Mithridates alone was able to congnees and which now hold ia check all the forces of Russia. Schamyl is hencefor- ward the most energetic aux'liary of the Porte in its heroic effort for independence; and our readers will, we think, be glad to hear some particulars respecting this extraordinary man. Schamyl has been often compared to Abdel-Kader, and there is, in fact, some analogy between the two leaders. Both arrived at the chiet command by the prestige of their religious inspi- ration more even than by their courage and personal ability. Both have had for object the enfranchise went of their race, and the fasion of te tribes which compoee it, under the authority of their sole chief. But Abdel Kader was only a hadji, and he was obliged to borrow from civil'zation # part of his re- sources to maintain himself so long. Schamyl aimed ee hae he set_bimstif up as the second prophet of Islamism; he declared himself sent by God to com- ete the work of Mahomet, ard particularly to fuse into one the two divisions of Omer and Ali; he feta his followers that Allah dictated to him jis will in periodical visions; and in that way he succeeded in creating around him an indomitzble and devoted body of troops, whose blind obedieuce does not give way before any danger, and whose religious enthusiasm is capable of the greatest efforts. Schamyl is at present fifty-six years of age. He isa man of middle size, tut of a deter- mined appearance. His private life resembles that of Abd-el- Kader, being sober and austere, and divid- ed between prayer and action. His career as a warrior began in 1834. His predecessors in the war were first Scheick-Mavsour, then Khasi-Mollah, and then Hamsel Bey. The death of this last gave him, at the age of thirty seven, the supreme authority over the Mussu’man tribes of the Caucasus ; and then be gan that struggle of twenty Red which bas alread cost Russia more than the subjugation of Poland. It would be wrong, however, to look on Schamyi as the uncontested leader of all the tribes of the Caucasus. That chain of mountains separating Europe from Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, is itself cut into two parts by the narrow pass of Da- rieu, through which winds the military road from Musdok to Tiflis. To the right of that pass, coming from Russia, to the Caspian Sea, extends the real empire of Schamyl, inbabited by Tchetchens. On the left to the Black Sea, the tribes known by the generic name of Tcherkesces, (Circassians,) do not recognize his authority, and are not even at open wor with Russia. Ovly as the national hatred and the religions creeds of these two factions of tbe CO: a sus are nesriy the same, it is easy to comprehend thot tf circumstances favored a general rising, the Sultan and Prophet of the Daghestan would soon become the Sultan and Prophet of all the Circassian districts, and in that case the five provinces of Georgia and of Imeretia, left without communication with Europe, might very easily pay Turkey the coat of the impious war now stirred up against her. As to the incidents of the war between Schamyl and the Russians, they are but little known. The Muscovite policy is to conceal its internal wounds, and to allow Europe to bear only the bulletins of victory, often without foundation. But there are certain details end certain results which alwaysin the end come to light. The war of the Caucasus has lasted for fifty. three yeers, and bas worn out the ablest generals of Russia, Zizianoff, Yermeloff, Grabiee, Sass, Neid- hardf, Rosen, and Paskiewich; it has destroyed her best troops, and has become a complete object of dread for the regiments sent in that direction. It has cost immense sume to the Rassian empire; and nitwithstar ding all the efforts made, it is at_ present £0 little sdvanced that the general-in-chief, Prince Woronzoff, does not consider himsel’ safe in his | came oply more powerful on that inaccensible, watered by two great n°", ne Torte and the Conban. It became necessary “ghnth a the same time the governments of the . 7"), 4M the new Asiatic conquest. The Cossacks peor: Black sea and those of tue Caspian sea were cha 4 with guarding the immense steppes which ext». from ove sea te the otser; av active army operation, from the side of Asia, under the command of a gene. ral in chief, invested with comple cictatorial powers; and it is thus that during fifty years the Russian ower has tried, in vain to subdue, a handful of erei commanded hy a sutime imposter The first salient fact of the ennals of this war is the seizure of the fortress of Akulcho, tae residence of the prophet Schamy!. It took place in 183%, an- der the command of Gen. Grabbe, after a four montia siege acd several murderous assaults. Schamyl saved himself alone: and ouly by one of those fana- tical devotions which might ‘be said to be borrowed from “the old man of the mountain.’ But he be- count over the | population, who believed in his divine mission, and | defiles of in 1942 he avenged his defeat over the same General Grabbe, by annihilating toe half of his army ia the Dargo. those whose inevitable echoes bas pointed out to the whole of Europe the terrible chances of the Cau- casian war. Schawyl founded his reputation on it; bis boldzess invreased by means of it. Several successjve invasions “of the Tcher- chens occupied the years 1843 and 1844, and the ignorance of the generals who were sent against them, permits the victorious chief to estab: lish definitively his theocratic power, and to orga- nize bis country and his arwy in a definite manner. Under this point of yiew, Schamyl has again proved himeelf a man of foo His operatious as a leg's- lator, and as a political creator, is as remarkable as bis role of a prophet. The defect of Dargo has been since (in 1845) re- paired by the seizure of that fortress under the orders of Prince Worovzoff, But this brilliant success did not prevent Schamyl from invading in 1846 the ter- titory ot Kabardie; and it has not prevented him from appearing receptly in Georgia, at the head of twenty thouraid men. with sixty cannon; that is to say, in greater force than ever. And in the present circumstances, euch aa auxiliary as this is not to be cespised. ‘The Prince Woronzoff, still Governor-General of the Caucasus, if caught between the horsemea of Schamyl andthe regular troops of Turkey, would find himself in a very critical position. The O ito- men empire has turee fleets on the Black Sea to keep in check the two squadrons of Russia, It is known already that ammuuition ‘and officers have ‘been sent by the Porte to Schamyl. Should hostili- ties commence, the Tcherkesses could not resist fol- lowing in the wake of their coreligionists and yield ing to the prestige of their leader, and in that case there would perbaps commence for the goverameut of St. Petersburg one of those expiations of Provi- dence which avenge the public feeling. The Cau- caens besides has novhing to gain in civilization by its connection with Russia. There will always be more true hberty, more justice, and more enlight- ened reforms on the side of the young sovereign who protects equally all religions, and who carries ont the promise.of Gulhané, than on the side of the auto- crat, who has never respected the independence and nationality of the nations in the vicinity of his vast empire. THE TURKISH CAMP, A very interesting letter from a medical gentle- map, at present with Omer Pacha’s'army, appearsina Vienna medical journal. It gives a lively account of the sanitary state and the varied nationalities of the Turkish troops :— From the Lower Danube great movements of troops bave recently taken pias, and the comauuications from the Bosphorus, Burgas, and Verna, as also the road to Shumla, our military pivot, have been exclu- sively at the service of the army, in which there are mesy sick men, belonging to many different nations, all jumbled together. Frem my tent may frequently be feen, at one and the same time, a sick Albanian, a heme sick fellah, (from Egypt,) a weakly Rameliote, and a wild, bardy Syrian. Men of all colors, rages, ages, and religions are crowded together, and clothed in all the different costumes known to the modern sons of Mars. The health of the army is much the same; but, as I foretold would be the care, the cholera—a plague brought on us by the numerous Russian desérters—appears every now and then. Notwithstanding that the river is hermetically closed, a good,quantity of sulphate ot poate has just reached me from the oppésite bank. he first case of cholera occurred at Carasu, between Kostendje and Rassova; but some physicians, of whom a good number arrive, considered it a doubtful one ; but some at Kainardji, on the 22d of October, resented all the symptoms of the regular Asiatic ma- ly. Fortunately, we have warm dry days and abun- dance of provisions, but unfortunately, too plentiful an allowance of spirits, which the followers of the pro- phet do not despise. The troops are well supplied with good rice, lamb, and mutton. The physicians are all well mounted, and consequently get alon; easily: the pay is sufficient to cover the outlay, an in the stations for the sick the sanguine hopes of the commancers act most al on the men. Sta- tions are establisted from Widdin along the whole line of the Danube up to Matshin (opposite Brailow), and guns, powder, surgical