The New York Herald Newspaper, November 11, 1852, Page 7

yl Besumer of ihe Constitation of Venezuela, as Scitied In ii Ty C4 ! 830, and in Force at the Pre= The republic rccognizes as territory all that which, before the year 1820, was comprehended in the juris- Gotion of the Captains General of Venezuela; and this territory is divided into provinces, these pre- vinees into cantons, and these cantons into parishes. ‘The position of Venesueliam is acquired citha- °Y Dirth or naturalization. In order th-v citizen may exercise his politieal rights. *¢ must be either marriod, or be twenty-one #F8 of age. He must either possess @ freeho Property which yields an annual rent of fiftwsollars, exercise some spscies of industry whicb «1! produce him double that amouny» (provided »Ways that salary or pay as the domestic servant of snother will not be admitted as an in- dusiry,) or bo in public or private employ witha salary of $150 per annum. He must also be able to read and write. The Constitution also indicates the cases in which these political rights of the citizen can be suspended; also the cases in which they are lost. It was judged expedient to adopt a form of gov- ernment that should be intermediate between cen- tealiem and federalism. With this view, om divid_ ing the exercise of the supreme’ power into judi- ia), legislative and executive, there was a fourth power introduced, which may be called aquunicipal power. The executive power is under the charge of a magistrate, who is culled the Prosident of the Re- Pablic. ‘Tho legislative power is exercised by a Congres ef deputies of the people. This Congress is divided into two chambers—the one that of the representa tives, the othor that of senators. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, the Superior Court, the Judges of First Instance and the other inferior tribunals. The municipal power has also its part in the le- gislative and executive powers. The provincial lo- gitlatures have also certain logislative powers, and the governors of the provinces have also cortain executive powers. Three secretaries are necessary organs of the | executive power, and these secretaries are vesponsi- ble cflic and in their reepective connection® with the acts of the executive, authorize those acta by their signatures, in order that they may be obeyed. When certain arduous and important cases Present themeelves, it is the duty of the executiv® to consult the opinion ef an advising board, com- posed of the Vice President of the Republic, an officer ef the Supreme Court, chogen by the court iteelf, four advisers to be named by Congress, and the three Becrotarios before alluded to. These three secretaries are, the Socretary of State and Foreign Affairs, Secretary of the Interior, and Secretary of War and Marine, and are selected by the President self. The Pretidont’s duties are to preserve the pozce and security of the State, cause the laws to be car- Tied out, and command tho forces by sea and land. But in order to commaud thom in person, he must have the consent of Congress, as ho must also have in order to call the militia into active service, and declare war in the name of the republic. He direots all diplomatic negotiations, though previous to ratifying treaties the approbation of Congress must be obtamed. Congress, or tho advising board be- fore referred to, dotermines the cases in which the President can grant letters of mark and reprisal. Foreign officers cannot be admitted into cithor of the zervices without previeusly obtaining the con- sent of. Congress. The President can confer military and naval rank to a cortain extent; but the commissions of gen- erals, colonels, and captains in ibe navy, require the approbation of the Senate. With the approbation of the board of advisers, the President can conyoke extraordinary sessions of Congress, name diplomatic agents of any rank, and | diepiace any public employee whon thoy ere guilty of negligence, or show incapacity; and, finally, ho can commute capital sentences, provided always that they were not imposed by the Senate, when, under certain circumstances hereafter to be men- tioned, it is converted into a legal tribunal. The President, by himeclf, can grant letters of naturalization, nominate persons to all those civil, itary, or State appointments, whose filling is not provided for by other moans; suspsud from their ees these came employees, and place them at the isposition of the proper tribunals, when it can be it pee | that they have broken the laws; and grant — retirements and leave of absence, aceording to the rales applicable to tho cases. From the lists presented io him by the Supreme Court he eelects the officers for the superior courts, and from other lists prerented to him by the pro- vineial legislatures he selects the provincial gover: Bors. He ought to see to tho collection and investment | of the public rents, and, finally, that justice is promptly and duly administered to tho people. It was considered that many circumstances might arise in which theso, the ordinary powers of the executive, would not bo sullicient to enable him to rapple with and_avert impending dangers to the rake. For instance, in case of civil discord, and when the republic might be in a state of commo- tion from armed factions, or on being threatened with an invasion from abroad. Under euch cireum- stances, the President can call on Congross, (or if that bedy is net in # n, on the board of ad- visers,) for the noce: ty to call into service part of the national militia; to exact in advance the ordinary contribations, or negotiate Joan; te interrogate, and even to reduco to prison, those suspected conepirators, though jho must, within three days from tdeir arrest, put them at tho diaposition of the pots tribunals; and lastly, to empower him to concede ammesties or pardons, genera) or special. 7 The President cannot leave the territory of the republic whilst he is exercising his functions, or for one yeer after his term expires, so that he may not evade any responsibility he may incur for violating the conslitution, for anything against the inde- pendence of the State, or against the established form of government, and for any of thore crimes which the laws punish with death or infan . © President cannot carry on the administration of public affairs out of the limita of the capital; and in all caces in which ho leaves the soat of govorn- went, tho Vice President takes the exooutive power, ‘ofem. His place again is filled pro tem. by the jee President of the Bosrd of Advizers, who is elected by tho members of the board, who aro not dependent on the President for their position. Without the necessity y convocation, Congress ought to mect on the 20th January of each year, in the capital of the republiz. Their sessions last for ninety days, but can be prolonged for thirty more. Beyond this they oannot go. It is the duty of the House of Representatives to examine the investment of the ‘onal roni#, and examine the accouets of the public expeures, which accounts are annually presented to them by the President. Ty must examine any charge brought against public em- ployees, and declaro whether there is cause of action or not, without prejudice, however, to the ordinary tribunals. When the sccusations are against the President or Vice President of the Republic, or any member of the Board of Advisers or Supreme Court, that court