The New York Herald Newspaper, July 27, 1852, Page 2

rh OF VENEZUEL, REPUELIC WNerretive of the Leading Polttieal Events from the Year 1830 tothe Present Day. PART NO. IE. “In medio tutissimus Ibis.’ We closed the first part of this narrative on the eve of the meeting of Congress, in January, 194s Affairs stood thus in Venezuela:— Monagas, by having dismissed the ministry of March 6, 1847, (which had in a manner been forced upon him by Pacz, and was constituted on tirely of act's rtisans,) and by baving commuted the sentence of death against Guzman, found bim- velf with the most bitter and uncompromising hostility of the Paezistas. These latter bad beee intrigui all through the last soven months of th» ear 1847, to procure a majority in Congress against Kora , With a view to impeach and depove him, and then d Paez at the head of the affairs, ily coup d'etat regain their lost po- ry. sition as positive rulers of the cou No stone had been left unturned by the Paezistas to procure a favorable resuli. to these deep laid plans. Paez himself made a visit to Apure, where influence was greatest, and every member of the perty, xc- tunted, as were, by the desire to once more re- sume their position at the public crib, worked night and day. most pertinacious system of abuse of Monagas and his government was kept up by the eligarch presse! the coarse invectives beaped “ the liber was most unsparing. Their grounds for im} ment against Mouagas wore most trivial, as we have before remarked; but this im- ee they counted on as tne means of ousting Tho government party were not idle either; and, sinee Venezuela wat a republic, never hari political feeling run so high. What is very remarkable is, ‘that scarcely avy principles were discussed in this war of partics—the struggle was openly that of the wate against the ims. Is vequires no great political acumen to predict that, when in a republic the etruggle is for moo in- stead of principles, it is a bad mgn for the pob- hie welfare. This, however, is the great misformnne ef the South American republics—their proneness to eonsider men instead ef principles. in the United Brates, where true republican principlee are unior. stood and earried out, the healthfal straggles be- tween partics serve to equalize the government; but there it isa struggle for principles, and the minority alwraye accede to the will exprested by tho n of their fellow-citizens, and the watehful epr toko care that the party in power do not entirely @isregard the wishes of the minority. ‘Taese topics, however, are foreign to our present narrativ Hereafver we may enter into a discussion of Lhe and show the cause, barely on politieal greunds, without reference to the difference of race, of the immense superiority of the United States over these republics. Truly, some of the citizens of that glorious young giant among nations do not Sufficiently appreciate the magnificence of their politieal Institutions, when they so csolly tall of secession from the Union, &e. It wili be a dark oy for humanity, if ever the Union is dissolved, and freedom will have its last knell rung. God nt that sueb a calamity may never happen to the anrace. Let us now return to Paez and Mona- ae. * On the 20th of January, 1848, Congress was to assemble in Caracas, and this day, big with the fate of Paez aud his, partisans, arrived. The R-- prevontairves and Senate of Venezuela held ther “sessions in the building of the Convent gf San Fra @iseo,- im Caracas. ie 20th, 2st; and 224; were ied with forming, the. house, ‘receiying te - asual messages, &cv., endo the 23d the Paezistas antended eoumencing their Gontemplated coup d’eiuc. On assembling on that day, the first stop taken was 6 procure an armed guard to be placed orer the house. This guard, which consisted of two huo- dred men, was placed by the sole authority of Con- ress, and the command of it entrusted to Colonel illiam Smith, an Englishman by birth, bat who has resided in Venezuela for many years, hav werved on the patriot side during the war of inde- pendence. Colonel Smith is a devoted adherent ef Paez, and bad server in important positions as cabinet minister for iany years during Paez’s *way in the country. The Governor of the province of Caracas observing the armed guard at the door of Congress, immed: ately represented tothe President of the repo that thie guard had heen placed without cou: him or bis authority, and that sucha ¢ dozce, on the part of Congress, was unconstit ¥ The President immediately sent Gener. »: ae Carrefo to the Congress to demand an explanation of their conduct, and to know by whose authori: this guard wae placed, preventing the pub the session of Congres, which the cons expressly ordered. Phe fact of the matter was, th Caracas, among the populace, mense. It was wel! known th: meditated by the oligarch party Of it, seeing the great popular partly from a deteminativa ¢ aud partly for fear of ahem placed the guazd é ery ous their rchs at leisure avgous to the following ¢ party in the Unite some point on which exi x, for instanced, 1h+ prssaze of th w—eupposing that pariy were to placs a guard at the doors of Congress, and.surround thei with armed sentinels ot their own y, how & ou think the people would relist such an act? bis was on the Md January. Tie Cong swered General Carrefio that they themsely. ordered the guard, and that it was placed hare in aceordance with a resolution of Uscir own, and that they considered that, as the constitutional represen- tatives of the people, they were empowered to plac sueb. a guard, it they had reason to suppose the their sessions would be menaced by the popniac hey likewise stated that on the following day they should move that the sessions of that Congre be transferred to Puerto Cabello, in the fortress of ti renee of that city, as they pro: d that, in con the threats of the popul. debate in Caracas. This answer showed how determined the party were to carry out their plans of impe and deposing Monagas, and they evidently cop upon doing so in the fortress of Puerto Cabelio, despite of the avowed wishes of the people. Once let us get him impeached and deposed pro tent take his trial, and we will reimstate Paez, aud ail will have been done constitutioually. It is difficult to imagine a condition of moral blindpess so great as that to which the Paez party was then reduced by their insane desire to once wore obtain the ru They appear to have had the gaze so steadfastly fixed on their proposed obj: as to bave remained totally blind to the unmis able signs of popular dislike to them, and they wildly rushed on to their fate: the very means thoy took to aid their intrigues proved the instsumouts of their destruction. 