The New York Herald Newspaper, July 1, 1853, Page 2

ny cr i i F former draught had been made kuown by to Lord Stratford on the 20th of April, and portion of that draught was withdraws in oonse- of his remonstrance. This circumstance, how- Ro affects our argument as far as the t is concerned; for nothing was knowa Lenton of say Conveotion at all until its existence iselosed b) Stratford's despatches subsequent ‘20th of 4; which therefore could not reach this the ing of May; aud the assertion that jperor of Russia's propositions bad been communi- British government ‘ ‘early in the year’? is dia- The communicstion mace here did not inelude tatimation of a conveation at all, for the expression, tory act,’? which was used, certainly does not ‘the conversion of an existing and revoeable grant date 2 bilateral and irrevocable contract. At the same ‘as Baron Brunow’s name has beea mixed up in transactions, we feel bound to add that no conceal- er equivoestion is imputed to him, and that he Ibtmself was unacquainted at that time with what was Peally going on st Constautinop’. In fact, tae existence efthat dravght convention y4s communicated by her Majesty’s Ministers to Baroy, Brunow, and not by Baron Brunow to the British gv’ ernment, for the negotiation = by Prince Mensch/coff lay between Russia and the alone, and Fogland bad mever been regarded as @ ty toit. The Court of St. Petersburg had from the it dicclaimed vke in/ention of having recourse to the dmtervention of any ther power. The part taken by Lord Stratford in the affair of the Holy Places was, there- fore, merély with a view to the removal ef a difficulty, and itwas not till the general question of the Geek ‘Church had been raised by the demand of the convention ‘that the matter assumed a European chara ster, in whieh we, in common with the other States of Europe, have taken a more active part. ‘We now resume the consideration of the last intelligences which bas reached us. The Turkish government, under fhe direetion of Redschid Pasha, and with the support of the foreign ambassadors, has proceeded to prepare for war with all the means atits disposal. But, while it has not without some success, to the martial ardor its Mursulman subjects, who still exelusively consti- tute the military power of the empire, the Divan has predently considered that the ailegiauce and contentment of its Christian | age age is @ matter of at least i eonreq in this emergency, therefore, we Fearon to ve that the Turkish government conte plates the promulgation of a most important act for the ection and extension of all the religious liberties en- jed by every rect of Christians within its dominions. imsteument, itis said, will be in the form of a public act addrevsed to the patriarchs of the ehurehes in the East, but including in its provisions all the Christian eburehes, Greek, Latin, Armenian, aud Protestant. As far, therefore, as a matter essentially atfecting the rela- tions of the Porte with ics own Christian subjects can be the subject of an engagement to foreign powers, it will embrace the interests of all the Christian States in wontexion with their respective fellow Christians in the | Kast, and it will remove every pretence for tue separate imterference of Russia in defence of the Greek clergy. Such an edict, recognizing and conérming at oace and without Restriction the rights sod immunities eojoyed cow and of ‘old by the Christian subjects of the empse, would bea ebarter of religious toleration; anda charter of absolute religious toleration in Turkey ‘is the door to civil eqality and the piedge of national independence. It annihilates at a blow the pretension of Russia to religious supremacy in ‘tbe East, and it places the rights of the Christian popu- Istion on their natural basis, namely, the growing power and intelligence of the an races thewselves, saxctioned by the approval and support ot all the foreign Ghristiaa powers. So that, on the one hand, it would eptitie the churches of the Hast to seek protection frem the government of the Porte and its mioisters, rather than from the interference of any foreign Biate ; and,“on the other haad, it may gradually ore- pare the country for the time when the civiliza- tion aud the faith of Europe and of Christ shall once more regain their ascendsncy in the capital of the ancieat eme pire of the Ea: The possibility ¢f a pacific revolution of this nature reveals one of the vost extraordinary changes this age has witnessed, For uy wards of a century Russia has locked upon herself as the next beir te the power and the territories which were evidently slipoing gradually from the bunds of the Sultans, and she awaited without @epatierce the gradual dissoluson of aa empire that weemed fuliivg into her lap. But the policy of the Turk- feb government and the rapic progress of the Christian ek: Slavonian, Greet, and Armenian, have shown t nothing is lees certain tban this calenla ion. The time is indeed past when a handful of Turks could hold im absolute sudjection millions of degraded Christ: whore enly hope of protection and just erporition of the fureiga consuls whom they apresied. Sut there Beeson 10 suppose that such a lation as now exists, eur liorat in its condition. In # word, in piace of that Vielect dissolution of the Ottoman empire, which has Jong been the bugbear of xtatesnen, it might be trans- | formes into % State more capsbis of good government, ef Bational independenes, and of self detenos. The conduct of the c ergy in the Fast, of the Christian merchants, and | of the povuiation, as far as thelr opivions are known, in this ewergency, certainly «hows no disposision to side | with Russia against the authoricy of the Suitan; and, at the very moment «hen an ultimatum from St. Petetaburg | @ewands a specific convention from Turkey on this sub- | , it is probaple that the intention of the Sultan will proclaiwed to grant, of his ewa free will am mere rao- tien, a more general edict of toleration than Ruwsia har. neif has proposed or requirei Iftbi. intention he realized, # not only opens a prospect of future improvement aud stability ameng the Christian populations o: it affords the Emperor of Russis # last opportunity of arithdrawing without discredit from tne position hy has . What mere cao he effect to ask then a full and entire sengetton of the rights of the Christian Churches the face of the world? ‘The irtiuence of Russia in the East hes hitherto gested on her support of the Christians; but will she now yesent herself as the enemy of the power to which the ristiane owe their emanc’pation’ The pretence would De 100 shallow, the injustice too startiag, to be defended by the diplomacy of any civilized pation; aad if Russia 14 to arms after the concession of all that gave a to her demand, such an action could only be re- garded as an unprovoked snd unjustifisble outrage, in which every pretence of a legal cause had been @isipated before @ soldier crossed the Prath ww even a shot bad been fired. If this question to Be were deciced by the laws of reacon, policy, or justice, nothing would be wantiog to the maintenance of “peace. But it cannot be forgstten that other powers are st work—the powers of ambition, resentment, and pride. ‘Theretore, the more complete the cae of Turkey and of Europe becomes, the less confidence can we feel that the Emperor Nicholas will yield to argument, and everything ‘would seem to pressage a different solution, unless he ob- tain a victory, not over Turkey, but over himself. Ht Hi de elit FH E Ht i iff is n0 Christian popn- woud look to Russia for aa ‘@he Treaty of Balta Liman between Rassia | and furkey. ‘The Paris correspondent of the London Times, un- er date of the 16th instant, furnishes the following | text of the treaty of Balta Liman, dated May 1, 184: which regulates the relations of the Porte and Rassia with regard to the Danubian priucipalities:— Art. 1. In considerstion of the exceptional cireumsten- | ees which have been produced by Inte events, the tro Im- | 1 Courts have agreed thal. instead of following the | monde established by the reguiation of 1881 for the elec- tien of the Hos, rs Of Moldavia and Wallachia, those Aigh functio shall be named by his Majesty the Sul tan, according toe special mode concerted for this oeca- ‘Binn between the two Courts, in order to confide the ad- ministration of these provinces to the most worthy candi- dates, and those who enjoy the highest reaowa among | their fellow countrymen. Yor this time, ale», the two | shali only be named for seven years, the two Courts