The New York Herald Newspaper, August 9, 1853, Page 2

IENTIFIC CONVENTION. RATIONAL S! American Association for the Advancement of Science. Special Report of the New Verk Herald. FOURTH DAY--GENERAL SESSION. OCiuvevanp, Ang. 1, 1853. APTRRNOON SESSION. ‘The Association re-assembled at three o'clock ‘Bis afternoon. An invitation, signed by eighty prominent citizens @f Cleveland, was extended to the |‘ Assosiation, to Meet im social intercoume this evening, at the Ameri- ean House, where they, as citizens, would be glad to eet the members of the Axsociation. The Pussmenr announced that it was now in erder to select the place for the next meeting. *“Wasbington was announced as the most prominent place. Professor Bacnsx pledged the exertion of all the people of Washington to make the association com- festable. He thought that it might be well to lea ‘fhe selection of the time of meeting to the com- Professor Henny said that it certainly was de- mirable by all, that the Association should at some time mect in Washington. It might have some good effect on national legislation. There was only one year in four when political imfluences were such as to make this meeting agreeable. The next was the yearn ‘The Standing Committee nominated Profesor J. D. Dana, of Yale College, for President. Oa motion:— Professor Dana was unanimonsly elected President. Professor Joseph Lovering was elected Perma went Secretary, and Profesecr J. Lawrence Smith General Secretary. Dr. A. L. Elwinn was elected Treasurer. ‘The following gentlemen were appointed a com- mittee to audit the accounts of the Secretary :— Professors Leidy, Healdeman, and Le Conte. ‘The Association ordered the physical section “A” te divide to-morrow morning inte two sections—one ef mathematies add astronomy, and one of physies of meteorology. 3s was resolved that no new paper would here- after ke received during the present session, unless Dy a vote of the Standing Commitee. ‘It was resolved that a general meeting be held on to-morrow, Tuesday, afterncon, at three o’clouk, which should be the concluding meeting of the As- sociation. The list of Standing Committees was now called | eategorically, when Comwittee No. 1 was discharged. E Committee No. 2 reported, and was discharged. This committee was d zed at the mstance of Prof. Mitebe! himself, who said that it was not desirable to further tre It is believed that he does this because be has re- cently made him a fine fortune, in connection with the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, whoze advocacy he assumed rome years since, and whic successtilly engineered aud negotiated through. The stockholders had origimally offered him $75,000 stock if he would secure the charters. He went before the people and fiually did this, and has since Deen appointed chief engineer at $4,000 salary, and receiving his bonus, is now enabled again to retura te bis old and loved pursuits. Committee No. 3—Reported and dissharged. Committee No. 4—On motion of Professor Bache, rged. Commiitee No. 5—-Discharged. Commitice No. #*—Diseharged. Committee No. 7---Discharzed. Commitiee No. 8— Continued, and wished to know, as first point, whether it was at all desirable to change our present standard of weights aud mea- sures. Committe No. 9— Continued. Committee No. 10—Has held no meeting, but the members had deemed it best to let the matter rest wntil the present, as at the time of ite appointment the State was about adopting a new eonstita' which subsequently involved a great sum of le; tion, so that the ‘subject could not hitherto receive due attention. It requested, through Professor St. John, to be continued, and was contianed. Committee No. 11—Reperted that as Missouri had already commenced a geological survey, and had her geologists actually in the tield, it was useless to ‘eontinue the committee, which had not reported. Committee No. 12—Continued. Lieut. Hurst then read the following paper and re- wolation :— ‘The pre-eat occasion seems peculiarly «npropriate for Drimging forward anc initiating @ plas, 4 project, which hse bees for some months maturing in sty owa mind, aad which ha: bees weil received by those to whom I have mentioned it. I tcust I do not exagger Brersate i's importance, in anticipating thy ‘tion will cive i the whole weight of its influence Gerenment. H. ving cocasion, as an arsistaut en t vurvey, to make various researches into special prints of ur coast geogrs phy, | found matier of great roan ‘$e oollate the various authorities bearing therson, aad Btill more difficult to make sure that J Rad not omirted ome such authorities possibly of the fir: Is then cocurred to we to attempt the collection and m ef information relative to maps acd charts, a ‘Bf the lcestties where they migiit be found. Somethi Gone in this way, butit wes soon clear that # fermi Aisiculty would ctill remain in the dispersion of the m: farinls thas indexed, Jo remedy thie in part some trac- ngs and printed covies were added to the coast survey ion, though the limited moans thus appticable pre- svemted anything bordering en completeness, even in re. gard to our own sea coast. At this stage of irs it on- evrred to me that a complete and spe ‘ebrary, not only of materials on +! wonst, bat of those relating te the whole cous America at large, and to the whole worl highly valuable aid to all such research Seales for the coast survey, or for any ° , to 4d, would be a er purpose, * wither of history, of science, of commerce, of home po- | Bey, or foreigo relations. This idea at ones connected fwetf with the Congress Library, as the place of all vothers where it could best be executed, and where it qwould prove of most value and convenienee. Congress fe reinstating the library after its burniog, and mow ina time when this plam can best be undertaken. There gecgraphical sida are greatly needed in Congress Ser the clesr understandieg and discussion of many im- portant questions, both domestic and foreigu, and in no could such a collection better serve ail interests. @efinite plan which seoras to me mont worthy to be fedopted is essentially the following: — lat. Let a geographical department of the Congress Li- Drary be cstablished as a distinct and independently or ganized department, with its own executive ofiver, the direction being by the Joint Library Committes, ‘24. Let special appropriations be made for this depa ament, or let the Library Commitee set apart a port wf the gereral library appropriations for thia pu Daring the period of cotiecting the creat mass ot ing materials, there appiopriations would require to be Proportions!! . 3 appre ge to the ool- | unportant geo- 84, Let the appropriated funds be a1 Aection, arrangement, and indexing of Pay materiais relating to the whole world: also, ia to the necesrary expen.es of administration. 4th. Among the majerisis thus to be collected the fol- Hewing classes may be mentioned:—1. A first class ter- | restrial globe. 2 Ail material illustrating the early ‘apd recent geography of the United States, both its soa ecest and interior. including traced copies of all vainable smapt and charts, in manuscript and not publiched; the inls for illustrating the past and present geography ef each State, county, townehip. and city, suould be ga- fhered by purchase, corres ce, and tracing. 3. AN maps and charts on the remainder of Amorica., 4. ‘The pe boot or rea coast charts of ali the European and other forign Staten, and the detailed topographical wurveye of their icteriors, where such have been made %& The most approved maps published from priva mesearces, whether as atlases, nautica! charts, or ma’ mene, including publications on physical goograplt ‘guide books, railroad maps, and city hand books 4 complete collection of all the narratives of voyages of iseovery and exploration, especially thore undervaken by the Englikbh and French governmenta. Geo. Brapbical, geodetic, and nautical macusia and treatises, all the requisite bibliographical aids to the ampiest ‘Weographical investigation Sth. Having ‘an organieation and spprozriation for thering such a mrss of materiel, tt vould be of the importance to arrange compinte and systematic in- exes o- catalogues, whicn would at ouse make known eB the material in cach locality, and to bave these una terials so srranged as Wert to facilita al vesearch. 