5 : Ag may be imagined, Monagas was not idle efter raw this day. He and his constitutional advisers clearly the crisis impending, and eve: ri was made to keep the cily quiet, and p outbreak. The barracks were all put in rea sentinels posted all over the city, and no y Jeft_unatt The Co the meantime, c guard over their place of meeting ing of the memorable 24th of Janus on Caracas. Fatal 24.b of Jan efforts of a bea mourning 1 children for the’ their sens! Whata meray embittered bloods}: and how hare not events 6. suein! Heavy ix the those who gave rise to leave those who have read this narrative thus far, to judge who it was that cauved it. I have not “ extenuated angi or fet down anght in nological Listory of th in thie nn ut least, all tre y o prove them otherwi Ki had been well known that the first question for discussion on this morning was to be that of the the Congress to Puerto Cabello. The heet pitch of ive hig hig ve Convent of San Fran- cisco was fille ’ to and fro, like the » oft . Btill, blind to their t their plans; it sees ae if j blind to their position for some inecs The sentir ! free ingress to the [lou . day was opened with the mestion of the removal No was commenced, the Presidential houve, whe wa. nd they re nisters to appear before them. Dr. Sanavria was t\y only one of them who replied to this au mediately went down, and wos s were in the course of uestioning } rumor was spread #1 mob had detained him by fo the other ministers. Ar by the mob for the house «met at th door by the guard under Smith, a discharge of a pistol from the inside of the house took ‘plac eud the deed was consummated; for the fig then became general, and in the mélée a num- of persons were killed. ‘In this lameuta- affair,” an official decument now betore bo, Mr. ¥ reia, & both deputies for Caracas, were kill Mr. Bantow Michelena, Hkewiss depnty for Caracus, b war woynded, and pyubrequently died. Cy). %; ailding | lo Asparna, Mr, r Riverol, Mr. Aleman, ead one unknown, were also killed | ether person, | “Immediately the President beard of the oceur- renee, be rusied down to the house, precipitated himself through the crowd, called on them to stay their arms, avd accompanied the remaiving imem- bers of Congress totheir houses, in order to inspire confidence in them and grant them protection. These wore the ccourrences of the 24th of January, | 1848; and, between the two contending parties, who shall bear the bleme? That the first shot came | from the inside of the house, is acknowledged by all parties, aud that that led to the general mélée that ensued, is also undoubted. Among the killed and wounded were men of both partits; and the hypo: theets that the oligarch party adopted, and stick to to this day, viz: that i: was a premeditated pian of Monagas to get rid of his Cy cag oat is simply ri- diculous. Any premeditated plan that exiesed was among the cligarchs themselves, who were deter- mined to get rid of their op nts in any way they could, No one can be simple enough to believe that had he desired to assassinate his political opponeats, he would have chosen such a bungling manner. He, on the contrary, bore with all their ‘“‘fantaetic tricks” longer than the Paezistas would bave borne with him. No; the events of the 2th were the natural reeult of the pertinacity and blind wilful: ness of the ousted party in its actempte to reinetato iteelf in power. The o! gore members of Congress seem to have suddenly had their eyes meee. to their position by this explosion, for we tind that on the 27th January they issued an address to the people, in which, as the constitutional organ of the Venezuelians in matters of this sort, they solemaly declare ** that owing to tho efficient action of the authorities, and the patriotism of the citizens, this calamity (the mélée of the 24th) disappeared within a fow hours; that constitutional order had not been interrupted by it, and that both the houses of the National Legislature costinucd their ordinary sessions in tranquillity.” An act of emnesty for all political otlenees committed since 1830 was on the same day issued by tue Congress and goveramens. The session then proceeded in its usual quiet manner. The oligarche, finding their plavs for con- stitutionally ousting Monagas, and foiesing Paez on the country, completely frustrated, were novplused, and, though beaten, they still would not give up Truly, the pertinacity of this parsy was most re- morkable, avd, on ealu.ly veviewing their condact, t some hitle time hag elapsed, they them- ust be astonished apt obstinaey. First, e the nomination of Menagas as a compro- mise candidate, and the saddling him with a Paez cabinet; the project of making a new office, in reality superior to the President; the intriguing throughout the republic during 1847; the plan for constitutionally iupoaching and deposing bim, aud the terrible leason the people gave them on the 24th January. One would suppose that all this would have been sufficient to show them how little hold they had in the country; but no—they resolved to try once more, and this time by force of arms. Arter the occurrences of the 2{th, Monagas imme- diately addressed a letter to Paez, at his estate, ia- forming him of what had happoned, and calling on him, ass good citizen and patriot, to come to Ca- racas, and give his advice and countenance to the administration. Paez answered that he no longer acknowledged the Monagas ad. ration, and that he was going to assume his position as Ganeral- in Chief of the armies of tho republie, and of the ala eae army of operations destiaed to re-estab- ish the constitution of 1830, which, he contended, had been violated. Allowing, for the sake of arga- ment, that it had been broken, there is no official record to prove how he acquired his self besto ved ravk. In other words, Paez announced to Monagas his intention of openly resisting the constituted au- thorities; and he shortly after carried it out, by ap- pearing in the province of Barinas, on the plains ot Guarico and Guanare, at the bead of a body of men, openly declaring his intention of marching to Ua~ racas and deposing Monagas. _ Onthe 4th of February, 1848, ve find him at Ca- Jabozo, in the provinee of Guarico, issuing P dential orders from his head-quarters, in whi Commander-in- Chief, and restorer of tion of 1850, he frees prisoners from the give, as @ specimen, one of his orde: ginal Spanish * Jose Ant Paez, General-en-Geve de los ejer- citos de ln republisa, y del de operaciones, envarg do de restablecer la constitucion de 1830, &o , &o., &e. Indulto. “En nso de la antorizacion con que me halio re- vestido por los pueblos, concede, amplio y cabal dulto a Reyes Fuent: e30 on la