rererving to themselves, one year beers the ex- tion of the term fixed by the present arrangement, to Gis tate ccntterstion the internal 2 of tue princi- a and the services which msy have een rendered the two Hospodars, in order to consult tegether on Tr HeRsures. Art. 2. The orgauie regulation granted to the princi- ities in 1831 will continue to be ia fores, subject to ebanges and modifications which experience may | Ihave proved to honsceonary, particalerly os far as regards the ordinary and extraordivary assem lies of the Boyards, aed the mode of election and composition hitherto ‘wdopted ; these meetings havieg on more than ene occa sen given rise to deplorable coutlicts, and even to acts of -@pen insuderdination, their convocation shall remain sus- pended ; and two Courts reserve to themselves the aight to'come to an understanding on the subject of their re-establishment on a basie combined wiih ali requisite son- sideration, st toe period wnen they may think that it caa be carried into execntion without inconvenience for the maintenance of public tranquillity in the principalities. ‘Their deliberative fenctions will be provisionally contided ‘ couneils or divens ad hoe, formed of the most notable snd those most worthy of confidence, as well as ‘ef some members of the bigh clergy. The principal fune- tions of these councils shall be toe fixing of the taxes aad the examination of the anuual budget in the two provinces. Art. 3. Im order to proceed with all neceseary con- sideration to the organic improvements called for by the it nituation of the principalities and the adminfstra- abuses which have been introduced, there shali be established two committees of revision, one at Jassy and tthe other at Buebarest, compored of Hoyards most dis- hed by their character and their cavacity, to whom shal be confided the tank of revising the existing regala tiens, snd of pointing out the modidcations best caleu- to give to the administration of the couotry regulerity and hermoay which Lave been so often wanting to it. The result of the labors of these eommit- shall be submitted within the shortest possible de- May, to the examination of the Ottoman goverament, whieh, after having eto an understrading with the rt of Russia, and after their mutaal approbation of it have been signitied, will grant iteidetaitive sanction id modifications, which will be published in the ‘Art. 4. The disturbances which have recently agitated re having shown the necessity of furoish governments the support of a military force promptly repressing any insurrectional move of insuring respect for the es'ablished authori- WO Jasperinl everte bave agreed to prolong the of acertain part of the Ottoman and Russian ips who now occupy the country, and poo gh oe ae to preserve the frontier of Wallachia and Moldavia ssion from a, and it has been decided I be left there for the present from 25,000 of each of the two powers, After the re- of aitiity on the said frontiers, ther 0,000 men of each until the completion of CR oe improvement, and the consolidation te tranquillity of the two provinces. The two powers shall afterwards com - bo Heng) but shall remain within suc! they ean immediately re-enter them in of serious cireurnataneen arising in the princi- xe a e epre nil He i | E i ? i il § deg for the sdoption of that meamre. m of ‘this, care sled be inkou w evuaplete | Wi lave vom sducuiwd us she eiviiaed eapitals of Ea- | pent prlitieal system ip pringipalit The come to an understanding as to the choice of the members of the committees of reviston rincipalitier, as mentioved in Article 3. They will ren an account to their respec- tive courts of the labors of these committees, aanexing their own observations there Art. 6, The term of the present document is fixed at seven years, at the expiration of which time the two courts reserve to themselves the power of taking into consideration the state in which the principalities a then be, and to advise on the ulterior measures whic! they may think best caleulated and the most proper to secure for # distant future the welfare and trang there provinces. Art. 7. Itis understood that, by the present document. whieh is founded on exceptional circumstances, and concluded for a limited period, nothing is changed in the stipulations now existing between the two courty with re- gard to the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, end that all the snterior treat! corrobora‘ed by tue teparate act of the treaty of Adrianople, preserve their force and value, Turkey. PREPARATIONS OF THE SULTAN= THE ARMENIANS INCITED TO WAR—DOUBTFUL DESPATCHES—Tus ENGLISH AND FRENCH FLEETS—THE TURKISH ULTIMATUM, ETC. Constantinople letters, of date June 2, to the London Times, state thet since the Turss have tran» mitted the note to different embassies, declaring their intention of defending themselves, their preparations for war have been wore evident. The whole of the Bosphorus flegt bas been towed to the north of the Straits, aud put in the form of a crescent to defend the northern entracce. This fleet consists of three line-of-battle ships, of which two are three-deckers; nine frigates, four of which are first class; two corvettes, six large and two small sized steamers. On the 31st Mey th Itan helda graud re- view on the plain north of Pera, when about 10,000 men, contisting of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, went through their evolutions. With the exception of the artillery, which is really in a very efficieat state, it was quite evident to even an inexperienced eye that the evo- lutions of @ troops will bear no comparison with those of a well drilled European army, but the materiel is decidedly gocd. The men are strong, healthy, and well fed and clothed; the ho small, but well made and active, though much too fat for active service. The awkward and boorish appearance of thejofficers is an index of their real inefliciency. The greatest zeal prevails, and confidence is expressed by \he Turks as to the result le contest. The bold line taken by try at this important crisis has given great satisfaction tothe Mussulwan population, At present all is apparently in active preparation, but on looking bebind the sceces we tind an utter want of money, and recourse is had to all kinds of shifts and expedients in consequence of @ ruined exchequer. The end of these military preparations, whether they result in war or ace, will be something approaching to a nacional ukruptey. Another statement, equally reliable, states that money is plentiful, and that everything ordered by government is paid reddily in gold, ihe re-erve chest ving apparently been tapped. All vessels of large tonnage are forbidden to leave the ports, in case of their being required for government service. Leo, the exiled Prince of Armenia, who is now residin, jon, bas circulated a decree atnong his people, an published @ translation of it in the Daily News, calling oo them to help the Turks against the Russians, Under the Turkish sway he says the Armenians can enjoy the free exercise of their religion, but under the Ruastan never. As a fet-off to this, a despa ch from Yrieste of the 16h saye:—The Greek and Armenian patriarchs at Constantinople give pacific assurances on the subject of the intentions of co-religionists.”” PRINCE LEO’S PROCLAMATION TO THE ARMENIANS. The following is the translation of the proclamation of Priree Leo to the Armenians, inciting them to rise in aid of the Sultan. It is alluded to in our correspondence, but the Prince himself furnished the translation to the London News of the lith, with a request for its publica. tion: — TO THE EDITOR OF THB DAILY NEWS. Sm—Wul you oblize me by inserting the enclosed in your well-known jonrcal? It is a translation from the Armenian language of a proclamation which has been distributed among the Armenians in Turkey. I remain, sir, yours rexpectfully, LEO, Prince of Armenia. 40 Mortimer street, Cavendish square, June 16. 