The New York Herald Newspaper, November 19, 1853, Page 2

Herne Ts en AFFAIRS ABROAD. OUR MADRID AND LONDON CORRESPONDENCE. Interesting from Australia. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. EMIGRATION, &e., ke. CHINES® &e., Our Madrid Correspondence. Mavaip, Oct. 26, 1853. Mr. Seile’s Reception—The C —The Impendency of a Political Crisis—Narvaez—Maria Christina—Calderon de la Barca—Salamanca— Isabella. Mr. Soulé arrived hereon the 14th instant. With great prudence, and with that sagacity with which he is generally supposed to be endowed, he awaited a few days before notifying his presence in Madrid to the Secretary of State, and took time to inform himself of the state of the public mind, and of the dispositions of the Court to- wards him. His journey from Bayonne to the capital had been, it seems, most pleasast, he having met, wherever he had occasion to show himself, marked attention ani re- spect, He was no sooner known to bein Madrid that some bf the most eminent men of Spain sought his acquaint- ance, andVisited him. He at once created a most favor- able impression, and the opinion got very soon to be ac- credited throughout the city that he would, before long, have more influence with the geverament than any other of the Ministers aceredited to this Court. From what I Dave seen of him, I entertain Kittle doubt but that such will be the result of his becoming better known, even to those whe have been most industrious in having him ‘bused by the newspapers and in the political circles of Euroze. Mr. Soulé was received by the Queen on Saturday, the 234 instant. He appeared at courtin a suit of black vel- vet, shaped in the Franklin style, and richly embroidered with silk. He was heard to say, in connexion with the particular dress he had adopted, “that while he could n t consent to wear the livery of courts, he was unwilling to be wanting in the regard which was due to receind sages in foreign courts, and that he had adopted the co - tume he wore on the cecasion, in order that he might a once satisfy the exigencies of republican simplicity and the requirement of eourtly etiquette.” ‘The costume took as wellas the Minister. The Queen showed herself most courteous to our Envoy, and, speak- ing of his cottume, on the ensuing day, with one of her oourtiers, remarked that ‘‘there was something highly delicate and tasty in the manner and dress of the Ameri- ean diplomatist.”” Mr. Soulé hae now broken the ioe; and if he be but half reserved and prudent, he is sure to find Bb way easy, and te have it in his power to ellect a great re. Here is the speech, as he deiivered it in English, to the Queen, It has been poorly translated in the Gacedu, the official paper. The copy I rend as commynicated to the English Legation:— MADAME :—In delivering tae letter, through which I am accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister P - ary of theUnited States of America, near your Ma) cannot but express my gratification and joy at ing but assurances most friendly to convey to your royal per- you is trom the original, gon, and to the people committed to your guidance and care. It is the earnest wish of the houored chiet, wuo presides at t over America’s destinies, that tae best understandin, intercourse of his government an the philanthropists and refor- apply of Isbor in this country, ‘and the fastidious rejection of Maracter s'stained, T wish to adinit wo per: sentenced to transporvativa, ransported: The coict ot oat salotary then so mueh vaunted by mation mongers. He said ofect, } De bes indifferent ebsuce velihood trom the profitable exercise of honest industs On Thursday night last, at 12 o'clock, the stables erected at the bottom of Ridgeway hill, Dorchester, and belonging \o Mr. Landscale, the railway coutractor, were burnt to the ground, and eight valuable horses perished The horses were valued at £300; it is tobe regretted that Mr. Landsdale was pot insured.’ A dranken ostler, who hes since absconded, let acavdle fali apon some straw. The Leeds Intelligencer popped upon a jem the other day, and le wila on the 6th iostant, at Sephton, by the Revd R. Walker, Exq., of London, to Ellen, widow OF his late esteemed friend Esq. This seems a curious way to demonstrate friendship, acd one likely enough to inake & man leave a widow without much re- gret, or at least I connot conjecture what more he would have, How Uicklingly deligh ful it must be toa man who has a wife and a frieud—to know that when he has shufileld off this mortal coil, his dear fri:nd will n t oaly erponse the widow, but that the whole thing, trindship and ail, will be set up in type and reproduced in the pa- pers | | Besides, what a great fund for public gratification What # pleasure it must such a plan ae this affords. give, for instance, to every invalid husband who rejoices ip an attentive friend, and what a glorious selfsacriiciog wan the bridegrcom must be to have carried thus far his appreciation of the defunct! He not only attended to bis iuneral, saw him decently and respectably stowed away, but wentand conducted his widow to the hyme- neal altar. Mr. Charles Dickens, in his ‘Household Words,” gives fanicllowing interesting account of the artificial lower srade:— “artificial fower making is not an insignificant trade. An inquiry was mads into the industriel statistics of Paris in 1847, which lets us intoa little secret in this mat- ter. The total manufacture of cambric flowers in thia year was prodigious, amounting in value to more than £400,000. We, in England, only took £12,000 worth of this value, for we pride ourselves in being able to make our own artificial flowers. The cambric, muslin, gauzo, vel vet, silk, and other materials, were procured irom St. Etienne, St. Quentin, and Lyons; the dyes and colors were p epared expressly for thepurpose by manufacturiag che- ists; the buds, leaves, petals, stamens, pistila, and other component parts, were made in small workshops by per- sens who each attended to only one jart of the flower; ® hile the vw hole were fitted together in other workshops. Even these workshops are frequently limited to ons single kind of flower each, so completely is the division ef la- bor carried out. There were about fif:y small maaufac- turers of petals and stamens, and other component parte, employing about 500 persone, while there ware nearly €0 dealers or venders who employed nearly 6,000 persons the various integers into whole groups of The Ottoman THE REVENUE AND GOVERNMENT BUDGET—CIVIL LIST OF THE BULTAN—CULLECTION OF THR DI¥- FREREND TAXES—INTKRESTING HISTORY OF TUB MINT AND BANK OP CONSTANTINOPLE. The following will be fouad interesting at this moment, as it is the last account, so far as we are aware, of the condition of the Turkish finances:— If the Ottoman race have not hitherto manifested that impatience for improvement which distinguishes the other people of Europe, and the Latia races principally, they have not been curbed so much as may be thought under the yoke of a bliad fatality, expecting benefits from the caprices of time and chance. They have A peop comprehended the conditions of political existence. They have begun to feel that God has devoted man to effort, and that life henceforth is the price of labor, just asin the times of conquest it was the price of courage. The instinct of command. has never been wanting in the Osmaulis. But they have very rarely been permitted to acquire the taste and the science of administra- tion, and it was not an ordinary enterprise to de- stroy, among a people accustome to live under the tent, their native repugnance for the work of the economist and the administrator. One of the prin- cipal objects of the charter of Gulhane was, it is known, to reform the old Turkish Administration, | and to create a new one, in which the experience ac- quired by modern nations might accord with the pe- | culiar genius of the people of the East. This object, we may be sure, was not attained without difli- culty, if we remember the exhaustion of the State, the ignorance of the greater part of the func- tionaries, and the ill-will of majority of the Pa- chas, who felt their independence menaced. The reform is still far from being finished. It was in the natare of things that it should procead slowly; it has, however, progressed year by year, the