The New York Herald Newspaper, October 4, 1848, Page 1

NO. 5236. Our London Correspondence. Lonpon, Sept. 8, 1848, The Land Monopoly im Engl:nd—Means of En- slavement— Unequal Representation— Corruption of the Press—English Interference on the Conti- nent. 4 Before going further,I will look round upon the po- sition of the British government. Her state glares defiance upon the world. ‘Tothe eye nothing can be stronger ; and yet nothing ts in reality more feeble | to resist the touch. In an auspicious hour for hu- man hopes and human happivess, it will depart, and “like the baseless fabric of a vision, leave not awreck behind.” Whether its departure be im- mediate, or delayed—whether itis to be calmly and by watural decay, or with violence like the tempest of the clouds, aud the still more frightful shock of battle—its end iscertain Let us survey it with circumspection. And, first of the monuments and the elements of its strength, there 1s the ‘and pestege of eight hundred years ot successive poses mowldiig the desninies of the subject mill- ions. At whatever point of ruin the epectator stands, tliat proud defence projects its vast propor- | tions on every side. Then there 18 the entire | monoy: ly of the land by a few thousand persons, | not much over 5,000 proprietors, ferear the largest poruon. Then there is the keeping it out | of cultivation for the use of man, not over one- eighth of it being tilled, and producing the cereals and animals of human consumption. By this po- licy masses are driven into the thronged cities, where they are compelled by their own competi- tion to take starvation wages, while they are kept under with greater convenience to the military and police, both which prodigious bodies are drilled and armed, and the best troops in the world. Besides which, infamous detectives and informers are swarming every where, to betray and destroy any counsel or concert upon any subject whatever. Then there is no place, nor any custom, for assembling anywhere, about any- thing,to give people even the nominal notion of their strength. No crowd ts to be seen. Thecourt house is too small, and so is the market house; and the only large public places, churches and theatres, are both unsuited to gatherings of the masses of the people, and they ure disquulified by the institu- tion of the Sabbath in the one case, and by the hordes of soldiers and officers in the other. The habits cf the people are as vnfriendly to them- selves, as one could imagine, from the absence of places of meeting. ‘They are mutually intolerant, distrustful, and entirely severed from each other. Every dwelling is locked an¢ double locked, and barred and bolted, und even tenced, so that is is impossible to get in or out, without difficulty; and the people live together intro menia. Even the master of the house, as weil as the errand boy, mngs and knocks—sometimes fifty put off—for admission into his own premises. As you pass the sttects you will see, every few steps, this strange and characterisuc exhibition of English lite. An old man alights from his carriage, and pulls the gate bell; very soon the noise of locks and bolts 13 heard within the mansion, and out trips the tid servant and lets her master in, turns the key o' the gate, and replaces ull the fortifications of the front door. The villas in towa are also absurdly surrounded with walls of brick, so high as to cut off even the universal communication of the eye. No merchant’s pepper-box 1s complete, ualess it is as inaccessible to the gaze of strangers, and fel- low subjects, as the mansion. of the aristocrat. Never were a people more assiduous in their own isolation, and I will add, their own imprisonment. But, to proceed: Into the house, every article of use and ornament is carefully brought, by some obsequious servant or runner for the shops, from thé steaks, upto the costliest articles wanted by the inmates. Even the letters draw no crowd to the post-offices; nor do the papers to the p int- ing offices. Each man &nd woman watt at home wll their letter or paper is separately delivered into their own hands. Boarding- houses, are unknown ; lodyings are taken instead. Each has his room and bed, and private table. Fratemity is thus effectually sacrificed, as well as liberty and equality. There is, im fact, in the Briush social and political system, a total over- throw of the condition- of individual tights and happiness, except, indeed, so tar as the few thou- sands of the aristocracy ure concerned; and their existence is, to their peculiar notions, very de- lightful. The people thus crowded together, and, atthe same time, separated, caanot acquire any fixed property. The land 1s nct only monopolised by the present owners, but itis so entangled by laws and settlements, that 1t cannot be approached for enjoyment, or even for investment. The peo- ple are carefully excluded from all political power It1s.a common error to presume that one-seventh of the mass of adult ales is really represented in Parliament; the truth is, that the representation is not im the proportion of one-tortieth ; and Itterally amounts to no- thing. The landed aristocracy have posses- sion of all the lords, of course. That is in one House of Parliament. In the other, where sit 656, so called Commons, the same class have at leust six hundred certain; and of the whole body a large majority 1s returned by about one | thousand of that class. The disparity 1s so man- aged, that even such “calculators” as Joseph Hume, does not dream ot it himself. Now, he has some (not much) skill in figures, but he was goose enough to hiss at equal electoral districts, as he was hissed ut himselt, when he quoted the | Congressional ‘tone hour rule” sor the Parlia men- tary debates. lt 1s a very obvious cheat also— anf it is thus the great towns, where the peo- ple are so crammed together, that the rural dis- tricts appear to an American to be thinly popula- | ted, have almost no representatives; while coun- | ties and rotten boroughs Joom in ‘the scele. This, mighty Manchester’ has but two members, while Bucktmghamshire, which is an some grespects the. poorest county in Eng- Jand, wit halt the ibabitants made up on the Nomination of just three land owners, ten mem- bem including several cyphers, besides Mr. D'Is- raeli. ‘The aristocracy having possession of the lords and commons, and the land, of course enact their own Jaws, and take exceilent care of themselves. For a bundred years it has been the custom of the realm for the actual rue to rest in the hands of the majority of the Commons, who exercise it through a vote of want of confidence, which immediately | displaces the ministry. Of that majovity there 1s | complete and inexorable possession 1n the hands of the landed proprietors — They have a large ar- my and a large navy, and an immense civil list, | wwhieti serve them in every way. | They tur- | nith places for their younger sons and daughters as well, for they ate sought for in their own glittering circle, but like the courts ot justice, and the other machinery of feces they | are paid for by the people-for all the general taxes fall from the land upon the consumer of imported aod other articles, while the land is only subject | to local charges principally for the support of the | poor. The judges, and the countless justices ot the peace, are all nominees ot the crown for lite ; and, if nothing else in his own neighborhood, the land owner is sure to be in