The New York Herald Newspaper, June 14, 1853, Page 4

NEW YORK HERA,LD. aaamnadncngpeannane JAMES GO” DON BENN’grrT, PROPRIETOR AND EDITOR, @PPICE N. W. CORNER OF FULTON 4? (> wassav 87s. eee TERMS oo EER ALD 2cente per’ opy—$T per annum. THE WEEKLY HERALD, every ‘saat Sn conte [a EL fg = ape Se Comiinent Feth lesan to include the ¥ sstage. ‘HIS EVENING, ery—Huxcwsacu—Nix, tue BROADWAY THEATRE, Brosdway—Howerwoox— eon ron Norma. HIBLO'S, Brosdway-Sxnious Fawity—Turwime wre Taaies. NATIONAL THEATRE, Chatham atreet—Suawny Ma- @urns—Yaxxew Gat—Parror or res Mountain. BT. CHARLES THEATER, Bowery~ Aftern Baxwa— Bro: ours. Evening ~As4oni uM mv—Broomen's Re Pe AMERICAN MUSEUM- Afterneou—Kixo's GARDENER — Ravaonn any AGNES. Evening-Masxiap Live, CHRISTY’S OPERA 50 Mavovres sy Cuniry’s 01 WOOD'S MINSTRELS, Wood's Musical Hdl, 444 Broad- way—Brmoriax MineTrecsy. MADISON AVENUE—Afternoon and Evening—# nam coni's CovessaL AIPPODROME. GEORAMA, 586 Brondway—Banvann’s Pancnama OF rue Hoty Lamp, OWEN’S ALPINE KAMBLES, 539 Broadway. CHINESE ROOMS—N STUYVESANT INSTIT! anv Quavens ~Swocwick’s CRrorcast New Yorn, Tuesday, Jane 14, 1853. ~~ ne News. The compromise agreed upon by the Joint Canal Committee of the Legislature, was yesterday pre- rented to the Assembly, and, on reference to the regular report of the proceedings elsewhere, it will be found substantially the same as the outline which was exclusively published in our columns two days ego. This isa matter of so much importance, and appears to be so universally approved by all parties, that a recapitulation of the gist of the re_ port will not be out of place here, to wit: the bor- rowing of two and a quarter millons of dollars annu_ ally, if that amount can be judiciously and economi. cally expended, and the completion of the entire work in four years, if possible, together with the in- gerticn of Mr. Hadley’s amendment, declaring the eontracts of 1951 void and illegal. From the friend- ly feeling exhibited on every side there is no doubt but the platform erected by the joint committee will be unanimously adopted by both houses, and, in November next, endorsed and confirmed by the people at large. Now that this great bone of contention between the two factions of the democratic party is so nearly arranged, it is ne- eessary to glance about and ascertain whether there ‘are any more issues on which our legislators can man. ‘age to excuse themsclves for continuing in their seats. ‘The onlyremaining reason adduced by his Excellency, Gov. Seymour, in calling the special session, is the case of Commissioner Mather. ‘This affair, however, appears destined to remain untouched. The impeach- ment resolutiea of Mr. Champlin, introdueed during the expiringnoments of the regular session, lies dor- mant, while:he defence of the Commissioner is being circulated throughout the entire State. The pros” pect nows, that not only Mr. Mather,but all the whig hertor-masters, &c., may rest quite contented after today, for resolutions were yesterday offered in the Sentte to adjourn sine dieon Teesday, and in the Asembly on Friday next. Sheuld. either of these propositions be accepted, this will be the last day om which the Senate can attenc to Executive pusines; and, as the Governor seoms determined } not & hazard the nominations be may desire to mane, by sending them in before the canal question is disposed of, itis hardly probable that anything will be done in that line to-day. ‘Thcre-seems to have been considerable difficulty in procuring a sufficient number of members to transact business in both branches of the Legislature yester- day: consequently all sorts of expedients weré re- sorted to to killtime. The Assemblymen got up a ranting debate upon the bill to provide maps of the State for school children, and the Senators revived thea 1d controversy respecting. the Maine law. The latter subject, after much debate, in the course of which eyery member present warmly eulogized the policy of temperance, was referred to a select com- mitsce, to report complete. Theunenacted code was refesred back for revision by the Assembly to the urviing Commissioner, together with three judges. with instructions ta report to the ucxt Legislature. Aespatch from Washington remarks that rumors are afloat there of the discovery of more fillibuster move:zents in this city, the deyeiopements of which promize to turn out rich. It is whispered that the NavyDepartment contemplates improving the grace- fulnese of our officers by instituting a professorship of dancing in the Naval Academy. The examina- tion of-clerks, pre; aratory to their classification, in accordance the act of Congress, .is progressing quite rapidly in the departments. The Gavazzi excitement still continues at Mont- real. On Sunday night a mob demolished all the windowsxf St. Stephen’s Church, situated in the suburbs. It is pleasing to observe that the liberal minded agd well informed Roman Catholics of that city, deepky deprecating the recent outrages, yester- day held a meeting, at which they resolved not only to repair the damages, but to use every exer- tion to. ferret out and bring to justice those who par- ticipated in <be riots. Three more of those who were wounded at the time of the attack on Father Gavazzi in the church, have died. The Padre, it is reported, will xeturn there to-morrew evening and couclnde his leetures. # fresh impetus was yesterday given to the intense excitement whigh has of late been so prevalent in the West, concerning.extensive forgeries and conspira- cies; vy the arrest of a person named Craig, in whose pessersion was found all the apparatus necessary for issuing spurious notes, checks, deeds, &c., of every description. The siass of documents brought to ligh iscrrest, are said to have exposed one of the je-spread real estate swindling operations ever kngwn, and one that appears to have been car- ried on fer years. The opening of a letter at Union- town, Pa, which was eupposed to have been misdi- rected, le& to this important discovery. Some adéitional