Turks are fond of saying, and we ought to do them the justice of acknowle ging it. The charter of Gulhane dates from 1839; and since 1844 the work of centraliza- tion begun under that charter has borne its first fruits. The army aud the navy have received a regular organization; the post office has been pu: into operation along the principal lines of communi cation; lines of steam packets have begun to unit: the different ports of the empire; useful results have sanctioned the adoption of the new system of qua- rantine; the Medical School of Galata-Sérai, and the military schools, bave fulfilled the promises which they held forth; and lastly, manners have been sen- sibly influenced ty the conciliatory principles which animate tbe government. They have ceased to in- flict capital punishment upcn those who abandon Islamism in order to embrace some other faith; the exactions and the arbitrary condact formerly pra:- in building op flowers. is immense number of persons about 5 000 were wemen, whose average earnings wore estimated at about twenty pence per day. Several of the manufac- turers effect sales to the amount of £10,000 a year each, French flower making is, then, an important branch of tised upon Christians have ceased by degrees in the neighboring provinces ot Constantinople; and, at last, without renouncing their position as the govern- ing race, the Turks have admitted Christians to un- commerce.’’ The Queen and her clever, amiable, unobtrusive con- sort, with the Belgian Royal Family, made a visit to the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, the noble creation of Pax- ton’s genius. Ihave seen this fairy stracture several times, at different stages of its progress, and every week gives ‘unmistakeable proof of the untiring energy with which the works are carried forward. ‘A Pompeiian house, nearly perfect, ‘a ball in the Alham- bra, fast progressiag towards completion, a gorgeous chamber of exhumed Ninevah, more than in contempla- tion, not to speak of geological wonders exhibiting to mo dern eyes a world that existed before the creation of man. My present object, however, is mot so mush to describe thie palace as the Qaeen’s visit. The royal curiosity had long been on the alert. and photographic views had from time to time been sent to Windsor, so thatWwhen the | Queen returned from her summer ‘house at Balu oral, there was such a collection as at once induced her to plan & journey from Windsor to inspect the wonders, of which heliography could only give her a faint ides. Tue notice was sho:t—very short; but yet so rapid, so admirably contrived were all the arrangements, that although only six and thirty hours previously all presented the disorder should characterize ‘that of our Majerty, and it will beno less my plessure than my duty, to cherish and foster such circumstances | ‘as may tend to bring to a closer connection the interests which Spain aud the United States have in common, and to Btrongtlien the ties wrich bind them together, Madame, 1 tender you my best wishes for the well being of your royal person and family. May your Majesty's govern Mont be fortunate and truitiul iu all the blessings that cam Fender your people prosperous and happy. The Queen answered as follows :— Thave heard with satisfaction the assurances which you | Bra Bef the friendly sentiments of the Presidout of ‘the inited d I take pleasure in assuring hose whish animate me towar . ‘These new assurances, alway to me, persuade me more and more of the intel Bpain aud the United States have in preser /iug aud strengt- ening their ancient relations. in me, Mr. Minister, you wili find the best disposition, and in‘my governmant ‘the sinzere cooperation for the attainment of so importan desirable au object. The affairs of this country are in® most deplorable con dition. The contemplated improvements are still in wae. They bad been initiated under the authority ef the Council of Ministers, while Lersunci was in power. The present cabinet has apparently taken the alarm on the ground of the contracts having beeu entered into un- constitutionally, and the whole subject is to be submitted to the sanction of tre courts, who assex. ble on the 19th proxime. The seeret of all this is that Seaor Salamacca, The Queen’s tcother’s porte manteau, in all money transac tions, bas found the European capitalists rather relu stant avy serious undertaking without the autho- rity of the National Legislature, and neeeseity bas thus compeliec the present minis.ers toshow sone reveren.e to the constitution The Cabinet has uo strength. There is not a man in it Sen Luis the President of tue Couucil is a man of good ati ities, but without iniiue md, therefore, witavut wer. ‘His colleagues are ha cly his equals in point of tellect. Calderon, whose conciliatory dispositioa aad manners seem to give some satisfaction wo the liberal party, is without nerve sod is afraid of his very shadow. he ccuntry at large that state of ferment which betokens as impending cri Tt cannot bs delays! long. Narvaez is the man of the wealthy class, and of the gran- deza, who, notwithstanding, bate him cordially. Ba: his | return to power may well be the forerunner of @ revolu- tiop. The Queen has lost her popularity. Tas Queen motber is plotting in Paris sone new scheme, | threvgh, which she may keep Spain a little longer | under ber rule. She is quite obnoxious to the people. In & word the government is on the brink of the abyss, and you that they person grateful 6 which . Dduta few weeks, if not a few days will seal its fate. The Queer was almost Lissed last ¥eek at the theatre. Te'ose this fetter in haste, that it may reach the mail in time to meet the next steamer. Mal : Our London Correspondence. ALpeMAR.e street, Piccapity, Lonpon, Nov. 4, 1353. The City Fothers of London— Municipal Press Bagging—An Extraordinary Party Trialin Irdand—Vhe Transp orta- tion System—A Fire—A Proof of Friendship—Ariificial Flower Making in London and Paris—Queen Viclorva at Sydenham—T heatricals—Aceident at Astla’s—Managers at Law—Chit-Chat, dc. | | The Queen's Commissioners have been ail this week ex aminixg into the abominations of the immaculate compa- nies and otaer bodies composing that utopia of all mai Gipal bodies—the city of London. They have found, ac- cordingly, through the willing evidence of Mr. Js mes Ac- dand, Setretary of the City Reform Association, that the ‘wnsolidated committee appointed by the corporation, vered with the exposure of civie enormities by the public | press, have voted annually, for the last four years, £1,000 | for the purpose of gagging and corrupting the press, by | the purchase of large numbers of newspapers containing particular articles weil suited to serve their purposes. This is no doubt @ very awkward revelation, because it very nearly affects the honor and independence of our aily press, which most persons have thought quite above all temptation from money bribs Nevertheless, it i at | Jeast amusing to find the Times indulging in sarcasm and pbuse on thore who have thus boldly denounced the cor- Tuption above mentioned. This time, it appears, the Phun¢erer waa not in fault—did not receive the bribes that swelled the coffers of other journals. A-curious trial in the Commission Court of Dublin has excited quite an emeue in that cily. A Miss Cantwell, a respectable Roman Catholic lady, who keeps « respectable school, was accused by the proprietors of some linen and baberdashery establishment, of stealing some ribbon of paltry value ; and such was the interest excited on either side that seven barristers were retained in the case. The trial lasted five clear days ; and on the last the jury gave an unhesitating verdict of acquittal, to the immense joy of ® most crowded audience, who took no pains to conceal their pleasure—indeed, the court-house literally rang with the cheers of the spectators, among whom the ladies exhibited quite as much zeal asthe rougher sex; and these cheers were sgain and agsin renewed, until at ength they were taken up by the crowd in the hall out- side, This is no doubt in sme measure @ party business; for the defendent is a near relative of the Right Rev. Dr Cornea of the gallows e days gallows bave long passed away in Eo; land, ead now, it seems, the punishment of ‘aansporte- trop bas nearly passed