the commission of the rbitrary control over | peace, and thus he exercises the tillers of the soil, mechanics, and tradesmen. Besides this, he discharges tunctions of a coercive (though not obviously so) character neo the | poer. The important claes of men in the ny | profession, also, are all attached to the crown by | ties of interest, and expectations of Palate | ment end honor, Then, there is the Churoh | establishment, whose dig itaries are also justices of the peace, and clothed with the legislative functions itself, through their lords spiritual who sit in the upper house. These are full of alacrity, | like the land-holde:s, the members of the legal | profession, and that of arms by land and sea, as | well as the judgesin suppressing the slightest rising of the human soul towards the digmity of its earthly mission. Then comes the Pijgrntic array | ot power inthe press. Oh, liberty of all the crimes | which have been committed in thy name, the press has been guilty ot the fonlest offending. The treason ot the divine art to the cause of human rogress, is only to be compared to the lind bff jas, and his sordid and execrable career. et at is to be recorded that the British press (too often echoed trom the trans-atlantic shores of civiliza- | tion,) has been the most at:ocious foe of equality | and freedom, in all these trying ages, [include | them all, and though there ave degrees of worse guilt, yet the pumishmeat of exch should be appor- | uoned equally, because the radical press, with its instinct to injere, has the greatest opportunity | to betray. But I must finish the catalogue ot the | elemente of duration to the present form of domi- jon over Englishmen. Lt seema to bear the | analysis with renewed confidence ia its uncon- | querable strength. Let it, fora moment, go on its way rejoicing, while we comfort it with the as- eurance of continuwace hy the examination of it has lately aceomplished—its movements, | How easily, then, tt deceives the people about the inetructive example of America, and in what midnight of ignorance does it detainthem about the saing events of Europe. By itsprofound dissimu- | ation not unmixed with corresponding aim lation, the British Government has kept its people firm, its | to their overthrow. Jaw mukers and law expounders taithtul, its armies and itspolice Joyal,amidst the convulsions of all Eu- 1ope. How almost contemptuously it crushed Ire- land: how derisively it contemns the French. It calls the Irish fools, and the French anarchists. It will hang O’Bnen and his confederates, who | will not bear transportation ; and it wil send the seditious residue out of the country. It mistook the revclution across the channel at the first, and thonghtat the instant too litle of legitimacy; but now it has vehemently returned like a dog to his vomit ; and the utmost attainable limit of scora and contempt is every day, by every organ, lavish- ed upon the gallant population of free France; while, of course, not a word appears to reoroach the symptomatic und healthy convulsions of Ger- many and the central countries of Europe, when there 18 still tolerated the contemptible retuge ot a constitutional monarchy. The watchword is «down with Republics, and up with Kings.” And not to the province of opinion and sympathy is this abommation confined. England is actually inter- fering with her men and money in re-establishing all the thrones of Europe. See how firm she seems to stand ; and how she upholds the weaker poten- tates as Saturn wears his belts. But the handwriting is on the wall, and every day deepens the faint lines into legible characters, The days of this Babylon are now numbered, and her towers totter to their fall. 1 will endeavor, in my next, to interpret the gio: rious inseription, for ls even the humblest lin- guiet is as competent as that Daniel who was gift- ed of God to shake the soul of the guilty Belshaz- mar. Maxcus. Lonpon, Sept. 8, 1848. Means of Suppressing Public Opnion—Laws Pun- ishing High Treason—Engltsh Juries—Toudy- tsm of the American Minster. The laws and government of England, instead of conforming to the spirit of the age, have, every year, since George III., become more and more intolerable. And, indeed, she 1 the sad reverse of what she was from the time of the great rebel- lion to that period. She has been the only Euro- pean government in which the people have been recognized as the smaliest source of political power. She has been known among the nations as the protestant democratic leader of the destinies of the old world. And, under her banner, through those memorable ages, humanity recovered some of its long-lost rights from princes, aristocrats, and enemies of the race. But she 1s her own counter- part ; and by gradual stages indecline, has arrived at this moment to a depth of despotism whicn even merges the sacriligious outrages of Spain and Russia. She 1s “the lower deep” of her immortal Milton. It there be no remnants of liberty in those benighted countries, poor human nature 1s saved the_maddening insult of hypocri- tical toleration. The strong hand strangles its victim by seizing the throat in epen day ; and al the modern sacrifices of hfe and liberty to the mines of Siberia and the Spanish galleys are made upon notice of the danger and without disguise. In England, hundreds of honest and truest men have been suppressed and now linger in dungeons and exile, who supposed they were offending no law, and thousands are in jeopardy of the last ex- tremities of punishment, and tremble to think that it is because of their own ignorance of the savage barbarity lying hid to spring upon them from the lids of the'statute book. Ofcourse, this matter .s becoming better understood, but the mass of the people are still in the dark about the scope and na- ture of a code of laws which does actually enable the government to destroy every mag of ability and force enough to open the eyes of the people upon existing abuses, 4 Yet, notwithstanding the facts that the English Jaw has actually criminated, at this hour, every patriot whatever upon the entire eircuit of the united islands; that it is enforced against every man in whom the government perceives the noble qualities adverted to; that, in short, the entire of what are known to us as the rights of man, are actually suspended in the mass, and separately ex- tinguished at the rulers’ pleasure. There is a per- petual prating, like the parrot notes-of the Times, quoted at the head of my first letter, We are mo- lested here. and the world elsewhere, with the despicable untruths about liberty, equality and Justice, ot which those paragraphs are appropriate specimens. It is time such falsehoods should be crushed. At all events, it is tull time that the fraudulent coin should only circulate at home. I cannot possibly invent any excuse for the studied and abommmable hypocrisy of the oligarchs, who have mastered and now hold this kingdom 10 sub- jection. They have the people unarmed, divided, siitagoniséda Gusuicred yandaqutselys nenttes. The planters of the South do not more perfectly contro] the existence of their slaves. Why, then, should there be all this supererogation? Perhaps the explanation is, that man seeks to deceive even himself, by the affectation of a virtue, when he hath it not. Hence, the astounding deceit of the first French revolution. That shining event lost much of its lustre by the mask it wore of judicial forms. It was greatly, as