instruments, carts, medi- cine chests, men, and bandage boxes are continually passing between one and the other. MISCELLANEOUS. The Presse of Vienna, of the 27th ult , says:—The ex-insurgent General Guyon, now Kurschid Pacha, commands the Turkish corps near Battoum; Colonel Stern, an insurgent officer, and who was director of te manufactory of Kossuth’s bank notes, now Pera- chad Pacha, and another insurgent colonel, named Colman, now Fethi Bey, and a Major Zafiska, now Osman Bey, command under him. There are also with him five other officers who have been exiled from European States. ‘The Emperor of Russia has addressed the follow- fd to the commander of the district of the Caspian ea :— TO THE GENERAL PRINCE ARGRITENJKY DOLGOROKOFF At the entrance of Schamyl, with large forces, in the district of Techaro Belokan, and in the affairs which have taken place, you, by your prompt arrival with the de tachment under your orders in that country, and not withstanding the great obstacles which your troops met with in crossing the mountains, powerfully contributed to put Schamy! to flight aod re-establish tranquillity in that conntry. On the report of the general-in chief of the corps d’armee detached frem the Caucasus, it is agrecable to ie to be able to testify to you my marked berevolence for this distinguished feat of arms. I am your aflectiepate. NICHOLAS. Zar+koe Zelo, 3d Oct.’? The Paris Patrze says:—An important facthas been announced to us, and which is confirmed by the last letters from Bucharest. It appears that General Gortschakoff having wished to incorporate the Wallachia militia into the ranks of the Russian army, a great number of young Wallachians belong- ing tothe best families in the province, and who have never taken part in any insurrection, refused to take up arms against their country, and in order to withdraw themrelves from the vengeance of the Rus- sian general, took refuge in the Carpathian moun- tains, where they have organized themselves as gae- riJlas. Omer Pacha has sent them arms and ammu- nition. At the date of the last accounts their num- bor was every day increasing, and bah showed the greatest devotedness for the cause of the Sultan, their legitimate sovereign. THE CZAR OF RUSSIA. A letter recently received from the Baltic thus speaks of the personal appearance of the Emperor Nicholas :—His face is strictly Grecian—forehead and nore is one grand line; the eyes finely lined, large, open, and blue, with a calmness, a coldness, a freezing dignity, which can equally quell an insur- rection, daunt an assassin, or paralyze a petitioner ; the mouth regular, teeth fine. chin promisest, with dark moustache and small whisker ; but not a sym- pathy in bis face! His mouth sometimes smiled, his eyes never. : THE NEXT NEWS—THE NEXT BATTLE. [From a Pie letter of Nov, 10 in the London Ties.) From all that can be known on the subject of the projected movements of Omer Pacha in Wallachia, itis highly probable that by this date some dec sive action has ben fought—perhaps thit Bucharest has been bombarded” and stormed, or tha: the Turkish army has been defeated before its walls. Letters are said to have been received from the Turkish geveral himself, which announced that the onward march to the capital of W.ilachia was the maia ob- ject of his operations. Had the plan been so an- nounced while he was still, from his headquarters at Sbomla, organizing bis ahd it might have been disbelieved; but the truth is, that in no question like the present bas speculation been more galas at fault. That has taken place which few antici pated, ond that which most people were confident could not occur bas actoally been realized—the peril- ous operation of ome the mighty stream which appeared to be the sure barrier between the hostile armies has been executed; and, if the latest accounts be correct, the first important affair on the field has been decidedly to the advantage of the Turks. As Omer Pacha advances, his plan cf operations begins gradually to be understood. The left wing of his | army, with its tétede-pont at Widdio, advancing by palace at Tiflis, and asks tor 120,000 men from his | government to maintain himself in Georgia, The sterting point of this war, half religions, half national, is the very conquest of Georgia. This Chris- tian country was oiten ravaged by Tartar or Mogul hordes, who disputed among themselves for the con- quest of Asia. It thought to find a protector in & people Christian like itself, and put itself under the paworage of Russia. From patronage to incorpora- tion there was but one step ; this step was cleared in 1800 by an nkase of the Emperor Paul, which gave to Russia a new