6th. A drawing room, in which materials for the ool. fection could he copied, either for Prbtic and private callé, would be ie @ompleteness of this scheme. in this would be conducted in auawer to Congréstonal oulls, and im keeping constantly corrected and filled out,» sot of Btate maps on large scales, to which map pudliahors should have free access. Tih. A competent executive efficer would be able to worintein correspondence with persona having special gecarephical knowledge, and to keep a list of persons who could be addressed for additional tnformation om Foreign and domestic localities Also corresposting re fations should be mainiained with foreign geographical wooieties, and their owDlications procured with prompt apensable for the room compilation Sth. The head of this department conid present, through the L ry Committee, an annual report op the geographical exp na by our own and foreign gov- Brnments, or by indiy duals, So fer aa their resulta oan be Jearned, making this, iuceed, a xy erting and important yeographical or the y 6 the duties which would belong it would be that of calling attent on to manéing examination or locates neodiny exploration. Alco, it would be able to furnivh the baery iaforma Hien’ fer such explorations, or to indicate tae sources wheucs it could be derty ‘Any one who will refiect on the oulline now presented tovet, | am eure, concede that bere isa ficld, kitberto wnoetupied among us, wherein mnch good ean be doos, By che pi ziteeiag ude proper Gualiications, aud Uses luess Sosfientions meant be eminently apecial if raoreas’ol re * pulls msc to be attained, No ‘oollecrion m the United sin Of all tite inter: jac’s OF pr le Congress on this subject. | be has now | f exint- Plates appreseben to the errasie compheter: cierey bere costemplated. The Hharvard oo! e@reciient in old mapa, ia very deficient im tan works «f interior oné exterior survey wh on charac erie the ‘art fifty yeass. Ne collec lon exints im oar land which fws) bes full matepinls for exienrive inventiga- Pens fech me ave mow Bore and more demended DY seotione of history, scienes, snwme ce. and pollog. 2 is Bo probsbity that such a collection eaa noun de formed any where Devices in the Congress Library. As Copgress ban 10 wued to gaia by this pian, end as the auveral executive departments at Wa-biogtea would find #0 great ap advantage in smch » +: showk res lby be wedes vational udertakrog. fa whe fecili- ties it would furvich the State Department, the Fogumeer acd Tepog aphical Eogineer Bucesus, the the Nationa! Ubrervatery, sod ‘be several the governuieet would derive & full equi cont. The value of suoh wetton im legtelation, im its iusw of river and barbur ques- tiene, im ite prompeetive uve for illustrating history, and ane of exalting and oo'resttiug our ceo- gives M most truly the ehamacter Nor need we doubt the reas, if the eubjeet be well aud ear- ht before it, AW mteliizent members must men pene perssive Sen adventege aad ecmventones to then. wolves iB Bg their bigh trusts. Tere is scaroely a day of eongrersional session withont some question of home or foreign Wealliive se coming up as to neod full and correct gregrapbiea) resowrecs. Moreover, C: 4 iw always well inotined towards actual surveys ex- views, and it would be peeullariy lack Mberality in anpropriating the eonparatively trifling amount peeced to bring together oad Seon pubbshed eript resulta of sueh surveys. appears on the whole no valid objection to the pisa preposed, and no rearon to question thet it ean be executed if those whe huow how to appreciate it wil) exert themselves somewhat, as is always requisite, for the attainment of even the least questionable ia- provements. Hoping that this Airoeiativa will oordially ol ve the views new presented and be resdy to act. or ef thetr realization Iwill mew respectfully sub- mit the fellewicg rene) ution: é Re:olved, That President of this Avreciation be re queried to appoint a committee of five wombers w pre- pare and present ip the name of this Axosiation a me- morial 10 the Jeint Litiary Comumitwoe of Covgrens, urging on it, and through tt on Congress, the advan: toges of establabing 2 complete, thoroughly organized, ard Mborally sustained geographical Gepar.went of the Congress Library, sa@ presentixg therein sus) @ projeet or plan of erganizng this department as shall seom 10 tbe eommhiiter Dest adayted te premote its flea! use- iuleess aud sueeess in relation both to the government and to the coustry at large. fon, 0 | @ t | slim prepersing tbyough the mars by the ruceastive sreakiog ussersvely formed surfaces, only & mere Gaid t bao mt best enon Se direet meee. © & liwly @ @ore of eapiiiary act tween @ borizon'a! tuid pe ond fe beriznctel crreuber solid suzfen, ond hee 8] orber exp Mozy ection exists prumarily at the rusinces orly. Except im the frequently observed adberion of well-heiled mereury im Parometer tubes, to eighty far above the true darometic kvel we have is fect no recerd of apy exoeriments exbibiting the reristanee offered by a fuld dhrect rapture, oleh ceaeteet & be wien a tree we jof @o- the common views of « alight fuid ovbestun are bared on erroneous interpretations, in which toe of- feers of the eary mobilkay of parts ta flukls are very oerely imputed to elue ef eobesion. Onee clearly snderstansing thes gives no weasure of eches Tr Obrect janes to rupture, we sn readily see that the prevalent ideas ¢n this subjeet are without support If we study the phenomena attending the eondevration of snvee end vo por 10 finids, it ix apparent that while clecules sr@ still at distance: masy times ao eterizing the fluid state, whe ob: ive rer tesa ton loon of foot of to an io ibe, /. tion of a mele 0.¢ dinme.er eu si jaceut enee in wa'er the radius of effecrive eubssive setion must be so great an to welude leculer layers. The mowent o gas ceases to riotle’e law, eoherive action bosoms apere- this ie preof enough t ease a * contribute them action im making up tbe wial eo! If we eoneeiv fiuld mess to be distributed inte levi eawrie correst measure of Quid echesion will be the fores requisite to produes a direct simultaneous sepe- ration of all the ports alongs unit of the ee ee face between two layers. This iw equal te the resaltent of all the fcrees actieg from either direction against this Siceen wera enka aaa qual opporing forers. : expr ‘this cobesion, Jet ‘the fluid mars be cenovived as divided copcensivg, at the sate water ehows that im water the cohesive bro! arphere worked by the engine itstM, stops its water supoly when the engine stops. The water in the boiler es ep doling until al) the str bubbles are Dolled ‘ff faom the woter, ond theis ale in ward with 1De) ram above, There shew ceases to be any evaporating surface, except Met on the top layer, wbieh ix farthess from tae beating rurface end quite busdequate to the oonvsam, tion of ali the heat rupplied. Trem the mass of we'or Degine te hoot ena Wt g0ee OD sterog up Whe uPeon- erie untel the woter ts fer bovter then the head would i dieste, The engineer then starts the 4 \ engine; tb pomp, whiek throws a stream of ais charged with water Cieolly imo the gloring ‘The heat instantly it outlet by am overwheli evaporation on the rew!y sup, lied bubble surfaces, aod 8 The gathered store of er into ptenm of ex- bing eam wiihatand. rt toe of ep wiknessed im thine fara) catastrophes which given to our Wenvern rivers: aneb a tregie reputation. Ne one ean exemine a list of eambeat exrloions without being forcibly premed with the frequency ef these te just as the boat is starting from the wharf, sfter s land- ing. It seems to me ged doubt that mavy of these occur yt im Mavper pow stated, and frem the Gefielency of air bubbles in the boiler. We see im this reasoning too » euffisient explavation ot ay ‘steam, or