a moral lesson, impaired by the pietended trials of its vietims. Those trials were assassinations; the accused were a neces- sary sacrifice to the tremendous emergency ; but they should not have been mocked by the resort to the semblance of legal proceedings. In that grand stride towards all the glorious events which have succeeded it for France and the world, aristocratic blocd had to flow like water, to appease the terrible wrongs of the people, and in conformity with the barbarous age which then brooded over mankind. But then, if the aristecrats had succeeded in the stiuggle, would they have had recourse to such elaborate impositions? No; they would have put the people to the sword—hecatombs for ove of them who suffered under the reverse of fortune; and courtly historians would abound, to suppress the evidence, and scarcely glance at the destruc- tion of tens of thousands of plebeians and canaule. This would have been a wiser course for the con- queyors. Then, history would have had no oppor- tunity of arraigning the leaders and peo of revo- lutionary France, tor the indelible ain of hypocrisy, which now even vies with the vermillion of the period, and begrimes those otherwise only san- guin ry annals. After all, this memorable French hypocrisy was not half as bad as the present English hypocriy; and the oligarchs of this country might consider the probable course of their prototypes of France, in 1798, if fortunes had been reversed. ‘ But I wall not detain you by further kindred observations. If you not already satisfied, I will further make good my criticism upon the spcech ot the American Minister, delivered to gratify princes and potentates, in the very middle of the month of dear July, commemorated, in both hemispheres, You shall say I was right when I charged that, for the sake of the hospitali- tues of the gilded roof at York, like a blinded Sampson, he rose, and shook the magnificent columns of that temple of liberty, whese founda- tions are the world, and whose summit will ever claim fellowship with the noe * Down to the 54th George IIL, one guilty ot trea- son in England, was to have his bowels torn out, | and after being halt hanged, to be cut down alive, and in that awful situation suffered to expire, after which his body was cut to pieces and his limbs scattered. And this horrid law is not now essentially altered as to the punishment ; while there has been even recent cunning employed to make it more efficient. This will be very soon ex- plained hereafter. High treason in the United States is well known to require some overt act,—either of levying war on the State, or giving aid and comfort, by actual means, to the enemy. And, of course, the act was to be established by testimony which is specific, and not speculative. But in England ut is treason, ev ince the dark age of Edward III to compass or imagine the death of the Kin; (25th Edward IL, ch, 2) You see at once what a drag-net this act is, in the handa of these fishers of men. tis impossible for any obnoxious per- | son to escape its meshes. The words iaclude every man who has any thought of any violent change of English institutions, whether he ever did any thing or not, or proposed to do any thing. Every one entertaining a conviction of the necessity of republicaniem, at any period of his life, is exposed to the danger of an ignominious death. For no sensible man could euppose that royalty would forego its gr P without a desperate struggle of life for he imegination of the death of a kirg, therefore, which bas been dormant inthe minds of miliions of Englishmen, makes them ermminyl. And the brokea law is only to be ap- peared by a worse than Indian display oF baroarity and torture. The decisions of the courts of justice are conge- nial to the savage ennctment itself. Cases abound in the State trials, which are now authority, and on to-morrow would be employed as precedents, trom which no man, once arraigned, could ever hope to | escape Any speech or writing, according to the actual adjudications, intended to disengage the so- | called oflections ot the people, but in truer worda, ‘nat, nO matter how just L t to increase their di phrase, or how catholic the spirit, 18 treason. | 18 called the overt act, trom which “the compass- ing and imagining” may be inferred by tne jury ‘That tribunal, hia in other times, and even here, has been the refuge of patriots, 1s now a mockery, a delusion, and a snare. The jury be- longs invariably to the middle classes, who are humbugged by the aristocrats, into the idea that every change would injure them, and that every advocate of change designs to hound on a mob to the destruction of order, peace, and property. The true interest of the jurors is utterly unknown to themselves, and they are the unconscious suicides of all their interests, for the sake of the grinding oligarchy under which they barely exist, instead of claiming for themselves, and their sons and daughters, the places in the State which belong to merit alone. The interest of all classes in England 1s against the ruling powers, except themselves. The people and their tyrants, if they understood each other, would instantly be opposed, but the middle class, in utter ignorance, 1s foolishly content to hold out their own necks to the chain, and to be the low and hireling agency, of indiscriminate destruction to every philanthropist. It isactually criminal and punishable by the great extremities described, to say anything decisive, however obstruse and phi- losophical, on the superiority of our own form of government, Worse, even, than that, it is equally penal to be present on such an oecasion, or to re- at, orally or otherwise, wishes expressed by the ritish sages and patriots of past times, in the Geran floods of oratory and song. Milton and Locke, Fox, Burke. Pitt, Canning, Mackintosh, Romilly, and even Wilberforce and Clarkson, and all the host of departed greatness, who are thought by. us to deserve the immortal rewards of good and faithful servants, he in the shrouds of felons. To them, the love of liberty and the shouts of joy over human progress, were necessities, which were ut- tered to-save their hearts from bursting; aid they have illumined all lands, except that alone of their nativity. To it, they have turned to curses come home to roost. Any one, or all, of that glowing constellation, could be convicted at the bar of the Old Bailey, next assizes ; and could be sent, with the consent of the people and press of England, to the iguomimousscaftold on which Sydney suffered a corresponding fate. 4 But I am to prove that the law itself has under- gone no change. Incredible as that will be to your readers, it is not more so than the continued cruelty of itsadministration. Therefore, if I show that the law remains, you must believe that it will be unsparingly enforced upon every rebel, no mat- ter how venul his oflence. It 1s supposed that the Crown and Government Security Act of last Aoril, mitigates the law of treason inthis realm. That isnotso. The law stands as in the reign of Ed. ward III., except the nominal amendment suggest- ed in the reign of Geo. Ill. The mistake about its character arose from a false statement of the Attorney General, made during the passage of the act of last session, in answer to a question in Par- liament He stated, for the information of the House, that, by the proposed enactment, the law of treason was meliorated; and with that assurance the