away as veil. deed, as by the criminal officers of the Home Department, Lad become a crying evil—so great aa to ox cite the unqualified indignation of all the free settlers in Australian colonies. But, atary rate, when a new ayn tem wan to be ret on foot it brhoved the authorities to some other means for the proper punishment of eonvicts; and we are yet to learn what progress har yet made by our Crawfords and Macconochias in reform- criminals. We believe, in fact, that the reformation apy, except merely juvenile criminals, ia a mere chi mera, worthy only of him who planned the Utopia. How over, an respeate the preeent accommodation for our erimi- mal population—aow forbi except in extreme cases, te be sent abroad—Colorel Jebb's recent report speaks volume as to ita utter insufficiency. The government bas three large establishments for the separate confine. ment of male convicts only, (what becomes of the fewalen his report says nothing,) viz.: Millbank, which accommo fiates 1,100; Pentonville, 560, Waketield, 412; with cells Io seven county prisons rented by them, and ac:ommo- datirg some 400 more; berider which, the Perth prison has vom for 180, Dartmoor 650, Parkhurst, (for juve- piles,) 628, Portland 1,070, Portsmouth 1,020, ani the hulks about 1,400, making s grand total of 7,420 b-sides which Ireland furnishes » qaote of 5,146, making alto. gether 12,666 prisoners, exclusive of 2,860 trausported convicts in Bermuda, Gibralar, and Western Australia, ‘Transporta\ion, in- Tris is confensediy but very inadequate home accowmoda- tion for our constantly increasing couviet population, and we incline to the belief that, whatever evils of the stem, it mast again be adopted And, not out years stem transportation after all, spite of our prejucices sgainst it, we pee much shrewdness in the objection @g0 ty sir James Graham to the penttemtiary of a gigantic workshop, the whole buildiog was in apple- pie order for her reception—boarded floors laid, gravel walks formed over mere quagwmires, awnings fixed, flow- ers of the most rare and beautiful kiad duly placas in the most attractive groups—everything, in fact, done that the energies of Paxton, Wyatt, and Henderson could de- vise te gratify the Queez—monarch of these realms. Nor was this labor spest in vain; for the little lady, with that untiring curiosity which beloags to’ her sex, tcgether with an amount of intelligence, a good gense, of which few, very few of her subjects can boast, led the good Sir Joseph'and all his satellites a pretty dan:e up and down, the length and breadth of the building, along the galleries, through the various courts, and through the extensive gardeas, now fast hastening towarcs completion. In fact, not # single portion did she leave unvisited; and I suepect that the directors, archi- tects, and others who attended, slept very soundly efter thia royal circumambulation Now, this is a3 it should be; and we should rejoice to’ see royalty feeli:g such an interest in a private enterprise —rejoice to find find that we hare st length arrived ata political era when a Queen, instead of makug pompous progresses, at a ruinous expense to her subjects, | comes‘quietly and unobtrusively to accept of the freely oflered noepitality of her people; tor, let us xot forget, the Queen and her suite were handsomely entertained. A private theatrical entertainment is on the tapis for the benefit of the well known Mr. Bob Morrison. Miss Adela Rochelle bas tendered her gratuitous rervices; and I will te/l you all about it on Tuesday. The late prolific author’s(M. Bayard’s)piece, “Un Fils de Famiude,” whieh msny month: since had a lengthened run al Gyxwnase, bas been translated aud produced at the Adelphi axe Princess’. a month since, under the title of “The Discarced Son’’—at the latter it is called ‘The Lan- cers.”’ 1] sha)l content myself with a notice of the artists. The leadig part in The Lancers” is played by Mr. Fish- | er who msde his first appraraace in LondouumsiWeinas Cay evening. He is an excellent actor, with but one fault— tuatof over acting. An old Colonel, by Mr. Ryder. was a Ps ceptab.e performance. Tai: ollice:’s sister found sv able representative in Mrs. Winstanly, a fair American, Mise Carlotta Lecierc was very much the ballet girl ia the part of the heroine, and Mrs. Weler Lacy played » | lunch: dy to perfection.’ The decoration of the piece is | really very splendid, almost ou'-vieing the muguificence | rdanapalus “Marco Sparda.”” The theatre is | rowded, and ‘tis said that Mr. and Mrs. Charles | | Kean are growing millionaires Last week our Loré Mayor Challis held-and presided, ata crowded meeting of nobility, clergy gentry, &c., to celebrate the fiftieth anairersary of the British and For. eign Bible Society—a society that has exerte oan | extent unparalelied in the diffusion of the Holy Scrip. | tures. Itappears froma statement made at this most interesting meeting, that the society, sinze its formation, | has expended about four millions sterling, (£3 ,950,053) | ard circulated forty-five millions of In Great Britain and Ireland, 8,000,000 2 000,000 45,000,900 : have caused | the transiation of the Scriptnres—either the whole or parts thereof—into no less than one hundred and seventy | different languages, one hundred of which bad never been recuced to print, and twenty tve of which had no written characters at al) prior to the eppearance of these new | | versions, Fo that the translators had even to invent aud compound alphabets i order to open ne# aveaues to the heats andi telligence of people on whom the sun of christianity and civilization had never dawned. The so ciety '® prevent purpose is to estabiish a jubilee fand for special objects; and more particularly to set on foot an ex tensive and efficient system of colportage throughout the | British dominions, as we)) as to make special grants of | Bibles ané Testaments to emigrants, schools, prisons bos- | pitals, missionary stations &c., together with a reparate | fr nd for granting retired allowances and temporary aid, when required, to the colporteure and other agents of the Fociety Tne rule in the case Emery vs, Webster, (a question of a theatrical engagement,) was argued yesterday in the Court of Exchequer. The proceedings terminated in favor of the plaintil, who will now immediately proceed to trial. On Wednesday evening, between 8 and 9 o'clock, an ac: cident which will yery likely terminate with loss’ of life, oceurred to one of the supernumeraries at Astley’s, named | George Palmer. The man was entrasted with » loaded | gun to fire off in some part of the performance and whilst | bebind the scene, he bad on former occa-iona amnsed the other supernameraries by applying the muzzle of the gun to bis mouth, placing the nipple neara gas light,and extt guishing the gas by suddenly blowing the diner parts o Joose charge through the touch hole. This was cousid ed quite » feat in its and on the night in question he proceeded to do it again ' He was cautioned as to the dan- gerous nature of the trick, but he would not desist, On applying the touch hole to the ga:lignt he unfortunately inhaled his breath; which drew the flame down to the priming, and the charge iustantly exploded. He was hurled backwards sev-ral yards, and feil bleeding and in- sensible. Asristance being at band, Le was immediately con- veyed to the Westminster Hospital, and attended by Dr. Flaxon, the house surgeon, who found upon examination that the roo’ of the mouth had been comple ely blown away, and the whole face horribly Iacerated. He was alive late last evening, and had been restored to eorscious- ness. but there is not the slightest hope of his resovery. The affair ereated contid arm among the ‘corps dramatique” at the theatre, as it happened during the performance, and by judicious management the sad occurrence’ was unknown to th dience. ‘The curious case of Lumley vs. Pye in still pending, and will be tried at the sittings after the ensuing Michaelmas term. It isan setion sgainst Mr Pye for inducing, ax is asserted, Miss Johanna Wagner, the celebrated ‘ Ariiste Allemande,”’ to break ber alleged con ract with Mr. Lum- ley, who lays his damages at no less than £30,000. The rincipal witnesses, including Miss Wagner her'elf, being Peyond the regular jurisdiction of the English eourts, « commission