carcel de esta ciudad, por unr causa criminal pendiente. Com- muniquese al juez que conece de ella para que se sirva sobresee: as coustitue We in the ori- mdencia. Head quarters in Calaboro, 4th Pebra Wth year law, n of Independ Jose ANTONIO The provinces of Maracath in favor of P. ioned ones soon retr went over to g the way in President asked for U the constitution provi: | were granted him, and of the government troops. fine army, he started in pursuit of tb | _ Paez was joined by Soublette, | dent, and they were stationed at | Aragvatos, in the province of Gua the 10th March, they were attacked by Jose Cornelio Mufioz, who had body of men on the spur of the moment. ely routed, and escaped to the wi | between the rivers Meta and Apure. By March positive news was received by Gen that Paex had escaped to the territory 3 Granada, by Aranca, and through the pass, o mountain gorge, called El Viento. Thus exits Pa from the scene of Venezuela for some time. Soublette also escaped to New Granada. General Mufioz having thus quickly routed Paez, | Monagas and his army were not required in th part, and he pursued bis march, by way of Barqnisi- weto, to Altagracia, in front of the cit caibo, as that city and province were still in a of rebellion to the government, ir fe been inuch excited by the deavh of | tive, Salas, on the 2ith Janua, In the meantime, let us return to Co A few days previous to the gion, the olig their spirits a little, were absolutely imy procure a deeree of pardon for ( associates, before the ink of tl ~ his hi I i sent, and b eat ig (reat popular excitement roduced, and in expest men | agam 5 Genes fall of Congress, insult or ontra Jy; and thep € been sun ed by Congr fhe sessions finally elo ed nt pril an actio ithe P. troops an | to the government side. } ever, uot daunted by these re tered into the war with mo, i vessels a |. General er his def | f N a } went to Cu i d or | ing direc ation with | rivers Cataivinbo and Zulia | goverome ined to the Grana dian that he ought not to be allowed to here so , to Venesnelian territory; he w rdingly order- od t6 retire to a distance of thirty leagues from the fr $. He then to Santa Marta, thence to Jamaica, thence to St. Thom o racoa, where he was during th leg bo by his partizens. whom we left an exile in Curacoa since vailed himeeif of the general amnesty i548, and returned to Carac h following. He was imme ion of public service, and sent siinformation to Monagas, tho as subsequently elected for Vi aouary 20th, 1549, for four years, cupying the post. the raising of the seige of Maracaibo, and tent routing and dispersal of the t’aen- hosulities cease the subse iste in Zul parwies in V between ihe two une some ee had caused, be © the eastward, and in the immediate vicinity of the capita), the feeling had always been ig faver of satsinees jusbaui a jon_as Prosi- u positi onagas in his Pai” pa th took means to dizplace all office holders who held political sentiments contrary to those of the govern- ment. After the open and overt acts of rebellion which the Paezistas had been guilty of, it certain- ly wonld not have been pradent for him to have re- tained them. In the meantime, Congress mot agnin in 1819, and [aoe to their sessions without any ia*terruption. In this eession was pessed the ley de espera, or law which entitles all debtors to avail themselves of eight years credit to pay their debts in. This law was not relished by foreign nations, and the con- sul’s general of the varieus countries represented in Caracas, protested against the action of this Jaw on the interests of their countrymen, as a law infring- ing the validity of contracts, having a re! tive action, and being contrary to all justice. The eub- ject bas been taken up firmly by the British, French, American and Dutch governments since, and tho Venezuclisn government has assumed the paymeat of all debts due to the citizens or subjects of those countries, and which their debtors had evaded by taking advantage of the ley de espera. In the meantime, the remnants of the Paexista party got together again, and commenced survey- ing the field to see if there was no were througo which they might again introduce their rule. Alter a long an Moods campaign, such asthe one just passed between the government and the Paez party in 1848, it was very natural that individual eases of hardship, and much dietressand suffering, should be met with, especially in the provinces were the war had raged. The partizans of the government, moreover, did not use their victory wisely, but hs raseed and pursned the Paezistas with every species ofarmoyarce. Indeed, in those days, it was almvat as much a8 a man’s life was worth to proclaim bim- self o Paexieta Their triumpo, after so many years of bope deferred, eeems to have bewildered, ‘he government party. To meke assurance doubly sure, the most rigorous measures were adop:ed against all suspected Paezistas. Naturally this need these latter more and more. Afver so many yeurs of political ascendancy, to find thein- aclves suddenly under the strict rule of those ad i y had been aceustomed to look own y, a) d for them to bear. Pinding their situation thus disagreeable, and eon doling with one another, they gradually came to the conclusion that the feelings with which thay viewed the President must be very genorally diffnecd throughoat the country, and that could they get a leader they could, with the greatest exse, upset Mousgos. “They counted much on the ev-operation of General Paez, who was living in Curacoa, and thought if they could oniy induce him to coms once more to Venezuelu and raise his standard against the government, thas the prestige of his name would be all sufficient to gather around him a triumphant army, with which fe could march to Caracas. We have before us, at this moment, « pamphlet ublished in New York, August, 1850, by Generai (on de Febres Cordero, who aecompanied Paez in this expedition as his chief officer, entitled ‘ Mani- festo en que se vindica a la division Restawradora que a las ordenes del Cindadano Bselarecido (Ge- neral Paez) abrie la cawpanaen 1319.” anifesto | in vindication of the Restoring Division which, ua- der the orders of the illustrious citizen (Genora! Paez), opened the campnign in 1849? Fro this Bennet we translate the following paragraphs, which will show, on tho best authority, how Paes pen, ald in tho Wes provinoes, citizen was animated by more coblo dent. It was.solely in the vince of Maracaibo | ry fame. They were those of terminating the war that the Pactistas had made. any stand, Merida that had cost so much Venezuelean blood, without and Trujillo, as before remarked, had pronouneed | any immediate resnit in