The New York Herald Newspaper, September 24, 1848, Page 1

’ o ~ transpoitation, probably ~_fiseems to be a matter of course. NO. 5226. SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1848. Our London Correspondence. Lonpon, Aug. 26, 1848. Proofs to Sustain the Charge of Despotism in Eng- land—seurching Review. At the point where the examination of the laws ‘of England terminated, in my last letter, there wag enough to satisfy any man that liberty here is ut- terly obsolete. But I propose to resume, and finish ithe subject, so that nv conceivable answer can be given to that overwhelming charge. Itis not for the people of England alone that such a work © should be attempted, though they have my deep- est sympathy. Nori it for the sake of my own | countrymen, who can need no mach warning as is | given by the despotism of the British system. But | the cause of human progress and human mghts in Europe, now in its infancy, requires that the voice | of truth should speuk loudiy against the direful example of this so-called limited monarchy, but practical despotism. 1 can hardly believe the true state of English law is known to the members of | the English bar. Indeed, [ know it 1s not ; for if | at had been, in the veiy feeble detence of the char- tists, an effort would have been made by the | counsel for the accused to discredit prosecu- tions, by. showing the individual criminality of | every citizen, under existing laws. The jurors who tried the cases—aye, and the presiding | judges—had, every one of them, been guilty of | crimes punishable’ with fines, imprisonment, and | death, at some periods of ther lives. For wey had all either spoken openly of abuses im the government, or attended | meetings where such speeches were delivered; and either tact was sedition, at the least. But there has been no analysis nor history of the law for political offences ‘attempted. That the lawyers themselves, and the judges, are ignorant of the very law they administer, I can well believe, from having seen and heard their respective displays of ignorance, folly, and stupidity. The newspa- pore, of course, would be uniformly worse in- formed. Lawyers, in England, do not edit news- papers, and, therefore, it need not surprise you that such creatures as the editor of the Zimes should chanticleer about the vulgar boast of other countries, and the established conviction of his own, with respect to the liberties (?) of English- gen. If jurists are unconscious of the various Statutes, still less could you expect the superficials of a daily press to be aware of the consequences of all they say, when they are every day com- pelled to say something about everything. But the perch of all such towls must be pulled down, so that ourears shall not be further molested, nor the universal cause of tree principles betrayed by | their crowing. j We will, therefore, proceed with our dissection. But, to impress the matter more fully upon the reader, it will be advisable to state to him two things, comprising the substance of all the chayges, -and embodying the law and ite administration. First, then, I affirm that the law of England, as to the liberty of the press, and the freedom of dis- cussion, would be fuithfally expressed by the fol- Jowing brief act of Parliament:— “Be itemacted, that every meeting for discussion, and every pales and other association, shall be deemed reditious ; and that every word said or written in favor of reform, sbail subject the writer, publisher, ker, reader and listener, to punishment, at the pleasure of the government.” Second, I affirm the tact to be, that these, being thus epitomised, have been continually enforced with most sunguinary rigor, and have kept the ‘snags of the people in fear, and have deterred the great minds of the country from endeavoring to introduce any mitigation of the evil. But, instead of being less severe, the spirit of persecution, for political offences, waxes stronger and more san- guinary, asthe Inglish stronghold is approached on Sey side, and con:rasted with liberal institu- tions. I will presently verity both of these con- clusive propositions, and shall then proceed to take up very briefly some ef the other grievances -ot this monarchical form of government, whichis, in reality, the most stupendous oligarchy the worl has ever tolerated. ‘The crown 18 but the high and gilded root of the edifice, but the nobles are its solid and crushing wails and columns. England asa brilliant and powerful government of landed aristocrats, whose foundations stand in all their ‘weight upon prostrate popular rights, and to whom the Uneen is more a finish than a necessity. The business of [nglishmen is to topple the walls, and Not to waste their iarengil in assailing the vaulted -roof. That will fall from blows in the proper quarter, as certainly as the branches of a tree, struck at the root, will strew the ground. The right hand can easily be learned cunning enough for the total overthrow ot the whole intolerable system, whose flag, ‘‘tor a thousand years, hus braved the battle and the breeze”—but which the storms of February, on the the continent, have un- dermined. Stli, before Englishmen can do any- ata their emancipation, they must give up their ridiculous boasting about liberty, alto- gether. It will not do for them to deny the exist- ence ot the lawsIam setting out, by special re- ference to chapter and section, and by abstract. Nor must they retreat into the falsehood that their abominable laws are not enforced, and that they are nullified by public opimon. They do palpably exist’; aud they are all enforced, (as 1 shall further prove,) whenever the occasion is thought to re- quire it. | i All meegings of persons, belonging to the lower classes of society in England, are not only liable to the punishment provided against unlawful as- sembling, but they may be also implicated in a riot. And, it is tobe borne in mind, that it is difficult for any man to establish his defence, because those alone who could be witnesses, no matter how in- nccently present, are liable to be prosecuted. Hence, they are atraid to come forward; and the Nicense taken by the Attorney General and his associates, in badgering the witnesses for defence, the frowning of decorated officials, and the bully- ing of the judge, are additional terms which are quite effectual in paralyzing the accused, as well as excluding his proof. A riot is where three or ore persons are engaged in any act of an nolaw- fat or violent characte?, to the terror of the neig- borhood. The offence is visited with severe penalties of fine and imprisonment; and the par- ties will be guilty of a constructive levying of war ‘inst the Queen, which 1s high treason, it their object be a general one of altering the law, cr raising the price of labor. . As to the offence of conspiracy, I believe 1 kave spoken sufficiently in the previous letter; and also rather fully of sedition. ButI will dweil further upon the sedition, before going to treason and other crimes, because, while I was writing to you yesterday, trials were actually in progress at the ‘Old Bailey, for sedition. Several persons were convicted. They attempted to conduct their own defences; but it availed them nothing. Trat:, } and reason, and