steam hotter thas its tensiun indieates. the ‘tirg is then geieg om faster than the evapora- ties, the rteam is thus heated as if it were not in eon‘ aet with the by itwelf. It ts only im steady, slow 0; tien, Hs should siwayn be oupavio fand shoul eonstantly, work, however slo ‘will always bo supp! tien of beat in a sluggish mane of water cennet then go oB until the explosive, point is reached. he fed over wbiah I ave thus reply traversed in one requiring much patient stu ry waLiatiestieh cl abeblinae ere ere OueNren Baloog fo it witboet exeteding reason s. ‘Nearly all tho result of my own e views which I have presented elaiive te thoee perpen: pape melee wiet the layers above the plu LY, etudies, 20 i a ‘concerned my original a painienes: de called 1, 2, 3, ke., thove below called a b.c, ke. | With them, but I was bappy to find that ey a . Take the unit of surface | Bony ees Ss, seein. points, renchind ta: sapiens. ne Gopent ‘t+ reut a am nol in the plane X.Y, ares une theb S89, Gen ae as ros ag es = ‘eh the unis | S2alysis of cohe:ion or of @ welecular censti- in leyer 1 presses agaiost layer a ix ermpo.cd of all as) eo)! entire ayers a bc, ke, By a vote the Permanent Secretary was authorized to draw on the Treasurer for retrospective and pro- spective travelling expenses, in attending the meet- ings ef this Association, provided that this draft be limited, for each meeting, to $75. ‘The President then appointed the following gen- tlemen the committee to revise the constitution:— Prof. A. D. Bache, Prof. Wolvott Gibbes, Prof. J. Lawrence Smith, Pro’. Le Conte, Dr. B. A. Gould, Prof. Wm. 8. Rogers, Prof. J. D. Dana, Prof. Joseph Leidy, Prof. J. H. Holdeman, Dr. A. A. Gould. The Permanent Secretary was authorized, by and with the advice and consent of the President of the this Asseciation to public libraries and correspond- ing bodies. Sree ‘ | the Association now adjourned till nine o'clock next morning. SEETION A. The section epened with a large attendance of members and citizens. — The first paper was:—'On the Comparative Precision of the Blectro-chrono- graphie or American method of Observation. By Dr. B. A. Gould, Jr., of Cambridge, Mass.”” of Jnternal Fringes, produced by interfereuce in the i By Prof. Jeseph Lovering, Cambridge, Af. Li » beam of sunlight be reflected into a room through a lorg snd narros rlit in a wivdow shutter acd aa opeque beds, of rimilar ehape be placed ia its range, #0 bn W oart ite shadow upon s wall @nporiie to te dow, this sbadow, it in weil kuow dof being re srric'ed te ies ;eometriea! limite, in ereamented at its borders with colored fringes exemination, rhow tha: ‘im Of light has spread within the geometric! f sbadew, aid siso that a portion of ight ent-ice of ibis live has besa obliterated, be phenomena ch erved without this live is known uae der the name of external fringes, snd the phenomena the lire ie desorbed ander the whrase of Ir the body whioe throvs its shadow all ie Jong and slender, ss a fine weedla the internal fringes imtrude into the tbread, or very eentre of the shadow, co that this part which commonly is tae darkest, is now of- ten highly illuminated. It ts hardly ne sary to add that ihese in’ringowents upex the pri- mary law of shadows are Fo [oliy explained by the undulatery theory of light, sra'ytieslly applied to the eare, thot rome of the more delicate features were pre- dicted, with mathematicel precision, before they had been ireluded in recorded observations. It will be op- served, that a very small beam of light, witha livear or cireular seetion, accordizg to ihe sbane of ihe body to be placed in it, i: an essertial condition for the produe- tien of fringee; otherwise, the efect prodaced by part of the beam would ne obliterated by the superposi- tion of @ complimentary action from another part ef tae beam, Now, I bave found that these internal fringes, vonly exbibited by means of Fi d (costly apparatus, instances, at lesst, with no oth paratus than wha! is furnished by the eye iteelf. is only neeescary to direst this organ towards the fine threacsof light whieh penetrate tbe thick foliage of eum. mer When this is don projected on the we are looking have reeu the internal a as distinc'ly and as neatly rough Fre-nal’s micrometrie diffraction €y€ pice. Io pursuing the subject, 1 have come to the, conelurion that the fringes are caused by fine — motes, sometimes straight, and sometimes of ccmplex curvature, ehieb are probevly floating in the aqueous humor cf the eye. These fine lires, con~ Association, to present copies of the proceedings of | The recond was as follows:—On a singular Case | a, upon micrometrio | | | 1 ers 1. 2, 8, de. lale oe layers between which they are exer! we have x“ Xeow, 14d, Je 144 14, bs, st, ta, Sto, 249, 24, Ke. ta, Std, 3t, ke. te, 44) ke. arranged atove esch other have “eqns! jes would require to be extended sll tems correnponding to dixtan herive force msy pot b arded as ¢vanesornt. nee aD integeaion of effect evuld bes}. 5 18 DOL DOW Lecerary, ry tanned; Dat the formule gives the echesion within wan either eo! F fluid. we have a6 The surfece cobe ion slowg the normal direc- tiow, ra. 140. 140. 14d 1.4, &e. But io the general ex- pression, ¥¢ bave. by obrervirg ‘be equality of tecms, yeca 142 (b 1)t3 (oc 1)t4 (a. 1)t. &. Comp@rirg these values of x, we see that the anrface layer ccberes 10 \be wars with a very muck smaller force than two internal leyera cvhero agaist each other. the reound, third &o., layers, # like discussion spplies, aud the ovhesion gradualiy increases in penetrating the macs. segregate is attractive. But as condensation is » spo tareous pheromeacn through all that portion of sggreg: tions! revge in which ener, ions are found, we ougat ive terms are attractive. teh reem to me to auchoriza nin all states of sggregation To present the grounes thee neeption that repul in Ovly Exercised between atbadtive action the revultants of all the primary conrtitutional fo and extend through larger spheres, would involre postion of & cumple theory of I wust, therefore, leave 44 an as- tion the concept Yo be token 1/0 aeoount is the eoniguous layers, @1,) which prevent their yielding fartuer to the ive forces pressing them (egether, We should observe that im conveq ooo of the deficien- ¢ place, whieh weuld sgain dimiaish surface cohesion to a consicerabie exient below that value given by the formula. To determine the cohesion measured along a surface, as we have done for that along tae nermal let the gen- eral formula be spplied tow aurfsee element. Then, ia- stead of the nerthal layers being full layers, they are es sentially but half layers, or each > term has approxi mately euly one Ralf of value for the interior. Henge the vatue of xis approximate ly only une helf of its interior valu or the cobesion alorg a surfaee is about one balf wha! itis within the mass But as alue giv i cation aire wlovg the surfaeo, an well ax rormal, it will therefore be muek diminishe become less than one half the general vai The both along the vormal aud slong the surface, a weak 00- besion is ® neeesary ehasaeterto:ic of tee Bvucdiog layers of saterial masres, both fluid and seid. These sult thus reaebed in seapect to a mass in vacuo, would I i 1 i Ba sidered in eovnexion with the slender beams of lizht pro- duced by the foliage, furnish all the required conditions | for ruceess in thee experiments. That the lines which | cart their fringed shadows upon the retina are floating | in the humors of the eye, I infer from the fact that the systems of froges to which I allude are im motion, coming imto the Geld on one side, and | sweeping ont on the other. and that, by a proper pressure, the éirection in which they enter and leave of vision, can controlled at will, | * conclude this sommunics: Tith Tour observa. tons. 1. T suppose th=* no mic pist will be surprised 4 Wich indicates the existeace of foreign mat- | | ter, amimsted or otherwise, in the proper fluids of the | | eyé. 2 It iseorious to observe that the interpositi | of this fine matter in front at the retina, which others have recognized by its unfrivged riadow, so far from intesfering with ordinary vision, cannot evea be nized except under extraordinary circumstances, 3. is higbly important at the present time, and ¢ cowmunities where we reside, to sift out from the incon gruous heap of subjective or spectral phenomena, thear which admit of a clear physical explanation, leaving bebird those only which must be referrod to psychologi- cal influence. 