favor of tho restoration of Fag ‘the government soon after the of the | the institutions. [This isa most singular remark; th of Jani » but, within a few weeks after- | since Paez had been routed at Los Aragualoe, an wards, they had again ed themselves on the | fled. and the siege of Maracaibo raised in December, government side. Asa mutter of course, Monagas 1848, Venezuela had remained peroily quiet, and was in @ state of profound peace when Paoz landed in Coro —Ep.] To those who, from Venezuela, were urging bim to put bimself at the head of the people, “wi wero resolved,” they said, ‘“ on a general rising,” he had answered ‘* that he would rueh to | SCC them, and would present himself at the to which they would admit him.” aceordingly effected his entronce by the provinee of Coro, and, with the honor and patriotiem $0 characteristic of him, fulfilled this solemn pro- wise. It is well known that the provinee of Coro, though a provinee of brave and faithful soldiers, and supporters of the institutions, cannot, on account of its topograpbical situation, serve asa theatre of military operations. Paez counted on other more solid and ious bases, viz., the insur rection which he had been so confidently assured was prepared by the people. He had not landed on his country’s soil to bathe it in blood, or to give new proofs of his heroic valor. He came to it in obedience to the will of his fellow-countrymen, confiding that his appearance would be the signal of a general rising ; he did not come to promote that rising, but to direct it. But the ristng occurred in very few pares, and he oppreesans (the govern- ment) easily put it down. Thus, in truth, there was wanting to Pacz the true basis of his opera- tions—the everything of all leaders of free institu- tions, which cannot be cemented or sustained, with- out the active and vigorous ¢0-operation of the cit- izens, who themselves are the recipients of the on- joyment of liberty or the evils of servitude.” Thus ended the last attempt of the Pazistas. They wore sll taken to Caracas, and part of the way Pws and eleven others were conducted in chains. Cordero makes great complaint in his pampbie:, regarding the manner in which they were treated, and that General Silva did net aet up to the letter of bis agreement. From his owa account, they seem to bave been treated as well ay the ciroum- stances of their position would admit of. At Valencia Paz wae kept behind, whilst bis companions were sent on to Caracas, where they arrived on the 28th August, and on the 2ch they were sent on to Laguayraand placed in the fortress there. On the 3d September, 1849, = decree was issued by General Monagas and the Consajo do Hetado, by which Paez wasicondemned, as a rebel, vo perpetuni exile from the territory of the republic, aud that he must fix his residence in Europe. His departure from the country. however, was not to take effect until the pemecaiity and security of Venezuela were 80 restored a8 to permit it. The rest of the rebels were to be expelled the country immediately, or confined for more or leas time eis aceord- ing to the grade of their culpability or according to whether this was their second offence—tor we must remark that several officers who had been involved in the previous insurrection of 1848, and let off then on their parole of honor never more to take up arms against the government, had, contrarv to all recog- nized military scruples, joined the Coro expedition, and were again taken in arms against the govern- ment. But little more romaine to be said. Of the prisoners in Laguayra, some were sent olf quickly, others remained for some time. Finally, between escapes and those sent off, they all got ous. General Paez was sent to the Castie of San Anto- nio de Cumana, and remained there unti! May, 1850, when he was liberated by an act of Congress, and sen’ on board a Vouezuelan man of war to tie island of St. Thomas, whence he proceeded to the United thoughts than those of merely inoreasing his milita | Statea. His reception there, and his continued resi- dlence in New York, are matters which, being known to the citizens of the United States, need not be re- lated here. was indaced to invade his country, and threaten he government once more after all that had passed : “<It was in Curacoa,” says Cordero, at page 9, rere fe | , and early in J he city of , in which there was stationed a small government troops. The siege of Ma ted until the following December, when exietas raised it, and retired to Zulia. They there atincked by the government troops, nd dispe i “where, once more houored by the coutidenoes of Bis Excellenoy (Paez), I w med that ia greater number of the provinces, thay thought se | ously of making a resolute eflvry to diee themsely: | Srom the yoke of their ruler (Monagas). 1 saw | letters from distinguished persons, in which he was assurred that the reaction would appear tane- ously in varivus parts of the repul which thoy specified, and that everything was evrabined for a the number of men ou whor thy cou opinions and exasperations of the peopl said, ‘*had been quickened by the att | rapine of their rulers, and the wnbridle | the so-called libe: Phe people wore de ; toa From all parts they calied © n—they were more aded of his eotion the doa The prineipi ed the h sacred end proposed to attain, as did also thos b him to make war on the moan » Without any legal title, despotize: over and umes eur country. There is not a single doca- ment, or a single uct, of the restorers,” continues Cordero, ‘tin which this faith is not express this intenti vt published.” | By this it will be perceived that the Pa s | aesume the hypothosis that the occurrences of the + 24th January, were the deliberate acis of Monages, and consequently he was no longer Presiden’, and that, therefore, General Paez and | his party were entidled to the prerogative of enter- ing again into the r This argumeat is most il- logical and weak; indeed, the entire declaration is | most untenable. Were ot desirable, ic could be | proved with mathematical cortainty, solely from this | declaration, that this step of Paez was the n il- legal and violent one that rebels could adopt. General Paez himself has been much biamed for i is matter; but all musta at he grove migcepre tions of his bin and urged bim §o take the rum Oura The city of Coro immediately pronounced in favor. The govermment troops, however, bled on the oma, against i suceese, thouga. Faoz eom- » before lenving the ind bisa some inenced reerui | abe e of Cory, in gather § 4 nondred and forty ma he quickiy perceived thut the promis A lw all moonshine, avd that hings did not Wwigh up ere long, be was bike! be ieft alone, Te contmued