information from the city of Mex- ico states that the government ha@ resolved to ap propriate to siself the tobacco monopoly, which has hitheto been in the hands of private individuals. One ¢” the chief newspapers had been fined for in- fringixg upon the stringent decree regulating the _prese. Lieut. Benj. Pierce McNeil, son of the late Gen. ‘McNeil, gnd nephew of President Pierce, expired in Boston Jas Sunday. _By refex nce to the decision of Judge Bareulo, in anetber cobimn, it will be seen that the custody of phe little negro girl, Jane Trainer, has been awarded te ler father. This wi doubtless cause general re- joming among the abolition community, although not a single feature of the fugitive or any other slave lasy was invelyed in the case. The child was frac, ad was s@ declared to be by her mistress thr.wghout every investigation. It was merely a stro, "gle hy the abolitionists to separate the child from ‘er mistress, to whom she was devotedly at tached. No bus ‘wees of any itop aither boa d of Council al of son. ‘@ few papers, the Aldermen adjourned, there being « uly a bare quorum present. See the Official reports ( B another page. To-day’s inside pages contain some additional and very interesting int “igence relative to the Chinese; fuyther ooncerning th.* Montreal Riots; a letter de- scriptive of Political ,‘@tirs in New Hampshire: ‘Transactions in the City [O'Ut; Comneria! and Misvellancous News, &.. — ‘The British Parliament and the Cuhan Slave ‘Trade. From the tenor and drift of the debate in the British House of Lords, which we published yesterday, it is very evident that Her Majesty’s government intend to make the suppression of the African slave trade with the island of Cuba, a serious matter. Thus far the Queen Mother, Christina, and her agents in this piratical traffic, have laughed at and defied al’, remonstrances and complaints against ther p, and their open violation of the law which ma’ zeg Spain a party to the declaration that this _ afri- can slave trade shall be considered and tr eated as piraey. Now, the Queen Mother is gdmo- nished that unless this piratical bus’ ness is stopped in Cuba, in the event of any w jsunder- standing between Spain and the Unite q States, putting in jeopardy the Spanish sove ureignty of the island. England will be dispose’ } to remain neutral, and to permit quietly the , absorption of Cuba by Brother Jonathan. The probability of the immedia’ .¢ strengthen- ing of the British fleet of ebsor vation around the coasts of Cuba, gives a pee’ gliar pungency to this debate of the British L ords, and places the slave trading monopoly of the Queen Mother ina very delicate and crif jca) situation. A bonus of tweuty-five dollars each, more or less, upon twenty-five thousand 4 _frican slaves landed, upon an average, every y¢ ar, in Cuba, is some- thing to lose, but nothing to the danger which this abominable traffic i sneidentally threatens, of the loss of the brighte st jewel of the Spanish crown. In this view. p orhaps, Queen Isabella and her cabinet will ta’ ce the alarm, and put an end to this trafiie, ever , if it shall require a di- rect indemnity from ‘ Jhe treasury to cover the losses of the Queen? [other's slave-trading per- quisites. We can F ardly believe that at this crisis, the governme nt of Spain, in open defiance of law, will sacrifie ¢ the friendly inclinations of England in referer ce to Cuba. The recent over- tures of England and France for a tripartite treaty with this¢ sountry. for the permanent re- tention of the s' ,vereignty of Spain over Cuba, show that John Bull is somewhat jealous of its possession by t’ e United States; but his posi- tion upon th . ‘slave trafic betrays upon that subject the co’ asistency of a resolute fanaticism, before which all other considerations of State policy must’ give way. And thus it is that the peculiar philanthropy of England. on the slavery question, may ulti- mately red ound to our advantage in the acqui- sition of Cuba, unless Spain shall promptly succumb, and, bona fide. put an end to the Afri- can slave . trade with the island. And thus the issue be! .ween England and Spain becomes ex- ceeding ly interesting to all concerned. Tu# War Qusstion—THE Tapasury.—The condi! ion of the national treasury is such that, allt her obstructions being removed, we may safe¥ y hazard a war with Mexico. There will be*some twenty-three millions surplus in the Treasury on the first of July, and this excess of receipts over the expenses, of fifty millions -Per annum, will probably not be less than fifty eaillions at the end of the eurrent fiscal year, wrevided always that there is no war. and that "the Cabinet will go on with the reforms and re- trenchments which tiey have so happily com- menced. The following exhibit will show the working of the tariff of 1846 for the month of May, 1853, as compared with the same month of the year preceding :— May, 1853, May, 1852. New York....... $2,682 000 $1 816,000 May 28 to June 4 698465 May 209toJune.5 450 000 Boston... . 521,000 523,000 Philadelphia. . 275,000 130,000 May 29 to June 5 69000 Mey 29toJume6 55000 Baltimore 78,000 75,000 New Or May 2 198 241 150 060 Charleston. 28.000 36 000 2,225,000 *s increase$1,2; such a flush of funds, our government may with impunity proceed to negotiate for the purchase of another slice of Mexico, or they may plunge headlong into another war. It is this plethoric condition of the Treasury that suggests. as strongly as any thing else, the pro- bability of a little more annexation. by diplo- macy or by gunpowder. Let Santa Anna con- sider this financial view of the question before it is too late. 9 706 Tue New Hampsnire Democracy AND THE Ap- MINISTRATION.