trans-Caucasian kingdom. Bat from that time was bound to commence seriously an orednized blockade against the independent tribes who thos found themselves locked into the em) ‘These tribes formed a population of about a million ond a balf, scattered over the northern slopes of the Cancasus, in p goumtry fertile, picturesque, almost Krajova, was to occupy Lesser Wallachia; the cen- tre to advance from Giurgevo; the right wing to moke the same upward movement from Oltenitza; and the three corps were to sweep away all interver« ing obstacles, and march sm ultuveonely on Bucha- rest. At that spot Prince Gortschakoff would have no glterrative but to accept battle or abandon the province alt gether, ard retire to Moldavia. Should he do #0, it would argue that the effective force at his commané is not so great as was supposed, and that the fact of its reduction, by disease and by de- vertion, #8 mentioned in the letter from Constantino- ple on Tuesday, is not wholly without foundation. At this distacce from the scene of operations, it is Lazardous to indulge in any speculations as to the mat ceuvres of the hostile armies; but a glance at the map, with the knowledge of the position of Omer Pasha’s forceg, would lead to the conclusion that his object was to unite those separate corps as soon ag possible after the passage of the Danube, with the view of trying bg cbance ina pitched battle, The The disaster of Dargo is one of | {otelligence of that event, which will form so im- portant a part of the campaign, is looked for wit anxiety, Marriage in High Life In Constantinople. [From « Courtantinople Letter ] To-day are to be celebrated the nuptials of the Grand Vizier’s daughter with 4 son of Mazloum m cum tenens, Mivister of Finsnce. AU the ¢ um VOnArios are invited to gssist at this ceremouy | trda stmptuons bangnet of nearly three hundred covers is ,repared for their reception. no tritie H1.2¢, East. Open banse is ke days; severa! ,Undred persons are re, the profusion and hospitelity of the Osmanli, A stranger entering af oy hour of the day or night is immediately presente,’ With coffee, cherbet, and the | chibouque; and if he be “ peckigh 1 the care, a tray, groaning’ under bie weigh tof its sou- | tents, all piping: hot, soon tollows on the heed of an | aivas. Tbe Sclamlik, or men’s apartment, resounds | with uproarious mirth, with bustle and activity. The | harem is hung with splendid cashmere shawls, aud | ali decked out in gayest, gorgeous trim; yet, strange to sey, the huge night cap of the bridezroom, and { his shaving apparatus, are described, wccording to | usage, a8 a prominent decoration of the nuotial chamber. The bride in vestal garb, and veiled in her duvak, occupies tiie post of honor on the divan; her cheeks, chin and forehead protected by splendid talismans from the influence of the evil eye. As evening now sdvances, at the Eshrefsaat, or pro- pitious hour, the bridegroom enters the barem, dis tribating in all directions handfuls of gold and silver coin. Having performed religiously his+ sblutions, and offered uy the prayers of | Yatzis or the first watch, he is then intro- duced by the Zenki Kadim into the apartment of his sponse, whom he unveils and sees for the first time ; avd having taken off the talivmars from her face, he places on her turban an aigrette, the Moslem mar- riage pledge. A boiled fowl is then served up on @ silver tray, which, the bridegroom carving in sum- mary Tarkish style, is reduced to atoms in a twink ling ; and baving helped hiowelf, and put a morsel into the lacy’s mouth, the remvants are carefu ly preserved as a matter of mach importance. Finally, ofter this repast, a slave enters with eilver ewer and a towel, 25 is usual for ablation, and then the bride in dutiful bearing presents her lord with coffee and the chibouque, and both apply themselves to amo- rcus chat and courtship, Beating « Prime Minister. [From the Kolmer Zeitung Herr Hassenpflug, since 1850 the Elector of Hos- se’s Prime Minister, bas again been the chief actor in, and the victim of a scandalous scene. On the cecasion of the annual shooting expeditition in honor of St Hebertns, the patron of German sports men, Herr Ha:senpflug quarrelled with Count Ysen- burg, the Elector’s sou-in-law. In the course of the evening of the same day the Count proceeded to Herr Hassenpflug’s house, to demand an explana- tion of certain expressions which had escaped his Excellency’s lips. in the dispute. Herr Hassenpflag was at the theatre, and to the theatre the Count fol- lowed him, and, inviting him to come ont, he took him into the public square, where he made a peremptory demand for an explanation and apology. It appears