justice, have about as lite chance | in such a tribunal, with such functionaries, as the | same strangers have in the English bear garden at | the House of Commons. The voice of need alone, is heard or regarded in either place, ani that may fammer out its spate lent owen hile the man, of genius or of merit cannot ve | Tara ai cit or is heard to be jeered, hooted and | 4 tary wt thrust away. Atti... «me Old Bailey, lately, se- dition has engrossed the court. = beat rd e judges may select whom they please to ». a ‘ment, and he may be either the most obdurate ot | themselves, or any individual of their choice. | With such latitude, it 1s easy, according to the present law of England, to find the proper instru- ment for the service, by “special commission” of the government. As I stated, it is perfectly | ‘true that sedition is a most flexible charger in the | ihands of these persons. Review the case, and | the law will be expounded accordingly. If a pulat leader has been seized, he is sure to have violated the law, so as tobe liable to punishment ; and conviction, before an English cort and jury, _ ade ge itis | i 6 the leader has condemned the go- pint ry spoken in favor ot reform, with a hove the it will speedily come about, he is not less certain to be found guilty than if he had ad- vised an immediate resort to violence. Much is always said by the judge, in his charge to the jury, about the value of lw ‘and order, and in depreca- tion of attacks cn property and life; and politics are always introduced, in the shape of reflections unfavorable to France, and intended to praise the constituted authorities of England. ‘The latter are sometimes stated to be ordained of God, while the former is imputed to a very diflerent origin. But whenever the case admits no more, it is sure to be sedition, if any thing has been said calculated to create disrespect of the go- vernment, or to produce discontent. This is the sum and substance of the legal definition of sedition; and it is plain that any body may he fined heavily, and eeverely punished by imprison- ment, for expressing aay politicul opinion what- eve ‘The judge generally assists the jury with his instruction that the speech or writing is clearly | assassinations ate ! month, end so of the rest. As for evidence, there 1s abundance of that, Yca see, at all the meetings, government reporters actually invited by the stx- HY dupes of the idea of British constitutional iberty, to sit at their elbows; and, seeing accom- modatioa is provided, they take notes of the speeches, which are all dressed up tor publication, becaure they are paid tor by the papers; and the reporter produces his notes ut the trial, and pre- tends to-detail the prisoner’s language. Any thing will do to convict upon. An extract read from the Herald, out of the reprint of the Times, and not adopted by the reader, is guilt, as in Bezer’s case, at the Old Bavley, in August. And upon an indictment for seditious language, which is set out verbatem, it is sufficient if the witness says he did not bear such a part of the speech ; but, at different places in the speech, several of the sen- tences of the pretended extract occurred, or some- thing like th’ m, as near as he can recollect. A policeman is competent to prove such a fact, al- though he does not write short hand, and took no note at the time, though he did so afterwards. And one witness 18 sufficient upon such testimony, as was ruled in another case atthe same court. The worthy by whom these last decisions were j made, and the expected convictions secured to th: government, 18 evory Woy genk ern or his seat, and of a page in history at the side of C.J. Wilde, Creswell, Alderson, Maule, and Baron Platt. By the way, Creswell has been repeating at Liverpool, fately, on .the trial of Dr. MeDonall, his offences against liberty, reason, and logic, very conspicuously. In Tomlinson’s case, at York abou: a morth ago, you recollect his conviction of the accused fc ; complaining of the government, and laying down the law of sedition to be, that it was seditious to teach people to believe that their sufferings were to be traced to the government, end that it was for the jury to ask themselves whether the language used was not calculated to bring upon the government a great amount of hatred and disaflection, in short, whether the accused intended to excite disaffection towards the government of the country? On Dr. McDonall’s triak he interrupted Sergeant Wilkins, when he referred to ever, man’s duty of resistance to ty- ranny. The interruption was quite like Chief Justice Wilde’s preposterous exhibition in Fas- sell’s case, where he reproved Sergeant Allen for calling the flight of King James an expulsion from the English throne, and called it an abdicatfon, although the fact was notoriously otherwise, and the law of succession gave the correc- tion to the subterfuge. For that law, of course, grasped the eldest son as the successor, whether his father died or abdicated ; and yet the eldest son was treated as the pretender to the crown, and the crown itself was conferred by the ople, who had Kivked out the king, upon Wil- tem and Mary of Oranje. Now come: well, and tells the unenlightened fellows on the Liver- pool jury panel, that the great rebellion was a le- gal resistance to what was not lawful, in which the patriots had Jaw for what they did in oppoai- tion to tyranny. Such shifts are necessary to get nd of the odium of saying to the jury that the law of England forbids any freedom of speech whatever; and that their oath requires them (as it undoubtedly does) to convict every Englishman, who happensto be arraigned and proved to have publicly expressed political dissatisfaction. And the judge (Platt) at the old Bailey, follows suite in servility and nonsense, as all these nominees of the que*n feel tooeager to do like their infa- mous predecessors, including Jeffreys, himself. Tndeat! after hearing their enormities, I in- cline to thmk the memory of Jefireys is pu.e enough for such, association ; it will be ad- visable to look up his life, so as to turnish paral- lels with these passing events of judicial history. Tris my opinien thar there iw constant injustlie doneto one, wo was a mode! of the British judi- cial character, even in the 19th century, whenever political offenders are brought to tnal. That his of:ic1al conduct, in other cases, might have been much worse than the successors to his place in our day, I do not presume to deny. I do not remember that he received, er that he refused, actual pecu- piary bribes; but he certainly could not have eared his position by mere yenal prostitution in the trial of political offenders. It isto be noted thetI do not require a judge to nullfy even the worst law; it 13 his duty to enforce it, sub- ject to his higher duty of doing justice to a prisoner, and always inclinmg to mercy.