1353, THE PROCLAMATION OF THE PRINCE OF ARMENIA, “Leo, by the grace of God, Sovereign Prince of Arme- nia, Prince of Korisos, Prince de Lusigean, Prince of Georgia, Prirce of Gassan. Duke of Tyr, Count d’ Alm’ and Defender of the Armenian Faith. To the Armeni iu Turkey :— Beloved brothers aud taithful countrymen Our will ond our ardent wish is that you should defend to the last drop of your blood your country and the Sultan agaivst the tyrant of the sorth. Remember, my brothers, that in Turkey there are no knouts; they da not tear your nostrils, aud your women are not florged se. eretly or in public. Under the re‘gn of the sultan there is buwanity, while under the tyraat of the north there sre noting but atrocities. Therefore place yourrelves under the protection of Goi, uni fight “bravely for the liberty of your country and your present sovereign. Puil down your houses to make barricades, and if you have no other acs bresk your furniture and Gefend yourselves it. May Heaven guide you on your path to glory! My dlessings and prayers sha'l attend you wheresver you go. My only happiness will be to fight in the miist of you aceinst the oppressor of your country and our creed, Mey God ineline the Sultan’s heart to sanction my de- mand, becawe under his reign our religion remains in its pore form, while uncer the northern tyra will be altered, Remember at least, brothers, tha: 2 blood that runs in the veins of him who now addresses you is the blood of twenty kirgs; it is the blood of Neros, Lusig- nons, and defenders of our faith; and we say to'you let us defend our creed and its purity from invasion uatil eur last drop of blocd. EFFICIENCY OF THE TURKIS ARTILLERY. The Eerlin correspoudent of the London Fimes, writing | under date of the 13th of June, says:— The Turkish artillery has beem created by the Prussian Lieuterant Colonel von Kuezkowski, known in Turkey under tht name of Muchlis Bey, in'the space of twelve | years. The most conclusive testimony to the excellenca of this arm of tue Turkish force is to be found ina remark made by the Emperor Nicholas lately to the Prassian General of cavalry, von Wrangel, upon ihe latter's taking leave of the Emperor at St. Peversburg, and setting off for Tarkey. ‘Whea you get to Constantinople,” «aid the Emperor, “mind you examine the artillery well, it’s one of the best in Europe. We have to thank you Prussians for that. I* will take hard teeth to crack that nut.’ The report which General Wrangel gives of the artillery corroborates the Empercr’s opinion entirely. The field artillery consists of six regiments, five of | which are attached to five Ordous, and the sixth is a re- | ent. re stationed in the immediate vicinity antinople—the Guard regiment in Sca‘ari, the regiment that belongs to the Ordou in Roumelia in Daud Pascha, close outside the old wali of Constantinople, and | the reserve regiment in Pera. The Ordous in Albana | Monastir.) in Lower Asia, (Sivas) and in Syria, (Da- tusscus,) have each of them a regiment of artillery at- tached to them. A regiment of artillery (park) consists of twelve bat- teries -—Four eight pounder batteries on foot; two tweive pounder do. : two seven pounder short howitzer do ; three flying batteries, two of fayr pounder gute and one of long | twelve pounder howi and one howitzer battery for | mountain rervice, | ‘A battery consists on the peace footing of four guna, on the war footing of six. The six batterios of the eatire | regiment are served by 1,638 men, including a numerous staf! of officers, a Liwa Pasha, (major general ) two ober- | sten, (colonels,) two lieutenant colonels, six inajors, six kolasis, (between a major and a captain,) ani to every | battery a captain and three lieutepanta, who have under them six subaiteras and thircy privates. The howitzers of the mountain battery have & twelye- pound ealibre, and are loaded with fine powder; thay fire | shells and canister shot, The canister contsin thirty- | five wrought izon balle. Ome? Pasha, a man wh» has experience in such mutters, (@ Hungarian by birth.) took a mountain battery with him on hia Inte expedition into Kurdistan, and spoke very well of its effisiency on his re- turn. Four men serve ach howitwr; for loadiag and | It unloading it on to the back of the mule two more takes three mules to each gun; one carries the gaa it. self and the shells; a second the carriage and wlwels; a | third the ammunition, in tvo chests The gaa lies lengthwise on the back of the animel, with the mouth towards fhe tail, and seven minutes aufiice to get’ it down, mounted, and ready for use, In warfare with the | wild tribes of Asia, shells have been found to produce much greater effect thao shot; the latter the Kurda, in | the late expedition, cared very little about, but # few of | the former, “that came flying aloog like pigeons, but | rpit fire ke the devii,”’ (Sebeitan) produced a apoody | will not even oceupy the principa rhall Lave passed the Dardaneli from Sebastopol with energy and security. fleet can disembark tro; rivers on the west coast of the Black Ses, or at any port that can be found. No one can seriously aup surrender. The reports on the efficiency, crder, and soldierly car- , ringe of the whole corps of artille:y form m most striking contrast to the remarks of our author on the infantry and oevairy. He eccompanied a regimen: of artiller, (Guard artillery in Scutari,) from the moment of their | leaving their barracks to the conclusion of their practics on their most beautiful shooting ground, the Hsid Parcha meadow, on which the ananal caravan of piigrias | te Mecca assembles, with the Bithyrian Olympus, the ses | of Marmora, the Bosphorus, and Constantinople ia full view, and finds nothing to censure throughout the whole | proceedings, but, on the contrary, mush to praise. He does not hesitate to affirm the gunnery to have been bet- ter than that of the Prassian artillery, and attribates this to the calm character of the Turk, and to the excellence of the rhooting ground. The officers cf all ranks in the foot artillery are armed and mounted the seme as in the horse artillery. The latter are dissinguished from the former only by their jacketa, Hignals are common to beth, ze ‘The Turks of the lower orders have an antipathy to ar- | ha oattered ia } of the Janizaries, and swept | | formed by two large moles, defended by stroug works. tillery, since the time when Tbrauim Pas the gate of the barra down the Mollgh, who was standing there wih the Koran in bis hend, Baranging the rebels and s'irring them ap against the Sultan. were zealots found who aprang into the Russian bitteri and with their rcimiters cut and hewed at the gans in ic’ potent rege, until they were shot by the enemy, bat no such evidences of fanaticism are to be expected on auy future occasion. would pot even excite enthusiaym,'’ our author says, and adds that ‘fear ix the only means that holis the Turkish arm in tine of war will probably amount to something more of men on foot and armed with to infantry-—men on_ horseback. but no cavalry—end an excellent artillery, The moral levers by which Earopean armies are to so high @ standard, the love of coun- try snd military honor, are unknown to the Turk; he has nO conception of them, and possesses no word in \ guage to express the ides. The prreat number of Tr Tae trampeters and their | | The Roseian is de “The vafolding of the Holy Banner of the Prophet | expression “ Greek’ stautinople has ceacd to be the centre of the The Eastern Sclaves hare till together;” and further, ‘that thi: army, which | great veneration for the patriarchate of Constantinpple, becanse from that city Christianity first found ite way than a hundred thousand men, is mot an army in | to them, but {t bas little resi inflaevce over oither the the proper sense of the word, but conglomerate | Parsisn or the Austrian Selaves. muskets, bat | er f is lan- it fortification, If so it can he called the ruinous old presen! te is not worth mentior strenuous exertions it might be provisionally before the eut! self suggests the localities of a line of external forts, v conneeting the berracks of Daud Pascha Ramis Techift Hil togethes all A ral- Jel to it, the old wall of the nb anoth ts would have to be erected, strictly following forther historital ents, over the acclivity on wuich hondred years ago Sultan Mahmoud mount cannon with whieh he battered in the gate of the town, still called Top Kapu, the C gat ‘onstan- as! tine, the fast up, foliowiag t id deep kollows which already exist, and whioh Would thus become so many fosses. On the water sile there iene impediment whatever to the erection of batteries on the beac! Russia. SCLAVONIC INTRIGUE AGAINST COUNT NESSELRODE —TREMENDOUS FORCE ON THE DANUBIAN FRON- TIER—CONDUCT OF THE 0ZAR—PROVOKING OF WAR—THE GREEK CHURCH. A letter in the Wanderer, May 30, mentions the exis- ‘tence, or sipcoen existence, of anex'ensive cla vonic (universal Selavonie) iatrigue ageinst Couut Nesselrode, whose influence in keeping the Emperor within bowads war well known, This Pansclsvonie party aims at se- curing the temporal and spiritual supremacy over ali the fellowers of the