las been isaued to take their evidence at Ber- lin, where their examinati mn and crorr-examination will be condueted by English counel. through the mediam of a sworn interpreter. M’, Hayward, Queen’s counsel, has been named sole commissioner, and will discharge, pro tanto, the duties of a judge at nisi prius trial. The cem mission is to be opened at Berlin on the 7th inst. It is stated that Mr. Leeman, of York, has just pur- chased Newby Park from the Railway King, Mr. Hudson, for £190,000. The purchase i+ made on behalf of Viscount Downe, already a large landed proprietor in Yorkshire. I have thie morning returned from Birmiagham, where Ilast night had the pleasure of hearing Mr. aad Mra, Sims Reeves in opera. All our town theatres are doing right well. Robson, Emery, and Wigan, and Mesdames Sitifog, P. Horton, ard Wigan, nightly receive hearty welcomes from crowded houses at the Olympic; and the rame happiness in alike showered upon Buckstone and Chippe and Mra. Fitzwiliiam, at the Haymarket; nor mui forget Mr. George Vandenhoff, who has quite taken the town by storm; so much #0, that G. V. Brooke and Mr Wilton’s = are forgotten, The Lyceum would do better with a etter bill, The Strand seopens on Monday, with Mr, Alloroft again an lessee, and Miss Rebecca Innacs aa directrens, Me. W. R. Markwell’s historical drama of Louis XV." will not be produced at the Surrey theatre till next month ‘n business generally speaking, we are considerably Gull at the West Ead; amdas for money, it ain't to be got not no how, DON Cassar, | and it has not been below 650,000,000. In order to dertake, with them, a certain number of public func- tions, like, in this respect, those aristocracies which know how to open their ranks to merit. It is fortunate that the Turkish government is deriving encol ment from the success of that which it has itseif undertaken. If it has done mach there remains not less for it todo yet. Money, it is said, is the sinews of war. It is, by the same rule, | the sinews of » The power and prosperity of a State depend, if not exclusively, at least princi- pally, upon its system of finance; but nothing is more imperfect than the organization of the flaances of the Ottoman empire. ® For some years the ordinary revenue of Turkey has not exceeded the amount of 750,000,000 piastres, explain this variation it is sufficient to say that the principal sources of iacome are the tenths upon the | produce of the soil and the customs. The expenses,.| which are more easy to determine than the receipts, | have reached to 733,400,000 piastres. The details | of a Turkish budget are very different from those of a budge: among the peopie of the West. We may | judge of this by the following table of receipts aud | experditure, which, indeed, it is otherwise curious to compare. The expenditure is divided in the fol- | lowing manner among the d fferent services:— Piastres. The Sultan’s civil list... Civil list of the Sultaa’s (previ her death), anc of his married siste 8 400,000 Army. 800,000,000 | Navy.. 87,600,000 | Materials of war, artillery, engineers and for- tresses... .+ + sesee+ 80,000,000 | Salaries of employes in all the empire, and in every branch of the administration..... 195,000,000 Subvention t» the adminimration of vakoufs | for the establi:hments dependent on them 12,500,000 | Contingent annuities..............+- 6,009,000 Interest at six per cent. on bons du treso ‘Aruities payable in compensation for an fiefs to proprietors dispossessed. Foreign affairs—ambassadors and Expenses tor objects of pnblic utility, Total NAAT AL sss secste sb omcrasentys 733,400,000 | Such are t! whole expenses of the Turkish go- verument. Here are its ditterent sources of ie asl. Tenths.... Income tax Feraons] taxes on non Mussulman subjects. Customs... sees Tribute from Egypt. “ © Walla Servi Indirect taxes (pat and ports)... 2,000,00) 150,000,000 Total pinstres.......+ eee seees cree sees oeee 981,000,000 We thus know the elements of the budget and the financial resources. What measures, then, should be taken to establish this budget upon a firm aud regu- lar basis? These measures are indicated by the na- ture of the obstacles which it is the question to over- come, and which it remains for us to ennmerate. | Among these obstacles we must reckon in the first | ravk the existence of the vakoufs. They call by this | pame all ihe property consecrated to the mosques | aud religious touodations,whether they have proceed- | ed from pious legacies or have been confided to the administrators of the mosques by virtue ofa conven- tion. Free property takes the name of mu/k. It is well known that the desire to contribute to the sup- port of the rmosques has not been the s0.e motive fur | there donations of these faithful stewards. The real | end of the proprietor has most often beea to insure | one portion of his fortune against the caprices of ty- ranny. The chauces of the reversion to the profit of | the mosque, and the annuil rent which the depositor pays to it, are not considered too high a premiu when the question is how to avoid either a cunfise: tion or a forced sale at the suit cf impatient credi- | tors. Whatever be the reason which may have deter- mined proprietors to put their lands into the hands | of the administration of the vakoufs, this ad- "| ministration is tne nominal proprietor of three | fourths of the real property in the Tarkish | empire. Nevertheless, the annual revenue of the administration of Vakoufs is not valued at more | than 20,000,000 piastres. here is one fact still more strange—the budget of the State is obliged to | furnish 12,500,000 piastres for the support of mosques and charitable establishments. This apparent con- tradiction is explained by the small rent stipulated | at the beginning in monty of which the name has not changed, but which has twenty times its value now ; by the frauds common in the declaration of prices at sales; by precautions taken to avoid the case of remainder ; and, lastly, by concessions made to relations for the redemption of titles where cases of remainder are presented. Without changing the system, it is evident that | some weil devised measures might produce great benefit to the treasury ; but results much more im- portant would be obtained if they were able to dis- interest the mosques, and to give to the actaal tenants new titles, which would render them real proprietors. ‘This reform is generally needed. ‘ve tax called vergu, formerly sadian, corresponds to the English income-tax. It varies according to lity, from 10 to 26 percent. Itis a tax raised upon the presumed fortune—real, personal or commercial. It is placed indifferently upon ail the subjects of the Gravd Seignor, Mussulmsns or Rayas. ‘I'he munici- palities which exist everywhere in Turkey, are charged with its appointment and ita collection, and they turn over the produce to the fivancial agents of the government. This ivtervention of the munici- palities in financial questions 's one of the principles ot their organization ia the East; but this principle suppores in the municipalities enlighteued and equit- abie views, which are not alwaye met with. There are some in which the patriarchal and fraternal tee of the earliest times is preserved; the fortane of each, ccnsisting peoeely of land and cattle, is of public notoriety. The distribution of the tax is easy, and its collection is effected without reclamations or resistacce. In some communes of Asia Minor jus- tice is not #0 scrupulously applied. Although muai- cipal functions are elective, they are too often the prize of intrigue, and the privilege of great influence, trom which it foilows that the great fortunes are not always those which have to bear tae highest tax; the small cnes suffer, avd the treasury with them. ‘The tenths are not the vergu, the most productive branch of the revenue of [urkey. They are collec’- ed upon all the productions of the earth, fruits and cereals. In Roumelia they extend tosheep. It ia the same in some localities in Asia Minor. 