that Herr Hassenpfing would not explain, and that he treated the proposal to apologise with the utmost scorn, for Count Yrenburg, who was accompanied by aservant holding a cane, stepped back, took the cane from the servant's hand, and commenced bela- boring his Excellency, who cried lustily for help. His cries attracted a crowd, but the Count prevented the interference of the populace by saying, “Good pee le, IT am Count Ysenburg, and the man I am eating is the Minister Hassenpflug.” Saying wh ch, he continued thrashing his unfortunate Excellency until the cane broke in his hands, and then left the premier covered with blood. The greatest exsite- ment prevails at Cassel, and the embarrassment of the Count beggars all description, Count Ysenburg bas left Cassel for Erfurt. The Kasseler Zeitung publishes the following letter, which the Elector has addressed to Herr Has- reppflug:— Wy dear Minister Haseenpflug—I learn from your letter of to day that you propose taking messares of your own with respect to the event of the 4th inst., which has caused me much grief, It is, however, my earnest desire © future to retain the benefit of your faithful ser- nd I cherefore demard axa proof of your devo tion, that, since the matter bas been crought to tae cog nizance of the proper authorities, you will abstain ‘rom apy further steps, rince Iam fully convis :ed of the hon oracle nature of your sentiments. 1 remain, with parti- cular regard, yours, FREDERICK WILLIAM. Cassel, November 7. The Upper Chamber of the Estates of Hesse have sent a deputation to Herr Hassenpfiug, to assure his Excellency of their sympathy and sincere sorrow on pecan of the assault of which he has been the victim. Historical Researches in Central America. A NEW LETTER FROM ALEX. VON HUMBOLDT. Mr. Hesse, the Prussian Coarge to Central Ameri- ca, during his residence in Guatemala, in 1862, took great interest in urcbmological researches in that ot the western coutinent, and wrote a very in- teresting report to the King of Prussia on some ruins and ancient monuments lately discovered there. Col. Modesto Mendez, the Corregidor of Flores, on the ‘eke of Penten-Itza, had in Febraary and March, 1848, explored the ruins of Tikul, and bis report thereof to the goverrment of Guatemala was pub- lished in the Gaceta de Guatemala of April 16, and March 18 and 26, of 1848. In 1852 he again visited these ruins, (which are sitaeted some fifteen leagues to the north of Flores, at the foot of the Sierra de Yucstan,) and saw also those of Dolores, southeast of Flores, avd undoubtedly the same which were seen by Capt. D. Melchior Rodriguez Marcari- ega, in Mr. Hesse met Col. Mendez in Guatemala, obtained a full description of his disco- veries from him, and had also the drawings made by Mendez faithfully copied by Dr. Ahrendt, a German physician resident in that country. At the sane time the Belgian engineer, Mr. Vander Geschuchte, of St. Thomas, communicated to Mr. Hesse the re sults of his exploraticns along the Motagua river, and the ruins and monuments discovered by him‘at Cha- pulco and at Chinamita. From these communications Mr. Hesse made bis report to the King, and Dr. Ah- rendt added to it a critical expose from his own pen, on the ancient monuments of the aboriginies of Cen- tral America. The King, who takes great interest in such researches, communicated the whole to his learned friends, Alexander Von Humboldt and C. Ritter, the geographer, and ordered_the drawings to be engraved, so that we may expect to see the document and its illustrations printed within a short time. On occasion of Mr. Hesze’s report, Alexander Von Humboldt wrote to Dr. Ahrendt, ia Guatemala, the letter of which the following is s tranlations: To Funpricn Ammespr, M.D, at Guareana— 1 foel compelled, my dear doctor, to send you my best thar ks to so far and fair region, which, unhappily, waa never visited by me. The gr-at interest I take ia the monuments of the American aborigines has baen much gra:ited by the reports of our ¢xcelient Prussian Charge, Mr. Heare, a gentieman of the mos: comprehensive cul ture, to which reports yeur uncoubtedly faithful copies of statues reliefs and inscripticns have given +0 mach attraction The King. who took the greatest interert in this report and the drawings. (of com jtioted, even over- charged, ornaments,) has comuunicated b sth to our great geographer Ritter. and to me. The remarkable hiero- gly phica, added to the r liefs, and often placed perpen dicularly, one under the other, or, lise phonetic cigns, at separately over them, are particularly interes! ing. ‘an they be calendar signs ? For the honor of our common German fatherland, I pray you to