—The letter of our Concord eorres- pondent, explanatory of the proeeedings of the late New Hampshire Democratie State Conven- tion, and which we publish to-day, we commend to the attentive perusal of our demoeratic poli- ticians, and especially the hard shells. It appears that Mr. Burke was not elected President of the Convention after having introduced his resolu- tion virtually censuring the administration in regard to the distribution of the spoils, but that | he introduced the resolution after his cleetion to the chair. This makes a very material differ- ence from the case as represented in our lead- ing article of Saturday last. The mistake, however, is chargeable to our telegraphic re- port, upon the assumed correctness of which we based our observations. But, although his election to the chair failed to tranquilize Mr. Burke. we think that his reeolution, in the long run, will dono harm. As a timely admonition it may dosome good. The hard shells have had a hard time of it, but they are not all dead yet. The end is yet tocome. Let the adminis- tration look to the end. Nothing like a good forty-foot telescope. A Goon Sta y last week there was notasingle member of Congress left in Washington—not one. This is # good sign, for we take it asan indication that the work of dividing the spoils is substantially finished; for where the carcase is, there will be the buzzards also. Never, we venture to say, have we had a more demoralizing spectacle than this Congressional office begging, which the country has been called to witness since the fourth of March. Senators and members of the House have usurped the powers of the execu- tive, and have claimed the right, and have been unwitely permitted to exercise it in too many cases, of parcelling out the share of * the good- ies” due to their respective States, down even to the pettiest clerkships at Washington. And ifwe have not been misinformed, there have been cages in which members of Congress, de- scending to the most pitifal huckstering of their influence with the President and cabinet. haye used that influence in procuring offices for Tom, Dick and Harry. In this view of the subject, we are gratified to hear that our “ honorables” are pretty well cleaned out of Washington, Waxina Up at Lasr.--For the last t y years or so the railroad (of forty miles) bo- tween Baltimore and Washington has been pro- nounced an extortionate monopoly. by all who have travelled over it. We bhellove the fare for a long time over this road all through the miserably poor country whic it traverses, was two dollars and a half, or w fraction over six cents 4 mie ; but for the last five or six years it has 6’,ood at the reduced maximum of one dollar and eighty cents, or four cents anda half sper milé. At the same rate, the fare by the Hay Jem road to Albany would be six dollars Fd seventy-five cents, instead of one dollar, * which is the present charge. But, waking up to the progressive spirit of the age, the Balt‘. more and Washington company have genercus- ly decreed that the charge for the forty ‘miles between those cities shall be as low as ene dol- lar and twenty-five cents, from and xtter the first day of July next, or a fraction‘ever three cents per mile. This is about a ‘third higher than the general average of our Northern roads; but we presume that the poverty of Maryland (poor old, worn-out Maryland,) is such that she cannot afford to relinquish'ter per capita, and so, like honest Sancho, ‘we must bid God bless the giver, nor look the gift horse in the mouth.” Talk on Change. ‘The foreign'commercia! advices by the Pacific were con- ridered more favorable for breadstufls, and some less so for cotton. The sales of the latter in titis market yestor- day were 1,000 bales, prices closing heavy. Fresh ground State brands of flour were six cents per berrel higher, having closed at $4 60 a $456 per barrel. There was an increased activity in both wheat and eorn, without change in priees. Freights to Liverpogl were more active, with heavy engagements of grain, and with a fair amount of flour and cotton. BlA cevtleman on ’Change stated, on authority as re liable as though it were official, that Mr. Guthrie had not appointed any person as assayer for the Assay Oflice in New York. He had not appointed Mr. R. Patterson, Jr., thovgh the latter, with the United States coiner from the Philadeiphia Mint, had, at his request, visited this city, with a view of making certain preliminary arrangements in securing a bu‘ldirg, &c. The Secretary was anxious to put the office into operation as soon as practicable, ard to make it as beneficial to the commercial commu- pity-of New York as pos-ible. He hoped that its ar rangements'might be so shaped as to ultimately fit it for Di ing converted intoa mint. He had contemplated visiting New Yerk personally, but the pressure of official business had prevented him. The law gave him no money or power to act until the 30th inetant or Ist of July. When the time arrived he would bave everything as nearly ready as possible, so that the measure might go into operation with the least porsible delay, It was eaid that he had given assu- vances that the superintendent would probably be se- lected from New York; that an individual had been fixed upon, whore name would not trangpire until after the 30th instant. Many persons looked upon Mr. Guthrie as another Flagg, under who:e Argus-eyed watchfulness and un- yielding integrity of purpose, the United States Treasury would (as far as it depended on him) suffer no wrong. While he was disposed to construe the revenue laws ia a liberal spirit,he would hold a close grasp upon the purse- strings of the Treasury. ‘The circular to consuls from the Secretary of State was considered to contain some good points. The whole eon: sular system, however; was defective, and until Congress remodelled it, new instructions, however well intended, would result in no permanent good, A coosul in the re- eceipt of $10,000 a year could afford to be liberal in hiring American clerks; but those whose fees did not reach over $300 to $500 a year, would not be able to live, much less to hire clerks, Fees should be equalized, and a class of men appointed with qualifications suitable for gather. ing and sending the practical information desired While consulates worth auy thing were Ailed almost exclusively