1n others, im- munity is compensated by a surcharge upon the tax. With the view of receiv'ng money instead of the pro- duce of nature, the government hai recourse toa disastrous expedient, which is one of the principal vices in the financial legislation of the empire. It puts this tax to auction, the same as the Customs of many cities. The purchasers effect their reimburse- ment by means ot eet agents, with the concar- rence of the muni:ipalities and the re sresentatives of the central authority. We may easily conceive the inconveniences of this system. But altogether, vicious as it is, it is a step in the way of progress, if we call to mind the time when governors of pro- vinces, farmers of tenths and of all the other taxes, ured and sbused their sal without limit, and ground down the population ina thousand different waya. Por some Rtg the principal functionaries of the overnment have presented themselves at these auc- 00 | time, the stipulation being in piastres, may, bya | the eeller, with a loss of 50 per cent. ions, avd have become purchasers either in their oFn , or under that of some Armenian bankers (sarrofs). These bankers are their aureties with the treasury, their rs in the profits, or their bro- kers to retell at a profit. We are tem) with rea- son, to exclaim against such an ant is neces- sary, however, to remember that the spirit of is not the only motive which instigates Turkish func- tioparies to endeavor to obtain the farming of the tenths. They obey, at the same time, the idea of the government, which wishes to establish on thi3 sub- ject the most serious competition. Thus the price of these purchases has been considerably augmented, and the government knows much better the extent of its resources. It is, in every case, a minimum re- sult, if we compare it with the immorality of the speculation, with the waste which the system Be vokes, and, in a word, with the enormous losses thus caused to the people and to the treasury, to the pro- fs of the fortunate farmer of the tenths and the cus- m3. The capitation tax (haradje Or djizic) extends only to the rayas—that is to say, to the non-Mussul- man subjects of the Grand Seignor. Every male adult is liable to the haradje, which is divided, in proportion to their fortunes, into three classes. The most rich pay sixty piastres annually; the middle class, thirty piastres, and others on!y fifteen. Gene- rally this tax is considered as compensation for mili- tary service, to which the rayas hve not hitherto been subject. Fora long time the haradje cole lected by special agents, who spared the rayas neither ‘uitous humiliation nor exactions. Al- though these abuses have disappeared, it is only just decreed that the mode of collection shall be changed, but in the meantime theye is no doubt the character of the impost will be modified. Hereafter the Patri- archs, heads of the different Christian communities, as well as the Khakam-bacht, or chief of the Jews, will be the intermediaries between their coreligion- ists and the treasury. It is difficult to believe that this new mode of collection can be more profitable to the treasury than the former. We sball now touch upon a subject of an interest net less great, and which takes us less from the eco- nomic ideas of the West—tae customs. The customs system of Turkey is based upoa treaties concluded with the European powers. In 1838, the Porte ne- gotiated a treaty of commerce, which Englani simultaneously with France and England first, and France shortly afterwards, signed with the Sultan. According to this treaty, merchandize im. ported into Turkey pays an import duty of five per cent, which is divided thus—three per cent for the import duty, properly so called, and two per cent, supplementary duty on leaving the Costom House, in replacement of ancient traffic dues in the interior. Merchandise the produce of jthe soil or the industry of the Ottoman empire, pays an export duty of twelve per cent—nine ‘per cent, upon its arrival at the place where it is to be embarked, and three per cent upon embarkment. This duty of twelve per cent re- places many duties, which incessantly varied, to which mdrchandise was pepe when monopoly ab- ney prohibited sale anc Sxpor tation, ‘o lay a duty of twelve per cent upon the ex) of native products when the importation of foreingn mer- chandise is only subject to duty of five per cent, may appear to some minds a ruinous absurdity. | The arrangement, in fact, seems contrary to the pene which regulate the customary relations of dustrious ard commercial countries. Bat inde pendently. of the political interests which made it the duty of Turkey to sign this treaty, two fundamental circumstances justified it in the eyes of the Sultan. An agrivultural power, he imposed nothing upon the land; he might then and ought to impose Bote upon ts products. From this point of view the or- ganization of the customs is the least prepared for criticism, and it is the least susceptible in itself of improvements profitable to the treasury. The Turkish | government may at once draw from it a Med supe: | rior revenue to that which it now receives. In what manner? Not by enceavoring to modify its com- irercial conventions with foreign powers, but by en- couraging production and circulation at the same | time within the bosom of the empire. Who can doubt that upon this territory, at once so vast and fertile, agriculture could not do wonders, it with racticable means of communication for conveyances tween all the great cities, and in the neighborhood of the cea? It remains for us now to describe the difficulties which constitute a deplorable clog to commercial developement and financial progress. We wish to speak of the cvuin of Turkey, and of the enormous difference which exists between the intrinsic and the nominal yalue of the greatest part of its circulating | medium. The necessity of arresting the depreciation of the piastre has provoked the organization of an omsembie of operations called at Constantinople ‘le system du matntien des changes.” It is useless to add tnat the efficaciousness of these measures is as important to European commerce as it is to Turkey. Commerce is no longer possible where a bargain for sudden depreciation not unexampled, be attended, to Admitted that commerce may be a Proteus sufficiently skilfal to find other means of exchange, it is manifest that the transition canuot be accomplished without some great financ’al catastrophe. As to the Turkish go- verument, in the position in which the nature of its riches and commercial treaties place it, it ought to be able to pay for the products ot Europe with Ea- ropean money, instead of losing at a single coup all the difference which there is between the real and the nominal value of the Turkish piastre. For more than a centary the Ottoman sovereigns, perceiving the amount of their extraordiuary ex- penses, have adopted the rainous and immoral prac- lice of altering the standard of the mint, leaving to their successors the unmerited chastise nent of an improvident abuse of ther absolute power. The Torkish piastre corresponded at the first in value to 5f.20c. Since its last alteration, at the time of the war egainst Russia in 1528, it has become, under the form of bechliks, or piece of five piastres, a eoin of a standard so reduced that in cases where iis cur- rept value, if regulated by the real value, shoald be | eight piastres, it will pass for only 1f. The two | extrethe terms then are:—The piastre before the year 1710 was worth more than five francs; while the piastre of 1828 does not correspond to twelve cen- times. It is estimated that there are 400,000,000 pias tres of this coin in circulation. These pieces, with | notes, (Kaymes,) constitute almost alone the original | Turkish money in the Ottoman empire. The other coins current in Turkey are, with the piece of six pias- tres (al'ilik,) of an altered standard, which formerly contained about 462 millitmes of pure silver, the an- cient gold piecesof 20 piastres, the new gold pieces of | 100 piastres,and of 50 piastres, the new silver pieces of | 20,10, 5,2, and 1 piastre, which contain, iu goid or | in silver, a proportion equal to the quaatity admitted into the fabrications of money by the European go- vernments. It is estimated that about 200,000,000 | piastres is about the value of the money struck in these | coins since 1¢44. Unfortunately, they bave been by degrees completely retired from circulation, by rea- son of the speculations which they have caused. ‘Lo this enumeration of coin of Ottoman origin must be added foreign coins, the number