iacorporates itself with the Senate, an the sentence then givon is definitive. Laws or do- erees may originate in either of the two Housos, ex- ting those establishing imposts, which can only ipaake in the House of Representatives. Thore anuet be threo debates in three distinct sessions in each House, for each low deorce that is passed. If eno House shall not approve of what the othor has sanctioned, or shall propore modifications in which the firat docs not agroe, the Jaw shall not be ecasidercd ag peveed. If a) ved of by both, it is sent to the exceutivo, who either assonts to it or objects, In the first case jit becomes a law; in the second, it is returned to the House that propos- edit. It is considered anew, and if two thirds of the members of both one and the othor House insist gn it, the oxecative powor must order it to became a Jaw, he having no furthor voice in the matter. It ‘will alco become o law if, in the first cage, the exsou- dive does not return it, with bia objections, within ten days of receiving it, unloss Congress sessions shall have come to an ond during those ten days; in such a case, he must return it, with his objoc- tione, within the first ten days of its noxt ression. bigest fixes the national woights and measures, e type and valuo of the coin; eatnblishce tribunals and justiciaries; creates and supprosres offices, and determines the pay of theso ofiices; every year it decrees the force of the re | army, and makes tho laws regarding the organization of tho militia; iit can annex, acquire, or change territories; it an- nually fixos the amount of public expenses; con- tracts loans on public crodit; makes contracts for nternal navigation, the opening of roads and canals, end other objects of public utility; concedes exclusive temporary priv Heges for fost the progress, introduction, or bettering of useful iaven- Fioug; promctes education; grants amnostios; desig- rater tho place’ ‘o the sent of government must be Tasnseds marks tmritorial lines, aud grants prizes aud recompenses to the wore servers of their coun- try, or deoroes honors to their momory, Senators or ropresentatives are inno way responsible for the opiriona they may express in the chainhers, and enjoy immunity doring dhe seesion, and whilst they aro cing from and returning to their places of habita- front excepting in the cave of their having eommit- ted # capital offence. For offences fry which the oc: t or infamy, the Preheat aya LW tigen caida wated ju eushority posed juprene Mart, com, ut five utes are asfolluws :—To take judges, and their attr*’ it the i ne, ns inst tho official secre- taries, 2 also against the President and members of the. of Advisers; decide in dite or claims of senipotentaries or foreign omissaries, when public right and the spirit of existing treaties per- mits, and also im chses of accusations brought against the diplomatic agents of the republic. To decide any controversies that may originate from contracts made by the executive; to hear complaints sgainst the courts of jus:ice, or against any especial member of them. This court likewise proposes to Congress the reforms which it may think convenient for the better administration of justice. The mem- bers of the Supreme Court are responsible for treason nm the country, or fr Joining in it. either the members of the Supreme Court, or other judges, can be suspended from their employs, except through an accusation admitted legally ; nor deposed, save for cause proved, and sentence iven. : The provincial legislatures meot on the first of Nove of cad in the capitals of the provinces; their das lass ety doys, though they may increase them to forty. It is the duty of these bodies to watch over the exact fulfilment of the laws, and denounce, (with proofs,) before the House of Representatives or the executive power, any infractions or abuses which the public em- ployees may commit; present to the governor of the province the list of names from which he must select the marae of cantons, and the employees of the provincial fiscal department ; divide among the captons of the provinces, the extraordinary contribu- tions which Congress may order to bo raised, and also assign to each canton its proportion for keeping up the army and Detz to annually draw up the budget of expenses which they suppose the munici- pal service will manne The provincial legislatures ean establish pro- vincial imposts, arrange their collestion, and de- termine the number and salary ef the’ employees; raise loans on its funds, supervise the public pro- perty in town or country, organize police, procure the means for primary education for tho people, 0) roads and canals, construct bridges, found hos- pee ereet eleemosynany or ornamental and use- ful establishments, grant exclusive privileges for certain definite periods, erect new villages and towns, alter tho sites of old ones, and favor immigra- tion, and the colonization of industrious foreigners. The ordinances and resolutions of these bodies age to the governor of the province, who can ob- Toot to them within fivedays. Unless he does, they become municipal laws, as they do ulso when the vote in their favor is more than two-thirds of the number of members, ia which case the governor's approbation is not necessary to make it a law. Although Congress has the power of disapproving of thote acts of the legislatures. which may bo in direct opposition to the express tonor of the laws, its spare basic. is not necessary previous to obedi- ence being yielded to them from the time they are decreed and sanctioned. But in those cases where the execution of provincial decrees would give rise to contrajictions between them and other legis- latures, they are suspended until Congress devides the question. Thus the provincial legislatures are subordinate to Congress, which has the power of annulling any of their acta. The members of the legislatures enjoy the same | immunities ss members ot Congress. | Tho civil jurisdiction of the provinces is under the | cbarge of tho governors, who are dependent on the | execative power, of which they are the natural and immediate agents. The other public officers aro sub- ject to them in all that appertains to order, internal security, civil and economical government. They re convoke extraordinary sossions of the legis- jature. The foregoing are the civil officers of the constitu- tion of Venezuela. The following is 2 condensed resumer of tho system of social organization, in | which the people have part:-- ‘The people per se have only one act of sovereignty, | and that is choosing electors. These electorsare the | ones who in their turn make the elections. Eleo- tors are not nominated indiscriminately by all | classes, but only by those citizens who are in po: | seasion of the requisite civil rights before allud | to. The elections for electors are held in the chief | | | town in each parish, and for each 4,000 inhabitants | one elector is chosen, and for any residue over 2,000, | one more. The requisites for an elector are, that he shall be | | in full ecloemant of all the rights of a citizen, be | over 25 years of ago, know how to read and write, bave resided one year in any pean of the canton, | be a freebolder of the valuo of $200 per annum, or | exercise come calling that produces him $409 per annum, or have a salary of $400. He is elected for two years. On the Ist of October, every two years, the