4, It seems worthy of consideration, how far, if at all, the action of interfrrence, inside or cutsi of the eye, may vitiate the apparent structure of a bod as seen under the misroscope, ted by Com. Wilkes, ina paper entitled “Account of Experiments on Sound. By sah Wilkes.” “Mathematical Analysis of the Contact of Surfaces in Oscillating Machinery. By Prof. C. W. Hackley, of New York. ‘The subject of this paper was suggested by a newly in- vented printing press,on which tne type bed orciliated | on centre below it, and a eylindric#] suifsee which was | to press it orcillated on a centre above. The curved surface and plane were required to be in contact though: out the whele mcvement without sliding upon each | other. j The mathematical problem consisted in determining | ‘what curve would be required for the transverse section of the upver cylindric portion; also the radius of the | osculatory circle of the curve, for the purpose of ascer- | twining whether « circular form would approximate suffi ciently near the true curve for the distance required in an ordinary type bed. The results of the analysis of the problem hy the dif | ferential and integral oaiculus ation of only one-fiftieth of an inch of the rele from (ho true curve, for a heign* of five feet bet yeen the centres of motion end a breadth of type bed of twenty inches, the polar equation of the (ras curve was also found. | ‘The radius of the occvla‘ory circle assumed a very simple expression, to wit, «qual in length to the same fraction of the ¢epth of the upper orcillati: portion of | the prees that that of the lower portios la uf ihe whole distance of the centres of motion. This same rewult lied been arrived at by the iaventor, by repeated trials of various Mwenrions and changing the centres till the coulacl wok movement. lace tuoughous the ed, by awuming, rface, a cylindrice! ructaoe of any ever, given by itw polar eqaation, auc She polar equation of the trarsverre eectica of the cylinder whieh would preserve a contact with it Uarough- | out the movement without sliding obtained. Tbe gener: formula deduced was applied to the particular case al | considered for the purpore of verification, and gare me ror tilt an before. On Cohesion of Finids, Evaporation, and Stesm Boiler Explosions. By Lieut. E. B. Hunt.” I now wirh to present a simple exposition of the me- charice! theory of cohesion in {uid masses, and from this to deduoe the structure of a fluid surface, showing that ita cohesive strength is much ieas than that of the in- terior Iayers. This result furmivhes a eloar and dicect anation of the great fact of evaporation, and shows why, in all caves, even im ehullition evaporation is « rtrictly surface phenomenon, Hence follows an explens. tion of ove of the chief causes of steatn boiler explosions, | and the easy suggestion of # very practical remely j also an explanation of the heating of dalds vo high tempora- tures, ax obeerved by Donny, and of the entire agency of ined air in ebullition. years bave now elapeed, eines in tracing out t ts of & bighly general theory of molegular mechanics, | Occurred to ine Ui in question the commonly re amount aad charne'er of fluid co Regarding ail cohesion as directly @ function of , It wae quite im poasibie to imagi t the exceedingly amall differences of the intermotecu!) iswanoes correspoading to the duld and eolid, ferms respectively in any givon substance, could produce that very ¢ diflerease of eoherive strength #0 generally conceived to exist. it ceived views aa to hestor. the distance bét ween ac acont molecul The sligth diffesence of volume, for instance, betwaen a solid and fluid pound of iron, would not avy marked difference of coherion, xo this eohaeion as any toleradly simple fi termol souler diktanae Tke ordinary egperiments, profeveing 40 measure fluid cohesion, are by vo means avon of direct rapture and ioad os to anticipate ng as we regard n of the io indeed furnish eo measure whatever of actual coueive strergth. The common experiment of separating, by counterpoising weights, a dive from # fla'd which | wets it furnishes no jodiestion of the coheion in the mars cf fluid, bat cercly plows the fuus sequined bw dreak the fivid corfnce, Denny's excerimen« «how pow'tively that the yieloing is bere entirely 4 the ausfaca, The following interesting facts were now submit- | \- | plains’all the ) broken. not ke greatly effected in the erdinary atmosphere. It in somewhat remarkable that Poivacn’s canilary theory, as stated by Mossotti, in e's Scieatific Me- moire, is bared essentially Ob an apslysis of the fluid sur- face, in which the hetving of the nermal layer is totally overloc ked and te cvherion along the surface is declared to be the same an in the msss, the rurfacelayer only haviog been taben into agcount Ihave not seen Potson s work, | but {iis Fingular that Mossotti cbou!d either have msée | ent 7h an oversleht or have failed to detect it in Poiston, if he really committed it. It iss radical defect—even using Poiseon’s cwn bypothesis-—and must direetly affect, or even inyplidute, hia whole theory. I come now to an important deduction from the vre- | erding discussion. Fluid surfaces are in a atate of weak eohesion as ecmpared with fluid interiors; hence s par- tially atmospheric condition of rarifietion exists alovg snch bounding surf If, then, we assimilate beat to ® moiecular lsion, as ia’ customary, we Ree ence that as the temperature is ‘raised the weak \cohesion in the eurface layer will be wholly overcome long before the mass !4 heated to that point which will overmaster its internal cohesion. Hence the surface molecules will freely pass off as vapor, while » strong cohesion still exii ho Evaporation thus gees on at surfaces, at all temper tures above that which just rufiices to overcome the face cohesion. ‘ihis constitution or etructure necessarily chara ing the limiting Iayers of fluids, is the true and full explanation of evaporation in ali its | forms. From this we sce that a fluid mass, without in- terior or exterlor surfaces, or so enclosed as virtually to answer this description, might be heated up far above the boliing point without boi ee that ebullition is but the effect of an, interne ation starting in minute air bubbles, and growing with the expancing bubble. Weisee that water entirely freed from air bubbles, and with a restrictive open surface, as in Donny’s tube experiment, should go on hosting up far above the boil- ing point, unt! at last the whole heated mass would flash | into steam with an explorion. All the phenomena de- scribed by Douny, in his excellent paper in the ‘Annals de Chimie et de Physique,” follow as easy and obvious | deductions from this constitution of the fiuid rurface, Indeed, we do not st all wonder at his being forced, from bis experiments, to con- clude empirically ‘that there must be some peculiar quality in surfaces which mskes evaporation take place | #¢ much more readily on them than in fluid messes, We ree, too, bow utterly fallacious are the experiments usu iy taken, us measuring fuid-cohesien—they being in t only reeulta of the werk cohes on in surface layors— ich, with 1 i , fully ex- . This fuily explains how ‘a too perfect boiling of the mercury in barometer tuber mekes it adbere at the top with auch tenacity. It ex- | plains Rerthollot’s experiment on the forced dilatation of fluids, in which a cesevated fluid, sealed when hot, does not shrink in cooling fore long time, buat at last bres and collapsesmindicating that it haa borne tion before yielding. Prof. Henry's elegant experiments with soap bubbles, in which by measuring