his mareh, Lowever, having continual e@ government woe who now tle band liad p allecito, in the province | of Barquisi found the people quite indif- ferent to the dinstead of having ine creused their fore t diminished. General Silva, att of govern- ment troops, was rapidly down on them, and they saw Uh 23 Was gone. Paes theu conelud rm he eonld for hi 1 Vit d rs, who had #0 he y fuilowed him. “ascertained chat Silya’s headquarters were Pac two offiver » hold w parley, and | £0Ur i oO What terms he would grant them if they surrendered, The conferenco between Silva | ui Paez’ emissary took place 10. M. on the d 2 intorined that vernment ¢ bat, id wo terminate war, ho he was couce wot urrender at ci cmsideration from Cordero to see Sily Pan. again, reed upon; Silva offering to resp to their ranks, and treat weil ali the sick ounded. The Paccista trovps ¥ to be dis- rd between Macapo and Valencia, and the officers iain with their side arms. Thos concluded the eampaign of 1819, und Paes and bis party were then wod there politically broken ! up ond destroyed. Regarding the closing of bit campaign, and the | eauser Uhat led to such # rapid termination, Cordero | remarke as follows, at page 16 of his pamphlet, be- | fore alluded to: Cavalry and infantry, ali told, six | hundred and forty-one men, left the province of | Coro, with Poor, in July, 184%. Up to Vallecito theve were seven deaths, eighteen wounded, and twenty-four left bebind so footworn from the march over the stony and bad roade, as to be unable to roceed, Adding these forty-nine to the five hun- jred and sixty whe surrendered at Vallecito, we find that the number of deserters wae only thirty-two. “ Notwithstanding,” continues Cordero, * the great probpbilivier of the sugyoesful inwuy whieh our ‘The libers pene whom With his departure from the country the last hopes of his party fell; and though, singe then, there have been occasional rumors of conzpiraces against the government, by the Paezistas, no overt act has been twaced to them. Ge Jose Tadeo Monagas’ term as President expired on the 20th January, 1851, when his brother, Genera! Jose Gre- gorio Monagas, succeeded him, he having been de- General movement at the sound of the first note of | Cured the successfal candidate. uccording to the rising that should be heard. They :ae elections held daring 1850. But little opposition chiefs who would respectively head the was manifested to him. enor Bs! nislauy [ endon, of Cumana, Generals Marino, and Guzman, were brought forward as candid. decidedly in fayer of Jose Greg ed, avd is at present President of erm will expire on the 20ta January, 1S: ext Presidential election iu Venez m will expire in January, Pre: years, so state of warture, Toy gathered ever before knows. partially restored t lossts, and at the p nt time of wi f. the provinces auo gradually recuperating r the tronbles ceased, there was wa influx o! from St. Thomas and Europe direct, avd so great has been this influx r since, that the stock of goods now on hond in Venezuela is larger than has ever heen known before and rhe amow f dutic. collected at the custom house during the ly ending June 30, 1851, larger than any year pre luring the existence of Venezuela. js The other provinces of Venzoula were not divect) affected by the revolutions of 1848 and18i9 I rectly they have had to pay their quota ofthe immense (to 2 country like this) expense of the campaigns; and, 28 usually happens in such gases, the govern- ment has been over since overwhelmed with elsims of every description, for losses said to heve been sustained by citizens. ‘Kissing goes by favor,” is an old adage, and there is no doubt that in a yast Lumber of caves, awards made by the governm: to their partizans have been excessive. Duri the existence of the struggle. the Paezistas su ceeded in making the citizens of other countries believe they would gain the day ; and in proportion as this belief gained gronn], 90 did the eonstitu- tional government find it difficult to raise loaas, except at tremendous sacrifices. Great numbers of P debtors, too, took advantage of the turbed state of the country, to evade paying ¢ debts, under the pretext om having lost all in revolution, and the merchants (native) were grout sufievers from this; as, when once their debtors took the benefit the Ley de Lspera, ail hopes of collecting the debt, for at least cight years, wos gove. To many of the large English and other foreign houses in Venezuela, however, this Ley de Espera wes an absolute godsend, ae their governments insisied on the Venezuelan gover ment paying those debts for which thelaw had been taken, which they did, and thus the wehiats recovered many a bad debt, which oi serwise never would have been paid them. The English aud Freneb governments also came down on the Vene+ zuelan government, at this time, for cutetandings of interes’, private claims, &c , due their respective subjects. Thue, between pecnlations, expenses of the revolutions of 1848-9, claims of Engiand and France, expenses of goverment, repayment of loans taken in ISi-9 at ruinous interest, &e., the Venc- zuelan government isat the present time very hard up, and, like all involved people, her struggles to get out of present difficulties by raismg money at ruinous sacrifices, only involves her more and more. Time only will show how all this will end. The country itself is one of the most fertile and laxuri- psourEes properly Jo-Saxon race, it4 jd molt away ‘like succeeded by such a ‘perity and riches a3 no other eoun- ican continent could ri We have now traced the politiea! histo xucla up to ihe present time, beginning establishment ag an independent repndli calmly and impartially given a detail of the etrug- gles of parties here, and what they have led to. To thore who have read our memoir thus far, it must be a foregone conclusion that, fromthe commence- ment, the political disturbances have arisen from the struggle for ascendancy between the military and civil parties, and, since 1840, the liberal. Paes was the type of the civil party; Moaages of the mi- litary, and Guzman of toe ‘al; which latter iv the most proponderating of the three, though not sufficiently strong to overcome oither of the other two by iteelf. Uniting, however, with the military party, it easily overthrew Paves The difference be- tween the military and civilparty dates as far back as the time of Bolvar, Whose policy was always to keep the military wen uppermost,ia order to aid hig monarchigal intentions. Az once hefors remarked in the courte of this memoir, no political platform, as they would say in the Unitea St Whe over adopted by either of theve tayo partic. It wa merely a struggle for power