The New York Herald Newspaper, July 28, 1853, Page 2

ee THE EASTERN QUESTION. sixty thousand of the picked yen of the Empire, cone of foo crear, in . os find moyen worthy of “ him for figure, for rant ome of the Hen w)ze may Play am Impor- | beauty, or for majet 4 glen When he commands, the deep SenOrOW tones of his voice reverberate tant Part im “ae Next European War. among the vol” es of his numerous commanders, like we eee the heavy notes of an organ. Few princes hae i in | borne a more unblemished moral character. Sketeh of the Danubian Provinces of Moldavia stern lover of justice, when not interfering with his and Wallachia. ‘own pretensions or interests. he has en leavored to enforce its rigid administration according to the | Russian code. Kut with all this, he entertains the most exalted idea of the sacredness of his own prero- yative and divine rij is haughty, unscrapulous in hismeans; severe,vindictive, end eager to advance the grandeur of Russia, even at the cost of the lives, the liberties, and the happiness of his subjects, Much has been said about the external personal appearance of Nicholas. He is as vain-glorious of it as any dandy. The glance of his large, blue-green- ish, crystal-like, limpid eyes, pierces through and Short Description of the City of Jas.y. Abdul Medjid, HE SULTAN OF THE OTTOMAN EMI’RE. Abdul Medjid was born on the 200%, of April, 1824, and was but sixteen years of age when called to succeed his father, whose death Was announced on When the Bucharest revolution brov’e out, Nesselrode prevailed upon the Czar to join v, ith Turkey in re-establishing peace ; and thereb”) gon- firmed his pretensions to a protectorate ‘over the Principalities. Finally, the last conflicy, between the two rival parties was occasioned by the war in Hungary. The Emperor, Constantine, ‘Paskiewiteh, and the whole Russian party, regarde?, the rise of the Magyars with satisfaction, and ar7ued that the hu- miliition of Austria would be 0% infinite benetit to Russia. Nesselrode, on the othey hand, stoutly main- tained that the great aims of Russia could only be attained by means of an Austrian alliance; and to secure that, he advocated and succeded in carrying the deeree for the invasion of Hungary. How farthe operation may be regarded as su we have yet to learn. In his subsequent measures, Nesselrode has not and England. ing the extradition of the Poles from Constantinople. He was completely beaten by Lord Palmerston, in enjoyed his usual good fortune. He failed in obtain-, | hosyaders were to be ited for life, and the taxes hitherto paid in were henceforward to be id in money. In February, 1830, two Turkish am- passadors in St. Petersburg, who obtained a ded ction of three millions from the coutribution im- | posed on their country. | The revolution of the 30th July, 1830, at Paris, | qwas the spark that kindled the elements of discon- | tent which existed in Poland, in consequence of the fpanny, and atrocity of the Grand Duke Constantine, the brother of the Emperor. Constantine fled from | Warsaw with his troops, a provisional government | was formed, and the Polish Diet declared that the | Emperor Nicholas had forfeited the throne. The Russian army under Diebitach entered Poland in February, 1831. On the recall of Diebitsch in July, it was ue to have recourse to Paskewitsch, | conclude the war in Poland. His arrival alone raised the spirits of the . He took the command of the troops, and the Vistula on the 29th of July. Seeing advance at the head of an over- the Ist of July, 1839, though it #3 supposed that it occurred some days before. The ceremony of instal- Jation was performed on tbe 11th, when he was girded with the sword of Osman with all the ancient formalities. “He is tall and well-formed; his head is fine and regular; hie deportment graceful and noble; his auburn hair ix always covered by a red callotte, through as with the points of two freezing icicles. A cold pan x seizes one’s whole being on receiving their full glare. During his reign the system ef secret police was remodelled, and soon became the most perfect the world bad ever seen. Thousands of agents and spies, clothed with power, are engaged in its service. No family in the land is free from the watchful care of the government emissaries, and even when the Ras- the affair of Greece. He gained little or cee from his promising position at Warsaw in 1850. It remains to be seen whether the present movement will deserve to class with his former or his more re- cent exploits, Prince Menschikoff, TRE LATE RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR TO TURKEY. whelming force, a retreat or surrender was proone by the Poles; those who recommended the ster course were Shot dead by their infuriated country- men. Paskewitch appeared before Warsaw, and on the 6th of September made his memorable assault upon the capital. After a desperate and Chinen resistance on the part of the gallant but ill-fated Poles, Warsaw yielded to Paskewitsch, who entered sian travels abroad, this surveillance follows him like ashadow. Though the army of this great country had for years been the special object of interest to | the government, Nichol perfected the immense pire—a dark colored tunic, buttoned up to the neck; | machine. Neither pains nor expense were spared to adopt the improvements roade in military science. no warlike accoutrement except a sabre suspended at re ui ete a Fe Wherever they originated, they were without hesita- his side, and similar to that which every citizen may | tion qdopted, aud pertected by the skill and experi gird inthe hour of danger; no golden embroideries | ments of the Czar’s officers. “The osperoe is the nor dazzling colors upon his habitual dress. | hy cy Bae ie pe pred = is y thousand ji A Bae orse and dive hundred thousand infantry. ‘The decorations which the Balten ise a havethe Although the Emperor has devoted a’great portion torm of a sort of a gold medal, on which is engraved | of his life to the study of military exercise, still he | his sigaatare, and the importance of which depends | was never destined to shine as an able gen- apon the number and value of the diamonds which | el. Indeed, not one of his family ever dis iy 2 ee ay played any high capacity for military sciences. surround it. Thesupreme mark of favor of this kind, | Kicholas eo. had a seca eye for judging the most enviable decoration, isthe miniature por- | distances. Thus, during the first campaign against trait of the Sultan, surrounded by jewels, and sus: | the Turks, in 1528, be sought to earn military laurels ended to a gold chain; women may receive this | y the sureness of hiseye in matters of siege and Beeorstion, which they wear attached to the left | fo) on. The Russian troops surrounded the shoulder. Three christian ladies possess it at this | /mpregn fortress, Schoumla the key to the Bal- moment. One of them, the Princess V—, lately | kan mountains. Nicholas pointed out the spot reeived this august presentin Moldavia, in presence | where the heavy orduance wus to be posted to open of a young Turk in high office, who bad been | the fire ou the fortress—and the bullets fell half way brought up near the person of Abdul Medjid. “Be- | fromthe walls. His capacity as commander has hold bim,” said he, inclining himself profoundly | never risen above that of directing the various before this portrait fi him! that master | mancuvres of a single regiment o cavalry, The whom we revere, not becanse he is powerful, but be- | movements of two regiments combined are too much cause he is good! Never,” adaed he, “has that an- | for b During (he above-mentioned campaign in ic heart permitted a drop of blood to flow, either | Tu Nicholas joined the army, commanded by extend or to secure his power; the life of others is | Field-Mar-bal Prince Wittgenstein, interfering con- so sacred in his eyes, that when