the tension of is able to Ceduce, first, the compross- the encloeed air, | ing foree ard thence the cohesion cf the fluid film, with a very great value, furnich an independent confirmation of the same general views, We may remark that the heterogensous pteucture of the outer layers would dosteoy the mobility of their parte, and give x film like charactgr of the fluid surtece, while all within this film would bave free mobility. ‘ihis, with the additional faot of a drawing inward of the outer layers, vy the undalanc- ed cobenive action of the layers near the surface, explaios | the creat verlety of formal phenomena exhibited by drops, bubbles. and fluid surfaces. About four years nince, I conesived the ioe of directly | measuring fluid cohesion by rupturing a pure fluid oo lume yilnéer with a moving piston, By filling the cylinder id to be tested, and immersiog the piston by the aid of a vaive closing at w'll, ihe forse re quistte for ating the piston will be the cobosion of the colnmum, on allowing for atmospheric preasure Of coure, the fluid meet adbere to the cvlinder more strongly thea it coberes in itseif, else the adbesion only would be wi va sured. Nor must it contain any air bubbles, as the pre renee of one such, however small, will give a start to the bresk, by presemting a weak purface. ‘Thia is the great Aifieulty of the proposed experiment. In May last, had inst begun + uel meroury,ia en arralya- | mated ey id ¢ reqniaite preoau ing wir could not be taken for lack of time, ag 1 wae oblig- | ed to leave my station fore the apparatus war complete. ‘The rapidity with which the mercury rushed past the piston. in the rough triale mace, showed that some pack- | ing will probably be requisite ra'@ measure ment, ard (his again will pre ant the diffeulty of intro Cucivg an unamalgninated surface in the masa to be The precautions requisite for a perfect tala! of the evperiment ave quite numerous, I anticipate exceedingly email air-bubblor will have the eilee ing the indications irregular, a the eroaliust bud ‘iea will only stand u bred ca the application of vory sunsicerabie force. [will noe apply this dircursion to stenmboiter explo sions. The condition require fer ebuilivion in boilirg water, ie simply that eir- bubbles im the heated portions, shall present On their bourdsrion the weakly eolerent | surfeces, requieite for evaporation +> be established Peifecity deaevated water, wi bh a limited surface, would not beil'at ail, but would steadily up until (¢ reached that peint at which it would tloch expiorively into steam Dow, G06 aniel Cau 6 us stam vue ex yiorions te clently of thin dereriqiion, ‘Tee bot stoce at a wharf; “ the dec tor,’ Or pump evpplyicg water to the engine, being the attractions which the excrt on tae units in lov- which make up the prism basing on we unit of surface. Or, calling the sdbesion X, and devignsiing the slomentary trees by the im whieh the terms rome law of eonpecuon between this firce An inspection of im features in the mechanism of inn | ble, tava shrovgh special wrzsngement, Rain, then, In or¢er DLW to rtudy the peou! of coastitatinn | Pe, . " "i Delorgirg to surfaees. let usin this formula iatroduce | With our ¢arib _ Rrra clad aEUOLAeS, oe tbe hy potheyis chat layer 1 beecmes @ sorfeee la: on | Oe, eettieten of ihe seni foe ee Sy terms evvtainirg 2 8.4, Ke, are (bus ntrieken out, and | £0 that evaporation at ordinary temperatures or | ‘This formula involver no partieuler hypothesis as to the value or ebnrac'er of the torcer’scting, only thet the jzcent meleeulex, while the ey of echesion slong the fluid surface. # rarifactioa would | tution of material surfaces. Especially dees the derivation of evaporation from molecular mecha- novel and worthy of eareful eonridars. tion. Dewey irdi tially desevation as a oanse of doiler explosion; but it is as aa experimental de- jon, and not ecnueeted with ite meeksuical desiva- rhows that for eseh fluid the formation ef ithin cercaia definite limita of temperature, f primary structure. These limite diifer Freatiy im éifgrent ulds. Now, im framing the oarih for hubitatio® or for the preper life of animel and yege- table forms, something equiva'ent to rain was necessary, from tke constant descent of fluids to the loweat level. Without rome axency to lift the great orxanic fluid above its lowest coeam bed, sterility would have been the lot of all which rose above ijs surface, and terrertrial organ- deme would bave been quiveiwporsible, But tinidity does not involve evarcration except within certain definite lim- ite, special for each liquid, Again, evaporation might free- Jy go op, and yet po eapecity fer condensation exist ex- cept within otter limits cf temperatuze, quite urattsina rhevld go on, but so that e ndensation may «, take place in the orcinory air. Not enly must this q fative arrargement exis’s but also 2 quantitative one. Ses the quantity of rain best sofficing to the agrregaie organe Keed is exactly a certain defiaite number of inches per avaum, Now, ¥2'er ix Coud'le-» the only kaowa | Liquid whch could by poortb lity answer there defvite wechapic+] conditions; hence say, that there is # pe: eulurly clear evideree of Cerign, first, in making a fluid whieh could, vader ovr cormien! coxditicns, undergo the TaiLiDg round, end receacly, in its being on the earth in #0 exscily the quantiy best mee e uyeregate or garie needs, biher, quieksilver, or any ovher kuown fluid, conic not, a any possible arrangement of quantity, supply this primary cosmicalueeses.ty. Now. when ¥6 reflect how many are the insiances in which the terres tris] elements, sixaple sud in combination, exist in strict | sdaptstion to organic pred», beth quelitatively acd qvalilentively, the comulstive evidence of desiga for that turpisbed by & Joccmovive or a cotion mill, Not only is orgavic life tramec im trict relation to the earth. but the 1th ie ateo psimerily ecvs ituted im strict relation to organic hie. Let whoever doubts thir, study the extreme- ly slerder aprcri chance thet a drop of rain any Ii- | quid theula ever fail upon the earth apd le: him but | Lieture the totai lack of all lend life which must have | followed ary cact cf (Le die other than ibst really exist ing. Life witbeut fluid cirexJation is totally incoueriva- ble by the miré of mam, and exactly te determine the ap- | propriate kine and quantity uid, as hae been done jn ihe yea] ‘Tame of watuze, wass problem of pure and abx0- lute mielieetion, traxreer cing the grasp of every mind | save the ali wire creating Designer, After the reading of this paper, the association | adjourned at alate hour, after an unusually inter- | esting teesion. lam very gladof the opportunity of doing credit tothe citizens of Cleveland, in the point of enter- tainment to which ] alluded a day or two since. A soirée was given this evening at the American, by some eighty citizens, iu which the talent, beau’ aid worth of Cleveland were admirably represented, and which was attended by the whole association, without exception, I believe. The collation wag truly a splendid and cestly affair, and would, in style, arrangement, and catering, honor the genius of | aay haat Mr. Milford certainly distinguished him- self. About eleven a large party initiated the closing exercires bya ‘‘hop,” which lasted two hours, aud in which many of the old dist ngués honored by their “light fantastic toe” their joyous recollections of the earlier, brighter days of lile and hope. It was truly delightful to see, commingling wildly in the dance, the “ fogies’’ of the day, as some of the Young America call them ; they proved themselves men of the times—up with the times, and deter- mined to do their part of “the agreeable.” At a late hour the gathering dispersed. in | Hather Gavazzi’s Lecture ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF FATHER UGO BASSI, The lecture room of the Stuyvesant Institute was | densely crowded on this interesting occasion, long before the hour for commencing the lecture had ar- rived. The amiable character, talents, acquirements, devotion