— hat 1 cull on every man to abhor is the detestible hypocrisy of the judges, and juries, and counsel, who pretend that the English law al- lows the existence of aspark of freedom. Baron Platt takes itto be very absurd that the counsel should atte-pt to screen a client by showing that the liberties of Englishmen, now asserted, were torn by rebels from usurpers, andj supposes. that the existing law is the sumnum bonwm, which is not even to be discussed. He actually assumes not only that it 1s the rule of action, but the sacred tule of right, and suppoges himself to have shown that proposition when he says, to discuss it, 1s to break it ;_ and to break it, is criminal. What ab- surdity. The same sophistry applies to Spain, and Russia, and Turkey, the actual counterparts of England, since last February. IS not the law, in those congenial regions, the rule of action, ani igit not criminal to discuss or even propose a change? But who ever heard before that those medels of present English emulation were the last attainable perfection of forms of government. There isa height of cruelty in the sentences pronounced by this man upon his fellow-men, for venal offences condemned by no moralist, which the historias must record for the undying execra- tion of posterity. It is true, it has not been re- marked upon by any newspaper ; that none could expect: hut it is not even repudiated, and, for aught I know, may be acquiesced in by the profes- sion itself. Baron Platt bas actually sentenced the batch of chartists, last convicted at the Old Bailey, to penalties only worthy of the darkest ages, when tyrants ruled with rods of iron, Among the vic- tims, you willfobserve J. J. Bezer, who was guilty of reading extracts from your paper, copied by the Times, for 20,000 readers, descriptive ot the British despotism, but at the same time, disclaim- ing them. It was upon Mr. Beser’s own defence, that Attorney General Jervis memorably spoke as follows :—‘'It confirmed the opinion he had ori- ginally expressed, of the dangerous description of ability he possessed. It was quite clear that he was pertectly master of the art of adapting his address to his hearers, aud it would unnecessary to comment upon the the mis- chiet that might be created by such a man, when he employed his talents to excite persons in nis ewn con n of life to acts of violence and disoider. The manner in which, also, he had art- fully read the exciting extract from the American paper, and omitted the comments upon it—giving the bane, but omitting the antidote—likewise showed his dangerous ability fer mischief, particu- larly cs he expected, thereby, to escape from pun- ishment.” Fancy that pink of prosecutors talkin, his grateful nonsense to a jury not of the prisoner’s peers, but of the middle class above him, and hos- tile tohim, because they have the human instinct, shared with beasts of prey, and are fools enough, instead of following the political opinions of Mr. Bezer, to be humbugged out of all but this mis- chievous and mechanical agency in British officers Hite press, and the ofticers of the oligarchy. hese shopkeepers and tradesmen are 8 Most in- suuctive epectacic, when doing duty as jurors. Like the ziy pack, fastening upon the down- trodden ct Of aristocratic pursuit and yen- geance, ineir hands hold the dagger by which daily taking place, in the very robes of justice, and in that sacred presence where the godess, because she is blind and deaf, alone can poise ¢n instant her equal scales. Lhe sentences of Bezer, Snell, Crowe, and Bry- sou, pronounced by Baron Platt, after a torrent of epithets, were, for the three first, two pears to the house of correction, and £10 fine; and, at the end of the gentence, sureties to be given prior to the Xpiration of the imprisonment, of £100 each, and two bondsmen of £50 each, to keep the peace for five years. Thatis mba to seven years in gaol here, which is equivalent to fourteen years trans- portation! Bryson'’s sentence was still more se- vere. Thus perish these men, and thus have perished handyeds of others, who are very foolish, itis true, tor dreaming of any freedom of speech or act tor Englishmen, but who have only done what has covered the brows of other, successful and unsuccessful agitators, with the unfading laurel. Let America utter her commanding re- buke of such monstrosities, instead of allowing any one to prostitute her to their approval. Mancvs. Lonpon, August 27, 1848. Despotisw in England—The State Trials, §¢., §¢. It is net necessary to conclude the very cursory examination of the case, and the daily adminis- tration of it, in this letter. And I cannot proceed with the grievous detail, without calling the special attention of the Herald, and other influential paperain the United States, to the stern discharge seditious, and tells them that the only qu really for them is, whether they believe the evi- dence attributing it tothe defendant. Such was the egregious conduct of Chief Justice Wilde, at the trial of Fassell, Lemon, and Jones, in last of their duty in publishing and commenting upon the judicial proceedings of the tw@ past months in Gieat Britain. There is a way to penctrate even the hide of @ rhinoceros; and you have only to lead the way. been passing in the world, of more permanent, and, at the same time, varied interests than the terrible attacks upon all first principle, in the English courts. It is true that the Jaw of the empire sup- presses every spark of freedom, and even the hope, much less of the exercise, of the invaluable | tight to better our condition ; so that the accused were generally punishable ; but, then, in many of the cuses the proofs were deficient, and, in all, the conduct of the judges has been inconceivably traitirous to the cause of humanity and progress. As to the juries, they have brought their institution, as a mode of inquiring into political offences, into utter contempt. And the press has displayed all its unworthiness ; the aristocratic portion, by con- cealing and garbling the reports of cases, and by nourishing and stimuleung the worst and most malignant passions. In this deadly conthet of despotism and liberty, also, the so-called radical papers have ignorantly and basely betrayed the cause of the people, and bound in withes the abs of reform. Of the counsel for the defend- ants—Allen, Parry, Wilking, McNamara, and the otherre—I desire to speak ..indly and respectfully. One must stand in their unfavorable position, to re- alize its difliculty. Brought up under a system, which utterly shocks common sense, iivcoresllitis them not only fo deferto, butto be dumbat the com- mand of any fungus whom politics has promoted to the coveted honors of judicial wig and gown; censured by that public, which alone holds any place whatever ih Fah ew and is composed of aristocrats and middle classes; the counsel are struggling against wind and ude, But that should be the element of Inwyere, and is the element of the full-fledged and ‘vigorous bar of America. Here, it is otherwise; a barrister1s a courtier. He belongs to the upper charg, hich rests upon the lower; and he, in setnetrtite, measure; regards himeelf asa pillar of the throne itself. How can he advocate the cause of an obscure mechanic or laborer, with success in the result, or honor to his professional fame? It 1s expecting the clipped eagle to dash at his accustomed flight into the teeth of the storm, or rather tasking the wings of the barn-yard to companionship with the tempest. And yet, 1 must blame these gentlemen, for not actually knowing anything of the state of the Bnitish law of sedition. They cannot have kuown anything about it, or that mab wledge would