electors assemble in the capitals of the provinces and vote | for a Prorident or Vice President of the Republic ; elect one-half of the number of senators, represent- | atives, and provincial deputies: these are elected for four years. The registers in which are inscribed tho votes of | the electors for president and vice-president are sent | | to Congress, which scrutinizes thom. If it happens | that none of the candidates receive two-thirds of the whole number of votes, Congress concludes the | | election, by selecting one out of the three who shall | ( have received the greatest number of votes. | To be President or Vice Presllent it is necessary | to be a Venozuelian by birth, be more than thirty | “years of age, have resided in the country tree years | in tuceession before the election, (it being under- stood that absence on publio service during that time does not constitute an impediment,) be owner ofa freehold producing $800 per annum, or exercise some yl Ale produces $1,000, or enjoy a salary of $1,200. | The President and Vice-President romain in their | ofiice for four yeara; they are nomina‘od at intervals of two years, and cannot be re-elected for the term suceceding the one in which they hold office. The holder of excentive power coases his functions on the very day his term legally expires, even if from sny accident the Congross which ought to doclare his successer, according to the vote of the electoral assemblies, shall not have assembled on that day. There are two senators to each province, without reference to their number of inhabitants, and tho samo requisites as those for President are required. Lyery provinee must send at least one representa- tive to Congress. Those provinces which are more thickly populated can send one for every twenty thousand inhabitants, and another one for the resi- duo, if over twelve thousand. Tho same requisites esrentially as for senator. 5 As regsrds the provincial depu‘ies, one is sont from each cantonin.a province. There must be even deputies, however, so if there aro lesy than reven captons they etill must rend seven Natvralized citizens cannot fill the offices of Proa- | ident, Vice President, members of the Board of Ad- | vieo, member of the Supremo Court, or become commandants of arms The constitution declares that all magistrates, judges, and other employees, are sgents of the na- tion, and as such responsible for their public con- duct before the law. The armed force is essentially ient, and never can deliberate. Those who well as thore who obey, orders, contrary to ‘tions or laws, are equallr culpable. Avy civil suit, in whatever stage it may be, may be cifically settled by arbitration. A Vene house is inviolable, as aro also his lette: vate papers. Nobody can direct potiti authorit the name of the people. Everybody can peti in his own namo. The right of using | the press is free. No one can be judged, save by law, enterior to his crime, and never by special committees or extraordinary tribunals. No Vone- guelian can be obliged to depose on oath in # crimi- nal cause against himself, nor against his immediate relatives; nor can he be arrosted without a pre- | vious summary of the case against him; and by | the summary it appears that his reputed ccime is not one that merits personal punishmeat, ho can be put at liberty, under bail, at any stage of the pro- ceedings. No portion, however small, of individuul property can be applied to public use without the revious consent of Congress or a previous indemni- ication. All kinds of honest callings and prefos- sions can be freely exorcised by all and every one who chooses. There are no titles of nobility, honors or Lot tent distinctions, recognized by the laws— | all are equal at the bar of justice. No Venozuelian con be judged by military laws, untoss ho iso tually with the army, and receiving pay as a soldier from the republic. L'oreignors are roseived on the | most favored footing of citizens in Vonexuela, and enjoy the same privileges, protection, and security aa the natives. When _refo1 in the eonstitution are contom- plated they are to be discussed in one Congress, aud then left pending for four years, when tho House will be completely renewed; and then, if they are carried by a two third vote, they are passod, and not unless. IwvorTant ARREST AT ALBANY.—Goorgo Bost tevening by officers Johnson and with committing a rape and an seeault and don board of @ vessel which had reoontiy arrived heve, Best is said to have been ono of a geng of ten who brutally ravished a girl near Hudson ; Some time since, Some of them were arrested and Jodged in jail at that place, from which they subsequent- ly made tlieir ercape, The girl has since died. To was tek to iiudson this morning in charge of an officer be longing to that place ==. !/any Jeurnal, Now. 9. Mrestonany Murer ‘ev. Goorge Thompson, who bes been two years a baifin Africa, at tho Mondi Mission, is now ready to return with a large rein: forcement, and gave a free lecture on Africa, on Wednes- day, 10th inst., in the Congregational chursh, Newark, N-J. He gave descriptions of the country, soll, climste, productions end fruits; of the people, thelr customs and Toanners; of the misslonary work in Africa, with an ac- count of hi ‘bora in that field Specimens of their idols, charme, ornaments, tools, leather, iron, cloth. jand | Cxenses of the Kings and pommog people, kc, were,'also shown, a) Our Washington Corresponde°* Wamrenrcun, Nor 9, 1852, The Misstow -) Dr. Gardtner to Mexico. Dr. Garainer, I understand, arrived at New Or- Teans on the 26th ult, en route to Mexico, in order to procure additional eviden¢e and proof of the ex- istence of the mine upon which the Mexican Com- mizsion granted him an award. Bofore leaving here he had been asked to accompany the Commis- sion which had been raised at the instance of Mr. Soulé. The correspondence upon that subject has already been published in the Henatp. Upon ar riving at New Orleans, he called upon the Collector, and presented a written order from the government to give him a passage on the United States steamer Fulton to Tampico He was then informed that contrary orders had subsequently been issued by the government not to afford him the promised passage, and, notwithstanding the written order in his poe session, all the promised facilities were denied him. The Fulton sailed on the 28th with the ‘Gardiner Commiesion,” and Dr. Gardiner was obliged to seek some other means of reaching Mexico. He has accordingly gone or his own ‘hoox,” and expects to be back long before the Commission. Although the country expects that if any fraud has been committed by Gardiner it will be fully ex- posed and punished, it does not require that ih or upjust proceedings should be adopted towards him in advanco of his trial. If the facts above given are correct, some explanation of the extraor- dinary course adopted by the government is neces- sary, orthe inference must remain that Dr. Gar- diner is the Vieliggor a cruel persecution. Wasuincrton, Nov. 9, 1852. The Views of the Administration in Regard to Cuba. The news from New Orleans, of the treat- went of the Crescent City, on her recent trip to Havana, is just what might have been ex- pected from the view taken by the Prosident of tho former outrage. You will remember I telegraphed you at the tinfé what I understood to be the real opinion of the government in the matter. The