and sad fate of the ever lamented Bassi will long be remembered by his compatriots, and his Dame preserved as a watchword of freedom in Italy. The intense interest with which the lecture was heard, and the emotion which it excited in the an- dience, testified fully to their appreciation of the sub- ject. On his appearance, Father Gavazzi was hear- tily applauded. When the enthusiasm had subsided, he read a chapter of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ro- mans, and spoke as follows:— And they slew them ! And every day in this land of exile we hear that some of our countrymen have been executed. From Nenotti to the Lombard priest of Jast nonth they have already executed thousands and thousands, but the spirit of freedom shall Aot perish ; the tyrants shall die. We have committed many favitsin presence of God, but we have sup. ported freedom for many centuries, and it is written that God shall not abandon the oppreased; he will help Italians the day they shall rise against clerical and political despotism. Among many who hare sacrificed their lives for the cause of freedom, we shail put as first. Padre Ugo Bassi. We shali exa- mine whether he deserves the gratitude of his coun- trymen. He loved and honored his country; and, not like Bedini, who has disgraced Italy and butchered our brethren, Bassi, our martyr, shall live eteraally in our mind. He was a friar ; nevertheless he marched at the head of the people, while the other m: 5 individuals were found in the field of our enemies. I believe that Bassi and Venturini were born in the beginning of this century ; his father was from Bo- logna, aud his mother was a Greek woman. He en- tered the religious order of the Barbarites at an early age, end this religious communion is quite differeut in doctrines and maxims from the Franciscan friars and Jesuits ; he was always known as a liberal man, and I became acquainted with him afew months after he entered the novitiate. His character was ingenvous, ve cheritable and so innocent, that he could have een deceived even by a child. He was a learned man, an eloquent preacher, and one of the greatest orators of our age. His theology was quite practical; not retrograde, but progressive; not mystic, but na- tural. He waa a linguist, aud perfectly acqnainted with the English language, which he lesmed by himself. He was a poet, and during the life of Car- dinal Fontana be was reproached for not being thoroughly acqnainted with the Greek language. ‘This reproach stimulated the ambition of the young religious mon, 80 that in a few months he was capa- | ble of writing poetry in that idiom with the greatest accuracy. Bassi was aleo a painter, and sume of his works are to be seen in some churches in Naples, Ue was fond of music, snd proved an excellent com- porer; could play ona great many instruments, and was m professor of the piano. All these sciences were learned by Limeelf, without eny agsistance. He cora- posed # warlike march, a grand mass, which was sung by Lablache and other eminent singers, and executed by the grand orchestra of the St. Carlos theaire. Tits poetical works will be always read with great interest, and sre committed to memory by our youth, THe was also an improwisatore; once he impiovired four sonnets, all upon different sub- jects, wril’ng one live at each time for the four poeti- cal compositions. He wrote a treatise on tie nse | &nd quality of wine; and when he came to Rome with | Garibaldi be bad just finishing a sacred poem on the | eruevixion of our Lord. He published another work, on the beauties of the Gospel, and in fcme pages are poseuges worthy of the pen | of Fenelon and Borsvet. Previous to the revolution | lin Italy, he bad elready been proclaimed, | ‘vom Sietly to Torta, the firmt ecclesiastical orator: | io inet, be eremlod « new era iv the sacred oratorical . tional flag. | into slavery. Look w! department. | Lave seen ineome countries preach- ers reading their sermons while the audicuce Was | | \ soundly sleeping. hie on dea ag the so great, that in Genoa, ' im the ca! As soon as Father Bassi hegse Jesuits made war against him, in,}1539, while he was the Jesuits prohibited the 1 nobility to go to hear bis sermons. But these worthy ladies’ fioding in Bassi a true apostle of Christ, deserted the confessional. At the end of the Lent of that year the Genoese peoyle published a bitter satire against the Jesuit Padre Alinini, one of the bitterest enemies of our beloved Father ce Bassi. The Bishop of Pacensa, a certain San Vitali, well known in as the author of some scan- dalous poetry, probibited Bassi from preaching during a religious sclemnity. When the cholera ravaged the city of Palermo, Bassi went to assist the vietims of the terrivle disease, while there was not to be found a single Jecuit. Im Turin he was persecuted by the Prime Minister, La Margherita, a Jesuit in spirit and body, who prevented Bassi from preach- ing im th ty. This Jesuitical diplomatic person can be compared with the crazy editor of the Framan’s Journal—the servant of his absolute master, Biehep Hughes. But, thank heaven, he could overcome all the diabolical attempts of his enemies. (Here Father Gavazzi described in the most natural manner the bypossttisal doings of the Jesuits.) Padre Bassi, as 1 said before, honored his country with his blood and the sacrifice of his life. Ugo Bassi ,2ve us a great example by preac! it indepensence, and dying for that noble cause. i missicn he practised for many years, to the end of his lite. Even coring the Popedom of the drunkard Gregory XVI. ho told me often, “‘Remember, Ga- vavzi, that 1 a) the son of a Greek woman.” When Pins IX. became Pope, Bassi was exiled in the city of Perugia. He was preaching at Ancona when the crusaders from Rome arrived there, and meeting them ina public square he araeped the na- kiseed those beautiful colors, and marched with me as chaplain of the Third Roman regiment. We began by marching through the Ro- wan States, and we gathered many hundreds of warriors to our natienal army, although our govern- ment had so corrupted our youth that they used to do no more than write poetry in honor ot theatrical stars. But ar soon as appeared the first sparkling of freedom, all the Italians forgot their retrograde edu- cation and became supporters of the eause of our in- dependence. This prove to you that we are ripe to form ourselves intoa nation. In Hungary it was the Magyar nobility who made the war; but in Italy it was the true people. You shall not make war with proclamations in the style of Mazzini, who, at the first, run before the enemy, but with arms and courage. Father Gavazzi deseribed the first move- ments of the Italian legions in Lombardy, when General Guidotti was killed by an Austrian bullet, and Father Bacei was, on this occasion, seriously wounded. In this critical state he went to Venice, preaching resistance to the Austrians; ‘was precent at the terrible combat of Mestre, during which Bassi was the first to attack the enemy, and, as a Christian priest, assisted afterwards the wound- ed and dying soldiers of Austria. ‘The Roman ar- mies having been recalled by the oe Bassi crossed the Po, and the republic being proclaimed in Rome, he asked to be received as chaplain of the legion of Garibaldi. At Velletti he was with the Italian general where the armies of Ferdinand, the hyena of Naples, were easily beaten by a few brave Italians, headed by Garibaldi. (Applause.) Had not the French army appeared under the wails of the Eternal City, | Garibaldi would have marched through the Kingdom | of Naples, and could yet have decided the fate of Ttely. Bassi was in the defence of Rome; he was always in the most perilous positions, near by bis — wortby friend, Garibaldi. The learned orator gave | tion of the resistance af the | @ mort striking des Republic of Rome, and generally of a logion of boys, who, concealing themeelves in the fields and woods, proved fatal to the French and Newpolitan bai bari- ans. During the funeral ceremony of Col. Maaara, Father Bassi delivered a most