have ap ed in their speeches. The public, for whom only those speeches were delivered and printed, against foregone conclusions adverse to their clients, might have shrunk from the actual caste of the truth. How ceuld any man (except suc! creatures as edit the Z'vmes) confront his tellow- mortal, much less affront heaven, and talk of Bri- tish liberty, after the through exposition of that ac- cursed and wretch-begotten law which includes everybody, and condemns everything in the shape of an appeal against abuses to the understandings of men. This examination and developement of the law should have been historical and exhaustinI’. Every outrage should have been traced to its hiding- place ofan origin, and explained,denounced and ex- ecrated ; and lest a victim should have been yield- edup to the violated letter of this worse than Dra- conian cede, without a shower of missiles from the quivers of argument, ridicule, scorn, contempt, and indignation. More than this: the annals o: ules ‘8 greatest periods should have been ran- sacked for examples of patriotism, when the rights of man had spumed tyranny with triumph, and brought to the heads and hearts of Englishmen, the only existing particles of political mnaepen- toner. ape career of Ecimpden Sidney and Crom- well, yea, even Cromwell—the opinions of Locke, Milton, Bacon, and Blackstone, should have been presented, to show how meritorious it he sd Alta pose and Prostrate the det-stacle Ns) Sa mo a only be abated by the sword, if not Ciscussed, ace mitted and redressed. And while the treasu*8 © logic, reasoning from induction and analogy, were made tributary, rhetoric sheuld have striven for its appropriate mastery of the human heart. But very faintly were any o: the awful tones of such expos- tulation heard in the halls of the Old Bailey, where they have, perhaps, never mate been drowned, because scarcely uttered. hile there was so much to do, which was omitted, there was a thing frequently reiterated, which was unpardonable. ‘That was the stereotype complaint to the judge and the jury. Every counsel for the defence must talk of that. Surely, man is not only the slave of ha- bit, but its dupe, or such bootless hypocrisies would have been spared. Is the ostrich actually fooled by its own folly? The compliment was, of course, entirely understood, and had no good ef- fect; but more, it demoralized the defence, espe- cially in Europe and America,where these “honied commendations of judges,and the mutual courtesies ot the bar and bench, are supposed to be indisputa- ble testimony of a fair trial, Toa meceee and hilosopher, no untruth can be more disgusting. Pinker, and less excusable still than this, was the repetition of the falsehood, by the Attorney Gene- ral, and its faithful echo by the prisoner’s counsel, that it was lawtul to discuss repeal, and the charter, and that the law of England tolerated freedom o! opinion and discussion. I must attribute some of this inexplicable lying to craft on the side of the overnment, while the largest portion of it is, no Soubt, utter ignorance ; but I am confounded by the course of the opposite side. Have these legal gentlemen ever read the statistics which I have referred to? Nay, further: have they any con- ception of their existence? If so, how can they explain their conduct to their vigilant and able contemporaries in America? how exculpate themselves at the tribunal of an impartial posterity? From a long experience in courts of justice, I can select no parallel where important interests were atstake. It isa recklessness, which would appear to amount to treachery, were it not for the peculiar disadvantage under which counsel came torward in sedition cases. Atsuch times, all the one-sided imperfecuons of the professional mind stand out in contrast to the well proportioned faculties of other men. Incessant and practised drilling and submiesion have trained a willing set of instincts towards power, and away from right. Hence, in fortifying usurpation, nothing can be stronger, but, in defending its victims, nothing can be weaker than the lawyer. An his preparation will not make up for this defective developement, but serves only to increase its disproportion. hen rerogative is to be assisted to new plunder, the legal adviser crams himself with precedents, analogies, deductions, and fallacies; but when the fate of the innocent depends, he comes with empty head and reluctant step, and pleads against, or simply deprecates the wrong, with downcast eyes and faltering voice. Perhaps he may be fresh from history, where closet scholars have embalmed with pious hands the blessed memories of saint and martyr; then he speaks with momentary passion and effect. But under all changes of cur- cumstances, the vital parts of tie client’s interests are unshielded, and the vital part of his oppressor igevaded The point is never thrust there ; far less is the point driven to the hilt, ‘These State trials of 1848, in spite of all conceal- ment or explanatiaa, will not present anything to commend for tznpartia! eyes. T.ven the couisel for the accused will share in the sweeping anathema or the record. Ido not care to screen any of the av, oquents, unlesa it be Sergeant Wilkins, whose conduct ac ("4 ‘tial of O’Donell, in Liverpool, was not discreditable, except that he only did not lack spint, while he sadly wanted the indispensable legal information. it was fortunate for hin?, pro- bal Ny that the venue was the most American vity in all England, so that he may have caught & breath of the republican spirit ; but it was untor- tunate on another account, as being the nearest point upon the great international route to Ame- nica, and, hence, most exposed to transatlantic obgervation. s As to the person (John Jervis) who fills the post of public prosecutor, by virtue of his office of At- torney General, he 18 only a fair sample of all the detects, but none of the excellencies, of his pre- decessors. He has the worn look of a student; but his professional standing negatives any claim to talent or learning. He became whig Attorney neral by being always useful to the party. He manuged to represent some borough or other, and itisto be presumed that his means could, some- times, only jesuitically be justified by the end, or nationally, by the custom of Kugland, from the there has been a committee, this session to inquire into his alleged briberies. To com- vare him with many names now, and recent- hy, orsaments of the English bar, would be eupreme injustice, But as he acquired posi- tion, by unserupulous and often menial party eervices, so he intends to retain, or at least de- serve it, by a succession of persecutions of the chartists, in which |e is careful to flatter the aris- tocratic oligarchy + ich gives him bread, and to spit his spite upon | « men and annals of France and Ireland. He b.. however, gained a dist tion, in thischeap me, which he failed to earn atthe bar. There he wasan humble fourth-rate; bat in the state trials, he takes easy precedence from any modern inct mbent of his office. As is very apt to be the case, there scarcely every live a man who could ¢i.k eo contemptibly low in spirit and resistance. L be were himeedf put to Nothing has, for many weeks, | the bar upo, on cusebod, an expr which now indicates ¢ hess and very shphttinge of either modesty or h then be ludicrously distorted with fear and dis- trese. IT have repeatedly considered the conse- quences of a reverse to my fellow men, but recol- lect no instanee m which one would be so fan mixture of the*ridicnlous and the nausea How hitle all these utled and tyrannical pu suers of tle steps alike of guilt xod innocence, think of any consequences; least of all, about the probuble exchange of tenants between the bench and the dock; and the certain wrath of Heaven upon all who violently suppress the remonstrance of the oppressed. 