orthodox Greek Church, aud at making Crarigrad—to the Russians call Covrtantinople—the eap- ital cf a new Sclavonic empire; and the means of effect- ing it was to throw the Czay into a position from which he could not recede. It in certain that Count Nesselrode is not in favor with his waster at present, the Emperor himself receiving and replying to all Menschikoff’s de- spatches. The Privy Ceuneillor, Tengovor-ky, a special eoxtidant of the Emperer, is at present in Vieoua. The Russian force row on the Danubian frontier is about 130,000, under Generals Luders and Dannenerg, and Rear Admiral Komileff has a fleet of forty-six gua: bosts, carrying 1¢8 guvs, and capable of transporting 10.000 men across ths river upon avy point. A despatch by telegra nstantinonle June 6, to the London press, ssys:—"‘The Divan has just despatched an Fuvoy Extruordi jal toidsion to Bucha- yest and Jassy. The armaments eontinue. It is said that the Inst Russian ullimatum has been rejected by the Porte, ‘The Moldavo Wasilachian Charge d’ Affairs bus Iptt Con. stantinople for Vienna.’” In connec ion with the rumors bearing en the matter, the Lloyd states that on his return to Moutenegro from St. Petersburg, Prinee Daniel distributed two hundred Russian meds)s among bis troops, and sunounced to them that they would soon have an opsortunity of proving their valor in reconquering from the Turks the territories, of which the latter bad Geprived them, ‘The following telegraphic despatch was received frem Copstantinople at Vieona, on the 11th inst.;— “The Emperor of Russia has fally aud entirely approved of Prince Menschikoff’s proce+dings at Constantinople, A formal summons—(une sommation formelle)—to which formal reply is to be returned within eight days from time of its delivery. 10 be forwarced to the Porte. Floating batteries have been towed up the Danube.” We do not learn from what source this despatch comes, Supporing the Kussian note to have left St, Petersburg on the dist of May. nothing positive concerning the deteru jon of the Porte could be known until the 21st or 22d inst., namely, from St. Petersburg to Odessa, seven days; to Constantinople, two days; delay allowed, eight days; transmistion of the news to Semlin and thence by tele- graph to eine! four or five days—in all twenty-one days to June 21, ‘The Fresch fleet was to leave Salamis on 11th June, for Be:ika Bay. The English fleet left Malta on the Sth. The Journal de Francfort, which, although published in a German town, and to the French languega, has a cir culation almost exclusively Russian, brings « remarkabie report concerning the intentions of the Czar. “He will not,” it is raid, “occupy the principalities before a vyesnel of war sball have entered the Dardanelles.” The Journal de Francfort, besides being allowed to circulate its selec: tion of Europeant news in the Russian empire, is occa: rionally made the vehicle of statements and views which the Russian cabinet would pass current as its own in oe weet of Europe. Here is an extract from the ar ticle :— “Why should we suppose that the affair of the holy aving been regulated, Russia would make » casus of a demand which may yet be conceded, but which, if not, would compromise neither the good faith of tie Porte nor the dignity of Russia. Instead of the feldjager which the London Times starts off from St. Peter-burg to Corstantinople, we learn that M. de Titoff, Envoy of the Russian Emperor to the Sublime Porte, and who ix now en comgé in Germany, has been called to St. Petersburg, We learn that Hatil Pacha goes on extraordioary mission from Constantinople to the same capitol; and we learn further, that Baron Meyer who has retuned to Vienna, where he discharges the functioas of Russian Minister at the Austrian court, has deciared that Russia will undertake no hostile demo} ‘3? THE ARMY AND NAVY OF RUSSIA. The Vierna correspondence of the London Times, pub- lished in that journel upon June 18t. contains rome very interestirg particulars regarding the strength and dived, lue Of the army exd wavy of Russia. Tho religious ct of the Eastern question, ag between Rome and Petersburg, is al-o treated of. We extract the fol- low ing:—* During the war which after the first Freach Revolution desolated Enrope, the Russian navy was ® mere cipher. When allied with England the fleets of the lavier were powerful enough; when opposed to her Rus sian versels were of no uvail” The fact that the ships ars still principally manned with nd-lupbera”? is not ied; but this ia not surprising when it is oonsidered sia bas no mercantile fleet worth mentionin « law thet the captain of a merchantman sailt Russian colors must be a native of the counts but this is continusily evaded. In port the Russian is captain; but once at sea, off goes his uniform, 00 goes an apron, até he figures as ship's cook. The real rkipper is ge- rally eitber s German, s Swede, or a Norwegian, as the Englirb have been unpopular since, during the war, they took a great part of the Russian fleet into safe keeping.’? The ships are thus manved:—a three decker and a cor- yetie have a crew composed of 1,100 sailors and marinea;s two decker of 84and two brigs have the same number of men. Acrew ofthe same strevg:h also suffices fora two decker of 74 gunsand one frigate. The vessels, being built after different models, do not sail well together. Epglith seamen may well rneer at the way in which Ras- sion shipe are in gereral handled. The newer large ves- sela are of oak, but of such icferior quality that they do rot last more than ten or fifteen yeara; the others are of larch, The Black Sea fleet bas some good aailors, who are taken from the coasts, and also many Greeks. Of the Cossacks dwelling on the shores of the Sea of Azof good beats’ crews are formed. The fact that the Black ia continually subject to squalls nearly as violent thore near the tropics must not be lost sight tbellows and ¢angerons reefs also abound. Hi many of the Rneian ships above enumerated have deen damaged or completely wrecked bas never trans- Pired, but we often read that, in consequence of a violect many e world. If Europe should have a wesk mozieut, Russia a thirst for conquest, hostilities may be be Either tbe behind the mountains and pore that the Turkish fleet at present or in future will be able to prevert this, Before the battle of Navarino it was othere wise, for then the Greck sailors could be depended on.” The Prussian Baron, who probably did pot foresee that Russia wonld s0 soon make a move against Turkey, con- tinues—“ It is more difficult to provide for 26,000 men in Turkey than for 200,000 in Germany. On this account the communication which the fleet can keep up between Varna and Visa, and the productive countries on the banks of the Bug, Dniester, Duieyer (Borysthenes), aod Don, render it inveluzble.”” To this itis but necessary ‘to add, that even here there is a very prevaleut idea that ifthe united fleets shou'd be recessitated to visit the Black Sea, very few of the Russian vesse's would escape the war steamers. As to Rear-admiral Kornileff’s forty six gun-bostsin the Danube, the wimirals could take twenty each, and tosa up fer the otd six. It would be unpardonable to speak with the same levi- ty of the srmy. The men are well clothed and armed, aod so well ‘deciplined that wheh properly led on they walk up to the enemy as calmly as if on parade. Tho Russian army consists of one guard corps, (comprising the whole gusrd,) one grenadier corps, six infantry and three ‘reserve eslrary corps. ‘At present we jo do but with the int under Napoleon, were called army corp’ t! consists on paper of forty nine battalions of infantry and one of sappers, of thirty-twe squadrons of lancers and hu and of thirty-tvo hear ‘and eighty light uns, The real strength of th alions aod squadrons unknown. Until the Hungarian war there was always A vost difference between the nominal and effective | strength of the army. A corrupt administration is etill the corse of Russia. and the justies of this assertion is fully borne out by the recent tris! » Peteradurg in the course of which rome of the firet generals of the empire were convicted either of connivtog st peculation or of ‘oss negligence. During his reign of twenty six years the apes Nicholas Des in vain er deavored to oradi- cate the evil. The grevadier cori, which, it is believed, bar received orders to be prepared to march, consists of sine grenadier and three curbinear regiments, of threo | Datialions each, one grenalier chasseur battalion, and one of sappers; further of thirty ¢wo squadroas of light cavelry, with forty-eight heavy aad «ixty four light unt S The fortifieations of Sebastapol consist of three lanes forts. ‘Those called Constantine and Alexencer are ut the entrance to the of Paris this is perhaps the riost important, and ically important, piece of military architecture which | been completed since 1880 The harbor of Ofesaa is It can con'ain two hundred ships. The town is regularly In the Inst war with Russia there | buflt, in the form of aa oblong paralle/ogram, on a dec!