it behoves him to | tinually, as we have been told, with its military ope- pass sentence of death, even on a criminal, he takes rations. ‘To this untimely interference the unhappy refage in the retirement of his apartment, secludes results of this first campaign were due. The next himself there, and becomes inaccessible to all; there | year ‘he command was transferred to Field Marshal he, tn anguish, asks within himself if God can have Diebitsch. The first condition in accepting it was, ‘iven him the power to blot out forever a man from tbat both the Imperial brothers, Nicholas and number of the living.” On bis accession to the | Michael, should remain at home, and keep quiet. similar to that worn by the meanest of his subjects; his eyes are of a grayish blue, soft and penetrating. His habitual costume is the military dress of his em- present Prince has become a very powerful noble and a great favorite of the Emperor Nicholas. He now belongs in the very front rank of the public men of Russia, along with Nesselrode, Tehernicheff, Bludoff, Kisselotf, Hugeroff, Orloff, Seniawin, and a very few others. He is one of those admitted to al- most daily intercourse and intimacy with the Em- peror. Of them all he is perhaps the most ambi- tious, and certainly the most conceited. His owa mente! organization is, however, not of a high order. For twenty years nearly he has been Governor Gen- eral of Finland and Minister of the Marine, though in all his life he was never a sailor, and for a long time held steam veesels in holy horror, oving to which there are comparatively very few of them in the Russian navy et this day. On the other bend, he oes not lack a certain sort of superficial capacity. In his youth he stadied for awhile at the University of Liepzic, and has since kept up a varnish of infor general reading which g the air of knowing everything without having a profound or exact acquaintance with anything. Thus, in the salons of St. Petersburg he has acquired the reputation of immense and many-sided abilities, which must ren- der him successful in whatever he might undertake. This fame has not been diminished by a bitter and sarcastic humor, which loves to riot at the cost of others, and has long rendered him the first wit and author of bons mots at the court. In the court of St. Petersburg there are two lead- ing political parties, the Russian and the German. The former cherishes the idea of predominance in Eurepe and particularly desires extension in the East, with the absorption of Turkey. On the other band the German party are more pa- tion by that kind of The Menschikoff family, it appears, docs not date | in triumph on the 8th. He spared the city. There from early times, but, on the contrary, was founded | was little to destroy, for the youth, the pride, by one of their ancesters becoming a favorite of Peter | and the beauty of the capital, had died the Great. From that time the star of the Mens-/ upon the field of battle or had fled. The chikoff family has been in the ascendant, until the | vengeance of Nicholas was fearful. The Poles were sent in droves to Siberia or the Cau- casus, or draughted into the Russian army. Poland was incorporated with Russia, and, contrary to all treaties, became a province of that empire. Having been appointed Governor of Poland Paske- witsch has availed himself of many of the opportu- nities he has enjoyed to moderate the cruelties of his master. It was to Paskewitsch that the Hungarian campaign was intrusted, and it was to him that Geor- gey surrendered. The Emperor has acknowledged his long and distinguished services by decreeing that Prince Paskewitsch shall be ‘ived by the military with honors hitherto only paid in the Russian empire to princes of the blood royal. Upon the exact degree of military renown to which the Prince is entitled, competent jndges differ in opinion, His campaign in Persia was admirable, and that in Asiatic Turkey was a severe criticism upon the war carried on upon this side of the Bosphorus, where the Russians, badly officered, met with many reverses. Itis true that'in these two countries he was opposed by troops but little inured to war. The faults committed by the Poles were evident; but it is to the credit of Paskewitsch, in a military point of view, that he turned them to advantage as he repaired his own. But it is said thet, notwithstanding all this praise, the Russians gained more of theit victories and advan- tages by the judicious use of gold than gunpowder. The Russian Generals are said to be ignorant of the art of concentrating and handling large masses of troops. Paskewitsch almost alone of living Russian | Generals, showed, in the campaign of Poland, that he isa master of this important branch of military tactics. The Grand Duke Constantine, throne it became necessary for him, in accordance with the custom, to sacrifice a lamb; he refused to | doit. ‘If that is the price of the throne,” said he, laughing, ‘‘I choose to renounce it.’” The Sultan Abdul Medjid has conducted the ad. ministration of Turkey upon the policy of his emi- | nent father. Called, when yet a child, to the exer- | eise of absolute power in an immense empire, his father bequeathed to him the overwhelming burden of a country weakened by unfortunate wars and undermhed by secret intrigues. His first steps on ascending to the throne was to entirely reorganize the army, upon the best European model. With the | utmost liberality, he granted to the Christians privi- leges and immunities; he founded schools where Ca- tholies, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and Mussulmen | live side by side, instructed each by the ministers of their ctive religions, and attended each by per- sone of the same religious persuasion; and the grate- | ristians contributed the aid of their experience to all the reforms of the young sovere'gn. They as- sisted him to establish his schools; they organized his armies; they exercised his navy. This has been realized by the son that great saying of the father “1 wish my subjects to be recognized, the Mussul- man only at the mosque, the Christian only at the church, the Jew only at the synagogue.” in his reign taxes have been equalized, and the general prosperity of the country so much advanced, that its ulation is annua!ly increased by immigrations of the subjects of neighboring States, drawn to Turkey by the comforts of an enlightened and compara- tively free government. In carrying out the new system of reform called Tanzimat, the present Sul- tan has encountered the most formidable obstacles both by rebellions at home and by ambitions of other countries, who to despoil him and valuable territory. The reform underta by the Sultan Mahmoud, with the design of giving unity to the Ottoman Empire, and pursued table will through fire aud blood, has be with singular good fortune by b means quite different. The mere tempered by a touching goodn Sultan Abdu M for rally all the diverse races subject: little while ago implored the succor of by | xervise of j ‘ed to the rope. form has been pursued with unwearied ardor. The amelioration of the discipline, the equipment and | the organization of the army, concessions in favor of the establishment of ra’ is and the creation of a n to en- Gin Seen ok retbonn ed fin re counter force as well as civilization. Once en into the family of European interests, she wou! e eluded all dangers by the transformation. To pre- vent this result. at any price, is the object of the at- | tack now made upon ber. if beet get happily through the present crisis, Tepose will Lag ; to her for sometime. Her pro may be developed at leisure, aud reform, Sarfied into all parts of her administration, will yield the fruit which is expected from it. That is what the adversaries of Turkey found it their interest, at any cost, beg) ata that is what occasioned the ex- ‘traordii jemand to