0s ka 3 of these trials, I am sorry that, till lately, the defences were placcd in professional hands; { have explained in part the reason: the infirmity of the legal profession 1a England, which, upon any change of British institutions, must be entirely reversec. As, for instance, in New York, where every man has the right to appear as coun- sel, there will always be abundance of advocates to protest against usurpation and injustice. Buta further expl-nation 18 required. A man who is accused of a political offence in England, or else- where, sheuld defend himself, if possible, because of its moral efieet. He may be ignorant, and ti- mad, and awk ward; butif he stands up for his life or liberty, and speaks the thoughts of a man, witha man’s courage, he will be heard, and must be im- pressive. ‘There is enough human nature, even in an ermined judge, to wince at such a struggle; the multitude will always respond. But if neither the judge nor bystanders should be moved Il be otherwige with the heart of a great uation, tying beyond, that will hear and answer, if not the first nor the second, a succession of such appeals. And when the heart of a nation is stirred, victims de- crease. Butifno homan sympathy come to the suflerers from the surrounding world, there is a great truth and lesson recorded for posterity, which will arm the hand, and nerve the breast of the patriot and avenger. en if all human hope should fail, such a part will find favor in Heaven, He that asserts, half deserves his freedom; and even the Pagan poet could think of no spectacle more attractive to his deities, than that of a firm and honest man who himself struggles with adver- sity. Marcus Our Stutgard Correspondence. Srurearp, Aug. 28, 1843. The Church and the State. The attempted separation of the church from the state, is causing great excitement in the southern part of the German empire. It affects a class of individuals, who have hitherto taken lit- tle or no part in the political agitations since spring ; it touches at the only vulnerable point, that not inconsiderable part of the community, calling themselves “ Pietisten,” whose doctrines and re- ligious rites, something like those of the Quakers in the United States, forbid them to participate in the political struggles that agitate the community, and whose ignorance is made the means of ad- vancing the interests of a few designing, unprin- cipled priests. They (the clergy) fear that a separation of the church trom the state, which must also, inevitably, cause a separation of the school from the church, will bring about a condi- tion of aflairs, which must eventually liberate the community from the oppressive sway which priests now hold ever it. It 18 difficult for a citizen of the glorious United States to imagine to what extent the public have been tyrannized by the combined efforts of the ad- Yocates of ignorance and a monarchial system of ga- yernment. In the schools, (hitherto,all under the immediate control of the clergy, whether Catholic or Protestant) nothing but the most simple radi-_ mentsot education were suffered to be taught; in a period of sight years (from six to fourteen) the child, which 1s, by the laws of the country, com- pelled to visit the school during the whole of this lime, learns to read very poorly, to write, i. ¢., onc Smong # hundred is able to write orthogra- phically. and to cipher, Besides this, about one- i % at least one thousa: d spiritual fourth of the Bibie, songs, the whole catechis%, and a number of pro- verbs aie committed to meivory. To say. pier of the eruelty of compelling a ctuld to sit for hours, sometimes br whole days, to gota ser verses or songs by heart, which are much more rapidly forgotten again when oace repeated to the teacher—i# it not a revolting crime agarmst human nature, thus to waste the best part of yeuth, in which so much might be done for the dissemina- tion of intelligence and useful knowledge ? Is it not an unaccountable sin, thus to pervert all taste for literature, for learning, and for improvement in the growing generation? But it is the interest of those, in whose care the school has hitherto been, to educate the children as fit subjects for the rule of deepotiem, both of the church and state. Ifthe mind of the youth were permitted to improve and expand; if general intelligence and common sense were suflered to take the piece of. ignorance and premics, then the sway of the priestcraft would ¢ endangered, and in place of the servile, con- tented character of the mass, upon which the safety of the monarchial system is dejendent, a disposition for the amelioration of the condition of the people, ideas of liberty and equality, might be harbored by them. The ‘church has hitherto been used as a tool by the state, to perpetuate ig- norance ie the school fing been the means, not o' peepee knowledge, but of stupi- fying the minds of youth. But this is the age of eee and reform; in spite of its chains, intel- igence has shed its lustre upon many a vigorous mind; and in the contest between light and dark- ness, the latter has been conquered and compelled to recede, in many instances at least, before the. all-powerful rays, of truth and the good genius of humanity. Now that the press 1s freed from its shackles, now that an undisturbed interchange of iceas may take place, prejudice and ignorance may be successfully encountered and deteated, despite their powerful advocates and numerous friends. When the national Parliament, at Frankfort, approached that paragraph in its deliberations, which treats of the church, the priests and a few othere, aristocrats, oflice-holders, &c., &c., made a great and_ powerful attempt de- feat the emancipation of the school from the church. True to their Jesuit character, no means were too base to be made use of, go it but advanced their object. Without the slightest regard to truth, they preach from their pulpits, and declare, at every opportunity, that the most sacred rights of the people were in danger. _& They will rob you of your religion—of your Bible !” is the cry, by which the fanaticism and the religious feelings of the mass are appealed to ; indignation, commotion, terror, 1s the result; many, who have implicit faith in all that emanates from the priest, believe the day of judgment 1s at hand; others ex- pect, and are anxiously inquiring the time of an outbreak of religious war, such as shook Europe to its foundation in the sixteenth century ; and all (the “ Pietisten,” alluded to above,) agres in de- nouncing the political movements of the day, and consider it as q judgment frow Say, Numerous mss: « Jue sh avaVen. ons, circulated by the priests, in which the convention is begged not to interfere in the affairs of the church and the school, are signed by hundreds of deluded and deceived individ uals, and gent to the national convention. Sume people have been terrified to such a degree, that they ac- tually locked up their Bibles, and declare their re- solution to defend them to the last drop of blood. In the Parliament itself, the debate upon this pomt gives rise tomany speculations and theories, to many speeches, sermons, and cler- jeal cross-firings. (Among the six or seven hundred deputies in the convention, there are ane a considerable number of clergymen.)