despatch was copied into the Union here, and the Republic was dared to contradict it if not correct. Instead of doing 80, however, the Republic content- ed itself with a yague denial that the government intended to back out from its duty, &o. Somedays after an announcement appeared that (he difficulties wero all settled, and the Jntelligencer and Republic hastened to indulge in a little burst of enthusiasm at the unparalled statesmanehip of our governmen}, which had wrought such a happy result. It now appears that all this rejoicing was premature, and that, so far from the matter being settled, it has as- sumed, if possible, ore offensive attitude than be- fore. Tho Captain-General is not only determined to carry out his pleasure as regards tho indi- vidual named William Smith, but he has givon no- tice that for the future all humbug must be aban- doned, and the ‘obnoxious Smith” removed from tho ship, or else the ship wili be excluded in toto from the port of Havana. All this, I repeat, is just what must have been | anticipated from the position taken by our govern- ment. Tho Prosident and the members of his cabi- net use no disguise in expressing their astonishment that the papers of the country should be so ox- tremely ignorant as to suppose Cuba violated any of the courtesies of nations in excluding not only Mr. Smith, but also the steamer, if she sees fit to do so. provision for admitting vessels into the port ef Ha- yana, and consequently the exclusion of tho Cros- cent City by the Captain-General is simply a “* port regulation,” which we must grin and bear. How can it be expected, when such views prevail, that the honor of our flag will be vindicated, as tht peo- ple understand the term’? As the Republic and In- tligencer understand it, ‘a vindication of our fog” simply meant that the Captain-General, having acted as he had an undoubted right to do, in the macter of the Crescent City, our government lost no time in sending Mr. Conkling to Havana to tell that fanctionary that such was the case. It is understood, however, that the Spanish Min- | ister here, Don A. Calderon de la Barca, viows the occurrences with great regret, and is usin; exertions to induce the Captain-Gener: the rigor of his severity. this able and enlightened gentleman aro dese: of all praise, it is to be regretted that the American people should 20 far be misled as to thoir rights, and what constitutes an outrage on the national flag, as to look to the President for a vindisation of their honor ina matter which it turns eut was in strict keeping with our treaty stipulations. All wo wanted was justice and proper respect. If, accord- ing to the adminisiration, that has all along been awarded by the government of Cuba, we have no dosire to trespass further on the kindness of the his best to relax | Our treaty with Spain, it is contended, makes no | Vhilst the exertions of | ving | The veusels trom Ungland have ali been loaded, and Spanish Minister, aud we beg, by all means, that | ¢ Captain-General shall have full swing. hero is no doubt such condust will greatly assist in s0- curing the continuance of Spanish rule in the Queen of the Antilles. x Our Quebec Correspondence. Quesec, Nov. 6, 1852. Decrease of Cholera at Quebec--Canadian Appre- ciation of Royalty—Determination of the House of Assembly to Adjowrn—Commercial Policy still in Aleyance--Quebec and Halifax Railroad —Propellers between Liverpool and Montreal and Portland—American Fishermen with False Colors and Papers. The cholera has apparently suddenly lefs us, after having, for the most part, beon limited to the Marine Hospital and the lower town. The members of the Assembiy wero, however, a good deal startled by the death of one of that body, and two of its messengers, and therefore erroneously imagined that the disorder had located itself in the Parlia- ment building, without reflecting that the deceased had lived in various parte of the city, and had pro- bably contracted the disease there. A motion was consequently made, on Saturday, to adjoura to a distant day, but which was nogatived by a largo majority, and the House adjourned over till Tuss- day—Monday boing All Saints day, which is kept here, by the Roman Catholic inhabitants, with great solemnity, their shops and places of business being closed, and the churches being opened irom early in the morning till a late hour in the evening Tuesday, being All Soul’s Day, was observed much in the same manner; and whou one reflects oa the numerous holidays, nnd the legion of priests who have to be supported by the poople bore, it it easy scoount for the very gencral poverty which pre- mong the inbabitants of the lowor proviume. wards of an hour was spent, on Saturday, in discuseing whether s petition from the municipal corporations shonld be recoived, which was drawn up in the most disrespoctful terms, and spoko of the Quecn as being ‘game to the back-bone,” and de- scribed Sir J. Packington, ths Colonial Secretary in England, as not knowing “a shank from @ musk rat.” One would think tiat such language, with “more of the samo sort,” would have insurod its instant rejection by the Legislative Assembly, but even one of the mombors of the government was found supporting its reception; and, as I lave al- ready intimated, it was not till after considerable debate that it was sent adrift. A tolorable idoa, | howevor, may be formed of the stato of public sonti- ment in the interior of Upper Canada, whenee this precious production emanated, and of the moral and intellectual standing of the people, whon sucha document had appended to it the name of the reere of the township, in his official capacity, and tho seal of the corporation. The Americin pcop!e, asis well known, have no very groat prodiloction in favor of royalty, but 1 much doubt if any body of mon among them would sanction a direct insult to the Queen of England, whose personal chavaoter is above reproach. At length it has been determined to suzpond ar hd proceedings till February, aad the House will adjourn on i ueeey, next, to the lith of that month; and although the cholera panic has partially subsided, notwithstanding the death of Colonel Amtrobus, one of the Governor General’s steffi, on Sunday last, yet thore is no doubt that the dread of the disorder led to the | manly, energetic action, is the watchword. adoption of the resslution, a uumber of the mem- | bers having returned home, and thore being a strong probability that others would follow. Y ment withdrew its objections, having suce: getting the Railway Bill passed, by which a oon- tract will be ontered into with Hnglish capitalists to construct railways above Montro: nd t bel its members were really glad shat an epportunt was afforded for suspending the business of ths ses- | for some time in 9} Congress at its next sitt evidently entertains a bope, I thi that which after all must bo considered the true policy of this country will be resorted to It strikes me that the railway hence to Halifax is in a fair way of being commerced. A bill is before the House for incorporating a company to construct & dine from Quebec to the Trois Pisiotes river, abou’ one bundied and fifty miles below; and the New Brunswick people bave contracted with Mr. Jaok- fon, te complete one from Shediac, near the boand- ary line of Nova Scotia, to Mirimichi, both waich sections are on the line anproved by the British jovernment. I seo by