with men from a single pursuit, no great collection of practical information could be expected. Captain Nye, of the steamship Pacific, was on ’Change yesterday. Tie stated that for the first three or four days out from Liverpool, he exceeded the speed of all his for- mer trips. ship then encountered hard and constant westerly gales, for five days, which redused her speed to 160 or 170 miles per day. She then entered a dense fog, which continued more or less till she was near the coast. A house had received a letter from Melbourne, dated the 12th March, which quoted flour at $12, with increas- ing demand. Most American articles were selling well ‘Wooden houses were in quick demand. The consumption of flour was estimated at 1,000 bbls. per day. Assorted cargoes sold well. Sterling ‘exchange wasat par. Basi- nesss at Sidney was anid to be active, Gratification was expressed at the settlement of the canal question on the basis agreed upon. The Crystal Palace. This grand structure is rapidly hastening to its com- Pletion. The directors announce to the public that it ‘will be open for exhibition on the 16th of July next, oa which occasion the Presizent of the United States, the heads of department, and other distinguished visiters, will be present to assist at its inauguration. The cere- monies, if less grand and imporing than those which tcok place at the opening of the London exhibition, will be none the Jess interesting, and we trust from their re- publican simplicity, ana absence of regal pomp and dis- plsy, more characteristic and appropriate to the objects of au exhibition consecrated, as it were, to laber aud the industrial and mechanic arts. ‘We understand that Mr. Theodore Sedgwick, the Pre- sident of the Crystal Palace Asscelation, and Mayor Wes- tervelt, left this city yesterday for Washington, to tender ‘8 special invitation to the President to be present at the opening of the Exh bition. ‘A glance at the interior of the building, and a stroll through its spacious area, which bas already beea divided and classified for the reception of contributions and articles for exhibiiion, have satisfied us that the re- sults of this exbibition will be commensurate with the public expectations. The whole area is slive with the bury bum of labor—nearly five hundred workimea are distributed in, srourd and upon the palaee; the msgaifi cent dome which surmounts the structure, and is to ba covered in metal and glass, is already pactialiy enclosed; the spacious exterior grounds are fast assuming an ap- Pearaxce of freshness and culture, and will add vastly to the attractiveness of the exhibition. On the lower floor the building consists of four distinct parte, separated from each other by naves. The-e parts are generally divided into areas of twenty-seven square feet, to which are added four triangular areas, and the whole particularly specified and classified under the di rection of the general superintendent. Immediately un- der the dome is to be placed a magnificent coatribution of Italian workmanship—an equestrian statue of Wesh- ington, in bronze, by the Baron Marochetti. A colossal statue of Daniel Webster, nine fect in height, by the Lon Gon sculptor, Carew, is to occupy one of tie myia aislos, and is spokea cf as a work of tho greatest meric. Our attention was arrested by a circular enclosure, of perhaps thirty or forty feet diameter, which we ascertained was designed as the receptacle of some very curious and novel specimens of art These are thirteen eolossal figures, de tigned by Thorwalisen, being the only contribution froia the Danish deminions to the exhibition, They are to o:- cupy, we presume, separate niches in the circular enclo- sure, and the group will, no doubt, form a chief poiut of attraction in the exhibition. This work of art hag never been exhibited in this country nor in Engiand. “Its conception would seem to belong to a rade gand mediaval age, and carries the miad back to that half barbaric time, when upon the rummit of a magaifi cent mauroleum at Ravenna, were reared the figures of the twelve Apostles, around the porphiry vase which con- tained the ashes uf Theodoric the Goth, King of Italy. Among the works of art will also be exhibited the cele- brated Amazon Group, by Professor Kiss of Berlin, which was on exbibition and attracted so much attention at the Worls’s Fair in London. The figures are in bronze, and represent an Amazon on horveback, attacked by a tyger. By the politeness of Mr. Webber, the superintendent of the arrangement of space and classification, we were fa- vored with # glance at the entries of articles for exhibi- tion under the head of “sculpture, models and plastic art.” These are from almost every part cf the civilized world, axd promise to afford not only a study of the deep- est interest to the student of art, but a most attractive and beautifal exhibition to the public generally. Not to diceriminate amovg the multitude of articles already en- tered ard classified, it will be rufficient to say that Eng. lend, Frapes, Italy, Germany, and other countries of Europe, will vie ‘with our’ own eonatry in. tiess kigh departments of the arts. From Florence Gevoa, Turin, and Carrara, we are to havo 4 pplendid collee!ion of statuary and paintiogs, iacludiag groups in tv dels in plaster, bas r ia marole a and gilded Work, ol paintings, &e, Fran ry, sends us a chotee lot of pain sher specimens of excetlenc: end contributes ‘oil paintin, «ban reliefs, carvings and gil ch as O'-onne)l, Father Mathew, 1 he Duke of Wellington, and Thome Jexbibit some marble groups, # cintings, &e e pion ea aud rtatuettes, and among her other cvtribations of the and eurions # ermplete model of the Crystal © at Hyde Park, made of iroo and glass, the list of fAmerican contriba ioas to this de- t. we were struck with the modest and simple rent ofene, whose rubject #4 well asthe name wo tonch the 40 beart—no original paiut » by Cow Trumbull, pine a the J But Gwe. ge Wadpurgs ee sn PSP SE REST a ——— THE CHINESE EMPIRE. ~~ ‘Tee Present