— Vhat the result of the deliberations will be, it is as yet difficult to imagine. {[t remains to be seen, whether the petitions alluded to above, will have any eflect upon the members ; whether the con- vention intends to take the matter of education into its own hands, or whether it will sufier the churches to be the guardians of the youth, for the future, as it has hitherto been. On no subject has there been 80 much difference of opinion mani- fested, as on this; one deniands a separation of the church and state, on the ground, that liberty of conscience should be guaranteed to all, and that, therefore, ne differe should be made as to the religious opinions of any citizen or aspirant to office. Another demands the same, but wi hes the atheists, the universalist, and the heathen ex- cluded from all Pareieination in the government. A third one baves his demand for the separation upon the condition, the clergy be sdmitied to the government, as well as others ; a fourth one is op- poeed to the separation, and ‘goes the whole hog” in his opposition, and go on, None but those of the extreme leit, who wish to dissolve ail ties between religion and polities ; and the “ultra Montaven,” who are for a contmued system of compelling the people to confess or profess betore the world, what they hold to be utterly false in their heart, and in some degree, be suid to harmouize and agree with cach other; the centres, and the more temperate members of either side, wre scarcely conscious of what they demand, and many do not understand the nature of the question t ey are debating. A charectenstic anecdote is related of a geatlman, of Bible | who 18 opposed to the separa . His opintoa being asked relative to this mat he narvely ob- | served hy, sf the sehool is to be separated from the church, that will cost an immense sum of money jaud, afier all, I don’t know why the school should not be near the church, as well as au i here else!” The latest news from Russia and France, ave anything but favorable to the prospects of Germany. Russia has acknowledged the French republic, and sent an ambassador to Paris, to treat with Cavaignae; the Czar himself intends shortly o pay bim a visit. England, too, 1s interfermg in hieswig-Holstein affair, and Russia, France, and England secins to make common cause against the Germans 1 Italy, Schleswig, and the Lombardy. In Paris, a new effort of the legin- misis und royalists is feared, although well-in- formed persons pay little regard to these rumors. Jn Vienna, in Berlin, and even in the isolated, hitherto so peaceful Munchen, new clouds ot threatening aspect are gatheri In both of the former cities, democratic, social-republican, and yepublicon demonstrations and disturbances, are creating much alarm ; and in the latter, an exten- tive conspiracy has been discovered, and a revolt sufled, the true magnitnde of which but few of the Bavaria papers dare report. Hot times might be predicted from sucha state of affairs, were it not impossible, in a time like the present, to make tre least calculation of the future from the presentevents. About four months ago, the con- cerns of all Europe seemed so entangled and preg- nant with evil, that nothing short of a universal clviland national war was expected to sever the Gordian knot; but the sultry atmosphere cleared up agai, and the thunder-cloud, big with inflam- mabe electricity, that needed but a spark to wrap the whole continent in one sheet of fire, passed avers without emitting one blaze of lightning. t now certa.a that Hecker, the renowned leader of the Freishuarens, will emigrate to America. He intends to visit the principal cities of the United States, and to pass on to St. Louis. He will embark at Southampton, in the steamer . TWO CENTS. Political Intelligence. GEORGIA. The whigs cf the Western counties of Georgia held 4 aes t Atalanta,on the Lith inst., which Attended i an immense concourse of the friends of Taylor and Fillmore, from almost every section of the State, A free barbecue was provided by the oiti- zens of Atvlanta and vicinity. _The convention was addressed, among others, by Ex-Governor Crawford, Hon Messrs Berrien, Dawson and Toombs. Hon. Mr. Stephens, altbough in a feeble condition from his recent wounds, was present and made a few remarks. | , The election for members of Congressfa, Georgia, | takes place on Monday. 24 Ootober, | CONNECTICUT. Many of the towns in Connecticut hold theiranaual clection fer town officers on the 2d October. They may afford some indication of the sentiments of the people on the Presidential question, ‘The democrats are to hold @ mass meeting at Wind- ham on the 28th inst, _The freo soil Van Buren men held a meeting at New Haven, on Wednesday evening. The Journal (whig) says, we counted the audienos, and made out just 110—not one fifth of whom, as we believe, would Vote the Van Buren ticket We cannot but regret to see a few of our honest, well meaning whigs, and even personal friends, giving countenance to such a misere- ble delusion. PENNSYLVANIA. The Philadelphia whig city and county conferees, according to the Pennsylvanian, have nominated four whigsand four natives for the county offices, NEW JERSEY. Hon. William A. Newall has been nominated for re- election to Congrers, by the whigs of the 2d district. omio. The Cincinnati Gazette(whig)of the 18thinstant. has the following statement and estimate of the probable result in that State :—‘We estimate the vote of 1848, at about 370,000. Before the Boffalo organization, we are of opinion, that these would have divided about thus—whigs 185,000, locofocos 175.000, liberty 10,000, The counties of Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, Huron, Lako, Lorain, Medina, Portage, Summit, aud ‘Trumbull, known as the Western Reserve counties, ove in 1544, the following vote for Presidential electors: Clay. Polk Birney. Totat, ‘27.975 20,470 3,252 Hermann, tor New York, on the 20th September. yee The Movements of Hussia—The Intrigues of Nicholas. [From the London Standard, August 19.