{ vity, which slopes down to the bay. The prevent situation of the Greek Chureb is (has deveribed by the able writer from whom the greater part of the foregoing particulars hax been extracted. facto the Oriental Chureh. The is incorrect, inasmuch as Con- Oriental Chureh, othi but Rome and St. Petersburg.” more mast be made from the most interesting statistical work which bas ever fallen into my it contwina a complete justification of the poliey of powers ey nptil it hes canqnered nvepe. As long maiatained mone the wall, whieh in its ‘With a firs ig: ome re- four that moaster crediting the American ert y vessels have been Jost in the Black | “Sebastopol is @ fortified seaport, which, in the | opiate of scientific men, is almost without its equal in | aod an | “In faet it in no long. une and Constaxtinople that are oppesed to each Ose extract itical- nds as the “Ruorsia cannot sequiry possession of Tur- a pre- the yowers LEGISLATURE—COMMODOBE V ANDERBILT—AMEBI- CANS AT THE QUEEN’S BALL—NATIONAL BDU- CATION—TBE WAR ROCKETS—THE FRAUD ON DUN- CAN, SHERMAN & CO.—THE WEST INDIA MAIL— MISCELLANY, Nothing of the least interest to the Amerisan public was dene in Parliament on Wednesday and Thursday, 16th ard 16th June. Several bills were advanced a ste; MP Keogh, with other Irish members, indulge: hours wrangling on the subject of offers of prefermeat uncer the late government. The resolation for the repeal of the duties on soap was to in committee of the ragrecd whole Commons. On Friday, 17th, the only statement of importance was made by that Lolders of a who bad paid £14 14s, duty per ton, would be prohibited from exporting it for drawback, with the intention of re importing it at the reduced duty of 8 ir cent. gh 7 Palmerston stated that one hundred and six grave- yards bad been closed within the limits of Loudon, and the remainder would be closed as soom as possible. Lord Dudley Stuart bas on the order book a notice ofa motion to have laid before the House the treaty signed in 1849, relating to the Danubian principalities, and know! as the treaty of Balta-Liman. An order is also recorded See ars respecting the demands of Russia from sia. ‘There were various rumors on the exchange during the eek that the Russians were to enter the Danubian prin- polities om the 16th, and, in fact, that they had anti- cipated the date, and taken possession cf the territory unopposed. Althengh these probabilities were likeiy enough, the intelligence could not have reached> [ho feeling of anxiety was continually stirred up by the an nouncewent of telegrapbic despatches entirely conflicting in their statements. The following message, which ap pened. ia # second edition of the Mo ol of the i had — a testering’ enachenee: TENNA, rr e o the Turkish question have been ncospted by Nussian ns > Doubts were expressed in some quarters of the secura- cy of this statement—Austria being considered too much under the influence of Rusria to act as impartial medi- ator. The London Standard aud Sun seem to regard it a3 true, au¢ assume that a pacific termination wilt be made, on faith of which some large speculative transactions have aueady taken plac The Queen gave a grand state ball on Wedueeday, Lith Juve. The Court Circular says the following, among others, bad the honor of receiving invitations :—The United States Minister. and Miss Wilcox and the gentle men atiachés; the Peruvian Mioister aod the gentlemen aitachés ; the Mexican Charge d’Aifairs, and Madame and Mademoiselle Tacio, and the gentlemen attachés; Mr. Van Buren end Mr. Martin Van Boren ; Hon. HL. and Mrs. Jebnron ; Miss Thomp:on, Mr. Bancroft Davis, Mr. W. W. Gilber! Mr. and Mrs. Gilpin, Major Gen. Cooper, Hon. T. Butler King, Mr. Kemble. The King and Queen of Hanover had come to London to stand »ponsors for Queen Victoria’s child. The King is completely blind. Kossuth had been invited to visit Sheffield, to accept a from the workingwen of that town. In reply It is no affectation on my part, but, under present circumstances, [can pledge myself to notaing, not even to being in England. {f affairs were to be tran qui)—if circurestances permit me—I should feel bonored to visit Sheffield as suggested.” This information was immetiately telegraphed. to Paris, in the shape that a revolution Yad broken out in Italy, headed by Mazziai and Koseuth. ‘Au order in council makes Grimsby a port of import under the East India Company’s charter. Another order announces that dererters from Danixh or Oldenburg ships shell be liable to be apprehended within the dominions of Britain, and be delivered uo to their shipa, The annual meeting of the National S ciety for Promot- ing the Eéucation of the Poor, was held at Westminster on the 15th, the Archbishop of Canterbury presiding, and supported by a lovg array ‘of Bishops, Deans, rArchdes- cons, inferior clergy and lay Lords and Comawnera. The Arcbbishop of Canterbury said the society was mak- ing progress in providing education for the poorer classes. Their education, he raid, was conducted upon the privci- ples of the Established Church of Englazd, Tuat princi- ple, he was convinced, was the best. If they attempted to provide education upon any other principles they would ogether fail. This sentiment was agreed in by a majo nd was approved of with cheers, The proceedings, however, were far from harmonious, Archdeacon Den- nison haviug demanded a formal statement whether the society did or did not approve of grants made to scoouls ¥here the children of non-corformists were instructed. The question raised immense confusion, acd aftere world of pas the meeting was adjourned .without giving a reply. Gabriel San Garrett was placed on trial before the Lon- don Central Criminal Court, charged with attempting to defraud on « forged circular letter of Messrs. Duocsn, Sherman, & Co., of New York. The case was, however, postponed by request of the prostcutors until next fession, it being the in‘ention of numerous firms in Ber- lin, Farez, and St. Petersburg to prefer indictmonte against the prisoner, who had, it was represented, ob- tained many thourand younds by means of forged letters ofcre At the rale of the collection of autographs belonging to the Italian fomily of Fuselle, and suld on the loth in London, the signature of Washingtcn to a document ac ter to the first French re- public wassold for £1 6s. We do not know who was the purchaser. Hon. and Rev. A.P. Perceval, the Queen’s Chaplain, had committed suicide. i porters’ strike at Liverpool is satisfactorily settled. A public dinner was given in London ¢o Charles G: Daffy, M. P., by bis political admirers, Arthur R. Homersbam, wooldealer, has failed—ltabili- ties £20,000. A returs jurt published of the exports of British manu- factures to Surkey, Kussia ard Austria. in 1851. shows that the ager: gate value cf the yearly exports to both Aus tria and Russia does pot amount to more than tifteea per cert of the value of export to the United States. Prince Albert laid the foundation of aa ssylum for idiots st Earlswood, Reigate, near London, on the 16th June. The institution is a praiseworthy one; but an ia- genious plan was teken to raise subscriptions. Ladies were invited to walk pact the Prince, curtey t> him, and place upon the store @ purse containing thsic ferings. Between three and four hundred ladies paid five guine : apiece for ashare io this interesting cere- monial. The Bishop cf Nova Scotia was present at the one han- dred and fifty-second anniversary of the Society for the Properation of the Gospel, celebrated in St, Paul’s Cathe- dral, on the 16th ‘June. Hale, the defendant in the Koseuth rocket prosecution, had writtena letter to Lord Palmerston, begging that he ‘would stop proceedings against him. Lord Palmerston, in reply, writes, througa his Secretary, that he will direct the Attorney Geveral not to cali Mr. Hale up for judg- ment. Thus ends the celebrated case of the war rockets. They bave brought out a farce at the Haymarket thestze, London, entitled “‘Rappings and Table Movings.”” Three Pieces on the same subject are now playing in Pari. Wilson, the man who recently attempted to extort mo. ney from the Chanceilor of the Exchequer under a threat of sharging bim with immorality, is sentenced to twelve months imprisonment. Cardinal Wiseman stated in his sermon on behalf of Somerstown charity sehouls, the other day, that a mira- cle bad come to his knowledge: a religious woman, an inmate ef one of the Benedictine communities, aad who had been bedrid for six yi bad been inatantanesurly cured by prayers! He believed this miracle was wroug to show the divine approval of religious houses. 