continue in your ardor to investigate these myst: rus relics of peoples who sewm to have immigrated from the North to South. The calendar of Chiapas wae Toltee, and the names of the twenty days of their months were torally different from the like Aztec names. Iu Chiapas ard Socopusco, where the year had eighteen months, of twezty days each, and five supplementary days (which in ali make 365), tue Toltse names were as follows :— Mox, Ygb, Voten, © anap, called by the Aztecs , ealled by the Astecs called by the Aztecs called by the Aztecs... Cipacti. Enecati. calle by the Aztecs Fighth day. Lembat, called by the Azte Nivth day...Mulu, ’ called by the Azteos.... So you find them in Boterni’s “Ieea de une Historia General ce Nueva E-pana,”’ p 118, and in my “ Vaes des Corcille es. (edivien in 8¥0, vol. i, 882; vol. ii p. 366.) MiresyLebic w+mes like those of Mox, Ygh, ats, Mix Uhic, &c , which were ail names of days, do not sound Awerican Hh@, but seremble much more the monouyl labid Jangnages of Msstern asian. It is nid that in the Latin Acts of one of the Guatemaltecan Ercle-isatioal Conneils of the seventeenth century, this Toltec Calendar arc Voten, as leader of one of the oldest immigrating na- ticws, was spoben of one of the days of the week wer called Votan in Chiapas, and os Votan sounds ex actly ke Wuodan, or cin—the Scantioavian chief who cane from Atia and from whom the Woden’s day, or Wedrescay of the English got its name—as the Hindoos call the reme dey Buddha dey; ail these speculations con cerpis g (Le American and Scandinavian chieftain and the Hirdoo apostle Buddha—fouvder of Buddhism—are of high interest. It is possible that you can find priests or gobernadcres of the Indiana, if the al krow arythiog of the abcve calendar name of the neme of s common ancestor orsacred person. With the greatest re«pect, and many wishes for your well being, your mest ebedient serv: AL. VON HUMBOLDT, Potsdam Palace, Jaly 22, 1853. In looking over my Kosmor, vol. 8, p. 476, 1 find everything about Votan The Ecclesiastica! Ccurcil which mention d Votan was a provincial on which the Bishop of Chiapas, D. Francisco Nune: . Vege, tpeaks im bis Preambulo de las Constitucionnes Dio- ceranen, The twenty namics of days are names ot Toltes war chiefs, among whom the four most prominent, Votan, Tambat, Peen, and Chinax, were each at the head ofa pa- ried of five days (like Sunday). The Mexicana called their four prinelpal periods Calsi (house), Toobli (rabbit), Acai} (reed), and Tegpatl (stlex). Votan was, according to the traditions in Chiapas and Soccnuto, the Angel of the Sea, who, after having saved himrelf ina canoe, at a great deluge, renewed the human rece. Ixtlixocbitl or as bis Christian name was, Fornan- do de Alva, the oldest Mexican historian of the sixteenth century, relates ia bis manuscript history, atill preserved in Mexieo, that in Teopixta, & villege of Teochixpan, thee still existed a family, said to be descendanta of Vo- «-Tochtli, Au 1 f as is infalliably | \y | Jones, Buddha (the planet sf the Wedneeday in indin, ta « by Scandinavian war abi: 4) who gave bit neme te nd the kame persow witht Oern or Woden, io me nory af Gave to the name’ day Ik is remarkable that we dy: 109, 1; this mere chanee? Perhaps sea of thie vorigiues of Chispas aad whom the Gothie peoples of Woder sday. or Weds the Tritecs a e day os! I have asked these ven af forty y are still living among th og of the third , and Baddhu, im e world, is @ very interesting abOUL tie Lo get some eritienl The a de a Cr 1, ane ovly some ske ra ané by the Ab remains, thers fo Jen, however, and of Odin (iwo different’ persona) will soon be critically examioed npon the hints given by Munch in his work ‘Det Norske Folks Historie.” That the ascient monuments of Y d Guatemala ae wellas that the Maya Zotxil, and languages are of Toltee origin, has lately again been showa by Dr, Hel- ler, whose Travels in Mexico” bave, besides a botanioal interest, also an antiquarian one, Belgium. OPENING OF THE CHAMBERS. _ The usual session of the Chambers was Nov. 8 by the King, with the following speech :— Gentlemen—At the ead of last sessiin you expressed your approval of the projected union of my well beloved cn the Duke of Brabsnt with the Archduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria, That union you have seen realised. lt is a guarantee of happiness for the heir to the throne, 2 guarantee of perpetuity for my dynasty, at the same time that it is a limb with Europe. end a proof of theeon- fidence which the Belgian rationality inspires. It hee ace my heart rejoice, and the whole nation rejoiced with me. ‘The impartial and benevolent policy whichy