the papers, also, that Mr. lowe, the Provincial Beoretary, left Halifax abd- rupily for Engiand in the last steamer, doubtless for the purpose of obtaining the guaranty of the British government, which will enable thy wovince to obtain money at three and a half per ¢ent, in- stead of having to pay six, for that portion of the line from Halifax to Shediac. Thero isa line of steamers about to ply between England and Quebec and Montreal, a contract hav- ing been entered into between the Canadian go- vernment and the firm of McKean, McLarty & Co, of Lied pe for running a regular line of large and pow serew steamers from Liverpool every fort- night, while the navigation is open, and once a month to Portland, in Maine, during winter. A copy of this contract has just been laid before the House; but I havo not room left to enter into par- ticulars, but to which I shall again advert. The price of passage and charge for treight has been nema fixed and determined. There is nothing definite as to the cause of the de- tention of a large numbor of fishing craft by the a of the Devastation, which wore ostensibly British, and who, it is stated, the admiral has supar- ceded in his command. It is said, however, that many American vessels are provided with British and American colors and papers, with which they are furnished by the provincial authorities in the Strait of Canto, which seems to have led to the in- discriminate seizuro of apparently and really British vessels by Captain Campbell. WwW. Our Belize Correspondence. Bexize, Honduras, Oct. 14, 1852. The September Hurricanes—Disasters to the Ship ping—Sickly Season—Murderers—The Mahoga- any Trade, &c. T avail myself of the sailing of tho brig Hope, to | inform you that the American brig Lothera, Bent- ley, master, went on shore on the reef off the Island | of Cozamel, on the night of the 22d of September | Tho captain and crow were taken off, and brought te Belize, where the wreck and cargo was sold, as they | might be found, for $785. The brig was stripped | by the schooner True Blue, and her materials brought on here and sold. This vessel was sent from New York, ia June last, to Navy Bay, thence to Chagres, thence to Belize” where she was loaded with mahogany, and was on | her passage to Boston, when she went ashore. The | day before she was lost was a vory dirty day; and | the evening on which she went ashore, we had a | hurricane here which caused great damage to the | plantations in this neighborhood—blew down a | jarge number of trees in this town, committed some | trifling damage to the shipping loading at the | southward, and caused the American brig Hope to drag both anchors, and put her on the bank, near | the harbor’s mouth, in four feet of water, from | whence it took several days to get her off, and after her captain had discharged the cargo ho had taken iD, and put out every thing on board to lighten | er. We have had unusual weather for tho last throe | months. It rains daily, and is very hot, with little or no wind. We are expecting a very sickly season. The Board of Health has becn re organized, and are now at work with untiring energy, making rulcs and regulations, which, if they do no good, wilt put | money in the pocket of the printer, as they have all | their rules, regulations, and orders, printed and | sted, (in Spanish and Hengliah) on every wall and fence in town. The Board are nearly all M. D.’s, and as they advise all to be vaccinated, and caution the public against being vaccinated by unprofes- sional persons; and as nearly every child and three- quarters of the adults aro being vaccinated—why, being members ot the Board of Health, puts money in their pockets. Since my last, the floods have brought down all the wood cut last and the early port of this year. mahogany is now falling, several sales having beon made of fresh wood at $00. Mahogany having fallen to a very low figure in England, you may expect | soveral cargoes from this port to your city. - A man named Cipreanno, was to be hung here | this day, but was respited, owing to some doubts | about the legality of his trial, he having been tried | by an acting chief justice, during the abgonce of the real Obief Justice, Robert Lomple. Some two | years since, 8 most aggravated assassination was | committed. A Portugucse shopkeeper was stab- bed through the heart while going into his house, after having locked up his shop, at night, and although every eflort was made to tind out the aseassin at that time, no clue was had until a few weeks since the whole matter was blown by one of the persons engaged in the affuir; it appears that the assassin was employed to stab the man, by his own partner, Juan Gorey. Gorey was recently arrest- ed, together with the man who committed the a:t. Seven others were arrested, and from their examina- tion it appears that a gang of twenty-five porzons | have existed in this community, bound together by gecrecy and the most awful oaths, liable to death from all if either attempted tu divulge; they have been guilty of ail kinds of unlawful conduct, have poral ad. murder, robbery, planned arson and as- eactinations, and had they not been found out, they would have assassinated several very respectable citizens, and burnt the houses of ethers, which mighb carily have lain the whole town in ruins. A worse set of villians, probably, never lived iu any town ia the world. Your correspondent, ‘ Travellor,” gave very general satisfaction, in his gontle repreots to the Acting Colonial Secretary. He has had no more ** Yankee Notions” posted on his black board, sinco end of bis in your city, sent him the Herano August Jest, and h ¢8 long enough, he will yet learn that it is Yankees. e are entertained that well to be civil, even to, the Yar man in your city, ono of Qneoa Vi cfuses to let th -. is he a citizen of Now York? ‘The recent fall in tho price of mahogany, in Eng- land, has dampened the ardor that was thrown around all mahogany cutting operations in this prefent appearau lement, and r be very scarce at Christmas, which Our provision market is w: ranging bigher than formerly is falling, indigo and coobineal ar var ing, and are worth from six to cight reals i Wo have Galveston papers to th The Cwilian of that date gives the following no- count of an accident in the bay:—Capt Wm. Long, bound from bis city to Double bay, on Upper Gal- vesten bay, on his sloop War Eagle, with oneof his negro boys. was capsized on Wednesday of last eek, and remained four nights and three and a half on the bull of the sloop, without food or water. [he negro boy became delirious for want of food or water, and died after two days, in the arms of tho captain Capt. Long was finally takon off the wreck by Mr. Markoy, who lives near Double bayou. The sloop was taken in tow by the Liverpool, but thero proved to bo no ropes on board oval che to hold her, so that she was left, two miles from shore, abreast of the mouth of Double bayou. The News learns from a private source, as well as from the Beacon, that the subscriptions to tho railroad stock have succeeded well in Houston. It ie said that $100, have boon taken by individuals in Houston, besides tho $200,000 by the corpora- tion. The Bcaron says almost overy man su!)soribes, aud adds that the merchants of that city will order the tren on their own oredit. The Beacon tays further that “ the gas has all exploded, and 5 gre 1e38 than twelve months