4 passenger at Plymouth, from Auckland, Feb. . Wilson for the goverament, | Lora that the prizeipel deposits of gold in New Zeslaad Fy about forty miles above Auckland, found widely scattered over the coun ty of obtaining enough to pay the Prevented anything like excitement. The passenger re- ferred to ret a few specimens. A fog bell is to be placed om the South Btack rocka, where inany vessels have been lost. France. EASTERN AFFAIRS IN PARIS—THE ITALIAN REFUGEES IN FRANCE—THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES AND THE CZAR—THE POLICY OF NAPOLEON—THE CROPS OF THE WESTERN PROVINCES, ETC., ETC. It is possible that the arrival in Paris of the Count Peskeliff, Minister of Justice of the Emperor of Rusia, hae been invested with more importance than it is entitled fo. ‘The Constitutionnel, indeed, states that his vitit has 00 po litical object, and that his only business in France is to s:company his wife to the baths of Vichy. But the pre- sence of a Russian Minister et Paris, at present crisis, ie too remarkable to be accounted for on so slight @ pre- text. [t was stated in Paris on the 16th that the Italian refu- gees in France had been officially informed taat any a+ tempt at insurrection at the present time would be fatal to their country, as Austria would eagerly avail herelf of the opportunity to to extremities, and the French force in Italy would alvo be increased. In France, as in England, the exciting topic is, whether or not the oceupation of the Danubian provinces by Rus- sia can be regarced otherwise than as an act of war. The supporters of Russia maintain that the occurrence of “grave events” authorizes the occupation of the princi- pslities, while the friends of Turkey contend that, under existing circumstances, the occupation of the provinces by any force whatever, and under any cireums'ances by & Jarger force than 36,000 men, is # direct violation of the treaty of Belta Liman. Meantime the opinion of both parties is, that the Russians will solve the problen by crossing the Danube. and that the Great Powers will wi! at the encroachment provided it nofurther. After talking so loudly of wor, some ruch atap seems necossary toenuble the Czar to retrieve his military credit, which would otherwise suffer both at home end abroad. Napoleon's course of policy in this difficulty is in no The Glote’s correspondence rays, that the ways clear. wer of the French government seot through the Am- baseador at St. Petersburg, distinctly and positively de- ipalities under nies the right of Russia to cree the pr! iy prevent ciicumetances. The following remarkable atate- mont in the Paris cor:espondence of the Loadon Morning Chronicle, deserves attention:—“In the Council of State it was decided that the entrance of the Russians into the Denubidn provinces should be considered as a vioiatiog of On the rame day a despatch was sent to Cdhot Walewski in London, expressing the decision adopted by On Monday, the communication was the subject of a Cabinet Council, held at London, to constder the reply to ¥e made to the French government, ¢ dis: useion, it is reported that the re- ply og:eed upon cong atulated Napoleon on the decided attitude he had taken—acknowledged that the occuna- tion of the Danubian previnces would be an aggravating circumstance of the situation—bui the reply eluded overy- Russia, Tho thing concern active co gehen i gl reeript of thin ve y caured surprise at the reserve dis- |. Ina Cabinet Counoil held thereupon, mn he hinted that this ques- of, to further some imaoting of vo mynteious a hinds St at the to mys a a Bourre the prevailicg feeling was that there will be ne ‘The Honfleur Echo mentions that orders had been re- , to make @ opine mariners Gt to serve, oxemp! none. Sue, it e-enid, will soon retarn to Paria by treaties. the Frerch Emperor. After convideran’ played by Eagla: i. Cloud, the diseursion was long and viclent. the few words the Emperor tion was one he should take advantage perticular views of his own. make out the oetved by the maritime board of that June, in 108 hours from Alexandria. tingency. Suez of the steamer Precursor from Calcutta, bad enabled the Bombay mail of the 224 of May to arrive in time for 5 lugo, whe is now frnas rope a ‘The weather ‘was so tender, 1 yet sume! Barley, ne and however, were looking Prices for both flour wheat had ex- perienced a considerable and as this would prevent ‘exportations, it was thought the stocks of last year’s crop remaining ip the farmers’ hands might prove sufli- ecient un‘il the middle of Au; bh The following despatch had been received by the Minis- ter eee from the Governor-General of Algeria, dated "The ceremony. Wa 7 pomp permitted by t slong, and rendered till more imposing by the picturosquo aspect of the country to-morrow for Ziama, whence Tshall commence the second period of the eampaiga. I hope that it will be, like the first. profitable to our interests, The health of the troops is excellent; former fatigues age forgotten, and we are ready to support fresh ones, Spain. The Bank has placed 23,400,000 reals at the disposal of forernment, to meet the balf early interest payable at don and Parison the 30th June. Gonzales Bravo had declined the mission to Washing- The Gasette publishes the decree by which M. Olavarri- etta is appointed President of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, in the room of M. Arrazola,who was disminsed for his vote in the Senate avainst the Cabinet on the Na vaezaffair. All the mini-ters had gone te Aranjuez, and the rumors of a ministerial crisis had ceased, “ton. Aust:ia. IMPORTANT FROM VIENNA—FINANCIAL AND COMMER- CIAL NEWS~—HUNGARIAN PROPERTY—ROYAL VISIT. A despatch, important if true, from Vienna, says that the Ru:sian ambassacors at Vienna and Berlin insist on ud Prussia discontinuing their passive attitude ‘tern question: in other words, they must back up the pretensions of Russia. ‘The aunouncement that a new loan of 80,000,000 florins was wanted is officially denied. Complaints are made at Vieuna against the A ustro- Prossian treaty of Feb. 19. ‘The spinners complain that the market is inuméated with English yarns. The Count de Chambord is in treaty for the purchase of the immen-e Godollo estatesin Hungary, which were for- merly the property of Prince Krasaloovisch, The King of Bavaria had arrived at Vienna, Prussia. Tt was asserted in Berlin that at the forthcoming Zoll- yerein Congress, Prussia will propose to reduce the daty op iron from ten selhergroschans to five. The conference will commence oa the 4th July, and will continue dur- ing three or four months. Sundry journals give the official returns of conversions in Silesia, Curing the last year, from the Roman to the Evangelical Cnurch, 809. and add that 508 Catholic parents bad their children baptized in the Protestant faith. On the other band, 1,189 Catholic men have mar- ried evangelical wor nd, a3 the issue will be reared in the Romish fairh, it will, at a moderate average, give between 3,000 and 4,000 Catholic children. Switzerland, From Berne, Jnne 14th, it was telegraphed that the Grand Council of Switzerland had resolved to resist, at apy cost, the unjust demand of foreign powers, Sweden. The Mormons of Malmoe, in Sweden, have been sum- moued by order of the Minister of Justice before the Chapter of Lund to receive 8 warning, and their chiefs the priests are to be prosecuted, Italy. REPORTED POPULAR RISING IN MILAN. News bas resched via Switzerland, of a violent agita- tion in Milan, in consequence of another appeal by Maze | zini to the army baving appeared. To be prepared for | what may happen, the Austrian gove-nment nad ordered the concentration of a large force at Gallarates, between Milan and Arona, not far from the Piedmontese’ frontier. Numerous arrests and seizures of arms had been made. The oficial jourral of Piedmont publishev a detailed | account of the recent unpleasant affair with respect to the Sardin an frigate, San Giovanni, The