of whica varies ac- cording to the rise or full in the prices attributed to | them. The following is the tariff established by the ‘Turkish government, for the principal foreign moneys in the Constantinople markets : Gcod Spanish piastrer Taloris of Austria Five franc pieces Carboranz Kusse: Dueats — dolland Austria... wo # There are 40 paras in a piastre. Unfortunately, this official tarifi never has been, and is now still less likely to be, the measure of foreign values. In com- mercial transactions the carboranz is received for 18 piastres, the ducat for 52, and so on for the rest. From 1828, the date of the last alteration in the piastre, to 1834, the exchange—that isto say, the practical relation between the piastre and the pound sterling—has varied from 60 to 98. It has not since exceeded these figures, although, by reason of the 22 piastres 32 1° 30 a. 10 16 87 “ “ | of the Sublime Porte and of the Imperial troops, intrinsic value ot the pieces of five tel the piece ot English gold had a real value of 225 piastres. We may conceive what disastrous fluctuations resulted train this to European commerce in Turkey. lu 1834, when Turkey received from Greece, as the pr oe of her cession of territory, the sum of 13,000,000 piasties, the idea was conceived of a banking opera- tiov, to prevent further great disasters. This bpera- tion consieted im farn!shing to the merchants estab- lished in Turkey ajl the paper which was necessary for them to make their returns to Marseilles, Vienna, Paris, ard London. They succeeded in effect in maintaining the exchange at 984 for the pound ster- ing ter about two years. After some fluctuation it rese to 1274. In 1843, the Divan again put in force the eystem of maintaining the exchanges, combined with a gradual emission of a coinage of good alloy in replacement of the altered money, which they should have demonetized at the rats of 7.500,000 piastres perannum. The operations commenced, and they have not been interrupted; only they have renounced too soon the demonetization of the bechliks. This time they took for the basis of the real value the ancient gold piece of twenty piasters, and they fixed at 110 the relation of the piaster to the pound sterling. At the same time an im; | ordinance interdicted the circulation of all fore! Money, and of all the ancient foreign money which had induced go much speculation. These were received and charged at the mint. Astothe foreign moneys, the exchange was facilitated by transactions with Euro- peans, The subjects of the Grand Seignor, howev- er, were prohibited from recciving them in payments. These resolutions, notified to all the embassies, and put into force did not excite avy serious reclamations. All the financial agents bad at their disposition the necessary funds to operate the exchanges. But the proper moment was not always foreseen with ex- acttude. The surveillance of tie administration relaxed. Abuses reappeared in proportion, aud with the consequen:es of political commotion in Earope, there was in the end a financial crisis disastrous to Turkey. Such are at the present moment the conre- quences of the abuse of foreign money. Con- staptinople ia not only the priuspal en trépit of the commerce ot Turkey, but it is at the same time the point through which pass all the colonial produce, andall the manufactared articloa intended for Persia and the States of Weatern Asia. The stuffs and the fabrics of Mngland penetrate equally by means of a very active and extended contraband trade into the of the Caucasus, and into the heart of All this merchandise is paid for in Russian carboranz. Every time this Russian money obtains at Constantinople a rate higher than its real value,there is an afflux of them; and what happens? Why the Turkish government is reduced to serd to Europe the return ia paper for the merchandise furnished by contraband to Persia, to the neighboring States, and to Russia. The com- merce of Odeasa and of al! Southern Russia, profit- ing by this exaggerated vatue of foreign money in Turkey, then uses the Bank of Constantinople to send funds to Burope, speculations are organized to buy piastres with carboranz, and to demand piastres in hand, bank bills. It is thus that the drafts of this bank bave risen lately to the annual sum of more than 400,000,000 of piastres. The exports of Turkey with- out doubt procure for it thevalues with which it eovers its correspondents in London; but these values are far from being sufficient, although it may be that in gocd years the exports balance the imports. We comprehend the causes of this insufficiency. The amount of the drafts waich the Turkish government ought to furnish to commerce, in the place of being on the difference between the imports and exports of Turkey, is augmented by all that which Persia and part of Kussia owe to the merchants of the west. ‘Tne Bank of Constantinople is then for some time obliged to cover its correspondents by sending the cin which it possesses, and this accounts for the dis- appearance of all the new gold and silver money. In 18s. @ year otherwise deplorable for the commerce of all Europe, the loss was 14,000,000 piastres. This is an intolerable situation, which weighs heavily upon the budget, and of all the vices of the financial system of Turkey it is that which requires the most energetic and pecans remedies. Let us hasten to t the Divan is under no illusions in this res- pect, and that a reform in the coinage more radical than the omen is at present within its contem- ation. The only reproach it will incur will be that t is too late. Interesting Turkish Ukase. COPY OF AN ORDBR OF THE GRAND VIZIER, TO BE MADB PUBLIC TO THE INHABITANTS OF CONSTAN- TINOPLE, EYOUB, EOUTARI, AND GALATA. ‘The acceptanc: of the propositions, as made by Russia, and which are known to all the worl, rela- tive to the religious Pes Ea would not on'y have been an infringement of the sovereign rights snd in- dependence of the Ottoman empire, but would be the immediate source, as also, in the future, of all sorts of prejudice—from which God preserve you! Russia bas assumed @ menacing attitude by making such immense preparations for war. As regards the Sublime Porte, whilst taking on its side measures of precaution and defence, by sending troops to the Imperial frontiers, to Anatolia, and Roumelia, it has at the same time, in compliance with its system and pacific principles, exhausted all the means of negotiation, and pro- posed a moderate arrangement, and made every effort for the Rrra of peace—at all times a cherished and sacred object—but all was of no avail; and, finally, the Rogsian army cros:ed the Pruth, and has invaded the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia, hereditary peavanges of his Majesty the Sultan. Notwithstanding this state of things the Sublime Porte had recourse to intermediation, with a view to reconciliation in the interest of the maintenance of peace, but it has not been possible; and in Saves cron oe &@ National Council was con- yoked by the Porte on the 22d and 23d of the month of Zelludge, composed of the Sizirs, Caserkers, Ulemas, military chiefs, and other functionaries, and the question was exemined in all its bearin, It being clear and evident that as the court of declines to accept an arrangement to which the Sublime Porte can adhere, the peaceful solution of these differences is not possible; it being koown to all the world that it was Russia who violated all the treaties by Es 3 the Ottoman terri- tory ; and the promulgation of such a state of things being burtfal, is was unanimously decided to place our confidence in divine aid, and in that ef our Holy Prophet, to undertake war, and order the troops to This decision of the council was confirmed by a fetoa of the Sheik-ul-I. , & fetoa which it was thought proper to put into «xecution ; and.a report to that effect having been lai at the foot of the throne for the orders of the Sultan, the decision of the general council was sanctiosed by a Hatti Sherif and the whole made known to tie Caserkers of the divisions of the army in Roumelia and Anatolia, and to all the inhabitants of the empire, by the publica- tion of firmans. Therefore, you also will convene the Imams of the districts, and you will say to them thatas it is Russia which gave rise to this affair, aad