we will have all the northwest Brazos fifty miles noarer to us than it now is, if railroads will do it.” [Tho News says that the steamer Washington ar- rived there on the 24th, from Cincinnati, with eighty or @ hundred bales of cotton. Tho Trinity is said to be in fine navigable order. The came paper has information from several parts of Texas, both cast and west, that tho injury to the n hal cotton by the dry rot will be very serious many places the is cut ehort more than one-half. The Victoria Advocate learns from tho lion. D. M. Stepp, that the government has becn engaged ming roads from Austia fo tho military poatson Red river, and along tho north- | Western border of Texas, and that in future it is de- sion, although six weeks astention to their duties on | the part of members of the House, would havo brought it to a satisfactory tormination. As itis, all tho great moasaros of tho session, which have searcely boon touched, will r main (a statu quo. Mr. Young’s resolutions relative to trade have beon postponed till the Hongo moots again; and tho commercial policy, with reference to in- cronsed tolls on American yeasels pasmng through the Welland Canal, and the imposition of higher duties on goodsimported through the United States than when brought in by the way of tho river St Lawrence, as indicated by the Inspector Geners never been formally laid before the House, althoug repeated attempts have beon mado to induce tho governmont todo so. That offiver stated on Laura day evening, howover, that tho policy which it was intended to pureue was well known, having beon re- , peatedly deglared; and walose a bill should pasy Now. 9, termined to supply these posts through Intianola Heretofore they have been supplied by way of Wort Smith on the Arkansas river. The Advocate also learns that the legislatare Will be called togother in December or January: Fing avp Loss or Lire —A fire o Sngburg. betworn twelve and one o'c which destroyed an old storchoure si near the bru: tor oid man and & girl potished in the Memos, in their at tempts to secure some of their property stored In the buildi We did not learn their names,—Zioy Budget, UNDERGROUND RaiLRoAn —It is stated in the Voice of the Fugitives, publiched in Windsor, Canada West, that the underground railroad never did a more thriviog business th net present, Within ten days, the editer raya, he had greeted no less than twenty six singe frem slavery, not one of whom had met with any i culty im making thelr way to Canada, | Ways. | Italy sud Hungary, for example, have ARRIVAL OF THE GLASGOW. THREE DAYS LATER FROM EUROPE, Attempt to Assassinate the President of the Tuscan Ministry. ANIMATION IN THE COTTON MARKET, hic. Sen dee The ecrew steamer Glasgow, Captain Craig, ar- rived at this port yesterday afternoon. She left Glasgow on Tuesday afternoon, the 26th ult., thus making the passage in fifteen days. Owing to a variety of circumstances we have not obtained full files of papers from Engiand. This is the first time we have received nows by any of the Glasgow steamers. Their passages have been re- markably short and regular, but the side wheel steam ships have generally anticipated the propel- lers. The paddle wheels are in danger; however, the submerged screws are rapidly improving in speed. The Liverpool cotton market on Monday, the 25th ult., was animated. What Would be at Stake [Frem the London Spec! Conversations in Vienna, as well as in London Paris, in Berlin, Bru: York and Washington—t i Cape Town and the Australian capitals —is coacern- ing itself and the prospect of a general war. The centinental veterans of the last war, the Germans and Austrians espovially, are speaking as if their old experience were rising toa premium, and the are laying down the Jaw aa to the probabilities of oh occurrence with great vivacity. They are con sidering the probable results ef this or that combi- nation when the outbreak may happen. Louis Na- poles they say, will not be able to stick to peace yy his own will; his army and entourage will force him into hostilities. A war between France and England would be pleasing to Austria, especially if Pruesia joined England; then Aw might make war in Germany, and strengthen her own em- pis. We attach no great importance to the specu- lations cf old gentlemen whore political views aro based mainly upon the state of aftairs thirty or for- ty years ago, and who find great difficulty in bring- ing the understanding of 1815 to bear upon 1852 or 1853. The general tendency, however, to talk of a | tubject, although of no great moment at any particu- lar place or time, becomes clearly significant as soon as it extends over successive years and many coun- tries. It people in places so far apart a3 those which we have mentioned, for two or three years persevere in diccussing war as an imminent probability, it is a)l but certain that they are moved by some com- mon impulse reeting uponreality. If a Vienneso encra), an Italian patriot, a Cape rebel, an Austra- jan colonist, a ’cute Yankee, a French adventurer, and a London trader, all find their minds inclined to run upon the same idea, there must be some real and solid fact at the bottom, upon which they all really stand, and of which they are conscious. It does not matter that the fact may lie below the surface, may be vague and difficult for us to scruti- | nize and desoribe. We all foel it is there; it isthe common cauie of the common thought in so many | different’ communities and understandings. The | general concurrence, therefore, of superticial signs, | indicates that this war talk has in it a reality; that this war is a thing to be, at no very distant day. But if war is to fall upon the world, what does it | involve? What aro the main points at stake if | Europe should be involved in a general contest ? ‘This ia & question which concerns us not remotely, | not lightly; because in the brief interval allowed be- | also, of | tween that event which all concur in expecting, the position of our ewn country in the conflist—the things in which it takos a most lively interest—may be materially influenced. The frst thing that appears to us to be at stake is freedom. The freedom of Europe is pre-eminent- ly at stake, especially according to our English un- | derstanding of the word. Although tho modern | idea as to the rights of the people prevaient upon | the whole in England, and in those countries which have been endeavoring to copy her institutions, is | of comparatively recent growth, yet for some cen- tury or two, or even more, Europe has upon the | whole been adopting a civil ratber than a military | form of government. It is cometimes said that this progress of civil freedom is ondangered and checked | by outbreaks like thoso of 1848; and, as a fact, it | may be #0, but asa mattor of logic, the result is not | creditable either to the state of intelligence in | Europe or to the moral courage of those who sup- ort constitutional freedom. | The excess of an uneducated populace and its espe- civ] friends have no logical force against the merits of regulated liberty ; as little as the excesses of ar- hitrery government can be taken to defend freeiom of any fort. It is the business of those who uphold regulated liberty, to see that their doctrines bo maintained in the face of both extremes; and it ar- gues little for the conviction, the moral courage, or | even the practical intelligence