} Our readers are not unwarned of the insidious machinations of this most Machiavellian of all governments. ‘hey are, even already, becoming more vpparent. ‘Che Rassians have now an army in Wallachia, vhere the Turkish government, it seems, has to oppose to them about twenty-six thousand men, besides the irregular forces of the province, which, in cag ostilities, will side probably with the Sultan, it such resistance can avail we have no belief: but as the cunning Muscovite 1s known to be doing his utmost covert- ly to provoke a collision, we tear it may be thus prematurely made. ‘The result would only be an open declaration of war on the part of the ambi- tious Nicholas; an inroad by land upon the pro- vinces_ that border upon the Kuxine ; the turning of the Balkan-ridge by a Muscovite army, accom- panied by a fleet ; and ultimate occupation of Con- startineple and the European dominions of Abdul- Mejid, the poor young Sultan, by his insidious rival. This, however, is far from being the only intrigue now carrying on by the Russian cabinet ; the Czar has many strings to his'bow—too many. Treachery and aggression are the characteristics of the Sclavonic race; and at present Sclavonic finesse is working in every court in Europe. In order to follow up the operations in Wallaehia, the Rvesian envoy at King Otho’s court is busy sowing mischief between the Greek and Turkish governors. He 1s known to be exerting every art to excite the Grecian chiefs to make predatory in- roads upon the Ottoman territories. Whts is with a view to provoke awar. Let that once take. place, and the Czar, as one of the protectors of Greek independence, immediately interteres. The result no on: need doubt. 6 We bave already acquainted onr readers with the significant fact, that the Russian amba or, at Constantinople, had successfully tried to delay the acknowledgment of the French republic by the Sultan. "This was intended to bring on the consequence v hich is now, as it would seem, im- minent. }'reneh pride and French irritability have been artfully excued. ‘The French government has demanded this acknowledgement from the | Sultan ; and if it be declined or evaded, the French | -. at the Porte, is to be withdrawn. Thus 1s eny ) no stone len Qntumed to isolate Turkey, and sever her diplomatic relanucs With the great European | powers, In the meantime, nei 18 doing every- thing that can be done, unseen, to embroil those | owers with cach other. This accomplishea, Russia takes immediate advantage of the strife ; steps in, annihilates what remains to him of the Sultan’s dominion in Europe, and the Black Sea is a Russian lake for ever. “ Such is the undoubted progress, up to this time, of Russian machinations against the peace and in- dependence of Turkey. But are her artifices not at work elsewhere? We shrewdly suspect they are ; and working, too, to some purpose. Our readers are awate that the beautiful, rich, and fertile island | ot Sicily has declared its independence of Naples, and driven out the Bourbon authorities. For this the Sicilians had ample grounds. During the war of the firet French revolution, this fine island was for many years protected by England; and the reeult was that the Sicilians then und there estab- lished a oe upon the model of that of Eng)a..d, but with a free representative assembly, in lieu of a corrupt House of Commons. This constitation was guaranteed to these brave islanders, who were much attached to England, by Lord William Bentinck, then military occupant, in behalt of the British government; and when, in 18H, the island was foolishly restored to the Nea- politan Bourbons by the influence of Castlereagh, the King of Naples confirmed the Sicilian consti- tution before our troops had withdrawn, Nosoon- er was this done, however, than the perfidious ty- rant revoked his own act. The French Bourbons (now regtored), aided and abetted him: so did Austria: and the end was that England was in- sulted and defied, and the poor Sicilians forced to succumb to the hated Bourbon yoke, under which they have ever since been, until the French revo- | Jution of February, 1848, again freed them. They now look to England to support them in their in- depexidence; and if this country dare vindicate its own treaties and its own interests, it will become protectrees of this fine island, the gem of the Me- diterranean. Mark, however, events! At the | courtof Naples Russia is albpowerfels and every eflort 18 now making by the Russian ambassador to encourage the king to send an expedition to re- conquer the brave Sicilians and again reduce them to ahated vassalage. We are the last to advocate wanton collisivas, but we must own we are glad tosee the whig cabinet has spirit enough to resist this me vement, and send Admiral Parker into the Bay of Naples to reconnottre his Bourbon majes- ty’sdoings The Sicilians, as a people, deserve mugh at the hands of England. They, by their asgistance to Lord Nelson in provisioning his fleet, enabled him to fight and win the battle of the Nile. During the whole of that war Sicily was the head quarters and support of the British fleets in jhe + Mediterranean ; and ii, ii return, these attacked | islenders claim our protection, for honor’s sake | let it be accorded where it has been so honorably earned. Intercourse between France and Russia, | The Paris Messager, ot the 22d ult., says, “ It has been stated by several journals that Cieneral Leflot is on his way to St. Petersburgh, iu the | auiality of Minister of the republic. We can add, that a representative of the Autocrat is expect od at Paris, and that the two States will be repre- sented by ministers plempotentiary, although in the last years of the reign of Louis Ph pe, Ruse sia had only a chargé d’affarres at Paris. Already, and for some time, a good understanding between the republic avd the Czar has been opened. These relations were kept up by the consular agents, aad they are now about to be changed into a regular political intercourse. Besides, we are assured that a short time before the revolution of February, the I:mperor Nicholas declared to Colonel, now Ge- neral, C., who was sent into Russia rather on a ecientific than a diplomatic mission, that it was his intention to visit France in the course of 1548. The Czar at the same time appeared not to be very anxious fora reconciliation with Lous Phi- lippe, though he expressed himself in terms of syinpathy for the people of France. In the staté of mind that he manifested towards the ex-King, his determination to come to France may appear to be somewhat strange. Did he mean to come only as a simple traveller? ‘This 1s a point on which he did not explein himself, and oa which his interlocutor did net think it proper to interro- gate him.”” New Haren ano New Yoru Rartroap—We leam trom the Bridgeport Chronicle that the re- celpte of the Now Vork and New Haven Railroad. for that rtion of the road vow completed from Stratford ve boen six hundred doliars and upward, ny, Wednesday and Thursday of last jerstand the rails are laid to within abcut four miles of thie oe and that nothing delaye the laying of the rails of the Plainville road, to con- pect with the New York road. but the stone work, whiob 10 im rapid progross of completion. —New Maven Register. ‘ 252) 51,607 ‘The majority for Mr. Clay over Mr. Polk was, in the State 6,052—in the Reserve 7,505; leaving a majority against Mr, Clay out of the Resorve of 1456. It seems to usquite probable. from present appearances, that Taylor, out of the Reserve, will lead Cass 10,000, or erhaps 16,000 yotes, and that Van Buren will get a large number of votes in the Reserve. We suppose the yote in the Reserve counties may number, in the segregate, at the November election, 60,000, and that, independent of the Buffalo organization, they would have divided about thus : whig 32,000, locofoco 24,000, liberty 4,000. | We again express the opinion, that Ohio will glve Taylor and Fillmore 23 votes, for President and Vico President, by « majority of thousands, in the vote of the people.’