that asit is on ber that the responsibility will fall, they must address prayers to the God of Battles for the triumph and we enjoin them to pray incessantly and with fervor for the success of our cause. And at the same time you will make it clearly understood to all, that | as this war is a war against a government which, without the slightest reason, has violated the rights of the indevendence of the Ottoman Empire, tne amicable relations which exist between the Sublime Pcrte and the other friendly powers have not suffer- e4 the slightest alteration in consequence of this situation, aud consequently no one must be allowed to,molest the merchants or subjects of those powers, nor persons professing a different religion, as re- gords their life, honor, and property; and no one shail be allowed to molest 4bem in any manner whatsoever, for the law protects the life, tne honor, and property of every class of subjects, and of Rayahs, as our own. Al! must be treated, according to our sacred laws, in every circumstance, with juy tice, and enjoy the most perfect security; in a word, it is repugnant to ths sacred law as weil as to com mon sense, as it has been made known iu the past, to regard the Rayuhs of the Sublime Porte, who pro- fess a religion bearing conformity to that of Russia, responsible for the conduct of the Russian govern- ment. What that governnent demands it demands in its own interests,and to increase its influence. The subjects of the Sublime Porte have enjoyed for centuries the religious privileges accorded to them by the Ottoman Emperors, under the special protec- ‘he of the Sublime Porte, and those privileges ac- quire daily additional strength and greater exten- sion. They are aware that the pretence of the Rus- sian government to take them under its protection, would only tend to weaken them. You will make it well known to all men that one of the externa] causes of the triumph implored is that all clasees of his Highness may live together ia har- mony; that none should molest or humiliate another; and that all shall endeavor to live in perfect union, and serve their common country. If from negligence, ignorance, or ill will, any one should act in crpeeeon to these legitimate orders, be shall be severe 4, punished. All the ahove dispositions were decreed in the general councils recently-held. You will, therefore, bave acare that no one shall act contrary to the above orders. This 6th Manharem, 1270 (8th October, 1853). Slavery in the United States, and American ‘Trade in India, in an English point of view. [From the London News, Uct 27} It tas been amusing toa good many people in England, within two or three weeks, to see it an- nounced with a certain amount of flourish, that a prand fensation is excited in the cotton growing States of America, and that an entirely new prospect of abolisbing slavery is opening, by the probable ex- tension of railways and cotton growing in India. There are a good avy Quakers and other benevo- lent persons smiling over tbe news—-men who were busy so long ago as fifteen years in promoting cotton growing and transport in India, as the shortest way of putting an end to American slavery. Hundreds of thousands of tracts on the subject were circulated then, and have been siace; and these tracts have been read in the Southern. States of America for years. For years the Ameri- caus, who were tempted by high salaries to go to India, to superintena the preparation of the cotton fur the market, have known that they must get away quietly, and not think ot retarning—so great was.the cresd entertained by the American planter of: what {ndia might do. It is also some years since the planters learned that trey need not alarm themselves wbcut anything that Indian railways can do to then durivg their natural lives, and till there are railways the cotton of India will go on to be spoiled in an enormous proportion by the aczidents nataral to bullock carriage—the tumblivg, the Lee the wetting, the daubing, the dusting that the bales ge’ between the press and the port. The Madras rail- way project bas carried hope to mauy an anxious Americsn heart. It was proposed by the directors several ee back, and urged upon the Board of Control five years ago. The plan then was to form company, hut the Board of Control would not hear of it; 0 the directors, two years since, offered to do the thing themselves; but neither was that allowed. At last it is determined on, and arrange neuts have been made this summer. As to when it is likely to be finished, that is another ques tion. Heei\b the American planter expects to take a trip to the western coast by the Great Pacific Railway, for which the surveys are now being taken, before the opening of the Madras line; but the serious mention of it, and of other lines, is really meking him think apprehensively of the prospects of cotton in his own State and country. The olicy of the siave States, (overruling the whole Union, bas hitherto beeu to extend their territory, southwards and westwards; and when extension his been aimed at northwards and north-westwards, it has been from a de- sire to counterbalance the Southern power in the Benate. A great eM would come over this licy if we would make haste and get on with our ndian railways. There would bes vast reduction of eagerness, and wrath, and false pretence about Cuba and Mexico, and the treatment of our seamen of color, and many other dangerous matters, if we went the shortest way to work t. grow our own cot- ton, or some of it, There is no doobt whatever of the fitness of some parts of India, and otners of ove colonies, for the ‘production of cotton, if we woud but bestar curselves to give the producers a fair chence of transport for their crop waen grown, crevsed, 2nd packed. We had rather soe some of our statesmen promoting this work than others writing letters—ever so good and true—on American rapacity and scanty regard (9 international law. It is to be hoped that the Americm” abolitionists wit continue thelr labors, besause they 3°, rapidly gen- erating the] right spirit in readiuess fo.” the work of emancipation, ‘and elevating the mind ana °haracter Of the colored race, aud preserving the plants.” from Oe perils ot negro Tosurseotion and 8 servile Sarid ‘atand glorious fact, and evident : ratol fo someth, fous stil, j ry more great and glori that abolitioniem for above twenty years tected both master dnd slave, by stan: fA between the sloth of the one and the despair of the other ; mpelling better treatment of amasre on the one hand, by oe the piention of the world on his case 5 an “un whites from ingurrectionary slaughter on the r, by aflurding a poe the hopes of the slave. The leader of the abolitionists is the Moses of the bondmen ; and to him they ea- trust their cause; 80 that for above twenty years the insurrections which were before so numerous, have suddenly and entirely ceased. Since the first abolition journal appeared, there has not been a single ‘of slaves in the United States. Ail this is good promising, aud it appears as if the fulfilment of the promise were to happen by the formation of rail- yes in India, and the extension of cotton growing ere. Meantime, it appearsthat the Americans are pre- péring in another way for that catastrophe. T! age obtaining new markets for their mauufacture: cotton, against the time when they will cell less of the raw material to us. While we have been asleep on the Indus, or thinking that there is plenty of time for Cle ven in this world, the Americans have been noizelessly marching by, just a little to the westward, to penetrate Central Asia, and _perhay meet and China at market in the midst of continent, while we are standing with folded arms, admiring our prospects in the plains and table lands of Hindostan. Already is Persia consulting Kanda- har about clearing a way for the Americanseand their goods into the heart of the country: and end are the “domestics,” woven by the neat and intelli- gent Lowell girls, who build churches and lyceams, and get philosophers and scholars to lecture to them— alieady are those stout Lowell fabrics becoming familiar articles of wear and barter to the mountain tribes of Asia, who have wool wherewith to re And the Awericans will take anything else, ae there is not wool enough. We own to a cordial