protect populations why have ‘ion, and who would consider as the mities any change having for its object to withdraw them from the government of the Sultan. The present attitude of Turkey, dictated by wisdom and courage, the loyal and firm policy of her allies, will destroy, it is to be hoped, present complications, and prevent their recurrence. Thove young popula- , tions will be left free to perfect their institutions, aud to offer to Europe the tribnte of their strength and of their riches; they will increase for civilization, and not for elavery. red | signed. Diebitech earne Nicholas, grown wise by the previous year’s expe- rience, acceded to the demand, The results are known. The army crossed the Balkan, took Adria- nople, and there the treaty, bearing that name, was the surname of Zabalkan- ski (the Crosser of the Balkan.) Capital punishment, which was abolished in Russia by the Empress Elizabeth, with the exception ofthe sentences of court martial, was restored daring the reign of the present Czar. All his good qualities for good and for evil appeared when he ascended the throne. He was at first very cautious in his move- ments, and endeavored to surround himself with honest men, if poe. His councillors, as it after- wards appeared, were not all honest; some of them being intriguing raseals, whom he summarily dis- misscd from their offices, and sentenced them to be eon{ined in the mines of Siberia. From the day of his first ascending to the throne, all his thoughts have been to intensify and direct the power which he has inherited. In striving to attain this cruel end, no difficulty has been too great to be surmounted, no cruelty too atrocious to be em- ployed. He isthe centre and soul of his gsvern- ment, and probably does all that one man’s industry can do to advance the social welfare of his nation, so far as may be compatible with his general policy, but he will have uo coadjutor in this work. His primitive tendency was to be a reformer, to give a new aud refreshing impulse to the nation, and to awaken its intellect and powers. The first steps | were successful ; the nation saw a new light, a new | a dawuing before it. Nicholas proclaimed the su- nacy of the law over his own will, and his star and shone more tly than before. The last i with T nd Hangary, proved crative. From these eved in bim, and he believed ‘© bethe conducvor of bi civilization. In Persia, G: that his mus into light an many, Austria bes ever been active, avd pre-eminently sa sucee The European events of the last increased the infinence of the nd have constituted him the of Autocratic government Rhine. mense! contine’ Court Nessetrocte. CHANCELLOR OF KUSSIA AND MINIS PPAIR ER OF FOREIGN GRAND ADMIRAL OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY. His imperial Highness the Grand Duke Conston- tine. Grand Admiral of Russia, is the second son of the Emperor. He was born September, 21, 1827. His mother, the present Hie of Russia, is the r of the present king of Prussia. Much against wish of ber brother, she changed her religion from the Lutheran to the Greek communion, on be- coming the wife of the Emperor. The imperial family of Russia derive their descent from the clerical family of Romanoff; but their blood has been so repeatedly mingled with that of the Germans in royal and princely marriages, that little of the Russian’ origin remains in their veins, and their sympathies may be said to be German rather than Russian. The eldest son of Nicholas, and heir to the throne, the Grand Duke Alexander, is not un- known in England. He is of mild, tractable, and amiable disposition, but his talents are said to be of a mediocre character. The young Grand Duke Uon- stantine is said to possess more genius than an; member of the Emperor's family, and to be possesse of great intellectual powers. f The Emperor has devoted great attention to his navy, and in the hope of making it popular among yeung men of fomily and fortune, has caused his Second son to enter it. In his character of Admiral, he took pleasure in arresting his elder brother, who was on beard his ship, for which he was himself put under arrest for a considerable time by his father. His Imperial Highness visited England in June, 147. On attaining the age of 21, he married (September 11, 1848,) the Princess Alexandra, daughter of Jo- seph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, then in her eighteenth esr. By bis marriage with this Princess the Grand uke has two childien—a boy anda girl. In addi- tion to his title of Grand Admiral of Russia, the | Grand Duke Constentine is Commandant of the Fourth Brigade of Infantry of the Guard, Colonel of the Regiment of Hussars of the late Grand Duke ‘hae! Pawlowitse, 2 member of the Council of Mi- cific, and desire'to aggrandize Russia in the West. The leader of this party is Count Nesselrode, Sup- peed chiefly by Baron Brunow, the Russian Am- assadur at London, and other powerful nobles of the German family. The subject of our notice, Prince Menschikoff, is the leader of the Russian party, and he was accordingly chosen by the Emperor to pro- ceed to Constantinople as his special envoy, to ar- range his differences with the Sultan. In the course of his mission, the Prince presented his three famous ultimatums, all of which were rejected, as our read- ers are already aware. He then returned to St. Pe- tersburg, disappointed in his mission, and was ap- pointed by the Emperor Nicholas Admiral and Pre- sident of the Marine,Department. Menschikoff—though a diciple of Voltaire, as far as religious ideas are concerned, holds to the influence of the Greek church as the principal lever of Russian action in the Orient. In fact, this is his hobby. Thus, after the campaign of 1829, erent e the treaty ot Adrianople, our hero—who had held the position of Chief of the Staff under the late Prince Peter Nee and had distinguished himself the year before at the capture of Warna, where he was se- verely wounded—quitted the service, because, in his opinion, the treaty did not sufficiently secure the hits ofthe Greek-Oriental Church. | | he embition of Menschikoff has always aimed as high as that of a Russian noble is allowed to aim. He has sought to acquire a controlling influence over the mind of the Czar, and to hold the first plaze in | his councils. But the monarch has never allowed | himeclf to be entrapped. The truth is, he has rather | dishked the obsequious yet arrogant seductions of | the ambitious courtier. Tr default of the first object | of his desives the Prince has, however, in latter years, sueceded in gaining a considerable influence over | the heir to the throne. fraid of dying without rendering bis name illus- , cilber 4s a warricr or a statesman, he resolved if possible, when near the’age of seventy, to occupy the attenti fall Europe, by straining every nerve | ~ . Le eerie Generale’ Rosen, Grabbe,, aul Lacs, | litary Schcols, anda member of the Grand Connell ho were DO snecessful in carryin: ewar | of the Empire. It will be seen by our foreign intelli- ees ee ee eee ie inred the | gence that the Grand Duke Constantine has allied (who, vexed «t the defeats of his army, | himself to the Muscovite national party, whose fana- ved to senda general of the Russian party | ticism has brought Europe to the verge of war. ke amends for the losees of the German gene- | rant him the favor of the command of the stined for the purpose of extirpating the Admlsal Lezayeif, COMMANDER IN-CHIEF OF THE RUSSIAN BLACK SEA sselrode was born in 17: , Where his father was Ru ary at the time. As soun as his age per- Li sian p ote mitted, he entered the army ; but there being no | prospect of active service, he gladly embraced an offer of a port of attache to the Russian embassy at Ber 1, in 102, Alexander had just ascended the jal throve, which the assussination of Paul ed. The position of Russia was