* CANDIDATES FOR CONGRESS IN O1110 R, Dickinson is the Cass nominee for re-ele the Seneca district. C. K, Watson, liberty, nent. Stephen Hemphill, of Wooster, ts the whig nominee for Congress in that district. Jacob Brinkerhoff, barnburner, is running on his own hook in Richland district. John Joliff, of the first district, has been nominated the candidate of the barnburners in the second district. J. D. Morris is the Cass candidate. William I’, Hunter, of Monroe county, is the nominee of the whigs for Congress in the Belmont district. Wm. Kennon, Jr., present member, is the demooratie candidate. NEW YorRK. Hon. John C. Clark, of Elmira, formerly whig mi ber of Congress from’ Chenango county, has come out with a long letter in favor of General Taylor. He is very severe upon Mr. Van Buren and other leading barnburners. ILLINOIS. The Ottowa (Iil.) Constitutionalist of 3lat ult , says that not one of the electors on the barnburner tioket are whigs, the entire number being made of locofocos and abolitionists. Army of the We Heap Quantens Stxmm Minirany Derantaenr, Jefferson Barracks, Sept. 13,1848, Order No. 1. The general orders No, 49, (present series) direct the following assignment of troops to posts within this, tho 6th Military Department, viz : At the new post at the confluence of tho Crow-wing and Mississippi rivers, Winnebago country, one com} pany Ist dragoons, and one company 6th infantry, At Fort Snelling, lowa, two companies 6th infantry. ‘At Fort Crawford, Wisconsin, two companies 6th in- fantry. At Fort Atkinson, Iowa, one company Ist dragoons, and one company (th infantry. At Fort Leavenworth, Missourl, two companies Ist dragoons, and three companies 6th infantry. At Fort Scott, Missouri ‘Territery, one company Ist dragoons, and one company éth infantry. At Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, the 7th regiment of infantry. 2. To comply with the above, the commanding officer of the 6th Infantry will assign the seven companies of the regiment now under his orders, to the Crow-wing river, Forts Snelling, Crawford, Atkinson and Scott, and order them to proceéd tu their destinations with- out delay. Upon their arrival at their several posts, the companies of the Ist, 7th and 8th Infantry, bel relieved by them, will repalr to Jefferson Barracks, and await further orders, as will the company of the Ist Infantry, now at Fort Leavenworth, on the arrival of the two companies of Mounted Riflemen, now under orders for that post. Lieut. Col. hoomis, in command of the 6th Infantry is assigned to the command at Fort Crawford. Assistant Surgeon J. Moses is, for the present, assigned to duty at Fort Crawford, and As- sistant Surgeon C. H. Smith to Fort Atkinson. 8. Company D, when filled with recruits, and com- panies G and I of the 6th Infantry, now on the Arkan- sas and Washataw rivers, will (on coming within this department) proceed to Fort Leavenworth. . The Quartermaster’s Department will furnish the necessary transportation for the the troops as above ordered. 5, As tho 7th Infantry isto remain at this post, it will move into Barracks as soon as the quarters are as- signed and prepared for it. 6. The commanding officers of regiments and oorps within this department will see that the officers and enlisted men under them obtain, without delay, the uniform and equipments prescribed by the General Regulations ; and it is required of the commanding officers of posts, to see that the regulations are strict- ly observed. 7. Untilfurther orders the Head Quarters of this Department will be continued at Jefferson Barracks, and all communications intended for it will be ad- dressed to Brey. Major J. Hooker, Asst. Adjt. Gen. 8. W. KEARNY, Brev. Maj. Gen. What a Picture! New York expends nearly $400,000 per annum, to sustain its police establishment; and yet, it iv ad- mitted; this city is the worst regulated of any in the world. 10,000 women of bad repute, have congregated here, from all parts of the United’ States, invited by the nd 2.000 gam! ) Openly pursue ations, despite the Mayor, the traoting, by their presemce, all jonds of the city. Their numbers are now #0 great, that the inhabitants ere obliged to close their doors at night, and the police are intimi- dated. This is the truth. There is no use in deny- ing it. The Mayor, and Major Matesell, the Chief of Police, know the fact. A few nights since, the oil lamps, infirm from age, all went out in Mercer street, or were blown out bj the rowdies; and then a scene was exhibited whic was little creditable to city. The Polka was danced on the si ks, and, after the orgy was com- cluded, tha zespectable friends of the street walkers coolly ‘walked away, singing the chorus of “ Oh, Su- fennub,” regardless of the sick or quiet people, who are cbliged to pay the taxes, and put up with injury and insolence for want of adequate protection. ‘The inhabitants of the magni ward are heavil taxed, more now # ever, } the ri dents of the ward have been dei ot of the authorities to previ nee ject “lass of persons, and those that ment of the vil oF Peraekenoy. Hard as this remain have to make up the uw * “en have the is, itis still worge to ve no protection—w - ward overrun with vile women and men, who insult you in your very doors. and compel you either to close your windows or witness disgraceful conduct in the public stree The Common Council will not even light th which might give some relief; but encourage the vaga- bonds, by keeping the public dark aud dreary. ‘Well, what is the remedy? There is but one. The Common Council cannot collect the taxes unless they protect the citizens. There are two parties, at least, to every contractand | advise the citizens of the Bighth nd Fifth wards to meet, and resolve not to pay the taxes, till light and protection are afforded. The remedy is new, but the position can be sustained. ‘The writer, for one, is willing to subsoribe liberally, to try the experiment. If ‘o driven to extremity, by the inability or unwillingness of the city authorities to relieve ue, we are justified in doing all we can to re- es. Up then with the baoner, “Relief or There are plenty of persons in the Fifth and Eighth wards who havo the requisite talent, means and energy to carry out these measures, who are of my opinion. Tho question is to be tried whether the most infe- — or moue rm ane ggg he re a! rotected and encouraged. More anon. from dent of the “RIGHTH WARD, streets, New Counterrgit—CounTerreiters ARRESTED. —Several countertert $20 bills on the Oneida Branch of the Safety Fund Bank of New York. have recently been ‘in this city, but by whom was not kno ‘The work is well executed, but differs from the uine in having the denomination im Arabic ebaracters where it should be in ‘a ho stances fixed suspicion strongly on two men named J. 5 eden and ee ten A who were arrested Friday evening, by officers Legg, Brasher, and Kitchen. On being examined before the bayer, Saturday morn- ing, sppearances were #0 deci against them, that they were beld to bail in the sum of $5,000 eaeh, failing to obtain —_ or were committed to jail.—Cincin- Gaz. Sept. 18,