eloquent oration, and, ae if he could foretell his fatal end, he announced that be thought it would be bis last sermon, When the triumvirate declared the impossibility of resisting the French army, Garibaldi, contrary to this proceeding, marehed off with a full band’ of men. Bassi, al- though he was a Barnabite, obeyed his general; al- though a Baroabite, he did not betray, as some others did, his friend, Garabaldi; although a Barna- bite, he died a martyr for Italy. When all hopes were lost, always pursued by Austrians, the two intimate friends separated—one to go into exile, the other to be executed. Bassi was arrested by the Croats, taken in irens to Bologna, tried by an inquisitorial tnbunal, headed by Monsignor Bedini, now Apos- tolic Legate in the United States; he was condemned to be shot, and previous to his death he was discon- secrated by skinning his hande, head and forehead. He was slain on the square Del Prato, with another | martyr. His last words were:—‘I am innocent. Christ and Italy!” The Austrian officer who order- edthe fire shed tears. Monsignor Bedini ordered that the corpse should be buried outside of the ceme- tery, and thrown inte the grave of all the assassins; yet the next day that tomb was covered with flowers; and it is sad that his body was afterwards stolen by some of his friends, ard buried secretly within the raveyard. Who bas been the assassin of Ugo Bassi? Vho gave the orders for his being disconsecrated, | and who signed the death warrant? Monsignor Gaetano Bedini, Bishop of Thebes and eg, Fee of the Pope in New York. (Signs of horror.) He proved to be more barbarous than even the Austrians. This Catholic dignit is crvel, bloody, and merciless. To-day is also the anniversary day of the name of Gaetano Redini, who on his annives rewarded his triends with the head of Ugo Bassi, Even on this occasion he did not prove himself generous. This man is at pace in the United States, to.in- trigue against this country. He is audacious; he knows that the American people are too blind to dis- cover the tiue meaning of his mission, and he works for the future tate of the land of Washington. He led the Austrians into the Roman States, and he will introduce into this country a legion of Jesuits, and begin a secret war against the freedom of America, Sedini was an assas- fin in Scrogng, and he will prove to be the seme in the United States. (Great applause.) Let some Alwericans scorn my preaching; nevertheless 1 shall continue to advise them against the in- trigues of this Papal ambassador. All governments, after having admitted a Hoes nuncio, from free rulers become tyrants, and the people are thrown bat happens now in the United States, where some mayors have prohibited free dis- cussion so nuch that Catholic preachers are favored by all means, while Protestants are persecuted. What will ruin this country is the so-called demo- cratic party; many public men of this association, to obtain the votes of the Catholics, in order to be eleeted, throw themeelves at the feet of the Catholic bishops, and serve them afterwards, as humble and faithful instruments. But we Italians, who com¢ ly say that Jesuits and a republic are like day and night. A preacher of despotism in Europe cannot be an apostle of freedom in the United States. But we, on the grave of our martyrs, must swear to re- deem our country, and pray God to grant us life to return to our land and renew the war against Papal despotism. American Gent List of patents issued from the United States Pa- tent Office, for the week ending August 2, 1853, and bearing date August 2, 1853 :— James A. Bazin, of Canton, Mass.—For improve- ments in reed musical instrumente. George W. Brown, of Tylerville, [1l—For improve- | ment in seed planters. Dated August 2, 1853. te dated February 2, 1853. Lebbeus Caswell, of Harrison, Me.—-For improve- ment in reed planters. An Samuel R. Cline, of the District of Spring Garden, Pa.—Por oles to regulate the supply of water to steam boilers. Hi. B. Conant, of Geneva, Wis.--For improvement in abdominal oY ees Thomas J. Eddy, of Waterford, N. Y.—For im- provement ia railroad car wheels. ©. 8. Boynton, of New York, N. Y.—For improve: ment in a peper ruling machine. Joseph R. Miller, of Jersey City, N. J.—For im- provement in_submazine tunnels. Joreph A. Scholfield, of Westerly, R. provement in temples for looms, Jno. M. Reeder, of Memphis, Tenn.-—For improve- ment in the construction of steam boilers. Jvo. R. Richardson, James Westerman, and [ben- ezor Wilder, of New Castic, Pa.—For improvement in machines for making spikes. Ithiel 8. Richardson, of Boston, Mass.—For im- os ement in atmospheric telegraph and railway. Dated August 2, 1853. Patented hh England De- cember 7, 1852. Stephen P. Ruggles, of Boston, Mase.—For im- provement in printing presses. Dated August 2, 1853, Ante-dated February 2, 1853. Nathan Thompson, Jr., of Williamsburg, N. Y.— For improved mode of indicating the height of water in steam boilers. Wiliam Van Anden, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—For improvement in machinery tor making railroad chairs, Stephen Waterman, of Williamsburg, N. ¥—Por improved mode of obviating the danger from steam boiler explosions. Jesse \ oung, of Franklin Furnace, Ohio.—For im- proved arrangement of pipes for hot-blast furnaces. Austin O, Willcox, of Philadelphia, Pa—Ior im- nent in hot-air engines. ‘Theodore Coupicr and Marie Amedee Charles of Paris, France.—-For improvement in the nnufacture of paper stuff. Dated August 2, 1853, Patevied in France May 7, 1851. Julius Here, of New York, N. Y., assignor to J. Gaylord Wells, of Hartford, Coun.—For improve- aah in elastic type for printing on irregular sur- face, Gcorge T. Parry, of Spring Garden, P'a., assignor to Jebn Rice, of Philadelphia, Pa.—Wor improve- ment ja anti-friction boxes. DESIG Julius Hobzer, of Philadelphin, 1 North. Chase & North, of same plac lor cooking stove. Allen Geronld and Jno. H, Ward, of Middleton, Conn—-For design for a vewing bird. . For im- ‘ + fesignor to For design | | | | | + with less direct routes, all serious competition. ‘They | port to Logansport, 73 do.; Logansport to Marien! Baliroeo Ii. tes iigene FOUTM WEETEKN KAILKOAD COMPANY—IMPORTANE * ENTERPRIZE TO Cl EVELAND. ‘There is a thort link of pulang about to be con- structed of the first importance to alarsiens and ter the Obie and New York rosds, connecting the Hast with the West. It is co a hres en Railway, and extends from the city of Vu the Wateah in Indiana, to Indiauapolis,the eapital of the State. By looking at the map it will be scen that Padu- cah, in Kentueky, is situated about forty eight- miles above the mouth of the Obio. The rail- reads from Mobile, froin New Orleans, and fret Memphis, are new located to terminate at Paducah. These roads will take from the river a large share the travel, and will make Paducah a very im) a railway point. From Paducah to Viueennes, di- rectly acroes the corner of Llinois, a company hae. been chartered, organized, andis now at work— about $700,000 of cupital obtained in a few days, and strongly patronized by Cincinnatiand St. Louis —making a railway to Vincennes. This road, 130 miles long, will eertainly and quickly be made, and thus carry forward to Vircennes the travel and, freight brought up to Paducah. At Vincennes railway meets the Ohio aud Mississippi Railroad, and also a road running north towards Toledo; it will be readily seen that Fe Paes mig ol be connecte rectly by ri 5 ‘ascengers an be taken to Cleveland in about seven« hours, G ‘and in alittle more than twenty heare from Padueah, even by common railway speed. IMPORTANT RAILROAD hey 78 ats Agee pel A few days agoa meeting of a neaianres of beveral roads wenbelé at nee 2: oe county, Ia., ie purpose ! sents tor the speedy construction of » eordon of railroad lines frem Columbus, Obie, to Chieago the Northwest, and Burlington, Iowa, in the The Columbus Journal siys:—The were all consummated. They provide for the diate construction roud from Marion to Logans+| port, where eonnectious