Civil War, or Contest Between the Chinese and Tartars—Historical and Desc: iptive Notices of the Empire and its Successive Dynasties. The present civil war in China is increasing in interest; and whatever may be the result of the attempt to overthrow the reigning Tartar dynasty, there can be no doubt that important changes are at hand in the fortunes and destiny of this great em- pire, the most ancient and populous on the face of the globe. We have given various details of the progress of the civil war, and the proclamations of the com- manders of the rebel army, acting in behalf of the “ Celestial Dynasty,” or Chinese family, who aspire to the crown, and aim at the expulsion of the pre- sent Tartar dynasty, which has occupied the im- perial throne for a little over two centuries. These accounts and documents exbibit the hatred of the Chinese towards their Tartar rulers; and the un- reserved terms in which they speak of those in power as “Mantchou robbers and barbarians,” show that the leaders of the rebels have no hopes but in complete success in their objects, as com- promise or conciliation with the present govern- ment must be impossible. it is therefore a war of races; and, judging from the past history of China, and the progress of the present rebellion thus far, we should say that the prospects are favorable for a change of rulers in the empire-—in other words, the downfall of the Tartar and a restoration of the Chirese dynasty. When we speak of the Chinese empire, we com- prise the whole territory which acknowledges that government—namely, China proper, containing 1,300,000 square miles, and the dependencies, which cover an area of about 4,000,000 square miles, making the area of the whole empire about 5,300,000 square miles. Though the dependencies, consisting of Chinese Tartary, Thibet, Little Bucharia, and the peninsula of Corea, are three times the extent of China itself, in other respects they are vastly infe- rior to it, being in a great proportion comparatively deserts, with a straggling and rapacious population, perhaps, altogether, not one-tenth in number of those of China proper. But for the security of the empire, it is necessary that the wandering hordes of there countries should own the Chinese sway; for otherwise, the frontier provinces might become a scene of carnage and devastation, by the frequent inroads of these barbarians, as was formerly the case. Though sucha line of policy is exceedingly palatable to a Chinese statesman, the wandering tribes whom it concerns do not agree so fully npon the subject as to be quiet spectators when their ter- ritory is incorporated with that of the great nation. They have frequently shown a very refractory spirit towards the Celestial rulers, and so far forgotten the loyalty they owe to the political father of mankind— Heaven's Son—as to shake off the yoke imposed upon them. In such cases, the Chinese diplomatic body does not immediately declare war, but only issues preliminary edicts, considering paper and ink cheaper than powder and shot, and dictato- rial sentences more harmonizing than the roar of cannon. If these paternal admonitions, however, will not quiet these fierce and stupid barbarians, an army slowly advances, a battle is tought, either imaginary or in reatity—for this matters nothing, as all depends on the flaming accounts which are inserted in the Pekin Gazette. If, after all the victories on record, the rebelsare not yet extirpated, the efficacy of sil- ver and gold is tried upon the principal leaders; and it is worthy of remark, that these metals possess greater efficacy to inflict a mortal wound upon the heart than even steel and lead. The immediate re- suis of such a measure is generally a surrender of the leaders, who begin to be pierced by repentance, and to experience the transforming influence of the Celestialempire. The warlike mandarins are then at liberty to give some proofs of their valiant dispo- sition, by cutting off the heads of prisoners, and send- ing a few famous characters to Peking that the Emperor may exercise his paternal clemency by cutting them piece-meal. The chiefs who have proved traitors to their countrymen, are, on the other hand, highly honored and rewarded, but kept under a strict surveillance, and on the slightest sus- picion removed to the other world. Such have been the measures whereby these fickle barbarians, principally Tartars, have been kept in due subjection, even under a Tartar dynasty. Mar- riage alliances with the imperial family fits the most eminent and powerfal Mongol Tartar prinees for the Chinese throne. The Lamas of Thibet are bound to advocate the Chinese interests among their country- men, because the present imperial family favors their religion, and pays the utmost veneration to the Grand Lama, the ancestors of the Emperor having been worshippers of that religion. The present civil war, however, is of a different character from the contests of the imperial government with the barba- rians of Tartary. The rebellion commenced, and is carried on, in China proper, and, as we have said, is a contest between the Chinese and their Tartar rulers, who occupy towards them a similar position with that of the Norman conquerors of England to- wards the Anglo-Saxons, in the eleventh century. One of the insurgent or rebel generals, in his proclamation, styles himself ‘ Yang-seu-thsing, specially appointed General of the “Grand Army, engaged in sweeping away the Tar- tars, and establishing the new dynasty,” and declares—“ I, the General, in obedience to the royal commands, have put in motion the troops for the punishment of the oppressor; and, in every place to which I have come, the enemy at the first report have dispersed like scattered rubbish. As soon asa city has been captured, I have put to death the ra- pacious mandarins and corrupt magistrates therein, but have not injured a single individual of the peo- ple; so that all of you may take care of your fami- lies, and attend to your business, without alarm and trepidation. I