radicals were content, for their opposition was very insignificant. Now, the bill itself expressly provides, that ‘nothing contained init shall affect the act of 25, Edw. II so that act is paramount, and the law of treason is not in reality meliorated atall. On the contrary, if you scrutinize it, you will see the hand or rather hoof of Old Clepty him- self inthe previsions. It 1s designed to provide for the past—February siate of things. Since the new birth of the French, there has been some stir in England; and, at all events, while the government of the country has been get- upg more. and more cruel in its alarm, the people for the moment, and unul demoralized by the prees, were disposed to be clem- ent with political offenders. The government feared that even a British jury of ‘the blindfolded middle class might acquit, if the indictment were for treason, and the punishment hanging, quarter- ing, &c., &c. Therefore, with that craft which is the colleague of cruel ys the oligarchs enacted such a law as would forthe moment enable them to catch and dispose of every patriot, as effectually as if he were put to death; » by transportation. And it was sagely enacted, 1th Vic., chap 12, that the old law of treason should stand ; but that, if the government pleased, they might select an- other mode of suppression which should never fail. So that, while every thing one can possibly do or say upon the vital subject of reform 1s trea- son, it 1s also felony. How caytally these devi- ces work. When the public mind requires it, in- dictments will be for the latter crime ; at other timesthe former. Convictions can sometimes on- ly be had for felony, and itis important that the government should always succeed, and that it should never be troubled with any_spirit discon- tented enough to be dangerous. The old prece- dents all apply to the construction of the new act, and it rears the aspect of charity for humat frailty: but itis the old enemy of man, wearing for the nonce only a different livery. Look while [ pull off its disguise. “ If any person shall, within the realm or without, compass, imagine, invent, de- vise or intend to deprive or depose” the king or levy war on him, in order to bring about a change of ‘his measures or counsels, or furce or intim- idate either house of parliament, or to move or stir any foreigner to invade the United Kingdom, orany of the Qeeen’s dominions, and shall declare such compassings, imaginations, &c., by any printing or wniting, or by open and advised speak- ing, or by any overt act or deed, he shall be deem- ed guilty of felony, and shall be liable to be trans- ported for life, or for any, other term not less than seven years. This law includes all principles in the second as wellas the first degree ; and acces- sories before as well as after the fact. Ismot this a text for the American commentary of “liberty without restraint,” conspicuously uttered by a high officer of the republic, with all that moral force which attends our slightest whisper of opimion throughout the world. Enough has been said of the worse than Draco- nian code of English penal laws; 1 might further develope those ~of treason, sedition, conspiracy, libel, and other enactments, which utterly divest the men of England of independence and respect- ability. Even religion has its outrageous penal- ties of every description, for unbelievers and free- thnkers. And poverty is an integral and high crime, for which an Irishman was recently trans- ported for seven years, by a panel of Galway squires. Any man, whatever, may be thrust into Bedlam itself, on the mere certificate of insanity given by any two medical rach Teanere, And his chances of coming out could only be estimated by the life-long prisoner of the old Bastile. Happy land! And an American Minister can be found to give the people the imperious stab before spoken of in these letters, and the added insult, that they are £0 cordially united into one ponderous arch, that no crevice can be detected in English society by the most vigilant eye. This tremendous pres- sure, unexampled under the sun, which does the office of cement for the social and political edifice of Great Britain. Marcus. Lonvon, Sept. 15, 1848. The Chartrsts—Feargus O’Connor—Whigs and Torves—Englsh and American Newspapers— Degeneracy of Englishmen. In the enumeration of the trophies of strength displayed by the British government, I not speak very prominently of the chartist arrests, prosecutions and convictions. Hundreds of men belonging to the working classes have been seized and punished for asserting in homely language, not unmixed with violence, the fundamental rights of man; and it is steadily made a matter of re- proach by persons here, and, I regret to say, in America, that the chartists are seeking to escape from despotism to the liberty which is enjoyed in the new world. The chartists are ne doubt igno- rant of the law of England, or they would not attempt to discuss anything publicly, in the nature of political questions, nor vaunt the freedom of Englishmen. I have sufficiently explained that there 18 no legal sight of meeting or discuasion whatever; and that boasts of liberty here are be- neath the lowest level of that scorn which is above contempt. The chartists are ridiculously travestied, of ccurse, by the foolish metropolitan newepapers, from whose profound shallows no- thing but a hiss is to ke expected, unless it be a crosk. And they are demoralized by the strongest leader that ever heated any party, even in an in- verted state of society like that of England. The editor of the Northern Star, the M. P. for Not- tingham, is, without all doubt, a natural curi- osity, and, if on exhibition, would grace even that most unearthly collection of animals, known to the world as the London editors. Mr, O'Connor isa loud and pete person, whose heart is appa- rently sound (which dir! oguishes him from the whole menagerie), but v here brains occupy al- most no place in his o:.anzation, Nature in- tended him for holydays end festivities, and not tor wny kind of work wi ch is ordnined to be dene by consciencious, deteririned, efficient man, towards the reclamation of those long, lost rights which are his uodoubted inberttance, He 1s stuffed up with the idea of paper money, and leases of land and lotteries of remuncration to laborers. Bat 1 MORN ING EDITION----WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1848. Cauuot condense Buch a Vapor Lute re mun ul spsce He should, however, he immediately pre- cipitated to a very vulgar level, instead of show. ing his fantastic shape in the thin and difficult atmosphere ot politics. But in spite of themselves and their enemies, and those from whom they should pray tor the memorable deliverance of him who said, “‘Save me from my friends,” the chartists are the only party in England approach- irg the platform of pinciple, much less standing firmly upon it. The whigs and tories, since Feb- ruary, are identified, except probably that a tory ministry, led by Lord Stanley, would go straight to war with France, which the present cabinet are anxious to avoid. The radicals are as blind and silly as a parcel of hovering birds, driven hither and thither by the events of-the different days of the week, but always reaay to settle, like vampyres, upon the detenceless lower classes, and thereby destroy their own interests, which wre identical with those of the mass, and directly op- posed to that of their