between thom, In 1840 commenced to rise the liberal party. Twig party does not have apy particular doctrine, oither, as the platform Cuaman adopted was the constitu- tion of 1880—his wotto being, “The Constitution of 1830 is the mt Mountain of the Veneauelans.” ie made up of that class of citi+ ‘aez party had kept out of office, gouds us ielary difficulties » a duly sun, to by condition of try on the Ame he | | them as they ought to be. | the propor \d refused admittance to the public orib. Is cessary to explain a little kere. Ib is well koown.that one of tho first actsof B vor, after freeing Colombia fiom the rule of t! Spaniards, was to free all the colored poople wh previously existed in a state ofclavery. Thee were notall freed at once, but # gradual system of manumission was adopted; and at the vresent day, very few manwmisos, as they are termed, exist in Venerncia. Manwmisos are persons who, having been born of slaves, sftor attaining a certain become free. All that now remains, then, of Spanieh system of slavery, aro a few manumnisas; and before ten years have |, these will become free. A vast atuount of the Venezuelan population is colored, or at least tinged with colored blood. There are the ones whom the Puez party offended by not admitting into the full enjoyment of the public gifts. Paez and his friends formed a sol of aristocracy among themselves, and wound- ed the amour propre of these hig feilow citizens. ‘They form the liberal party. . Had the Paezistas retired quietly in 1817, when they found ‘the day had gone agers thei, and bided their time for a Presidential term or two, the chancesare, they would have got in again; but their mistaken pertinacity and ceaseless intrigues, worked up the pe to a state of frenzy agains: them, and rendered them ready to do anything against them. Had the Paezitas not so insisted on their plans, and £0 openly of their determination ta depose Faas ba and reseat themselves in 1843; at all hy the collision of the 24th January never would have taken place. To the Paezista efforts Venezuela Sot owes that day; and though they systematically distort the facts and antecedents, history will always affix the stigma tothem. An insane lust of nek on ther part, drove them on to eommit acts which, in the end, so excited the peopie ‘as to lash them up into a condition fit for anytbing. The ostentatious guard at the Mig aed door, the demand to remove to the fortress at Puerto Cabello, for tho, avowed and open object of restoring Paes, the shot fred on the people on their enter: ne the house; were all the work of the Paezistas, Thoy subsequently showed themselves in their true colors, by rising, with armsin their hundg, in 1848, and again in 1849, to do that with arms and by torce. which they so clearly saw the people would r agreetopeaceahly. But the prompt manner in which they were put down, and their ignorainious flight and expulsion from the country, whose peace and happiness they have done so much to ruin, were un- deniabls proofs of their lack of popularity, as aiso of right. May their residence in the United States lead them to study the institution of that glorions country, and teach them that in a republic ibe wi- nority ast yield to the majority. Wo annex to this memoir a condonsed translation of the constitution of 1830—the same one in force atthe present time. It is a very excelient consti- tution The great defect, however, in Venezuela, is the standing army; and until that power is thrown down. the republic will always be ——— to danger. The Romun Catholic persuasion is the Meenas one, und is supported by the State. This, also, is an evil—freedom in religion ought to be the motto of a republic. There certainly is alaw deoloring toleration for all forms of worship in Venezuela; but it is a dead letter, and could not be carried out. In Caracas, Sir Robert Ker Porter, when British Consul General, built a Protestent chapel in the foreiga burying ground. This is the only Protestant church in Venezuela. It would be impossible, either io Caracas or the provinces, to open. a. plave for public worship in the Protestant faith, such is the supre- macy of the Romish persuasion in this country. ROADS AND INTERNAL NAVIGATION. There 1s a great want of these in Venoznela. Owing to the mountainous country and tropisal rains, it is very difficult to build substantial roads. From Salguaira to Caracas, and Puerto Cabello to Valencia, there are carriage roads; but in the east- ern and western provinces everything is obliged to be transported on muleback, at an immense cost of time and money—and even these mule-tracks are occasionally impassable. On the river Orinoco at- tempts have been made at steam navigation, by a compary formed inthe States. The success, how- ever, has not been very great as yet; still we believe it hae been such as to warrant the continuance of the enterprise, and, if energetically conducted, it will no doubt prove most beneficial for Venezuela and allconcerned The river Orinoco, aud its tri- butary streams, Apure and Meta, are navigable for large steumers, aud were they well supplied with them could take immense quantities of produce (coffee, biles, cacao, &c.) to Angostura; whereas, now, a vast deal of the most fertile territory of the republic is uncultivated,” because, from the want of roads to these rivers. and from want of sufficient carrying facilities on them, it costs more to get the products to market than theyare worth The lake of Maracaibo has a ciroumference of 120 Jeagues, without counting the sinuosities of consts or bays; with these it hus 214 leagues cireum- ference. All the produce from the provinces of Mevida and Lrvjillo is sent to market at Maracaib in the v brought Yee Tak river ney e cas pri ! Tha) enterprise, however haz note ‘The coast of the lake o AGRICULTURE Jn the provinces of Caracas, Caraboo, and Bar- wisimeto, agriculture is advancing rapidly, and the latest and most scientific applications for pre- serving ecofce, making sugar, indigo, &e , are all to be found in use there, a vast amount of capital being invested in estates. But in the western provinces they are still very much behindhand, every operation being conducted in the most primi- tive siyle. EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE. The Venezuelans are naturally quick and bright, but the blessings of education are not diffused among The following extra» from the message of the Secretary of the Interior to Congress, of the present year, gives a lamentable description :— “ Ivis painfn},” says the Secretary, ‘ but neces- sary to confess it, popular education is not propa- ated in the manner which we could desire, nor as the appiness of the nation