Sardinian go- yernment declares its full approbation of the conduct of | the captain and the Sardiniau Chargé at New York. With respect to interval affairs, the most interesting tovic just uow is the asnihilation of the Roman munici- | pality, that ghostlike remnant of Pio Nono’s liberal insti- tutious, which has been seriously contemplated by the government for some time, andi; is generally expested | will be shortly carried into execution. An official letter | or chirografo from the Pope to Cardinal Altieri, instituting | 8 congregation of beraliry, appears in the oman Journal | of the Gth inst.. and has been considered as an avant- courier to the restoration of the Senator's antiquated au- | thority and state at the capitol, and the destruction of the present municipal council, although consisting of | men bers entirely pamed by the government. Ths chiro- | rafo just alluded 1o sets out by stating that Benedict | IV. took measures in 1746 for accurately distinguishio the limits separating the nobles avd patricians of Rome from the otber citizens and inbabitants, but that some of | thar Pouttt?s regulations having become now inappit cable, bis Holiness at present reigning has determin micoify them, ter to | The correspondent of the London News, writing from Rome, sa} Uncer the pre:ent stormy aspect of the political borizon it ie not surprising that the government | of bis Holirese should take fright at trifliog demonstra- tions of dircontent at home, the liberals looking out as eagerly for war, and a consequent general European change, an the ‘ecclesiastical partisans are earnest in their desire for peace, and the consequent preservation of | power, Vengeance on the one hand and fear on the | ether render the hostile politicians of this country far mre intere-ted in the Eastern question than they would otherwise be, either in the exaltation of encrouching Rus- sia or the downfall of Turkey. Greece. AFFAIR OF MISSIONARY KING. The Olecrvateur is authorized to contradict the state- ment that Erglend ard France had required the Greek ernment to withdraw the force sent to protect the Sitlages tn dispute with the Turks. Mr. King’s affair bas entered into a new phase, The 12 600 or 15.000 drachms which he required as indemnifi- cation for the piece of ground taken from hi for public purposes, were granted at once. Mr. Marsh’s second de- mand, that the sentence of the Arcopagus, coudemning Mr. King to s foztnight’s imprisonment. sh ould be an- bulled, bed been refued. The two United States frigates which were expected bad not arrived on the 27th May. In consequence of the dispute be tween Russia and Tur- key, the visit of King Otho into Germany was postponed, MORE FIGHTING IN BURMAT. The following derputch per submarine telegraph from Trieste was received by the London press :— The steawer Calcutta arrived at Tiivs:e on the 16th of + Belling, which (not- withstanding the devin) of the Bengal goverument,) had really been captured by the Burmese ineurgents, had been re-taken by the British, with the loss of thirty killed and wounded. The Burmere commissioners had not re. turned any reply to the Governor General's proffered terms, Should they not return a favorable answer before the thirty days ailowed them for consideration have ¢lapred an advance upon Ava will take place, and steam- thips are being made ready at Bombay to meet the con- Trade was dull. The delay in the arrival at 4. stepmer from Alexandria, Hong Kong dates were to April 22d. ‘The Proposed Canal across the Isthmus of Panama. INTERESTING PAPER READ AT THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, LONDON. [From the London Daily Nows.] A paper on the proposed Central American Canal, and its relation tocommerce, by A.G. Findlay, Esq., was read last evening at a meeting of the Socicty of Arts, John street, Adelphi. It was to the following effect : The existence of the American continent in mod- ern European history isa recent fact, not older than very many of the most familiar ecclesiastical and other edifices around us, yet European art and civili- zation bave almost totally displaced the original systems which existed at the ere of the re-discoy- ery by Columbus. The Spanish and Portuguese in- fiiences have extended in the central portions chiefly, or those more assimilated to the parent cli- mate, not farther north er south than 30 deg.or 35 deg., while the more vigorous Anglo-Saxon race have industriously pursued wealth and commerce in the bla temperate or changing climates of the north or south. Yet during the very earliest periods of Buropean possession the Isthmian Canal was a great desid- eratum, and Cortes obtained a grant of land in Tehuantepec, which he proposed to enhance the value of by connectingthe two oceans across it. This fact, which was subsequently often mooted, is im- portant to be remembered now, in the present im- mensely increased necessity for it. The object of this paper will be to show the pecu- liarity of the geographical position of the American Isthmus, and, coneequently, the P ppetcentttl of its climate; of some hitherto unnoticed influences in the current systems which centre here, and which bear most strongly upon any system of navigation; then to show what new fields for commercial enterprise it will open, and what existing advantages it will in- crease, The revolution of the earth and the solar heat cause the phenomena of tie trade winds within the tropics. These blow from N.E, and §.£., meeting near, but not on the equator—a fact due to the une- qual distribution of land and water in the two hemis- pheres, The line of junction is between latitude 4 deg. and 10 deg. N., and Panama lies in this inter- val, and suffers accordingly from the calms aud changing winds due to its position. This belt of calms is a very great obstacle to ships crossing it in the Atlantic and Pacific. It has a great influeuce on climate also; for the trade winds being evaporat: winds, on meeting, deposit the water with whic! they are then saturated, and Panama during the time of the sun’s N. declination is deluged | with rain, in quantities sufficient to fill the high level of any canal which might be formed with locks. to the direction of winds that of currents is main- ly owing, and the waters of each ocean ci around the parallel of 30 degrees north or south. | In the Atlantic the water is all forced into the Gulf of Mexico, and is prevamed to raise its level from the fact that the Gulf-stream rashes out of it in an opposite airection. This crossing the Atlantic from W. to E. ameliorates the climate of the Bri- tick islands, which would otherwise be like Lxbra- dor, in the same latitade, If the same process went | Monsoon has been uttempted; an hitherto, but analogous coprent-stream stream of the Atlantic, ruts down the coast bay. Thus feo and California also toward the seems to indicate, both by winds and currents, that ig crossing the ocean from east to west, must d@ so between 30 mie and the , and frong- west to east, ina higher latitude this. In the large diagrams, which illustrate the paper, these: currents were clearly shown, and were on Mercator’s:- peaectens which, h indispensable in may ion, gives very erroneous notions of the pro} of the sphere, which in extended Pacific voyageg, must be taken into account. Thus, the apparently direct track on the chart from Panama to Shanghae, China, is W. 8 deg. 3? min. N.