aristocratic tyrants. The only note these birds have, is a faint ery about econon.y, and they particularly affect the glory of special constables, and ensure their allegiance by taking a periodical oath in behali of law and order. Ot this party there is a most appropriate organ, which makes up from its monopoly of noice for the dumbness of its supporters, aa well ag its own utter want of principle. Its hands are held up every Sunday 1n holy horror of every man- ly attempt at improving and elevating the condi- tion of the people, except by essing their pockets, Of the inalienable right of selfigneenanenss and of the cignity of human nature, al! knowledge is to it as impossible as are shades of color to the blind. At a moment when the abuse of power by the pressis so unpardonable, the Drapatch should be thoroughly understood, and disarmed of its capacity | for conte in America. Let any one analyze its va- pid contents, from column to column, of only oue number, 2nd on every page of the mortal twelve, | you will find not only errors and incongruities, but SOntrad fe\One: ciealE tacked together, side by eide. Politics, in England, is a trade which very | few are compelling toyveld them bread. And these | mercenary editors will hire themselves for pay, to any paper, or any side of any question, without hesitation. They write for money, and they write to.he ignorant. Several of them are employed for one office at one time, although they change places with each other indisciiminately. Nobody | is responsible but the proprietor for what appears in print. He is perhaps a liberal, with his capital invested ina tory paper, as John Walter 1s, of the | Times ; or some of the servants of the Duke of D—, as are the proprietors of the radical News. What he wante 1s a profitable investment ; and to make the speculation pay, exaggerated and abom- inable articles, of all sorts, are published. to vitiate the public taste. These are placarded through the twenty thousand streets of London, and sent by hundreds of thousands of copies all over the islands. Who owns the Dispatch I do not know, though J believe its proprietorship 1s as variegated as itself; and hence 1 would recommend that it be quoted hereafter inthe Herald as ‘The Patch- work.” The truth is, that to get so marty con- tasts into one sheet, requires both a multitude of unscrupulous pens and purses, and most industri- ous scissors. Its general style and its opinions are very vicious, and in America such a radical would soon be convicted of illicit intercourse with the government, and sent to Coventry. I make one exception from these remarks; Pallicola 1s a Inghly respectable writer. Le aodresses the read- ers of the Patchwork as_a correspondent only. It is hig weekly leuer which has prevented the cir- culation of the paper from running down to no- thing, instead ol from 60,000 fo 25,000, because he only degerves the popularity bis writings have given its columns. Monarchists, aristocrats, and their organs, of the whig and tory complexion, not less than the radicals, and radical newspapers, have joined in one mighty brunt against the chartists. What for? For asking an intelligible reform of the British constitution, which shall make 1 corres- pond in spirit to the sublime American system, and the projected constitution of republican France. The six points of the charter are the product of some of the wisest and truest sptrits—men who have been compelled to hide their heads, since the storms hich have purified the meridian of Europe, from the clouds which hang upon its western not less than its eastern horizon. These points are universal suffrage, vote by ballot, equal electoral | districts, pay of members, no property qualifica- tion, and frequent elections. * Now the truth 1s at last omnipotent. As Mr. | Bryant si ng “ The eternal years of God are hors;’ and the British government 1s most afraid of troth. Next to truth, it fears the discussion of the truth; so that its especial vengeance has been turned upon the believers of a creed, which 1s to politics what the profession of the blessed Jesus was and is to Christianity. Indeed, if indebted to anything but brutal insti the oligarchy of Eng- land have availed themselves of the Jewish per- secution to sharpen the woes of these true apos- tles and martyrs. They are, even now, suffering and in prison; but they shall not moura forever. And, in the imminent and great reverse which will overtake their enemies, it is only to be hoped that the cruel example of their oppressors, which has so often driven the chartists to despair, wilt not be remembered for imitation. In considering the perils of the British oligarchy, which J promised to catalogue in this letter, I have been struck with a very singular conviction of the inuulity of any such parade. One of these perils is enough very speedily to compel the radical change of the British constitution; cnd without more, that is sufficient ; indeed, the rest are both superfluous, and, great as they are, insignificant. 1 was euved from the indiscretion ot details, by re- collecting the story of the counsel, who was excu- sing himself to the judge for not producing a wit- ness, according to promise. He said, indeed, he was reluctantly compelled to admit that he was in a véry unfortunate situation ; he had forfeited his word, and was very miserable ; but the fact was, he was more to be pitied thanfblamed, in the trans action. Inehort, there were thirteen reasons why the witness could not be produced. The first rea- son could be given in a word:—Tihe witness had died the night before ; the second—Here the judge interposed, and thought that he might relieve the counsel from further loss of time by suggesting the immateriality of the remaining reasons, which he was about to state for the more entire satisfaction of the court. After the precedent just ape ate to say, that the readers of the Herald will only require the first, out of the batch of perils to this devoted oli- garcby, to exeuse your correspondent from relating the remainder of the baker’s dozen. It is, then, decisive of the overthrow of this government, that republican imstitutions have been established in France. No aristocracy, which England 1s—nor monarchy, eithet like Spain or Russia—can with- stand the vicinity of a huge, propogandist republic, in their midst. Itie all over with the so-cal Bnush constitution. The fear of the spread of free principles will induce the governments of Eng- land, Spain, Russia, and perhaps Turkey, to form a holy alliance for a new object. Such a league of consociated reprobi cannot muster a corporal’s >, uard of the-people ; nor, if they could, will they be able to make = breach in the power and strength of Fran hey might as well crusade together to drive back the sun from his course in the heavens. If they pursue their true line ot policy, which will be to get France, before she 16 out of the grigtle, into civil war within herself, or into a continental, war, in which England shall take no part, they-may wreck the great republic. But that 1s almost impossible.. She is safe from fatal dissension, or idle and dangerous ambition. And,.seated as she is now, in the van of European nations, surrounded by other republics in reality, she cannot be crushed bythe gold, the force, the fraud, the combinations of this government. She is invincible. She is also, although deceived by a false idea of British liberty and British power, whioh a