embarrassit. e French alliance was becoming more and more irksome overy duy, and the sovereign found himself in e dilemma between his own interests, which were closely linked with Napoleon on the one side, and those of his subjects, which were in many respects seriously injured by the continental blockade, on the other. He began slowly to withdraw from his rela- tions of amity with France. Precaution in the measure was eminently necessary; and after some de- liberation, Alexander fixed upori young Nesselrode, of whose ability he entertained’a high opinion, to act as counsellor to the embassy at Paris. Nessel- rode succceded in winning the favor ot Napoleon, and when Alexander recalied him, the French Em- peror stated publicly that his departure was the de- struction of all hope of negotiation. After the close of the war of 1812-13, M. de SQUADRON. Admiral ref? has been for many years the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian squadron in the Black Sea, with the navigation of which he is inti- | tit was refased by the Czar, , who afterwards appointed Count Worontzow (since | ralsed to the rank of prince,) to the command. Thus a rival carried off the honors which Menschik@f so | | much coveted, and endeavouzed so hard to obtain, | mately acquainted. He served in the English navy, | by bringing into play all tages of influences with | and has the reputation of being a good seaman and the aid of both men ard 6 | a severe disciplinarian. It is said that Admiral La- | In this way the jealous conrtier grew to be some | Zareff is not desirous of being opposed to the English | seventy years of age without the desired opportunity | fleet, but is very eager to eneounter the French. of adding a bistoric lustre to his name. In the ai- | This speaks move for his courage than his jndgment, | faire of Germany, in 1849, the German party had | for failure would be equally certain with either. | had its way, and it seemed opportune now to give | Most of the Russian ships of war, built in the Black the Russian party a chance in the Oriental ques- | Sea, are laid down from the lines of English men-of- tion. Of that party and its discontent Menschikotf | War, the drawings for which are obtained from Eng- was the organ and ‘the trumpeter at St. Petersburg. | land. The ships, however, are soon seized with the He not only gave out in private that the moment | dry rot, owing to the new materials used in their had come to fall on Turkey, but there was another | construction; and half the fleet would not be able to reazon why something should be done to gratify | stand the weather in the Black Sea in the winter. him. He had lately been obliged to yield the post | The administration of Admiral Lazareff appears to be of Naval Minister tothe Grand Duke Constantine, | 88 good as the nature of the government and the the second son of the Emperor, and the special orna- | chicanery and yenality of the employes will allow. ment of his family, who had been educated a sailor. | But the crews of the Black Sea fleet are inefficient ; In these simple facts may be found the principal rea- | and the fleet itself, eee it comprises. many sail son why Menschikoff was sent to Constantinople. | of the line, being unprovided with steamers, would —— be unable to meet either the English or French fleet Prince Paskewitsch, | now in the Dardanelles. The greatest activity prevails Nicho!as, Nesselrode represented Russia at the Con; is at EMPBROR OF ALL THE RUSSIAS, Frankfort. In covjusction with Metternich on Nicholas I. Pawlowitsch, Emperor and Autocrat of belialf of hance and Aberdeen on behalf all the Russias, is the third son of the Emperor of England, he proposed peace, on terms Panl and his second wife, Mary, (Sophia Dorotby,) which he and his allies soou found means to of Wortemburg. He was born July 6.1796, and set aside. He was one of the most determined advocates for the invasion of Franve. On hia arri- | | val in the capital, his influence was eagerly solicited by the Bourbons; and, whether, as has been insinu- ated, mere B pete arguments than reasons of state | were offered, or whether he was conscientiously con- vinced of the justice of a restoration, he took an ac- tive part im the measures which placed Louis XVIII. was educated, under the direction of his mother, by | General Landsdorf, with the assistance of other ti- | ‘tors, for special departments of instruction, among whom the famous philologist Adeburg, and Councillor Stork, who imparted to his pupil the ele- ments of political economy. The (rand Duke devoted himself with peculiar ardorto the military sciences, in which he evinced considerable aptitude, espevially on the throne. At the Congress of, Vienna, be again | in the art of fortification. He also manifested an | represented his country, and succeeded ia obtaining early preference ‘or music for her the lion’s share of the gpoil. to compose a number of m' | ‘This was one of the last acts of Nesselrode’s diplo- | said not to want merit. After the establishment of matic career. He returned to St. Petersburg in @ general peace, and when it was hoped that ali 181s, and was rewarded for his services by the post European States, restored to a firm basis, wereenter- | of Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, conjointly with ing upon a norme! path, be visited several foreign | Capo d'lstrias. The latter soon after resigned office countries, and travelled as far as England. When a | toassume the dignity of President of Greece, and young man, about the year 1516, he lived in London | Nesselrode became sole Minister of Foreign Affairs, as one of the Grand Dukes of Russia. Travelling | a post he has held for upwards of thirty years. only for amusement or improvement, he made acon- | Nicholas succeeded Alexander {n 1525. His youth, peg figure at Allmack’s, in the waliz, which | his warlike tendencies, is ambition, all prompted abont that time made its way into the parlors of | him to pursue a policy very (ifvreat from his prede- FIELD MARSHAL OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY. of Warsaw and Count of Erivan, has obtained Euro- pean celebrity, and enjoys an indisputable mili reputation. Paskewitech first distinguished himee! in the war between Russia and Persia in 1826. After the massacre of the Russian garrison of Eri- yan, Abbas Mirza, heir to the Persian throne, in- vaded the province of Elizabeth; 50,000 regular troops. Yermoloff. one of the best and Paskewitsch was sent, with a subordinate com- mand, to watch over his conduct. Yermoloff planned his ruin, and sent him, with a division of 9,000 men, | against the whole corps of Abbas Mirza, followin him with the main body to regair the check whic! the other might suffer. But Paskewitsch defeated Abbas Mirza, with great slaughter, at Elizabethpol, and Yermoloff was immediately recalled. Paske- witsch was Ce Commander-in-Chief in the room ef Yermoloff, and then entered upon e career of brilliant military success. He drove the Persians across the Araxes, and, crossing the river in pursuit, defeated the enemy's army at the battle of Djwan Bulak. In this battle the “ victorious standard” of English nobility. | cessors. It was resolved to push the boundaries of On his return to Russia he hastened to acquaint | Russia eastward and southwerd, and the duty of | himeelf with the condition of his expected inherit- iug grounds for the movement devolved on | Natclred ance, visiting all the provinces and residing for some . His first exploit waa an inter time in their chief cities. On the 13th of July, 1817, | ferenee with Persia. Next tollowed the dex- he ezpoused Charlotte, eldest daughter of Frederick | terous movement in favor of the Greeks, whick William IT]. of Prussia. This lady, who was born July | terminated with the buttle of Wavarino, and 13th, 1798, at once embraced the Greek religion. | and took the