demands, There are move than five hundred parishes in the republic, and of these there are four hundred which without any pub- lie establishment for primary education. Without endeavoring to compare ourselves with other nations more advanced in civilization, we find that in Vene- zuela scarcely one child in one hundred and four- teen receives education. It is true that the primary schools are, at present, under the | Nor gs of the pon Legislatures; but lengthened sapeecoee has tavght us that all the steps taken by these bodies for the forwarding of the public instruction have not been sufficient to remove the obstacles of insufficient funds in the various municipalities ”* He then goes on to ask Congress to devise some nigthod of creating a find for this especial purpose. | POPULATION. of inhabitants are ns far back as 1840, population of Venemela was as follows, viz Consisting of uncivilized Indians, Conquered Indians, who still pr Civilized Indians, who preserve the ct teristics of their race, but who speak Spanish. Negro slav R ‘ White Spanish Americar reigners ...... ’ Individuals of mixed yace Creoles, Indians, Afvieans, and the ricties ... 155,000 19,782 8, and oth Total population . briyynid dates 45,348 The yearly vatural increase, taken at 50,000, would ake the population of Venezuela, at the present tim bout as follows, vizs— 950,000—1 increase at 50,009 per annum— 1,010,000 souls. Tho foregoing tables will show g between the pure white race and the colored. oe The extent of territory in Venezuela, to Codazz leagu ‘ the population i to the territory The Ven a sharp, quick: wiited 1 ed towards every body. And the proof is, one can travel from one end of the country to the other unarmed, w the slightest feur of mole Their habits customs in the rural distri: e, perhaps, not ag elegant and refined as they might be, but they are hospitable to a degree, kind and warm-hearted in their perronal treatment of foreigners, though much has been snid against them inthis matter. In mat+ ters of business they are not © prompt as a New York merchant who knows his everything depends on his credit. Still, considering that as yet, business in the interior ee lly, has vever been carried on with that impo: form and dignity one finds in older countries, the losses by bad faith are not more in proportion than in other parts. The proof is the immense stocks of goods the foreign merchants are continua ting. re The ereak Reagee the people are porfectly indifs ferent on the subject of politics, and ‘do not care ‘ pin who is out or who is in, and were it to depen: on them there would never be # revolution again. Whenever they do rise it is through the pornicious influence of demagogues and place-hunters, not from any personal desire. The revolutions so re- peatedly oecurring will however in the end demo- ralize them. be Fades ge eee given. hy Congress for publie schools in Vea’ rereneiaeence cng 000,00 00 ‘ote by Congress for supplies to Army a Pera avy PPTBO2 cc cr es seseesvsees 871,988 60 ‘These two lines tel) the tale. Venezuela from nature has all the gifts necessary to make her the garden of the tropics of the West~ orn hemisphero. What with interested and uncer- tain governments, struggles between parties, want | ly exteaded eduvation © taxotion to pay for the revolutio, pg witbal a new country, it is surprisi they have got on as well as they have, for trul iy the | infancy of Venezuela has been a rough one, bat sha is now slowly progressing. The worn that is ca kering her is the demoraization which the frequen civil wars have brought on Let up hope, howeverg that the beams of education will jispel these rang miasms. It is a delicate tapic end one which sonrecly bears discussion, but could 2 free charch, such a the United States have, be introduced, it walt aid immensely in the enlighteamen: of tha country. The’! South Aweriean ropublics have not been sufficiently known by their giant sister, the United — States; and if this latter power does not take egre, some day republicanism in this part of the world | will be" destroyed. Even now, whilst writing, | Flores is invading the Ecuador. He is well known for his monarchival tendevcies. He is sapported by Chile and Pera. From Cape Horn w the Ecuador, — Buropean interests now predominate. Now Granada is arining herself against an expected invasion ‘a Flores, if he succeeds in Ecuador. Venezuela will also be threatened by him, as his openly avowed Breet is to unite these three into tha original ‘olombia, and put himself at the head of as Dictator, Cons'itutional Monarch, President, or any title that he likes. If he succesds with his_ projects, good bye to liberal institutions in these countries. Surely the United States would not sea these young countries thus trodden dowa. that | We annex a few statements ig the imports and ex last year, specifying the amount of trade with the United States, wl quite ar item. amounts are stated in eurrency of which seventy-five cents American are equal to ene dollar. We may at some future time (if desirable) enter into the particul articles are most consumed, &o., &c. we conclude this paper, by declaring that, her faults, there are many worse cour- tries, and, though not a native of it, yet many years residence and counection with it have gives, us an interest in its welfare of no common order. g Imports at the various Oustom Houses or Venezuela, during the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1551... ....... 5,591,730 42 Of which the amount from the United States was declared at,..........+ 1,487,059 9” Exports from the varions Custom Houses during same period........ 6,324,920 1@ Of which amount there went to United States the following. +» 2,309,227 03 Consisting of the following articles:—cotton, tarch, indigo, sugar, cacno, coffee, hides, tobacco, traw hats, copaiva balsam, &o., &e. The number of foreign vessels entering the porte of Venezuela during the same time have been 573, with a tonnage of 82,853 tons, Departures do. 610, do $7,113. The number of Venezuclan vessels entering the ports during said year have been as follows :—195, with a tennage of 17,151 tons. Departures of do., 1,041; do., 26,697. Of the above foreign arrivals, 114 were from the United States; 22 252 tons. Departures do. 113, for do.; 30,019. From the Ist of Morin to 31st December, ac- cording to the registers, there were the following number of births in all the republis:—61,171. Deaths do., 24,523. Increase of population, 36,648." The standing army for the Beosens fiseal year, by decree of Congress, Apri) 24, 1851, is 1,400 men. Actually in service, 1,214. The whole expenses of Venezuela for the present year, on account of army, including greryihing, ensions, half pay, hospitals, military schools, &e., Bh Melia $99,288 10. ‘Total f ‘or navy, do. do., * . ‘otal for arm: and navy, $871,988 60. 