year will correct—stll unterrified, but not unterrifying. The fear, indeed, of France, in twelye months, perhaps twelve weeks, will com- pel this worthless system to commit suicide, by arming the people. Observe events—look to the Trmes of the 13th instant In feigned security, but it is actual terror and alarm, the aristocracy of England are looking round the world for aid and comfort. They are seen turning their eyes to free America for sym- pathy. One year ago, ‘they might have scood against the world; but none 80 poor as do them reverence.” Bat they have committed the ua- pardonable sin against Amer: They have ridi- culed, misrepresented, and insulted her, for weak- pers, hy; ocrisy, trickery, and knavery, tll she has personal cause enough to leave them to their fate. But more than that, the United States are beacons to the world; and they will not, for any purpose, or on any consideration, uphold the state of the resent preat enem of free institutions. If here and th rea traveller from America, or @ corres- pondent—or, if now and then a pevonerer there, or a funcuonary here, shali backel under folly or temptation, into exploded etrore, the American people ean bear po other testimony than that which. have. always given the world sgainst British ed a sunt oration, in all its acknowledg: leek upen oppression ot } Vibei® WILD tWdiguation, Liey wok upod joo feesions of conerm for a whole people, by an inte- rested few, with disgust. They are, aa ever, the witnesses in favor of universal suffrage, and fair and full and tree representation ; and they believe in the sanctity of no laws or forms, about which they have never been consulted. They hold it little short of sacrilege to say that the destiny of the most enlightened and vfgorous race upon earth, should be fixed by the accidental fall ot an anow on the head of Harold at the battle of Hastings. It isthe stinging reproach of that race, however, that it hag not long ago put off the voke of the conqueror. Ab! what volumes of con- tumely should fall on the heads of the descendants of the British Harold, for allowing themselves | patiently te be serfs of the Tine of the Nor- man Wilham. This would be so, if the masses had ever possessed, at any time. the power of amendment. They never have. They are this hour as defenceless as the red Indian against fire-arms, and far less disciplined to eelf-defence. He would be free or die; but then he never was a slave, nor the descendant of slaves, for ages. What a deliverance fora na- tion of “hereditary bondemen!” what a Saviour of the world, 1s France! Nothing like her ever appeared,to perplex with fear the breasts of princes, atistocrata, and enemies of the human race. May her mission cover the earth with the harvests of peace and plenty, and give every man the shelter of hig own vine and fig tree, with none to make him afraid. Maxcus. Correspondence. Brauin, September 4, 1848. Tranygutlity Restored—The Constitution— The Civic Guards— Armistice between Prussia and Denmark— The pending Negotiations Between the Prus and German Ministry, in Relation to Austria and a Cus- toms Union of the whole United Germany. The excitement, which bad been caused by the events lately transpired bere, bas lessened, sinoe it is known that the Jaw against public meetings and tu- mult in the street, proposed by the ministry, will not be passnd, or even discussed, before certain articles of the constitution are settled. The National Assembly has lately held a sitting almortevery day. The debates are new becoming more interesting, and the new con- stitution is growing as fast as a hot-house plant. It is to be hoped that it will not loose its bloom, when it will be expored to the free air. The laws for the civic guard have been discuseed in the sasembly, in the last week. The most important question, with respect to these laws, was the manner of eleotion of colonels, as the commanders of the regiments of the civic guar. On thir question, a warm debate ensued, in which election of the colonels. by the members of the civio guard, was advocated by the party of the ultras in the Aseembly. Meanwhile, the government party de- manded that the right of the election of the com- manders of the civic guard should be exercised asa privilege. by the sovereign, The latter party had the majority of the votes, and the right of eleo- tion of the colonels was reserved to the king, whois to makea choice from three officers. whic! are propored to him by the membera of tho civic euard, forthe appointment, The officers of a lower rank are to be elected by the members of the civio guard. The concession, which has been made to the king, by giving him thie right of election. is a very great one, if itis considered, that the civic guard, a body of great political authority and influence ia the state, is thereby in a great degree made dependant of the government, In one of the latest sittings of the Nationel Assembly the official news that an armistice of reven months has been settled between Prussia avd Dewark, was reported by the prime minister to the assembly. Mr Von Below, who had been sent by the Prussian government to negotiate an armistice with Denmark. and bad snecerded in settling a treaty, through the mediation of the representatives of foreign powers. had returned from Malmoe, where a conference with the foreign ministers had been held, and had brought the joyful news, The Prussian government bad not known of the euccess of the negotiations car ried on. until the terms of the armistice had been settled, and, in fact, no one had expected that a settlement would take place so Foon. because it was not believed that so much would be yielded to Denmark from the pert of Germany and Prussia, after the war had been cor menced and successfully carried on for the purpose of obtaining concessions from Denmark. The inter- vention of England, France, Russia, and Sweden, of whom the two first mentioned had addressed @ note to the German government at Frankfort, in which they bad stated that they would conrider it a declaration of war against themrelves, if the hostilities would be con- tinued from the part of Germany against Denmark ed Germany in the necessity of making some agree- ment to end the war. if it would not openly act against those powers. Prussia, likewise, had received a note from Russia, in which av armed intervention of the latter was th.eatened, if the war would be continued. Besides. the damage of trade and the interruption of | intercourse, occasioned to the northern States of Ger- many, was too great not to render it a moat desirable object teend the war. The termsof the armistice were communicated to the National Assembly in thesitting held to-day, and are the following :— Directly after the ratification of the treaty has taken place, hostilities will be suspended for seven months. If the hostilities will be recommenced after that term, the armies of the two hostile powers will again cocupy the same position they now hold The porte, which have been blockaded by the Danes, | are to be given free All prisoners of war are to be released forthwith All versele, which have been seized by the Danes, are to be given free, and the value restored for all those which bave been sold, | ‘The armies are to be removed out of the Duchiee, but — of 2,000 men will be allowed to atay at t Danirh depots at Alsen, and a guard of the same nu ber of Prussian troops at the Prussian depols at Al- topa ‘The troops of the Duchy of Schleswig aro to be placed under the command of the government, which is to be appointed. ‘The troops of the Duchy of Holstein are to be re- Ouced to the proportionate number which that Duchy supplies to the armies of the German Confederation, and are likewise to be placed under the com- mand of the government. The government is to consist of five citizens of the Duvhies, of whom two ill be appointed by the King of Prussia, in the name of the German Confederation, and two by the King of Denmark. A president will be elected with the agreement of both parties. No por- rons are to be elected as members of the government who bare held any office of the government since the 17th of March Ali laws, issued since the 17th of March. are to be abolished. Prussia and Denmark bave agrecd that Great Britain is to guarantee this treaty. 