would wish to ask those of you who lave given of your money, and aided with your pro- visions, the Mantchou government, in order to pur, chase titles and official dignities, what is the glory of such distinctions? I and my followers are all subjects of the great Chinese Empire, and students of the books handed down by the great sages of an- tiquity; how, then, could we stoop to receive rank and emolument from these Mantchou barbatians? When I, the General, have led forward my troops to the destruction of the Mantchous, I will deliberate further about the examinations, in which every- thing shall be re-arranged according to the original customs of the Chiuese,” &c. One of the most celebrated of the ancient Chinese philosophers, Mencius, who flourished about a cen- tury after Confucius, (450 B. C.,) remarks that “the hearts of the people are the only legitimate foundations of empire, or of permanent rale. Iv, when with an equal strength you invade a covntry, the people come to welcome you with supplies, can this be on any other account than because you are about to rescue them from fire and water? [ut if you deepen the water aud increase the fire, they will turn from you.” This obvious trath has been much insisted on in every period of Chinese history; and Davis, an English author and traveller, in a work on the Chinese, published about ten years since, allud- ing to it, says: “ Were any European power ever to gain an influence in China by expelling the Tartars, this would be the language to hold ; and as a secret association actually exists, whose object is the resto” ration of the Chinese dynasty, this seems to be the mode in which the end might most easily be attained. Ip fact, the Tartars are at all times extremely jealous of any intimate connection arising between their Chinese subjects and foreigners; and this lies at the bottom of their rigid system of exclusion. It was prior to the Tartar conquest that Europeans had access to various commercial marts on the eastern coast, and only since that event that they have been shut out in the most effectual manner.” We have here the strongest te.timony and opiuioa of an Bag lish writer, familiar with China, that the true com- Mcryial iatexest of Muropeaus aud Americans lies in | the expulsion of the Tartars, and, consequently, in the success of the Chinese insurgents. To show the changes in the dynasties which have ruled the Chinese empire, and to give some idea of the great antiquity of the nation, we have prepared the following table of Imperial Dynasties, taken from the best authorities, and showing a suc- cession of two hundred and freninone Tats ¥ extending over a period of more ousant years. Before Confucius, (550 B. C.,) China had no authors, much less an historian, so that his own annals were transmitted by tradition, through @ course of two thousand years. “Under such cir- cumstances,” says the Rev. Mr. Gutzlaff, an excellent modern writer on China, ‘‘what correctness can we expect, even after the most laborious researches? On these annal, however, the antiquity of the Chinese empire is founded with as much claim to our belief, as might be accorded to an English writer of the present day, who should sit down to compose the history of the ancient Britons before the invasion of the Romans, and not only give the names of their kings, but also repeat the speeches they uttered in council, or the debates of their Druidtcal assemblies. We therefore consider the history previous to Yaou, (2237 B. C.,) as fabulous; from thence to Confucius, (550 B. C.,) as uncertain; from Confucius to the Sung Dynasty, (A. D. 900,) it may be deemed as correct as that of Greece; and since that period it is fully authenticated.” Chinege authors divide their history by the several dynasties. They may be comprised under the fol- lowing general divisions:— First—Anciest history, from the commencement of the Hea Dynasty, to the conclusion of the Han Dynasty, (2207 B.C. to A. D. 263.) Second—Middle ages, from the Tsin Dynasty to the Yuen Dynasty, (A. D. 264 to 1367.) Third—Modern history, from the Ming Dynasty to the present time, (A. D. 1868 to 1853.) TABLE OF CHINESE IMPERIAL DYNASTIES. BC B.C. , 1767 Names of Dynasty, . O 1.... Hea, uy Pace 2207 to ts i aBoawwar Seance This table shows that, during four thousand and sixty years, twenty-one dynasties have swayed the destinies of the Chinese Empire, embracing, besides the present sovereign, two hundred and twenty Em- perors, whose average reigns have been nearly nine- teen. years each, Two of the present dynasty, Kung-he and Keen Lung, reigned sixty years; the latter from 1736 to 1796, when he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Kea King, and died four years afterwards. “The Chinese nation, (says Gutzlaff,) was during the Hea and Shang dynasty, in the age of childhood; under the Chow, it grew to boyhood, and learned its lessons. Under the Tsin, we see the wanton lad, who throws off all restraint. The age of the Han is the time of its vigorous youth. During the suc- ceeding period, it exhibits the instability and excess of youth; whilst, under the Tang, it becomes reflect- ing and grave. Thus ripening to manhood, whilst still exhibiting some youthful pranks, it forms its character under the Sung dynasty. By sheer ne- glect, it becomes a slave of the Yuen, yet rallies again, and passes the years of its manhood in inde- pendence. Assoon as the symptoms of declining age appear, it sinks again almost unconsciously un- der a foreign yoke. Such, in short, is the history of this hoary headed nation, which can only renew its strength when it shall please the Almighty to rouse it from its slumber, and direct its energy.” The long period of 874 years, during which the Chow dynasty, having thirty-five princes in succes- sion, held sway, before the Christian era, is to the Chinese the most remarkable era of their history. Though Yaou and Shun had laid the foundation of the empire, the maxims of their governments were long forgotten, nor could these perhaps be