of men, when they flinch {rom maintaining their prino'ples at the time when thoge principles are most peremptorily chal- | lenged. The revolution of J348, and the reaction | of 1849, were exactly tho times when the upholders of constitutional freedom should havo used their ut- | most exertions ; and it was exactly at those times | that they most especially drew back from their op- portunity. The struggle has been left to tho ox- | tremes, One extreme has vanquished ; arbitrary rule has preesed with such iron foroocn the popula- | tions, that a chroffc rebcliion is maintained by counter irritation; andin the case of a general war, it ie probable that provocatives of the same kind, on both sides, would be eufficient pretense for increase to the aggressive spirit of arbitrary rule. Im- merse armies haye been formed for the | maintainance of that rule; they aro all now engaged in practicul encroachments; a period of general disturbance would give them the oppor- tunity ofextending thore encroashments and con- firming them. Althoughnone of us cau determine the ultimate results of a yoneral commotion ia Europe, the first result seoms tolerably certain—tho estab- lishment of» military machinery as the ordinary rule of government. "An illustration of that is seen in Northern Italy, where even municipal affairs are administered by the soldicry of the empire. Li freedom is at stake, therefore, in the next European war, the most obvious danger which threatens is the general establishinent of military administration he next th which England more espee bas at steke, in case there shoul y conflict, is her commerce. This is ied in many Hor intercouree with countries quite willing be stopped by totrade with her might of co - | any power able to interospt that intercourse, espe- ch ly if Pngland fniled by the peculiarity of the | position that she might assume, to engage on her side the good will ofasy such community. Northern ignified their desire to extend commercial relations with this | onions, and other perishable materials, these might be included in the possibility of » ropean conflict, it would be a very false poliey to Jet the recognition of that trach render as timid. There is count) in courage as well se im \- By a timid policy we m'gh court the dangers we deprecate. Eog!and wii! nos obtain aay in a troubled future, except that which she 0am so- cure for herself. The o'»tr bation of amity or alll- ance may affect the facility of that inguranee, but the eflect of insurance or per fition must England. If the cannot de feud herself, and all is pcetocs to her, it migh* prove the most policy to declare hers:lr politically insoly once give up her place anoog the mations to some more Wealthy rulirg power and acgept torate which any state muy be willin eee ber commercial trust ? on reasonable terms. ‘Tuvre may men who would jump at bis suggestion; there are few stalemen who cannot took beyond it. The United States and Cubas [From the Glasgow Mail, Oct. 23.) Thousands iu the Uxi States have been! ing eagerly for a cause of qu+rrel with the Spani government, and they have found it at lengthi¢ the refusal of the Cuban authorities to allow:1t mail-steamer Crescent City to enter the port. Havana. The reason given for this bold stepit ope cream Kes ya apie a 3 obnoxious to the ish goverai as on board the Crescent City Woatever the authorities at the Havava mey be able to make ia self-vindication, there can be no doubt ef feof the mearure to whieh they have he Cresceut City is in the the American government, and ae on overnment mails, as well ax several passengers ‘aba, when she arrived at Havana. On entering the mouth of the harbor, ene was Be 4 Poardia officers not to enter; but re; of intimation, the captain procesded toan mere The subsequent proceedings are narrated in a ment made on the authority of the captain. F F Bhe proceeded to New Orleans, where the imme- diate result of the indignity which had thus beem offered to the American flag was = “ tremendens indignation meeting,” at which 10,000 of the imhab- itants were present, and calied unanimously onthe overpment for the meuns of vengeance or redress. in New York, alao, public feeling appears to have been considerably excited avd it is not te be won- dered that President Fiilmore, in such eircamstan- ces, should have deomed i: necessary to despatch a special rgent to inquire into the facts, and if the unofficial accounts be cor:oborated, to demand sa- tisfaction. The strangest port of the news is that the Crescent City had ted again for Havana, with the Cuban mails and the identioal purser, oon 8p bea hori H vidently 6 Spanish authorities at Havana are e in @ very uneasy ond feverivh state, like that of men who are conscious of a volcano being ander their feet. The printer of « revolutionary was Ree garroted on the 29ch ultimo. ite o daye before the affuir with the Crescent City, » New York bark, called the Corcelia, sailed out of the harbor oi Havana. A report reached the Cap- tain General that » Creole was on board charged with numerous revolutionary lecters for parties im New York. Officers were immediately sent to board her; and the unlucky vessel was towed back into port. The Creole and ove or two more persona without passports, were arreeted, and their trunua searched. jo captain's dev and tho mail bag yrere even opened, and their contents rifled, All these facts indicato a diseffected condition»! society. But it appeara thai Jonathan dees nd always allow the Captain-eneral to have the gam) to himeclf. One very acvre Yankeo skipper wht arrived lately at Havana with a cargo o: ¢) chanee of getting his ship quickly discunened by the lazy “‘niggers’’ of tho qaaya, Beye out ® report that there were lots of contraband guns and pistola for the disaffected Creoles on board. Lostanth: Galiano rent down his ‘* Carbineros,” and, as lightning, the crafty skipper saw his onions and potatoes tossed upon the yuty, free of cost, and without any discovery or loss, need we say, of fre- arms. The potatoos and oniona, indeed, were the only dangerous articles on board; and the skipper adroitly called in the uid of the civil powor to save him from the serious results of their spontaneous explorion. The Escape of Fre Prisoners from | and the breakers, in tho | hours afterwards they and ‘ the letter even country, and wo know their resources for that pur- | pose are oe. But in the case of war it might be quite possibie for Austria to intercept evon the ex- isting trade of England with both tnese countric Tler commerce at xea would be much nore manifes! ly endangered. The Australians already perovive that; ara in the Australian newspapers, as well ag in private letters brought by the jast mail, we find | a sombre reflox of the reports from Europe, that a war might probably break out. Tho Australians are alarmed for their own produce trade, for the gold trafic, for the trade from England, and, in short, for commerce in any form. Freights and insuran- cos, they say, will rise. Of course they would. The long voyages even more than the short, would he menaced by a state of the world which should loore the maritime powers and privateers aguinst | our trading ships. In those reapeots England stands in a perfectly different condition from what she did before one time her sailors were exclusively hor own; but eince that period Sag hen has been made in manning with English sailors the navy of