presides over our internationa) relations is every day batter under- stood; that policy ensures the maintenance of good rela tions with all the Powers. Measures of essential interest have been carried out. The conversion of three loans has procured # notable economy to the State. The organisation of our military e-tablishment bas given a stable position to our army, by inereasing our means of defence. It is a benefit whiel the army appreciates; it shows itvelf worthy of it by its discipline, by its instruction and by the excellent spirit which avimates it. Ita dev and that of the civie guard will never be at default. Tho always increasing figure ofthe imports rpeaks of the prosperous condition of mort branches of our commercial and industrial riches My government is occupied with measures to confirm that condition, Commercial negotia- tionr are actively pursued. The society of transatiantie steamers is definitively organized; it ix on the eve of com- mencing operations. ‘The consular service is roorganized, The spirit of enterprise, that incixpensable element of great allaire, reveals itself by constant progress Our products are sent to the most distant markets, and they are gaining ground in the markets they already posseseed. My government will call upon you to reduce the duty on raw materials in the interest of Belgian mapufactories; it will propose te yeu to fill up the wants and correct the errors of the laws on patents. Of the public works decreed less than two years sino, some are being executed by the State, the others in vir- tue of convertions conclade? by the State, It is per- mitted to hope that, in general, the time fixed for their completien will not be exceeded. Let us congratulate ourselves, gentlemen, on this apy cation of national activity. It will bear hapoy frat Alrency it furnishes useful resources to a portion of our working cla ses, who"suiler from the increased price of alimentary articles, This temporary calamity demanded exceptional mea- wures. My government has taken the most urgent under its responsibility. It will gubmit them to your exami- nation. A has been presented to you on the lande? pro; question, I hope that with some amendments thet qxestion will receives prompt and satisfactory solution. ‘You have adopted the first part of the new penal code: the eecond part of that vast labor will doubtless soon be ready for your inspection. You will also have to vote de- finitively the forest :ode, as well as the law of compul- sory expropriation, that complement of the mortgage ryntem, and one of the elements of the ls nded property- tax, A bill motifying soune parla of the military pena code may be immediately discussed. The siudy of the reforms to be introduced into the courts of law, the at- torney system, and the mendicity halls are being active- ly pursued. ‘the government is preparing, with all the attention which 60 great an interent demands, the laws for tae regu- lation of the establishments of charity and foundations. Public instruction is receiving developemeat in all {te branches. Industrial instruction is making progress. The taxtrue- tion of the commercial sciences has been founded. & superior institution of commerce ia being organized in one of our great cities, with the support of the government. The experiments made to enlighten the advancement of our agriculture have not been sterile. Experience per- mita the presentstion of a definite aystem of instruction ; it will shortly be laid before you @ parochial commission or public ways and sewers reotivex considerable improvement. The legislation on ditferent branches of the art of healing, and on ranitary police, shows deficiencies which must be remedied. A Dill will be proposed to. that effect ; it is at present undergoing a strict revision, Com- bined with an intelligent system of public health regula- tions, it will have a beueScial influence upon the sanitary state of the country. ‘The moral end material welfare of our population, amd the consolidation of Belgien nationality, such ia the doable object of our common task. My govesnmen:, supported, I hope, by your patriotic concurrence, will devote its par- severing care to it, Coe of our efforts will not eecape us, gentlemen, ium, faithfa pert, enjoys her independent existence with diguity, with wis- com, and in a mancer to gain more and more the esteem and the confidence of foreign States. Prusala. The central bureau of the Zollverein has termi- nated the table of the population of the States be- longing to it, and which serves as a basis for the par- tition of the revenues. According to the census of the month of December, the total population of the Zollverein