ad- miration of the spirit of American commerce in its adventurous aspect. To watch it is to witness some of the finest romance of our time. No idea can be formed of it from our own older, quieter, more tradic ional way of saising to work. It waaan American who first thought of carryingice to India Instead of going out in ballast, as was often done then, with dollars to buy some oriental cargo to exchange from place to place, coming home with something very rich indeed, he took out acargo of ice from a familiar Massachusetts pond. A fourth of the cargo melted while the people in Calcutta were learning what it meant, and the rest sold for six cents the pound. The next time plenty of buyers were on the look- out; scarcely any ice tlme to melt; and the price was nearly doubled; since which time it has been a good speculation to send ce 12,000 miles, and thrust saltpetre out of the market. It was an American who first saw the beauty of Manilla hemp, though it was not unknown tous. He carried home a few bales, and inten years the importation rose to 20,000 bales. The ‘Americans were on excellent terms with the Chinese, long before we could make anything of them. In Salem—well named the city of peace trom its civiliz- ing commerce—the highest order of meen ae toE is found—a spirit which reminds the traveller of old Venice and the Hanse towns. The particular dig- nity coveted at Salem is membership in its museum ; and to be a member, it is raquisite to have doubled both Capes, and to have brought something remar- kable from far lands. Thgre a young man’s educs- tion finishes with his being sent, not on his travels, but his voyage; and father, uucle, or friend makes him supercargo of a good freight, and sends him to China, or Borneo, or Madagascar. Heaceforth, it will probably be to Japan. or to shake hands with the Chinese in the plains of Phivet, or with European travellersjat Timbuctoo—for the New England mer- chants are penetrating to the very heart of Africa, to handle the cotton and sell their goods. It is an every-day matter (ora Salem merchant to tell his wife that they may as well go round the world, ag he has aship ready; and then the older childrem are sent to school, and the infants and their parents sail away, trafficking from land to land, in another hemisphere, and returning with a little fortune, sun- burnt faces, and a batch of curiosities for the museum. We hail such doings in any nation whatever, and in the American oase this is evidently their true field of conquest. If we would only ema- late them as far as suits our different circumstances,— making railways in India, and raising cotton there, and wherever in our dominions it will grow—there would soon @as we may talk of incidents in national life being soon) be an end of charge and. resrimina- tion, and offence aud Lay 4 about Cubss and “Uncle Tom’s Cabins;” aud fishery and boundary uestions would be found easy of settiement between he two most commercial nations upon earth. oads and sbips, exploration, manufactures, and ommerce, are all hestile to stavery; and slavery is the only cause of hostility between America and any other part of the world. Our duty is clear—to de- velope our Indian resources rapidly and without stint, thus promoting and ensuring at once human berty and the amity of nations. Chinese Em.gration. pa the London Chronicle, Nov. ee A parliamentary paper, recently published, rela- ive to emigration to the Aussralian colonies, com- tains an interesting notice of the emigration that has already taken”place from the maritime provinces of China, and of the capabilities and tastes which would fit the Chinese fcr settling in our tropical po:sessions, In the summer of last Lord Malmesbary direct- ed that Dr. Bowring at Hong Kong, and the different consuls at the different Chinese ports, should trans- mit their opinions, and all iuformation they could| give on the subject, in the sbape of answers to ques-| tions which were forwarded to them from England.| The answers returned extended in some instances to a considerable length, and being drawn up by men locg conversant with the cbaracter and habits of the! various classes of the Chinese population, are vaiuable| and trustworthy sources of information. If the revolu tion throws the Lio of China open to the nations, of Eurcpe, and familiarizes its countless million with the idea of a world beyond their own, an ele- ment may be introduced into the powers and opera-| tions of the more civilized races, the ultimate effect} of which defies calculation. We shall have an in. exbaustible.supply in the labor market, and that, too, in a department which has been hitherto snffe ing under a very unequal scarcity. At present there is no intermedtate race between the black and th white which can reap the prodigious harvest which the luxuriance of tropical nature offers to the indu try of man. The black man isa slave, or if freed, becomes a useless, almost isrational creature, dressed in tawdry rags, and living on a pumpkin; while white man dies orrapidly degenerates under a clim for which he is physically unfitted. But if a race, te perate, shrewd, enterprising, ingenious; easily sa! tied with a bare subsistence, yet passionate in the desire for gain, and accustomed to work bareheaded when the thermcmeter is 100 in the shade, wei Lae through the islands of the West Iudies the northern shores of South America, it is evide that the produce of the land Fiat esarien might b almost indefinitely increased. What woutd Be ulterior result of such a change in the geographic arrangement of the human race is not easy to fo fee; but, at any rate, the first effect would be place in the hands ,of here an instrament q wealth which would enable her to compete sucee fully with every cultivator of tropical produce. immigration of Chinese into the West India { and Demerara bas already bequa on a small scald and it isa question of great interest to others b sides the holders of West Indian property, wheth the experiment 1s likely to succeed. From the swers that were returned,to Lord Malmesbury, are enabled in some measure to estimate the prob bilities of the question. We find one or two gre: difficulties in the way of any extensive scheme emigration, but still there is enough to make it matter of reascnable certainty that such a sche if it fell into proper bands, could scarcely fail of su ceBe. All accounts concur in representing the Chinese the agricultural class as very weil fitted in charact for Gate They are eased of great and habits of industry. ‘ The aotorbing aim of Chinese emigrant,” writes Mr. Interpreter Parke “ is to better his condition : of this object hen loces sight, and as he often continues to retain even after he bas gained the competency for whi he first commenced to strive, it frequently follo that be finally adopte as bis permanent home locality in which ha has reaped his profits.” The can be no contrast mach beeing 4 than. that bet we; the negro and tho. Chinese ; the former, if he e works, doea so that he ot have enough to main him in idleness, while the Chinese works wif out cessation, and is always watching how stock of his gainings swells with each pe succession. Toney helps him not only to ca fort but to consideration. ‘There is no b rier of caste confining him, like the Hindoe, wit @ circle which he cannot pass; ifhe gains weal he oer ine etd Tae Tees in the 80 society. And it is prot this hope and of vning whieh preventa hh anaiety for museust enerating into servility and obsequiousness. alin of independence, stroagly marked thi ont the whole of the lower orcers, is especiall ticeadle in the character of the agricalturists. Ti calling is held in honor, and the minute divisioy land affording greet facility for the laborer p: into a proprietor, there is but little distanca. felt sween tho person who offers bis services aud the son who, pays for them, and the former would th pratitude a most uncalled-for tribute tyxards one would be helpless if thrown upon his own reso The Chinese, too, boat in their cmn land the: dom quit the cular calling which the: | in early life, Sn which the hereditary traditio their family generally impowe upon them, sh | remarkable aptitude for engeging in new fle \nduatey if they are timalated by the prasence| | example of foreigners, and by the pressure of