—a line which intersects the Sandwich Is lands, and is 8,982 miles in length, the Sandwich: Islands lying about midway. But this is very far re« moved from the shortest ‘line, which from Panama runs entirely inland, along the west side of America, near Behring’s Strait, down the eastern side of Tare tary and the Korean peninsula, which line will be 8,089} miles, or just nine bundred miles shorter than the rhumb, or apparent direct course. Suck being the cave, it is manifest that a ship may sail im a course anywhere between these two lines, and will shorten the distance the nearer she keeps to the course in the higher latitude; so that direct course to or from China will lead up the west coast of America—ray as high as San Francisco, and ther across the ocean nearly up to the Aleutian Islands and down the Japanese group, by which she would save about four hundred and fifty miles. Asan ex- treme case, it may be mentioned that a line of 8,982 miles in length from Panama to China—that is, the same as taken through the Sandwich Islands—may be drawn across the western part of the Atlantic, through Iceland, between Spitz rgen and the Nortlz Cape, through Siberia and Chinese Tartary to Shang- tor’ hae. This may appear paradoxical upon Mercat chart, but it is correct. and may serve to Gillam many preconceived notions of distance between widely separated countries. Of the navigation of the North Atlantic, either by steam or sail, it is needless to speak; the distances, times, and delays for coaling have been long trie and tested, and therefore itmay be presumed that im each case these particulars are minimised. But the steam voyages to Australia, entering upon new round, have been most decided failures as yet, and, in almost every case, have been beaten by ordinary sailing vessels. There must be some general reasow: for this series of failures, besides the inefficiency of the ships, and I think it may be sought for in the great variety of circumstances that the navigation around the Cabo Tormentoso—the Stormy Cape of the Portuguese, or the Cape of Good Hope of the Dutch—will carry a vessel through, It is seen that the whole system of winds and currentg are inter- sected in this voyage, and therefore that in the maim they are both adverse, and the actual distances to ba traversed are very great. We come now to that part of our subject which relates to the absolute distances which will be throw open to Cen ing by the canal, compared with those at present followed; or, what isstill more important, the absolute time that it may be expected may ba saved by it. With respect to our Hastern possess sions in India, China, and Australia, there isa won- derfully great similarity in the distances which must now be sailed over to reach any of them from Eng- land. Thus, the mean sailing distances, which wa take from Capt. Wise's interesting Seale of 100 voyages, is, from England to Bombay, 13,424 mileas time, 115 days 15 hours. From England to Madras, 13,629 miles; time, 106 days 16 hours. England te Bengal (Calcutta,) 14,405 miles; time, 105 ae 2 hours, And from England to China, 15,238 miles, ‘The distance necessary to be sailed to Adelaide may be about 14,200 miles, and to Sydney, 15,500 milea around the Cape of Good Hope, or, by steam, 13,880 miles, to be performed in 63 days. The shorter routes—known as the overland routed from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, a portion of which has been long established—would make the distance to Sydney, via Torres Strait, about 13,288 miles; but in the outward passage the wind and cure rent would be almost always adverse, so that this length must be increased, on the score of current alone, perhaps one thousand miles. ‘he time cal+ culated by Captain Hamond for this route is seventy- five Gays. The distauce and time to the westward of Australia, which avoids all the terrors to steam navi-+ ation in Torres Strait, would be about the same. Now, it will be seen that these distances represent: considerably more than half the circumference of the glove; moreover, they lead through seas wherg the winds are at seasons in most furious opposition to their progress—the currents also most violent. It is only of late years that to beat agdun? the adverse itis stated that one of the fine steamers employed in tbe Oriental transit was compelled to burn nearly every available part of her construction, when, having run short of iuel, decks, tpars, rigging and cargo were all cut up. Bese an occurrence in the Pacific would be most se- jous. Turning our attention to the routes in the opposite direction, or across the Isthmus and Pacific, a very diferent order of navigatiou will exist. ‘The Pacitig deserves its name; fine weather and moderate breezea prevail almost eutirely across it—the western pot. tions, perhaps, excepted. In these respects it differs widely from the Atlantic, where, perhaps, from the accumulation of the trade winds over the Wasterm continent, they are impelled with great force on the comparatively narrow breadth of the ocean. The shortest distance across the Atlantic, from the Lizard to Cbagres, and which, perhaps, might be im- plicitiy followed in the homeward route, is 4,666 miles, which if a steam vessel cau make good tem knots an hour, would be traversed in twenty days, exclusive of the relay if ne » (at the Bermu- das). In the first part of her voyage out, the meam direction of the wind and current would be adverse, or favorable on her return; and the latter portion of this would be reversed, so that these would neutralize each other, and the distance remain the same. The passage of the canal could be made in a few hours, The chortest distance from the Gulf of San Migue® to the North Cape of New Zeuland is 6,715 miles, and leads, as shown, thence to Sydney, about 1,060 miles further, which, at ten knots, would occupy thirty-two days; so that the entire distance from Lizard to Sidney by this route is 12,460 miles, or 1,400 miles shorter than by the Cape of Good Hope, and might be done in fifty-three days’ actual steam- ing; and asit is pre sumed that this course would be nearly the best for a sailing vessel, it is shorter by nearly 3,000 miles than the eastern route for this class. But there is another feature in this route. The , winds are favorable for the passage either way; and outwards, after passing the Galapagos, she will be assisted by a current of twenty miles per day asfaras. the tropics, by which the distsnce will be shortened some 500 iniles; beyond this they will probably ba- lance themselves. it is presumed that one stoppage for caol, &c., will be suflicieat between the Isthmus and New Zealand or Sydney. Hy the chart, Tahit# appcars to be the best placed, as being midway, and in this line; but there are some reasons why another pot would be preferable. In the first place the Society Islands are under the French dominatioa, and might not be so advantageous to British sl ag cne more independent. I therefure be; oem that the Gambier Islands, or Manga teva Group, which possesses all the requisite advan- tages of, with some superiority over, the Tahitiag Islands. In the first place it has _a good harbor and abundance of fresh water, It is iofty—1,250 feet high—and at present uncolonized. It lies near the great circle route, 3,700 miles from Panama, and 3,960 from Sydney. Of still greater importance, it lies to windward of the Low or Dangerous Archi- pelago, which, with thisexception, are exclusively coral formations. Tahiti, then, would be a mos dangerous landfall either for a steamer or sailing vexsel. Should a steamer become disabled, or ex haust ber fuel before reaching her port,she might be able to weather it, when she would drift by wind and current to Tahiti; whereas, if she made for the latter, and missed, then the next chance would be ta make for the Cook's Islands, 500 miles to leeward, or still worse, for the Tonga Group, 1,400 miles to leeward. It is presumed that a sailing vessel could always reach, with proper mauayement, to any of New Zealand from the canal in turty to forty. five, and probably in thirty days; and if thirty days be occupied from Europe to the West Indies, this will be greatly under the time at present occa- pied. The return route round Cape Horn, that ter- ror of navigators, would never occur; all Pacific return navigution would be through the canal. Of the American ports nothing need be said: the advantages of time gained by the transit of the Isth- mus are manifest. We have before said that the shortest route to China and Japan will be along the American coast as high as San Francisco. | In the westward passage, towards the Southern ports, perbaps the same ad- vantages may be gained by making for the Sandwich I-lands; and if this indirect route be taken, it will be abeut 9,000 miles, which might occupy a quick steamer forty to forty-five days; she would have fair winds the whole voyage, and be advanced by the fa« yorable current to ‘the extent of about 600 miles. But the return voyage between these ports is a dif ferent matter, and, it is contended, would be length- ened by thesd adverse circumstances to a | equivalent ein to 1,800 or 2,000 miles, that is ta 10,800 or 11,000 miles, which would quite neutralize any advantages of the canal. But if the great cir- clé route be taken along Japan, the actual distance will be 8,400 miles, which might be steamed over in thirty-five days, and would be assisted in every Ree bability 700 miles on the voyage currents, Tr thi foo mic br egvalené a8 meh; oth and might be equi 5 the figures would stand vas 6,600 to 11,000 other or shorter voyages, the low and high latitude. mony be eafely asserted, that for all the eastern Without dilating on