followed, under circumstances so different from those of remote antiquity. The first sages rose to create a system of politics in accordance with the principles of the ancient monarchs. As their name was perpetuated by a host of disciples, who knew nothiug else but what their masters had taught them, and all the scholars of the subsequent ages trod in the beaten track, China may be said to have received, under the Chow dynasty, its sciences, arts, and that whole political system which it has tried to retain un- alterable to the present day. It is remarkable that Yaou, Shun, and Yu, Chi- nese sovereigns, seem to have been cotemporarics of the three patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The civilization of China was cocval with that of Egypt, the cultivation of literature there with the cultivation of literature in Greece, and the extension of the empire with the extension of that of Persia. When Greece had its Socrates, and other founders of philosophical sects, the Confucius school and the abstruse doctrines of Laon-keun flourished in China. Even a second Alexander arose in this coun- try, not long after the Macedonian, in the person of Tsin-che-hwang-te. But the human mind in Eastern Asia, though under the same degrees of latitade, never soared so high as in the western world; its progress was checked—its exuberance restrained. A permanent conquest was achieved by the Chinese, through the extension of agriculture, which chased the aborigines from their woods into the mountains. The rapidly increasing population gained their lands from the barbarians by dint of industry, and kept possession of the conquest. About the time when the Grecian Olympiads were instituted, Chinese chronology, under Ting- wang, 770 B.C., becomes more accurate and deserving of re- liance. Under his reign, twenty-one princes raised their principalities into kingdoms, and openly de- clared their independence. Under Ling-wang, one of the Chow dynasty ,who ascended the throne in 571, Confucius (or Kung-foo tse) was born, in 552 B.C, His less successful cotemporary was Laou-Keun, a mystic philosopher, who deified reason, and added to the number of idols some others of his own inven- tion. His desire apparently was to create a State re. ligion, and to render himself as important as Confu- cins; but in this he did not succeed. The govern- ment continued to worship all visible nature, and merely tolerated the followers of Laou-Keun. During the life of Confucius, the Chinese princes aimed fiercely at each other's destruction; after his death a complete anarchy succeeded. The emperors became mere shadows, and the people, neglecting ag- riculture, either lived by war, or died of starvation in the ditches or on the highways. China presented a more wretched spectacle than even Germany dar ing the middle ages. Mencius (Mang-tse) one of the greatest disciples of Confucius, who was born in 375 B.C., givesa lively picture of those unhappy times. He travelled through the country, admonish ed the princes to harmony; took himself the helm of government in several tributary States, and col- lected myriads of disciples to second his views; yet he did not succeed in his benevolent in- tentions. China, cxhausted hy intestine strag- gles, was an easy prey to an enterprising conqueror. The Tsin State having heen ruled by a succession of warlike princes, gradaally overpowered the others. Chuou-Seung, Prince of Tsin, took pos ression of the imperial domains, and the Chow dy- nasty was soon brought to a close. Few notices about the state of the country at this period have been transmitted to us by the Chinese historians; but their details of wars and narratives of the rise aud progiess of each trivulary State, are exceedingly mipute. The people reem to have become as fero- ocus a» their Tatar neighbors, We Jearn, at the same time, that many princes adorned their espitala: and rewarded their favorite ministers, while a few- were inspired with the more laudable ambition of imitating in their lives the great Confucius. Learnu<« ing, as faras the sage had recommended it, was oul- tivated in many courts, but the great mass of tha: people appear to have lived in brutal ignorance. The Tsin dynasty was of short duration; but tha: second of that family, Ching-Wang, is know in history as the Chinese Attila. Endowed witls & vigorous mjnd, and of a restless disposition—~ grand in his designs, and inflexible in hig purpose, he knew of no impoasibilities or difficulties... He called himseif Ta-che-kwang-te (the great first emperor), and proclaimed himself a eompeer of” Yaou and Shun. Anxious to signalize himself ag the inventor of a new system of government, and ta. model the whole nation according to his ideas, he destroyed the public records and the books of the Confucian sect. He framed a religion ef his own,. setting all ancient rules at deflance. Arts and sciences, if of a practical tendency, he encouraged, but the cultivation of all others he prohibited. He did not confine his military conquestssolely to China,. but attacked the southern nations with great suce cess, 80 that the renown of Chinese valor became ag terrible in Asia aa that of the Romans in the West. It is difficult to determine how far his conquests ex~ tended, yet most of the Asiatic tribes date thei knowledge of China from his reign. The Hung and other Tartar tribes he routed and pursued inte their native deserts; and to protest the eountry against their future inroads, he completed the famous Great Wall, of which some parts had been previous- ly erected. When he was satiated with war, he lived a Inxurious life, and surpassed all his predeces- sors in the splendor of his court. Remorse for the blood he had shed embittered the latter days of hig life, and he died a miserable wretch (207 B.C.) His son was a feeble-minded monarch, and twe yeors had scarcely elapsed after his accession to the throne when Lew-pang, the captain of a band of robbers, in conjunction with part of the army, marched against the young emperor, who