name of Alexandra Feodorowna. ‘The news of the death of Alexander, his brother, | which took place December 1, 1825, was the signal for the outbreak of a conspiracy, long projected a widely ramified, whose leaders’ were found pr raised a rival to Turkey in the west,on whose snp- port the Czar felt he could rely. Metternich alone, | wisely concluding that Europe would gain little by an exchange of a French master for a Russian one, | | refused to second the Czar in his attempts; and | | hence it was that the treaty of Adrienopls, thonzh | | | | ly inthe army. The insurrection took place un- | highly favorable to Russia, still | emblauve 9 Sethe very eyes of the imperial family, in the great | liberty to Turkey. hilt before the Winter Palace, but through the | By this time Nesselrode’s influence wes firm cowardice, and perhaps, treachery, of one of the | tablished at court. He had succeeded in ach pce pig 8 Nicholas was enabled to defeat it, aud | 0 tesk as rare as it was difficult. He had oc: wing delivered five of the leaders to the execu- | ng place in the councils of two monar Re- | oner, banished the remainder to the mines of Sibe- ria. Upon hearing of bis brother's decease, Nicholas took the oaths of fidelity to his brother Constantine who was at Warsaw, and imposed the same upon all the troops. Although the Senators, conforming to the directions of Alexander, had opened the sealed — which had been entrusted to them with the injunction to preseeve it intact until the Emperor's death, and had found in it the abdiestion of Constan- | tine, and the peremptory order of \\exs r to pro- claim Nicholas Emperor, the (Grand D tated | lying on the strength of his position, he now openly avowed himself in favor of a conciliatory and pacific | policy towards the great nations of Europe. [n op- | position to the national y, which demanéed on | every occasion that Ruma should declare war against France, England, Austria, or in fact the ole world, be reconstituted the socalled liberal whose fondam coctrine was the quiet lilment of manifest d it violent distar- bances, and, if possible, with Nicholas wae the virtual, Constantine the novminal Lead of the one. | P uke hes to avail himself of this authorization to assume | N rode himself was regarded os the chief of the wer, alleging that such a resolution on the part of | other. And though the alliance of the furmer with is brother could not be valid if made duriag the life | the Emperor and the royal family gave it an out- of their father. But Constantine, wlio had received | ward preponderence, the victory, when a dire intelligence of Alexander's death sevoral days before | ontagonista took place, generally’ rested with the his brother, sent a number of letters to his family, se and prudent Nesselrode. Thus, when Lonis | which he renewed his renunciation of the sovereign | Philippe ascended the throne, Nicholas talked dignity, and declared that he acknowledged Nicho- Jas only a8 Emperor of all the Russias. In a mani- testo published December 24th, 1425, Nicholas pub loudly of war, Nesselrode was firm in advorat- ing peace ; and the French Ambassador was re- | ceived accordingly. When the House of Orance Jished aa anthentic relation of the circumstances | wes driven trom Relginm, Nicholas demanded which had calied him to the throne, and the next | their immediate restoration ; but Nesselrode feared mag mag’ the oath of lity. } a war with France, andthe Czar actually sent _ When the present Emperor ascended the throne of | an envoy to Lond his brother, he was just in the prime of manhood. | the throne of kia brot “Nicholas, the son of Paul,” as he is universally | the same policy, New called, is ¢ stature. and m 4 | the negotiation which, among the en in Bure ‘ ty, placed Turke whole of bby body g sovie ed, FoDe tS repeaag ureng authorize v-inlaw the usurpati Tn pnrauance e prime mover in with the July tron eneral protection of iin Splines gt Ww ha | roubles. the venquished fell into the hands of the Russians. Erivan was also taken after a six days’ siege. The Persians sued for peace, and Russia demanded the cession of the provinces of Erivan and Naketchevan, and an indemnification of twenty millions of silver Paskewitsch was obliged to resume hos- es before the Shah of Persia consented to ratify treaty. Paskewitsch received as a reward for his conduct in this campaign, a million in money and the title of Count of Erivan. The war with Persia was scarcely that with Turkey broke out. Turkey reproached Rossia with having conntenanced the insurrection of the Greeks, and with having fomented troubles in Moldavia and Wallachia. Russia, on her part, ac cused the Divan of having stimulated the Circae. sians to revolt; of having fettered the commerce of the Biack Sea, and sopported the resistance of Perria. Field-Marshal Prince Wittgenstein placed bimself at the head of a Russian army of 100,000 men; and, on the 7th of May, 182%, crossed the Pruth at three points, Jassy and Bucharest were immediately ocenpied. Genera) Paskewitech opened the campaign in Asia; on the 5th of Jaly he tor Kars; and, on the 4th of September, gained a com plete victory over the Turks under the walis of Akhalzik, which surrendered to his army on the 8th, after a vigorous resistance. i. On the first of July, im the foowing witech, anticipating the junction of the + Erzerum with Hagke Pacha, in the of Zevine, marched against the former, whom he put to flight, and on the next day defeated the latter, whom he took prisover. ‘Thirty-one pieces of cannon, nine teen standards, and fifteen fundred prisoners, wore the trophies of this two-fold victory. Ou the Sth of Joly he took Hasan-Khale, the key of Exerum, th capital of Turcomania, which surrendered on the Sth. Adrianople having been taken by the Ras- sians, Turkey consented to a treaty of peace, which was signed at the Russian head quarters, ou the 14 of & a, pee Russia retained the conquered terri tory bordering on Imeritia and Georgia, and the Dardanelles were thrown open to the commerce of «li nations. The Porte gaged to pay ele mil- i anda half of Dutch dueats in the rae of eighteen months, and to give ita assent to the treaty of the 6th July, 1927. concern thon tabi i A itself to reatere 1 ta on the left ihe unk 9 General Field Marshal Prince Paskewitsch, Prince | 1, at the head of Generals of Russia, who was in command of the Russian army in Persia, was in disgrace at court, ended before | | at the present moment amongst Admiral Lazareff's squadron in the Black Sea. Ships of war are con- stantly ieaving Sebastopol to maintain strict watch along the coast. The Kolumna Russian frigate, on the 20th ult., advanced and tacked within three miles of the entrance to the Bosphorus. Count Buol Schauenstcin, " ‘THE PRIME MINISTER OF AUSTRIA. Since the death of Prince Schwarzenberg, Prime Minister of Austria, Count Baul Schauenstein has been appointed to that office. That event has been followed by a decided reaction in the influences control- ling Austrian affairs. The aristocratic party, proper- ly 80 called, of which Metternich is the most eminent pe ees and which Schwarzenberg regard- ed with jealousy mingled with contempt, has by his death regained the power of which the revolution of 1848 deprived it; and Russian influence, which the late Premier hated a)l the more because in 1848 he was humbled before it, and against which he etrug- | gled with all the restiveness of his own ing and | arrogant nature, has once again taken the Ha pebarg | dynasty under its tutelage. With this appointment the court and cabinet of Vienna pass into absolote subordination to the will of the Emperor Nicholas. Count Biol Schauenstein was found, by the events of 1849, in a position almost of diplomatic obscurity, and his rapid advancement is due, in a measure, t the fact that his sister is the wife of Baron Meyen- dorff, the present