4 he terms of this armistice are not to influence the congitions of peace, ‘Lhe ratification of this armistice has been ex- changed at Lubeck, om the first of this month, and the blockade of the German ports bas ceased already. Public confidence has much improved in consequence of the conclusion of the war. and the funds have risen. The negotiations, which have lately been carried on between the Prussian Minister of Commerce and the German Ministry. at Frankfort, for the purpose of m king Austria join a customs union of the wholo united Germany. have not yet led to any result ; and it is generally believed, that Austria will not make any »pproach to unite with Germany in » oommon policy of trade, Thus, German unity is but vain dream. Our Turin Correspondence. Turin, Sept. The Piedmontere army, for a moment shaken by ita Inet disasters, has been promptly re-organized. Its dircipline is new perfect, and the soldiers, Piedmon- tese or Lombards, have now but one desire—to maroh aguipst the enemy. It is reported that the Generals, accused of peculation cr connivance with the Austri- ans, are about to be tried by a council of war. It is said that General Salasco has arrived at Turin, escort- ed by two carbineers ‘The energetic resistance of Bologna has rovived, im allthe otber towns, the national sentiment and ha- tred against the Austrians, Leghorn has declared iteelf for war; and, in epite of the coercive measures taken by the Tuscan Chambers in accord with the ministry, it will be dificult to re. strain, for apy length of time, this city, which is re- rolved. as well 9s Genoa, to take a determined and ac- tive part in the libe: y ‘The femous ciroutar of the 6 of Modena, whioh, under a pretext of amnesty, submitted to legal trial three-fourthe of the people of the duchy, has had for its Iminediate effeot to cause both the judges and the nocused to o flight. It is said thatthe Duke him- elf bar fellowe* the emigrants, leaving as his substi- ix absurd restoratior violation of the to invoke e following is the lanes f of the minister Wasaen- berg. to the protestation of the Pope, as to the entry ustriansintothe Pontifical States. In compar ith the insolent proc'amation of Weldon, ry brutal attack on Bologna, it will be seen that Austria adds insult to violence. “Although the Pope has never declared war against the Emperor. it is yet notorious that numerous corps- france, compored of Potificial subjects and regular troops. bave crosted the frontier of the Austrian States 848. ~THE NEW YORK HERALD. Leeds au BoLbing bortile to the Cope It was only deoided by military considerations 0% the higheat im@- portance, and the Pontifical governmne®’ in its apirit of equity cannot fail to acknowledge this On ita side the imperial government is anima ed with the most sincere desira to see diplomatic relations este- blished between the two countries Mr. Maxzini bas put forth « new proclamation. whiok begins thus:—* The war of kings is finished, thew of the people begins slong proclamation mag be | tummed up thas;— Austria has only 100000 men to | oppose twenty-six millio Rise, and they meat ipfullibly be “exterminated, Think what, uodvt similar circumstances, was dome in America, ta Greece. and Spain ''! But M. Mazsini forgete that ia | Spain and Greece, there | Greeks. all united against the only Spaniards and yeners By the wide of 1h.6 great question of nutionality, there were ne parties disputing amongst themselves for a politionl form. and paralyring by enselons discussions of patrioti:m and enthusiasm Each one fonght for in- Jence, without troubling himself if the som- nts would be of accord thereafter as to the form rvernment te be given to the victorious nati at the state of Italy? We appeal to M. Maasini Spain, united in a ntiment of independence, re- Pellod the scldiers of the emperor Spats, divided’ oy litical dissension, was over run and ocouple foldiers of the Duc'd'Augouleme sian <The official jovrnni yesterday contained two deorees: the firet ordering the abolition in the army of shakow, and that they shall be replaced by the kept ronee like that of the Frenob troops in Africa It preseribes, wt the eame timo that there shall bs only one auiform for all the regiments of infautry of the army. except those of Savoy and Guardia, which arw to maintain their dis. tinctive uniforms The second decree, more important, places in retirement the Chevalier Regis, who offlo'ated as Governor of Genoa; Count Joseph Manasaern, the Marquis Magliamo, Chevalier d’Oria, Chevalier E. Avo- gadro, Chevalier A, Camera de Sala‘, Chuvalier J. 5. Caselli, J.P. Ferraris, aud the Marquis L. Maresca di Serra Capriola, The sawe deeree also contains various promotions, among which are thore of the Chovalior Umbert, Jaillet de St. Corgues to the rank of colonel of the lst regiment of Savny, ‘To-day we reomved a oon- firmation of the news communicated yesterday to ¢ Circulo Politico. which, however, | give you with « ave. n reserve, although stated to me to be positive, The Aurtrians are raid to bavo demanded from the fababi- tants of Parma an extraordinary contribution of 400,- OUOfr, in the period of four hours, This period having expired, tho Austrians, according to thelr custom, said to have commenoed the sack of the city But the people, encouraged by the energetic defence of Bo- logna ‘are represented to have sounded the tocsin and commenced a terrible struggle, in which the wom took part by throwing from the windows on the tro: all the furniture and objects which full under thelr hands, whilst the peasants of theenvirons, armed with agricultural instruments, are said to havo burried in, ‘Ibe result of this struggle is not yet known. A letter frem Milan, of the 30th ult., announces the situation of that city as mort deplorable. The Croate uloue have got money—attained by the pillage of the Palace Pescalli, They cut up all the silk hangings to make waistcoats. In the cafes the Croats and common soldiers spend 20 or 30 livres Many persons are shot at night Many persone belonging to families of the olty bave ditappenred. If two or three friends meet in the street they camnot etop to «peak to each other, om ao- count of the law against atfroupements, ‘The aples alone can move about ae they please | ‘Tha antique arms from the palace of the Princess Belziojoxo, who were of great value, have beon taken away, Radetaky is making # mureom, which will not cost him muck. A)l the fire engines have been removed, so that if there were a fire it could not be extinguished, The Austrians have grewt quantities of resin to enable them to bara the city if they cannot hold