was 30,488,402 souls, of which 17,223,948 belonged to Prussia, 192,632 to Luxemburg, 4,566,- 256 to Bavaria, 1,987,832 to Saxony, 1,794,064 to Wurtemberg, 1,355,005 to Baden, 727.201 to the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 865,480 to the Electorate of Hesse, 1,024,929 to the Thuringian States, 248,145 to Brunswick, 429,060 to Nassau, and 74,867 to the free city of Frankfort. The census of the popula- tion of the Zollverein is taken every three years, anf it is to be observed that\ since the preceding censas the population of Wurtemberg, and ofthe Grant Duchy of Hesse, has diminished, whilst that of the other States has increased. This diminution is at tributed to emigration, which, within the last few pears, has decimated the population of those two tates. * Italy. The correspondent of the London Morning Chre- nicle, writing from Turin upon November 7, says:— The Papel brief, soaring & great many holidays, has been read from the pulpits of all tne charches ia the kingdom. This is a measure emanating from Rome, but at the solicitation of the Savoyard bish- ops. Nevertheless, the clerical party has not failed to convert it Into a handle against the goverament. Last week a preacher in one of the most frequented. churches of Genoa,openlydeciared that the saopresm of so many fétes was a scandal, and that this scandal ‘was due to an impious ministry the members of which he concluded by abusing bitterly, aud severally by name. The language of the reactionary party atthe prosent moment is inconceivably audacious; they are delighted with the Oriental crisis, Joking upon Rus- sian success as certain,and revelling in the comi downfall of constitutional liberty, and its personifica- tion, ‘“‘perfidios Albion.” It is stated, and I believe on good authority, that Prince Napoleon, the heir-presumptive to the French throne, is coming here. This visit be looked upon as a return of the compliment paid by the Dake of Genoa last summer, in visiting Louis Napoleon. A short time ago M. Perelany, when praising the Pied- montese army, called it (avant garde de l'armée Francarse. "Prince Napoleon's visit may be looked upon as a commentary oo this expreasi »n. A Lew paper is about to be started et Genoa; it ia to be called La Stampa, and is to support liberal- conservative pr ncipl It will be the first appear- once of a constitutional newspaper at Genoa, and its establishment is an indication of the progress of con- stitutional opinions in the population there. By the last accounts from Lombardy, it appears that the Austrian authorities there are about to have recourse once more to a forced loan. Austria, haw: ing been unsuccesatul in ber attempts to contract a joan in the European markets, is exercising pressure upon the population of her provinces. ia order to ob- ‘ain by violgnce what she cannot effect by credit. She is perfectly aware toat her dominion th Lom- bardy is tottering, but is determined, if obliged to abendon thet unfortunate country, to leave it as im- poverished and exhausted as possible. The Liquor Law in England The Mada 4 letter was lat+ly received in answer to an inquiry addressed to Mr. Cobden, as to the best mode of ‘opening the trade in spirits” :— pa F gents ‘oy. 9, 1868, r—In reply to your inquiry, IT venture to s thet the beet way cf dealing with the monopoly of epirite ia to abstain from drinsing them, which, for npwards of twenty years, I bave done. Depend on ‘it, they are me- thing better than rlow poison, even if taken moderately. What they are when taken in excess the records of owe jnile, laaeue arylams, and coronera’ inquests, 7 inform ou ; and I am, sir, your most obedient servan ‘ m oer eee RICHARD COBDRN. Bank of England. The return from the Bank bi England for the week endirg’ the 5th of November gives the following results, ous week. — when con pared with the prev’ Public deponita 1 Oher deporits, Governm't securities. £11,408 Other seourityes,.... 16,749, Notes unemployed... 6,419,886; Increase . The amount of noter in circulation is £22,627,445, a dgcrease of £869,905 and the stock of bullion in departments ix £16,679,545, showing an increase of £408,861, when compared with the preceding return, The above reeulta show a decided decrease in the de- mand for money, the rey securities having diminished to the extent of half a million, The reserve of notes shows « conatcerable increase of nearly three quarters of tan. The great spirit Teotl, had ordered Votan to people Apabuac, Mexico, and Guatemala, According to the baxardous speculations of Wiliam amillion, The stock of gold also shows an increase of £408,861, making the imorease in the last fortnight up- wrasda of £500,060,