Russian envoy at Vienna. He was present, on the part of Austria, at the celebrated | conference between Schwarzenberg and the Prussian | minister, Manteoffel, held at Olmutz, on November 28, 1550, to settle the then pending warlike difical- ties between Austria aud Prassia, At that conf ence Meyendorff presided, as the representative of Russia, and from it dates the subjection of Prussia and the Hohenzollerns to Austria and the Hapsburgs. On the 2¢th December following, Count Buol Schau enstein went to St. Petersburg as Austrian envoy, but was recalled on the 1Sth+July last, to be sent to London in the same capacit, Reschid Pacha, THE TUKKISH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. The Minister of Voreign Affairs at Constantinople, Reschid Pacha, occupies an important place, at this moment, in the attention of tue world. He ia a distinguished man, irrespective of his present position, Although a Mussulman, he is not unac- quainted with the superior influence of Oliristian civilisation, having resided in Bogland and France, and studied assiduously the opinions, science, and customs of Christian nations, He is a reformer among the Turks, in precept and in practice, and will ultimately prove a great benefactor to his coun- try. The following sketch of him, by the intelligent foreign correspondent of the New York Observer, will be found purticulurly interesting at this time :— Reschid Pacha was born at Constantinople, in 1602, of a distinguished family. His father was Administrator-General of the Imp Mosque of Bajazet; bis. mother reckoned Viziers among her | relatives. Being left a widow with two sons and two daughters, sie devoted herself to the education of yonng Reschid, her eldest son. She taught him all ihot a Murswlman could learn, and this fact is worthy of being noted; for many Turkish officers, even the highest, often lack the commonest instru tion. but it was not so with Reschid. His stu qualified hit the highest offices of State ve he waa called to them. Having finished h private seoretar expedition against the Greeks, and Governor of the Morea, He was initiated by nis protector in the art of wur'and of government, But Ali Pacha fell into disgrace, owing to bis mili operations, and Reschid Bey (| title he then bore) was attached to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, as secretary of old Pertew Pacha. This was between the years 1527 and 1834, the period when the Sultan Mahmond tried to introduce some reforms into his empire, after having desirosed the formidable body of Janissaries. This Sultan wes well meaning, but not intelligent. Reschid Bey was not then old enough, nor influen- tial enough, to be heard in the councils of the Sublime Porte; he confined himself to study the an to be taken by his countrymen, in order to share European civilization. In 1884 he was sent as regular ambassador to Lon- | | don and to Paris, and passed there several years—an important mission, which developed his brilliant na- tural qualities. Reschid Pacha examined Svea that would serve for hisfuture use. He visited emi- nent political men, studied the civil laws, observed the manners and customs, and did not forget the ublic amusements. His character was amiable and nk; he received everywhere the most cordial re- ception. 1s friend Pertew Pacha having been appo'nted | Grand Vizier, Reschid was called trom Paris to occu- | py the post‘of Minister"of Foreign Affairs. He has- tened accept the invitation; but how uncertain { are political offices at Constantinople! On reachiny | the Frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, he learoed that the Grand Vizier had been deposed—exiled—striaa- | gled, by order of the Sultan Mahmoud, from whom | this sentence of death had been extorted in a drunken frolic. Passing to Adrianople, Reschid found there | the dead body of his protector, This sad exaraple of | the frightful abuses of despotism seen. impressed | his mind, and he proseeded reluctantly to Constanti- nople, doubtful of his own fate. | the Sultan Malmoud had no recollection of the | order he had sen in a fit of intoxication; and on | learning the sad execution of his ex-vizier, he shed | tears, though too late, over his folly. Reschid profit. | ed by these great dispositions to expel from court the enemies of Pertew-Pacha, and became the prime minister of the empire. ‘His administration,” says | the author of a Journey in the Hast, “was marked by | judicious reforms. To him is owing the creation of | ‘two councils, which made the action of Foe San | ment regular. He instituted also a council of public , utility, designed to prepare planus of adiniuistration; | but iese honorable efforts raised up against him | many enemi The Turks accused him of over- | throwing the law of Mahomet, and the Russians were | uneasy to see so capable a man at the head of the empire. . . . Reschid felt that the ground was | iving way under his feet, and he anticipated his | ad by resuming the titie of “Ambassador in the | Vert.”” 5 The Sultan Mabmond dying in 1829, Reachid Pacha | returned immediately to Constantinople, to pay his | sees to the young sovereign, Abdul-Medjid. He met from him a very kind reception, and both of them united in composing the famous haiti- cheriff, or imperial decree, of Gul Hane. This wasa _ sort of aconstitution designed to establish in the | Ottoman States a regular government. Reschid Pacha had conceived this idea while residing in | France and England, and found in Abdul-Medjid a master disposed to admit all useful reforms. The hatticherif was issued the 2d November, | 1839, in a vast plain near the peraen amidst great | pomp. The representatives of all the European | powers, the Prince de Joinville and his staff, the ministers of the empire, the pachas of the provinces, army generals, the chief ulemas and Mahometan priests, the patriarchs of all Christian communions, a delegation of Armenian bankers, and an immense crowd of people were present. tan had taken his place upon a high seat, Pacha mounted a platform prepared for the urpose, and with a loud voice read the decree for the re-orgenization of the country. reamble states various causes of the im- poverishment and feeble state of the Mussulman mon- archy. ‘In consequence,” adds the Sultan, throu, h his minister, ‘‘confiding in the aid of the Most High, resting on the precepts of the Prophet, we judge proper to seek by new institutions to proeure for the The enefit of a good administration.” The hatti-cherif thus enumerates the institutions proper for Turke: “1, Securities to the subjects of the empire for their life, honor and property; 2. A regular mode of taxa- gular term of service; 4. Publicity in debates and in judicial trials. 