a foreign country—the navy of the American republic. At a more distant period it was highly amusing for British privateers to intercept Spanish argosies boating gold to Europe. At beet Bon day the Great argosics are the English; and amusing as it might be to bring s Spanish gold ship iato London | or Bristol, the oountenances in London and Bristol | would look very blank at hearing that an Koglish | ‘old ship had been carried into New York or Broast. Pot the pentiogeacy is by no means impgasible. Much, indeed, would dopend upon the question who wore our enemics or our foce. Some we ne scarcely fear; others would turn the scale against us, gr for us, in an immense proportion. Tho under: writers would bo able to tell the moreantile equation of dangers like these, but they eould not form the estimates until they knew the distribution of animo- sity or amity. U the word ina very high sense, commorse would be attacked still more vitally and in another form, and the Australiars foresee it. A genoral war would put a stop to emigration--emigration to | Australia, emigration to America, A — war, in other words, would stop the outlet of our psople ‘land, and Ireland, st: At | Oaye The following partioulars respecting the ceonpe of a batch of French political prisoners from Cayenne are given in the /ndeper dence of Brusaelsi— We have received from Paramaribo, the ehief town of Dutch Guiana, under date of Sept. 20,9 letter signed Riboulet, acd of which we cannot guar- ranty the exactitudo, as cho signature is completely unknown to us; but the facts that it eontsins pear to us to be of suflicient iatorest to be eommuni- cated to our readers. The facts as follows:— ‘Lwelve persons, traneported for political offences in the affair of the 2d of Deoember, to the island of Vrereh Guiana, called Ulc do fa Meira, resolved to attempt to recover their liberty. On the 4th ef September, at midnight, after the inspestion, ead of them, provided with a sme!{ bundle containing few clothes and a little bread, want to a cpetagnest upon on the shore. Jour boats, not guarded, won moored at a short distance from the shore. They swam towards them, and getting into one, they eg the others git in order to remove the meam of pursuit. Without chart or com ventured thus upon the ocean. em end four hours they proceeded, under a b sun, and in the midst of the greatest pe without » drop of water to quench their thirst. passing near the Safety Is and were chased for five 5 Ia 2 chey wore peroeived, The night came on, at of which thoy were obliged lo navigate, did not permit their parsners to come up with them. It may be said, thorefere, that they were soved by the very danger that they risked. A few hours afiorwards they strack apon & sand bank, and but fora high wind that came on with the tide, ¢ d not perhaps have been able te get clear o! uk. On tho followiog day they were again ch rSinimary. They sue- ceeded at length in reaching a Datch port called Brandswacht. At tiret they were taken for esenped convicts, but vay succesded in making their real position known. The commandant, whe 3s of Franch origin, then procured for them al! the agsiataucein bis power. After passing three days with this excellent uian, they were sent to Paramaribo, where they were iu the first instance put inte prisen, berrremtinee 4 put on board the D vercol, the Helding, and ission to land. Stis from this town, a8 wo have d, that the letter has i addressed to ws by the persons who e3a- hould g'vo i: if is were oaly to tran amilies of the peseons whose naznes are Tho nutbor of the lotter speake in high terms of the kindness which he sod his companions rooeived from the Dutch of s. They hope tha they will not be given upto French government 5 that they bavo received the ag i trary in the neme of the Dat government. The presence in the roadstead of PE reimaribo of the trench stermer, the Yozagout inspired, however, some ueeasimess, and they bm communicated their position to the Englich aut! and also to those of the States. Such aro the facts conmanicated to us, amg of which, we repeat, we cannot guarantes the exae titude. The letter, besides, gives the names and professions of the twelve persons who sade theig ye, and also the departments to which they bec ged. They are as follows:—S Riboulet, pro fessor (Jura) ; J. Reuste, merchant (Paris); J. Biolet, landowner (Atier); G Billiard, do. (Al. lier); Lemaitre, founder (Nivro); A. Tourfnire, bootmaker (Ardecho) ; J. Brulat, watchmaker (Basees: Alpes) ; H. Miaille, seaman (Vaucluse); L. Cadette, do. (Marseilles); J Barthelemy, baker (Busses Alpes); Biol, coachinaker (Ardeobe)’ ming for Emi; nts. (From the on Weekly Newb, Det, 23 While the tide of emigration from England, Seet- continues to the United of Good Hope, and to New Zealand and Australia, wnere are aoa ed, enrance of the New States, to Canada, to the Cay | of artizans, agricultuzists, and ‘sborers, to whom: | free from the lon, thove localities aro objectionable i sons. The extreme length aud severity of the ters in the Usited Statos and Canada form & power- fal objection to many, oad the great distance and consequent expento of & voyage to of Good Hope, end still more to New aad Australia, present insmrmounrable obstacles to @ still greater number. It is fortunate for both of thsso classes that anew | country is just opened to their reception fertile, avi prosperous Stato of Costa on the Isthmus of Central America, in the mild, on ra oq and severe winters of the more | northern regions of tho United States and Cnamada, and the inlet of our wealth; that is to say, if wo | hed arrayed against us strong maritime powers. This chesk to emigration would have its effect not only upon at home, it would injure our colonies and our remote dependencies ; it would oxasporste them, and our relatives and allies might be so disgusted as to soe no value in longer alliance. A general war in Europe might materially alfect the politioal geography of the British empire. Bat much, as wo have said before, would depond wy the distriba- tion of animosity or amity. The insurance brok: could not exactly furnish the mercantile equation for this contingency ; the statesman may have some idoa both of its importance and its ra Although contingengies pot less momentous thaQ | zone or belt of laud of three siles in brew and from the great distance and costly v te the far off rogions of the southern hem’ » ae the paamage can be mage to it from London, Liver- pool, or Glasgow in three weeks, as cheaply as te Canada, and at third of the time and cost of a vopeae to Australia he Governor of Costa Rica, desiring to eneour- age the cottiement of Buropean laborers and capi- ists within their State, tave made s munifioent | grant of more th ilfton of acres of oultivable gran an & Milton of land, on the shores of the roe Roya a Gentle déh, from the Atlantic to the Pacifiy, for # carriage road of railway to connect the two oceans, and jorm & of route travorsable in twelve hours from sea to seq from two of the finest ports or harbors in the world The compary to whom the grant now by > 9 the Right Hon. the Kart of Devon = dent, the Right Hou. Lord Brekine for ite vioe- president, James Silk Buckingh Se ey a dl George responsible manger, Mesnoa subiclently well st hon aod Bay of Guif Paleo, (or the Fy for its secretary 9 to gharnntee the _perfest faith of its en; ts and hey are supported by ® powectel qual of