it, After having soised all the money in the public treasury, they have levied forced contributione, Maria Calderera, celebrated for her amours, is loaded with presents by tho editor of the Gazette of Mi and old Radeteky is prodigal of jewels to Giovan Merezelli: whom he has nfarried.” These two wome wero well known to entertain the spice of Austria, Our Leghorn Correspondence. Lecnorn, Aug. 31, 1848, Gavazzi, who had been some time ago the cause of disturbances at Florence, on account of his politioal declamations, arrived here on the 26th. Oa hia pro- eveding to Florence, the government took extragrdiaary precautions ; the National Guard was uader arms, great excitement prevailed, in consequence of the moat abeurd and contradictory rumors which gained belief among the pecple Ateleven o'clock of the 25th, tl excitement gained Leghorn ; the people destroyed the telegraph, the government despatches were interceptud, and numerous crowds formed. At 2P. M. the govern- ment was obliged to take refago in the forcra-a, while the people bad seized several stand of arms The Na- tional Club rat all the while, and the most serous questions were debated there, ‘The greatest disorder prevailed between that day and tho 28th. when the people, after having seized on a quantity of arms, made an attack on the powder stores, but that building being defended by a detachment of the Civic Guard, the people met with resistance, and the guard haviog at last fired on them, three of the crowd were killed, and several wounded The people, then, in the greatest exasperation, were about to commit great excesses, when father Melloni addressed thom, and asked them if they wished Uo separate fron Tus- cany, or remain united to it. The people declared their wish to continue united to Tuscany, anda depu- tation was named to interpose between them and the Grand Duke, to obtain for them the following condi- tions :—1. To carry on the war of independen 2 To ditsolve the civic uard. and reorganize it other bases. % To diminish the salary of the royal employees. 4. To reduce the price of salt 2 sousa pound 5 To tix the costs of law proceedings and the fees of theadvocstes 6 Immediate reform and augmenta- tion of the military marine ‘Tho deputation” having returned from Floranee. | publiched on the 20th a proclamation, in which they state that the Tuscan Ministry bad replied. 1. That they were firmly resolved to prosecute the war, if they could not obtain terme favorable to the just hopes ot Italy 2. That the civic guard should be reorganized. ‘That the reduction in the price of salt should be immediately submitted to the Tuscan Parliament, 4, ‘Tbut the salaries of the employes should be regulated according to equity, and lastly, that the wish of people, as tothe reform of the mil rine, was leo its mort the law expences, and various other important rations, the ministry were at the moment ear occupied with them. Thefe concessions produced the most happy resulta, and on thé 30th order was ‘perteotly restored after the popular feeling had exhibited itself by burning, in the public rquares, the decrees whioh had been issued oy the authorities for the ré-eetablishment of order prior to the proclamation of the deputation. A vtewmer, centaining seven hundred volun- teers, of the Lombard legion. has arrived off this port ; but the United States frigate Princeton and » French frigate. which were in the port took her be- tween them, and prevented her landing the volunteers ‘The American ships are here to protect their coun- trymen, aud some English ships are alsoexpected. Tue Arproacuing Triaus iN RELAND.—-On Wednerday afternoon, in compliance with the provisions of the statute, the informations, chargiag Messrs. Smith O'Brien, Meagher. Leyne, &o., with high treason, were read over to the prisouers, in the Governor's room, Kilmainb: in the presenoe of the witnesses, who mostly consisted of persons belonging to the constabulary force. Mr. Richard Kemmis, som of the crown solicitor, performed the rather ious office of reading over these voluminous documant», which record. we understand, not only several overt acts of rebellion in Bailingarry and other places, but alto pastaes from xpeeches delivered by some of the prisoners, and specehes of persons not yet in ouxtody, whore “sayings and doings” form part und paroel of the charge of conspiracy. Mr. Smith OBrien and Mr Meagher appeared in the enjoyment of excellent health and spirits. The former gentlemen paid marked attention to the reading of the evidence, and frequently requested Mr. Kemmis to re- peat portions of it which identified him with some of the more conspicuous incidents in the late insurres- tionary movement. Mr Meagher. oo the contrary, did not seem to be so engrossed with the ceremony, as he once or twice caught himself whistling a bar from a opular opera. Mr. O'brien’sroom is a large, airy one ‘io 5,in the top corridor of the Marshalsea or debtors’department of the prison. It is a singular fact, not known, y, to Mr. O’Brien bimeelf, that veanhistoric if nct a ciassic, i them, as the very roomin whict b former residence of Corbett, ence of death, for participation in the re , but marvellourly effected his esoape from the pri- son, and died @ few years ago, » Genoralin the Frenoh army. Mr. Meagher’s room is No. 4, in the \¢ corridor— it is also large and healthy. For some days these “ rebel chiefs’? were lodged in the same room—the pre- nt arrangement bax Boom adopted with their mutual neent. No restriction is placed on the mode of living of the prisoners, as far as edibl fecopoerned =A turnkey sleep me artment with each of them, and follows him about “lke bis shade? when be takes exercise. With the exception of members of their families and their pro- fessional advisers. no one is permitted, without a ape- cial order from the obief secretary's office, to see them. Mre. O'Brien has taken temporary todgings in the neighborhood of the prison, and visits her bus- band daily, Mr. Alderman Meagher, M. P.. hus had several ipterviews with bis unfortunate son, Mr Leyne:; Mr P J. O’Donohoe, and the less pro- mipent c ass of prisoners, accused of trea-onable prac- tices, are confined in the capital offences wari —the strongest part of the jail.-- Dubin World, September 9, 'y Intelligence. now located was ho lay th apd attacked the imperial army. The (Generals of her Mojesty might bave treated these corps-ftanos socor- cing to al] the rigor of the laws of war but they preferred to abstain from so doing To this must be added that Piedmontese troops came and joined the Pontifical gurrison of Ferrara, and even promived it reiptorcemente Under these circumstances sad also, ae the Austrian garrison at Ferrara required provi- eione. the Austrian Grnoral-in-chief was bound totake measures to restore pterruyted communications In comeequence, Prince of Lichtenstein re- ceived craers to advance to Ferrara to rediatarb that fortress Hix short y. and the manner in which he fulfilled bis mission, prove that this move- ‘« Courr.—David R. Floyd Jones by the Justices of this Court as intment reflects credit on these bes be w wae formerly an able State S years @ meaiber of the Arsembly. ‘Tue Fountars at Work —The fountain in the Park was ret to work yerterday afternvon during the viclence of the storm; probably to swe if there had teen an additional supply of Croton water by the rain, It would have looked better on some clear and pleasant oay ator, and for many