stabbed himself, ta avoid falling into the hands of the rebels. His ne- phew, after an unsuccessful attempt to recover the throne, put a haltar round his neck, and surrendered, himself to the generous Lew-pang, who from a rob- ‘ber became an emperor, and the founder of the cele- brated Han dynasty. Being the grandsire of twenty- eight emperors, (including those who ruled over part of the empire while it was divided, during this dy- nasty,) who, for more than 470 years ruled over the largest empire in the world, his name is highly cele- brated in the annals of China. He kept the empire in complete subjection, flattered the Confucian school, recalled the persecuted sages, and compiled by their aid a new code of laws. The Chinese consider the reign of the Han dynasty as the most glorious in their history, and to this day call themselves Han-tse, ‘Sons or men of Han.” During no pericd of Chinese history were the ener+ gies of the nation so much roused. The greatest, generals, the most celebrated writers, the ablest. statesmen, and the wisest men China ever produced,, lived during this epoch. The rapid extension of the empire towards the south and west carried Ohinese civilization to the very borders’ of the Indian archi- pelago, and to the foot of the Imaus. Learning wag no longer confined to a few schools, but was gene+ rally diffused. The frequent change of masters in the Chinese empire during the first five centuries of the Chris- tian era reminds us of Rome at the same period; yet the imperial dignity in China was hereditary, and the generals, not the soldiers, overthrew dynas- ties and dethroned emperors. The Tartars had in the meanwhile taken possession of whole provinces in the north and west of China. In this they imitated their brethern and other barbarians, who acted the same part towards the Roman empire. The Chinese were thus forced to fight for their existence, and wer became the profession of once peaceful arriculturists. Though ignorant of the doctrines of Confucius, the Tartars far exceeded. the Chinese in practical wisdom. Their empire in- China was called the Northern dynasty, while the Chinese obtained the designation of the Southern dynasty. The Mongol Tartars, under Kublai-Khan,. finally subjugated the whole empire, in the thirteenth. century, aud Kublai was proclaimed Emperor A. D. 1278. He founded the Yuen dynasty,which lasted. - 88 years. Kublai was cqually great as a general ora statesman. His prudence forbade him from overthrowing the ancient institutions, and he flat- tered Chinese prejudice by adopting their manners and appointing the natives to office. Marco Polo, the celebrated Venetian traveller, visited his court, and made China known to Europeans. No victor, perhaps, ever ruled overa greater extent of terri- tory than Kublai. All the tribes of Siberia, the deserts of Asia, and the country between China and the Caspian, acknowledged his sway. The Tartars were expelled and the Mongol dynas- ty overthrown by a Chinese chieftain, named Choo- Yuen-Chang, the son of a common laborer, and af- terwards a soldier in the army and captain of a band of robbers. Having raised an army, and defeated the Tartars in several battles, he declared in- tention of driving the Mongols out of the country,. He executed vast plans with systematic precision. The Mongol armies were defeated, and in about. 1368 he became the sovereign of the Chinese empire and founder of the Ming dynasty. The Mantchou Tartars, taking advantage of the- anarchy which reigned in China, under the last. feeble princes of the Ming dynasty, invaded some of” the provinces, and threatened the capital. Thid tribe had emerged from obscurity, under the govern- ment of a wise prince, who civilized his countrymen and taught them a syllabic alphabet. Considering its extent, no foreign conquesthas ever been achieved in a shorter time, and with fewer troops, than that of the Mantchous over China. In 1644, Shun-che, nephew of Tsung-tih, 2 Tartar chief, who had aspired to the empire, but died, was proclaimed Emperor. The regency which ruled during the minority of Shun-che, did much to conciliate the Chinese, and thus laid the foundation of a permanent reign. Jn 1651, Shun-che, the first of the present Tartar dynasty (Ta-Tsing) began to reign. He had been instructed in the art of government by a German. Jesuit, to whose suggestions many regulations for the establishment of the Mantchou government owe their origin. To distinguish thsir own partisans from the adhe- rents of the Ming dynasty, the Mantchous had ordered all their subjects to imitate their custom in shaving the head and wearing a tail. This regula- tion was, however, the signal of a general revolt ; and had China possessed a leader at once popular and skilful, the Mantchous might have been driven from the country as quickly as they entered it.. They never gained a battle when the Chinese stood their ground. Cireumstances, however, favored them ; their dynasty was established, and has ruled China for more than two centuries, The following are the names and dates of ac- cession of the Emperors of the Ta-Tseng, or pre- sent Tartar dynasty, The name Ta-Tseng, “ great purity,” was given to the dynasty by its founder, Tsung tib, whose nephew was the first Emperor of this fam Accession, AD. Wd Kea-hing . Taou-t 9s . Hein Faog OTT 1880, The late Emperer, Taou-twang, died in February, 1860, in the sixty-ninth year of his age and the twenty-ninth of his reign, He was born in 1782, the same year which gaye birth to Daniel Webster, Mar- tin Van Boren, Lewis Cass, Thomas H. Benton, John C. Calhoun, and other distinguished Americans. Taowtwang was tall and thin, and ofa dark com- plexion. He was fond of retirement, and left the cares of the imperial government mainly to the mandarics of his court. His acts were generally pas- sive in iueir character, aud Le ovideatly cideavored to accommodate himself to circumstances. Lis son, Hein-Fung, the present Emperor, asccuded the 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7.