4 Military Despotism. [From the Brooklyn Advertiser. | _ We have recently been made acquainted with the facts of a most outrageous case of porsevution against a gallant young officer of our army— Lieu- tenant Brower, of this city, who was dismissed the service by sentence of a Court Martial, held at New Mexico. “Independent of Lieutenant Brower bein; a citizen appointment, and the son of Captain Ni- cholas Brower, who, during the struggle of 1776, gave his docks, boats, &c., on the Hudson river, and raised and equipped a company ia New York at his own expense, the meritorious services of Mr. Brower, as 2 Lieutenant in the volunteer regiment, commanded by Colonel Ward B. Burnett, durigg, the war with Mexico, there are, in our opision, prominent facts counected with his trial which should induce the President and Secresary of War to review the decision already had, and reinstate Nr. Brower in the service. The charges—ail preferred by one officer, who wat the principal witness for the proseeution—were five in number, supported by seventeen specifications, of which\number the court found Mr. Brower not guilty of eleven on the facts being known, as no criminality was" attached thereso. This of itself would show that the fercer of the charges and the witness to sustain them, the two being one, was desirous of making the most out of the of- ferces (severe) of them personal) of Mr. Brower, ond presents the witness wud preferrer of the charges in the attivude v. OF the charg ve and i ieneo of orders’ the Court found Mr. Brower “not guilty’ Ofthe charge of eondnes prajadi- Sal 8) good order and military, diserptiue, Brower was found guilty; but the themeelyes do not sbow duct 80. good order and militar ipline as to jastify so severe a punisbwent a: gismission from the service; wud the Secretary of War himself, in General Or- ders No. 42, rece: to the gross and_ insulting language of Mejor Howe towards Mr. Brower re- marks, “It is not surprising that breaches of dis- cipline should occur in the command of an_ officer who sets so bad an example to his janior officers.”” The charge of ‘*negteot of duty,” of which Mr. Brower was found guilty, is not supported by such Specifications as to muke it possible that the Court \ased its sentence of dismission froma the service on this charge. The sentence of the Court was, doubt- less, passedon the two remaining charges to wit, viz :—** Breach of: arrest” and ‘‘conduet unbe- coming an officer and a gentleman,” either ef which affects his character, and when proved unfits him to - hold a commission in the service. Did we believe that Mr. Brower, with dishonorable intent, had committed either of these offences, his appeal to us, , to interest ourseives in his behalf, would have beoa in vain. It will be perceived by reference to Gene- ral Orders No. 42, that the finding of the Court in reference to charge ith, ‘* Breach of Arrests,” was not confirmed by the President. The Raecys od War says: ** The evidence leaves some doubt it the finding on tho ih charge, but the sentence ad- judged by the Court being such as the law directs. for the olience of which Lieut. Brower is convicted, under another charge, the resident confirms the proceedings and sentence of the court-martial.” Of the seven specifications to support the charge of “conduet unbecoming an officer and 2 gentle- on,” the Court fouod Mr. Brower guilty of but ‘o—specifications third and fifth. flow are these The nearest data we can procure for the number | syecifications third and fifth sustained? By the tes- on the | timony of Major Howe, given subsequent to Janu- ary 10, 185], of conversations he recollected he bad had with Mr. Brower, on the 24th day of Jane, 180, August 24, 1850, and September Wh. We reject the idea that Hinjor Howe, during tour o¢ _ five months, was in the habit of engaging a junior | officer in private conversation, and making memo- randa of parts thereof, with the iatens and purpose of accumulating facts on which to base charges. Such a practice is, we believe, forbidden by the rales of the service. Indeed, what man under such a em of espionage would be safe? This idea we vject—and this whole charge is based on the accu- sucy of Major Howe's memcry in relation to private conversations happening mouths before. We simp! suggest that Mr. Brower might have preferre: charges of a similar character against Major Howe, based on his recollection of the conversations. Under all these cireums'auces, the character of Mr. Brower should bave been taken into account, par- ticularly as no motive has been shown, vo object to © accomplished, as an inciting eanse to account for the alleged variance {rom the truth. rx Believing, as we do, (at Mr. Beower’s faults aro ot af the heart, and being unwilling to present him n the attitude of attempting to prop up a bad cause y extrancous considerations, it is with reluctance ha ion eervices rendered while in the vo~ lunteer regiment of Col. Burnett. His services were such us to commend him to the favorable con- sideration of Generats Shields, Quitman, Worth ant Pillow, Col. Burnett, the commanding offiver of Mr. Brower, and other distinguished officers, whicl procured for him a commission ia the Vhird Inf uy; fo show that the Court was cod against Lieut. Brower, the Judge Advoy jected to Ma- ei isof the Third Lofaatry, sitting on the Court,, because he, provious to the trial, had said that Ma« jor Howe was persccuting Lieut. Browor, and got+ ting him in aid ‘culty. Major Morris was the oldest: member detailed on the Court, isan old ariny oflicer, and has had great experience in court’s martial. Ib is to be hoped that the Presiden will thoroughly investigate this caso, for with him rests the power to reinstate. We know that this case has been ex- amined by some of the highest military officers and gentiemon of stonding ai Washington, who, with onrselves, do sincerely think that it justly desorves, the clemency of the éxecutive. Tox Cuonrra av Mrrent 5S is stated that ten or twelve deaths from cholera have occurred at Mifliintown, Pa. Among them were Robert Bar- nard and Frederick Kohier. A great many of tho citizens had left the place. The disence is attributed to pools of stagnaut water and other impuritios about the place. Visrrers To OLD Port Comronr.—Since Genoral Scott went on « visit to this beautiful summer retreat, crowds are flocking there from various parts of Maryland and V! . Alarge number of ladies and pass nm on Saturday morning for the above lo- y. ‘8 of the trade of Venezuela, what — Meantime with ali