0 imperial ruler, “extend to all our subjects, of what- ever religion they may be.” Reschid-Pacha used every effort to realize the promises of the hatti-cherif of Gul Hane. He changed the system ef public taxes, organized municipal councils without distinction of religion or of race, composed a penal code to render equal justice to all, and put down the highest personages when they violated the laws. Against Reschid-Pacha were leagued all the corrupt office holders, all the discon- tented muftis and ulemas, and the friends of old abuses; and this conspiracy being upheld by Russia, the noble minister was deposed in March, 1841. He returned t ris and continued his investigation into western civilization, while ful- ng the duties of ambassador. He had frequent interviews with Louis Philippe’s counsellors. His aim was to foster the alliance between England and ambition of the Muscovite Czar. Abdul-Medjid’s ap- pointment of Reschid Pacha as Minister of Foreign ‘Affairs, is an act of resistance to the Cabinet of St. Petersburg, and the plainest proof that the Sultan is determined to maintain his right rogant note of Prince Menschikoff. Rescbid- Pacha is a man of medium height and ro- bust frame. His face is dark, with regular features; he wears 2 short beard, which distinguishes him from the Orientals. His nose is aqniline; his eyes are black and brilliant. His whole physiognomy and at- titude exhibit that reserve, that dignified calmness, which characterize the Turkish race. He speaks little; his manners are simple; he usually wears none of his many decorations. In the bosom of his fami- he is kind, affectionate, readily joining in his chil- ren s of the Ottoman character. The Danubian Provinces. After leaving Tultcha, we arrived at Galatz on the same evening, (June 5, | in fifty-six hours from Constantinople. From Tultcha upwards, the waters of the Danube, confined to one single bed, spread out at times to a mile in width, and possess a crendert: worthy of the Mississippi of Europe; bat the northern bank, and in general the southern, con- tinue to be flat, and the waters in many places were overflowing its banks. The Russian side bore no evi- dence of life, with the exception of the perpetually recounting quarantine condor, a stray hore or a cow, and an occasional Cossack horseman passing from one station to another. Galata, the great commercial port of Moldavia, owes its origin to the fact that it is the only place where the province of Moldavia touches the Danube; and that here alone there is a bluff elevation for a part of the the town, of from fifty to seventy-five feet above the water. It is about two hours distant from the renowned river Pruth on the east, and from the river Sereth on the west; and these rivers serve as natural canals to discharge at its quays the products of the two provinces. There is a stagnant lake, de- rived from the overflowing waters of the Prati, an several miles in circumference, which spreds out just behind the town, and is the tertile source of pestilen- tial miasms daring the whole summer. The popula- tion of the town is about 15,000. Nearly all the commercial operations are carried on by the Greeka, general under the protection of passpor's of Greece, ussia, England, or Austria, Three thousand ves- of which from 500 to 700 are Eng- 20ths of their cargoes are eompoved ly wheat. By a simple arrangement there ships are loaded and cleared while yet in qvavantioe. For half a mile in front of one portion of the town ao brick wall separates it from the river. | At a hundred places in this wall holes are pierced, through which the grain is thrown from the town side by means of spouts into bags held by quaran- tine porters, who carry their loads through the water on board the ships which are loading. The appearance of the town has little that readevs it in- viting for a residence. here ere some comfortable | stone houses for the rich merehants and the consnis; but the larger part of the houses are miverable frames, covered with unpainted pine boards. There | are no promenades under the shi of trees, or | viting drives for those who own carriages. Te grand | absorbing topic of conversation, aud the greatest pleasure in residing here is the making money by grain speculations. J formed the acquaintance of several noblemen, whore ravk is always indicated in the Western lan- guages by calling them princes. There may be little | that is princely in their origin, or their history, or their present position; yet it is hard to refuse a man by the title thet he gives hinwe which he is addressed by his neighbors. them, however, brave an affinity with the and bear as their every year, lish; aud 1 of grain, ¢! Many of ly trace back their pedigree to perors of the Lower Empire, mames the highsounding ones of Cautacuzene, Commenes, and Palwlogns. As | there are also three thousand of this class of Boyars (nobles), who claim to be princes, when they begin to travel more in Hurope their commonness will con- tribute to cause quite a depreciation of respect to the title. The liberals in Russia take great delight | in the fact that among them also there are so | many impoverished men bearing the rank of prince, and they count greatly on the impression | that the contrast of their poverty with their title will | Paere can sell his slaves except to the | Constantinople. t | number of slaves belonging to the hospitals and After the young Sul- | Reschid | annually furnishes t] | of other claves, Of this | important document a brief analysis is sufficient. | provinces which compose the Ottoman empire, the | tion; 3. A uniform mode of enlisting soldiers, and a , “These concessions,” says the | France, in order to protect his country against the — attacked in the ar- | orts. Reschid Pacha isa favorable specimen ] CC eT ever, I saw at Galatz. They* endeavor to send all their children to the Barapeas capitals te obtair their education, under the charge of Wallachian pro< fessors. Every effort is made Prussia to induce them to give the preference to Petersburg, and to check a higher kind of education in the provinces. The Princes of the Danubian provinces, when tra- yelling in Europe, are noted for the profuseness with which they spend money, and for their constant at- tendance at the public gambling tables, Both nobles and peasants appreciate liberty under organic law. The revolution among them in 1848 was sympathised with by nearly the whole mass, and was only crushed by the arms of Russia, aud the timidity of the Turkish government, to which the rovinces owe allegiance. It has been said that the Freatment they received from Russia on this oesa- sion has alienated them from her, and that alone, of all the nations appertaining to the Gree Church, do not desire the Russian role, This is but a partial statement of the truth. The faet is, that the enlightened Wallachians well appreciate their own position. They see that in the 8,000,000 of peo- ple of their'race, geographically contiguous to eacl other, though under three different despotisms, there are enough to constitute a powerful nation, if united under one independent governments but they regurd it as futile to anticipat any such happy result in the present state of Europe. The two provinces, therefore, of Wallacia, in the contingency of a war between Russia and Turkey, will haye to choose to which of the two powers they will incline; and they will infallibly, chocre Russia, while they do not like her institutions or rule as well as those of Turkey. Tarkey, thep say, never has had, and never will have, the e to sustain their interests and rights against Russia, Even if they should bear arms in behalf of Turkey, they believe she would let them fall a saerifice their devotion: but that, if they become bon@ fide subjects of Russia, they may anticipate a mea- sure of progression much better than the corrupt. system under which they are now compelled to live —sustained by neither power. Hating Ruseia, they will accept her rule in despair. I was shown a copy of the constitution, or organie laws, adopted previous to 1830 by a diet of the two provinces. It was published in French, in a yolume of three hundred and fifty pages, and on the imprint it bears, “Printed at New York.” The work has been published that all Harve may know what kind of a constitution belongs to these provinces, and that Russia might never succeed in destroying all the copies of it which existed in manuscript. After the adoption of the rules, it was signed by all the mem~- bers, leaving a blank page before their names. This age was afterwards surreptitiously filled up by the President, with an additional article, whieh robbed the country of all right of self-government, by ree ais all changes to have the approbation of ssl. One important and benevolent measure that hag been brought into operation within a few years, ia that of securing freedom to the slaves. While the | peasants were in general like serfs, the gipsies, wha were very numerous in both provinces, have begur radually, in virtue