wil! be formed with C! via the Chicago aud Logansport road, now un contract, and with Burliogton, via Logansport and Pacific road, patie ee Logansport to Middlepert which connects with a road now being built Peoria, where a road is being rapidly prosecuted Burlington. At that place arrangements are rapit making to extend a road to the Platte river, whi will at that point intersect with the Central Paeifi (Benton’s) ad. Anotiver line of road will be put under contract from Marion, Indiana, to Pera thence to Chicago or Micliyan City, where it will in- tersect with the Northern ludiaua road. The from Marion east to Union, and west to Logansport. were on the same day put under contract. Contract were entered inte by which the Columbus, Piqua and Indiana company run these roads, as they wil, also the Warsaw and Peru, if they desire it, for tex” years after their completion. The gauge of all these roads is the same, being the Indiana, or 4 feot + inch track. The Jowrnal adda that, with iaconsid erable exceptions, these ronds may be said w be lo, cated on airlines. They will thus avoid, as compared will present the shortest lines from the Platte rive) and from Chieago te Baltimore, and via Steukenvill and Pittsburg to Philadelphia, and via Atlantic an Ohie read to New Yok. The distances of the: western points to Columbus will ve as follows:— Fro} Platte river to Burlington, 200 wiles; Burlington Peoria, 90 do.; Peoria to Micdieport, 62 do.; Middl 41 do.; Marion to Union, 51 do.; Union to Columbus, 102 do. Total, 609 miles. RAILROAD CONVENTIONS IN KENTUCKY. | railroad froin Lexington to Cumberland Gap. Hor i | { | this road will be built. | Gallatin and Bowling Green, to Louisville. e | From Nashville to Louisville. from the land desolated by the priests, we can bold- | From Nashville to New Orleans... A convention, compose! of delezates from V! ginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ohio and Kor tucky, was held at Madison, Ky, last week, the ol ject being to eonnect the valicy of the Ohio with th South Atlantic seaboard, by the construction of W. Ballard Preston, late Secretary of the Navy, ds livered an able address before the convention, an reeolutions were adopted to request the Kentuck Legislature to incorporate the sampany, and urgin the Legislatures of Virginia ard Tennessee to pot such other acts as may be Le Ty. The Lebanon Springs Railroad, which is in fac but an extension of the Harlem toad, is being pushe forward with great vigor ‘the eompany, says th Hudson Republican, huve all along the line of th proposed road placed gungs of men wherever the could do so with advantage, without interfering wit each other, and the excavation and grading are pr gressing very rapidly. CHICAGO, ETRELING AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD The eommissiouers give notice, in the Da Pag Observer, that subscri;tion books for stock to th road will be opened in Chicago on the 17th of Se; tember. The Observer expre-ses the opinion thi stern termination to be on the Mississippi, in Whiteside county. THE NEW YORK AND NEW HAVEN RAILROAD. The ivstigators of the law of the last session, aay the New Haven Courier of the 1st inst., whieh fo bids the President of a Connecticut Railroad Oor pany to be President of a similar company in os other State, have fuiled in accomplishing their gre though not the avowed object. Mr, Robert Schuyle against whom the law wes particularly aimed, hi determined to retain the presidency of the Ne York and New Haven road, and has therefore 1 signed the presidency of the Illinois Central Ra road Company. His resignation was with great? gret accepted, and a vote of thanks passed for b many and important services in the origination a management of this company. Mr. Neal wis then elected President, but decline: after which Mr. Wm. P. Burrall, at present treasure was unanimously elected. Mr. 8. Aloften resign the office of secretary, and Mr. J. F, Bunce w. elected to fill the vacancy. Mr. Schuyler has also, we understand, resigned tl presidency of the Harlem and Great Western Ae gamon and Morgan) Railroad companies. le thus enabled to comply with our laws and devo his time to the interests of this one road, while | still remains a director of the Illinois Central ar Harlem roads. LOUISVILLE AND NEW ORLEANS RAILROAD. The Republican Banner saya the great North at South line is new located from New Orleans to Lou: ville, 730 miles. The chief towns through which — berg give the route. Commencing at New Orleans” ears offfrom the Mississippi river and up the valley Pear! river to Jacksoy, Miss.; from ackien to Abe deen; from Aberdeen to the Memphis and Charle ton Railroad, at Big Bear Creek, Ala.; frem Tuscus bia to Florence; from Florence, via Lawrencebu and Mount Pleasant, to Nashville; from Nashville, | “ Totals. cercrsccsvese veers seeeee es TIO The Tennestee and Alabams company propose the Florence and Alabama company that they w meet them at the Alabama Stute line, as required the cbarter. This proposal was unanimously acced to by the Florence company, who promise to fini their portion of the road in reasonable time and good jaith. In Alabama the stock is already take and the work will be commenced in a few weeks. Tenneseee thirty miles of the line are under contri and a large force is now employed. i WRIGRTSVILLE AND CONEWAGO RATLROAD. Qu the 3d, 4th, and 5th inst., books were open in Philadelphia to receive subscriptions to the ea tal stock of the Wrightsville, New Holland and ( Hiatt Railroad Company. The objectef the co pany is to construct a railway from the west end} the Columbia bridge, at Wrightaville, up the wey |, side of the Susquehanna river, to interseet th, and Harrisburg Rai’road at a point about =. miles above Wrightsville. MISSISSIPPI CENTRAL RAILROAD. | A paper printed in the State of Mississip relates, on information derived from the pre dent of the company, that the contract. & been closed for the construction of this road fr: beginning toend. The work is to be completed the Ist January, 1857. The route extends from th ‘Tennesece line to Canton, a distance of one hundr and eighty miles, the cost to be about $3,000,0: Several partners of the company have been eagag- in similar works before, and have the advantage thorough experievce in railroad matters. Mr. Sin ef the company, is no other than Leroy Sims, 4 pled stage contractor, well known to t_ public. THE LOCK HAVEN AND TYRONE RAILROAD. John McMinn, Esq., the engipest selected to 8 vey the route for the above , has just closéd labors. He reports that he has succeeded in locat a roed which will require much lesa labor and odat > its construction than any other of similar length the State. The grades are extremely easy, aud — curves much more gentle than are usually found railroads, none being shorter than three tho feet radins——so slight that the outside rail will 1 he required to be elevated. Distance from Le Haven to Tyrone a fraction less than fifty-three mi’ MISCELLANBOUS, Ground was broken on the Buffalo and Allega: Railroad on the 2d inst., on the farm of Nathac Fillmore, in the town of Aurora, about a mile fr the east village, with appropriate ceremonies. ‘The White Mountains 2ailrond has been comple’ to Littleton, to which place the cars now run in ¢ nection with the Concord and Montreal which it is virtually « continuation. ’ An clection was held in Mobile on the 25th for the purpose of ascertaining the will of the r estate owners in relation to the proposition for is| ing city bouds of $1,000,000, in bis of the Girg Railroad. The result was 425 votes for the measul and 83 against it. A large meeting was held in Laporte, on the 2 ult., to consult with reference to the constractio: the Peru and Chicago Railroad. The distauce 4; Pera, on the Wabash river, to Laporte, is ay 70 miles, and to Chicago 128. From Peru south, indianapolis, and thence west to Terre Hauty sow cost (o Madison, and cast ty yarious point fir are already completed. The Acrora Beacon saya ten miles of the Aur’ extgurion track is completed west uf that plage, | \ .