of a new law, to receive their reedom. A fund has been created, which is eon- tinually increasing, by which proprietors will be compensated for the loss of their slaves; and no pro- ernment. e numbers immediately obtained their freedonr by the operation of this law; and in twenty-five eae it is pence that slavery will cease among them. Wallachian gipsies, with permits to travel, are found in Turkey; and one band of mucicians of gipsy slaves was the most popular last summer of Freedom was given to the large churches, and the profits of the tax laid upon thenr ¢ fund applied to the purchase for the purpose of granting them their freedom. The Wallachians and Moldavians, as is wellknown, use, as their national name among themselves, the appellation of Romani, as vein descendants of the ol Fs Roman colony in Dacia. They flatter themselves that their national pbhysiognomy has retained the | type of the old Roman, and certainly there is a large: roportion of eagle-beaked noses; buta more marked istinetion than their faces is that of their lan- uage—nine-tenths of the roots of its words being of atin origin. The remaining words are about sever :— | hundred Sclavonian, five husdred Turkish, three | hundred Greek, and even one hundred and fifty of | gipsey dialect. If the eople bad not adopted the lavonian alphabet, the resemblance of words ta their Latin originals would be still more apparent We left Galatz and arrived at Ibraila in two hours, by asteamer which rans daily. This steamer be- | longs to another Austrian Steam Navigation Compa- ny, which has taken under its care the northern con- fines of Turkey, asthe Austrian Lloyds has the mo- nopoly almost of the sea shores of Turkey. Although: the size of the Austrian Danube Company’s boat ix | small, yet their number probably surpasses that of apy other. They own ¢ighty-seven steam boats, with about four hundred bsrges of about 200 tons { each, for the transportation of freight. Mostof these boats and barges are made at Pesth, under an Eng- lish superintendent, while the engines are made in Englend. The engineers are all of them natives of | Austria. The names of many of tne boats are those of Hu: garian kings and heroes, the Imperial govera- | ment having seen no wisdom in proscribing these sym- pols of a nation’s past glory. The boats are not con- fined te navigating the Danube from Galatz to Vienna; but they also steam several days up the Dranc, the Saue,and the Theissrivers. The new line of passenger | hoats which they have commenced this month wilt carry passengers ina shorter time by two days from Vienna to Coustantinople than they can be carried by the way of Trieste. The fare is about £13, all ex- | penses included. |" Ibraila is a town like Gaiatz, on the north bank of | the Danube, and is the chief port for the exportation of the products of Wallachia,as Galatz is for Molda- via. Its population is also very identical in charac- | ter; and it has the same convenient system for load- | ing vessels while yet in quarantine. Its attractions for a residence are atili less, the Jean assembly of | speculators from the Levant for the purchase of grain | not being sufficient to compose all the requisites of the most agreeable society. By the stipulations of the treaty of Adrianople, | in 1829, the principalities of Moldavia and Walla: | chia were occupied by the Russian troops until the | payment of the expenses of the war with Turkey. jeneral Kisseleff was invested with the command of | the army of occupation, and the government of the | peal and from this period, according to the ussian accounts, the moral and social regeneration. of Moldavia and Wallachia commenced. Situated on the confines of Europe and of Asie, these twe provinces had been for many centaf.es exposed te vasion and devastation, and dertived of the sdvan- tages of peaceful and regula government, In the ear 1835, Constantinopje was threatened by Tbra- am Pacha, and the P»tte implored the aid of Rus- sia. Kigseleff, who waa then at Jassy, was to command the army, which was to proceed by land to the Cee of that capital, while the fleet of the Black Sea advanced under the direetion of Count Orlef. The treaty concluded at St. Peters- burg in 1*34, stipulated for the evacuation of the Rugsun troops, and the installation of the Hospo- davs. The first Hospodar, or sovereign of Moldavia, was Prince Stourdza, who owed his position to elec- tion, and labored to put in practice the laws of gov- be esti tel tech et Kisseleff. r. Urquhart pointed out, years the danger which Wallashia, Servia, and the whol of Turkey rojects of Russia, Tan from the eos Nor is it now for the first time that travellers have observed the attempts of Russia to undermine the fidelity of the subjects of the Sultan professing the religion of the Greek Church, by the claim of supremacy and poe, and the corruption cf an ignorant priest- ood. By the treaty of Akermann, Bessarabia was sels fiom foreign ports, on an average, come here | given up to Russia, aud with it the command of the mouths of the Danube. Still more recently Russi extended her protection wider the plea of & failarity of religion, to the other two provinces, and obtained a declaration of their independence from the Porte, in which Russia and Torkey were named as pro- tecting powers. Moldavia and Wallachia were, by this act, allowed to elect their own prin- ces, to vote and levy their own taxes, and to E anece themselves, provided that nothing were lone contrary to the interests of the protecting powers. Mr. Paget, in his interesting work ‘“Hun- gary and Transylvania,” asserts that, from the mo- ment this act was signed Russia bas never eeased to endeavor to extend her own influence and destrow that of furkey in these provinces, and for several years they have appeared to be in danger of falling into her lands. Bessarabia can only be valuable to Russia because it gives ber the command of the mouths of the Danube, and tends to make the Black Sea a Russian lake. ighted men have said that whenever Russia wished to prepare the way for future conquests in the south of rope, she would take possession of Moldavia and Wallachia as the | high road to Constantimople. These countries have no force which would enable them to resist her in- Bh army a single day. Besides being the path- way for future conquests, there are other reasons why Russia should covet these two principalities; for while the population number abort 1,500,000 souls, the two countries are rich in productions and fruitful in resources. The land is of the richest nality, and the climate extremely favorable for pra- uetion. The City of Jassy. The Russians have crossed the Pruth; and Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, is again occupied by a Ras sian garrison. Jassy presents an agreeable aspect ta the traveller, seen ftom afar, with its white houses i the midst of gardens, and its shining spires and high buildings, with green roofs. The general appeaw oue day produce. Our modern Moldavian nobles, | unable to amass money as formerly, from the unre- | quited Jabor of their peasantry, are endeavoring | more wisely aad generously to gain the same end by | more it duel tates; cueific methods of agr » | ious kinds of manuf d, at the e time, not he more civiliz t 8 gv | | | 11 cheap in which, how | of Israel. Inthe ancient port ance of the city on a nearer view, is also pleasing. Some of the streets are wide and !ong; and Jasy i per several remarkable churches and houses velonging to rieh Boyards (as the nobles are called), | Which present the appearance of complete mansiona The prin in perfect orde pal street of the city ig inhabited by atribe of merchants, money-ehangers, brokers, and business people of all sorts—all children jon of the street a gallery, supported by slight wooden pillars, serves to shelter the shrys. “Here the Jews, seated at the threshold ;