The New York Herald Newspaper, September 18, 1847, Page 2

NEW YORK HERALD. — inlay, September 18, 1847. jew York, THE WSDELY HBRALD. Map of the Approach:s to the City of Mexico, The Wiekly Hered, to be ready at nine o'clock this morning, will be a more than usually interesting num- ber. It will contain the particulars ef the two brilliant Dactles fought, and victories wen, by our troops at Courubus co and Contreras, near the walls of the city of Mexico; ali the news by the French steamer Union, fuclading letters from our numerous European cor; respondents; two interesting letters from Mr. Bennett; an account ot the doings at the Agricultural Fair at Saratoga, besides much interesting miscellaneous matter. ‘The illustrations for this number will be # map of the Approaches to the City of Mexico, showing the route of the American army, a picture of the Park fountain, and & cut of the steamship Washington, It is not often that the passing events of the week place itin our power to offer « paper of so interesting and varied a character. The News und the Killed and Wounded; Murphy, in the extravaganas of the “ Happy Man.” We have so often spoken of the merits of Mr. Collins's per- formances, that what is trae of his excellent comical abilities, would be but a mere repetition. To-night he is to appear as Paudeen O’Rafforty, in the comic drama | of“ Born to Good Luck.” and as Morgan Rattler in the comeditts of “ How to Pay the Rent.” Bowery Turatas.—This elegant theatre will be ‘again opened on Monday evening next. During the re- cess it has been completely remodelled, redecorated and refurnished; in faot restored to more than all its pris tine elegance. New proscenium boxes have been add- ed, a magnificent new drop curtain, exhibiting passages in some of the late glorious victories in Mexico. The walls and wood work have all been painted In oil, the lobbies laid with splendid oil cloth, new and elegant glass chandeliers have been hung; in fact, Mr. Jackson hasspared no expense to make this house what he always has succeeded in doing, the most elegant theatre in the Union. The immense sudiences that have nightly crowded it during previous seasons have shown what a We publish in to-day’s paper a complete list of the killed, wounded and missing in the two last battles in Mexico, as far as heard from. The State Agricultural Fatr, Our readers will find in this day’s paper. a full report of the doings at the great Agricultural Pair at Suratoga, on the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth inst., and of the speech of the Hon. John A. Dix, previous to reading the ad- dress prepared for the oceasion by the Hon, Silas Wright, previous to his decease, together with « list of the premiume. More News from Europe. The Britannia is now in her fourteenth day. She will bring some very important intelligence to the commercial community. It will be one week later from England, and one or two days later from France. M2, BENNETT'S LETTERS FROM EUROPE, Lonpon, August 26, 1847. ‘The Failures in Europe. ‘The revulsion in the corn trade not only con- tinues with unabated ferocity, but the desolating e is beginning to reach other branches of business, more indireetly connected with the importtion of grain. Failures are announced every day, either in London or in some other rmercialeity, But the most startling of allare that have been announced and com- ited upon during the present week. Ist. A » house for £150,000, whose senior partner, Robinson, is the Governor of the Bank of sland. 2d. Another firm for £100,000, in c which the Consul for Belgium, Mr. Castelmain, isconvected; and, 3d, a lady of high rank of the We-t End, the Marchioness of Aylesbury, largely involved in stock operations. In addition to this, there is a number of smaller failures in Ireland, the nd others on the continent. Probably te amount of these failures, from the of the pressure, about three weeks ago, muy reach five or six millions sterling, or equal 5,000,000 to $30,000,000. sre all this is to end, no one can clearly for the monetary system of England is tot- tering to its foundation. The old conservatives, and iany of the radicals, are agitating warmly for a complete paper currency, and the banish- ment of gold and silver entirely from their inter- nal circulation. The state of the times and of men’s minds are very favorable foran entire re- volution in the financial system of England. The character of the new Parliament is very uncer- tain, and may be made favorable to any system, During the present pressure, and in the midst ofthe crumbling ruins of commerce, the Bank of England, under its present system, receives nothing byt denunciation and hostility. The management of the Bank is rendered entirely subservient tothe large moneyed interests. It is lly believed that the failures which have » place will produce terrible work in New her commercial cities of the Union, far beyond that of 1839-40. By the next British steamer from Liverpool, to sail onthe 4th Sep- tember, (in this vessel I shall return) the quan- tity of returned exchange will be greater than ever. {t is supposed, by the moneyed interest here, that this movement will restore the equili- brium of the exchanges, and perhaps bring back some of theirspecie to Europe; but I doubt this result, unless there should be many orders for English goods in the course of execution or pay- ment The pressure and ruin, now taking place, came very near to a head im April last, when the gold and silver were at its lowest point in the Bank. It was delayed, at that period, through some se- cret influence in the Bank, and in order to let certain interests out of the category. But now the ruin is permitted to goon, and it will not stop till its whole fury has been spent. ‘The railronds and the government loans have, and will continue to receive, all the aid of the Bank and the large capitalists, exclusive to the foreign trade in corn, or sugar, or any other staple. Accordingty, corn is continually falling, and none can tell when it will stop. The crops, everywhere in Europe, are most splendid—a full average, if not more. In May last, corn was as high as 100s. to 110s. per quarter, now it is 60s. to 65s; nearly one-half decline. Many believe, in addition, that, before next January, corn will be as low as 30 shillings. At all events, the ter- rible fall in the prices of corn, which is now breaking up the corn merchants everywhere, will, before next spring, break up half the farmers in England, and produce a revulsion in che landed interest that may lead to adissolution of the present Parliament, and the return of a conservative, or paper money, government. Commercial, financial, and political affairs, are ina very excitable condition in England, andall over Europe. It should be the policy of the government, banks, merchants, and people of the United States, to take care of themselves, and to ward off the blows that are aimed at their progress by the falling ruinsof Europe. A fresh war is now expected with China. The last ac- counts are very bad. Commotions, if not war, are maturing on the continent. The full crops and fine seasons only cause reactions in society and government. Very Late from California. We have been favored with the perusal of a private letter from an officer of the navy, dated at Monterey, in California, the isth July last, being nearly two months later than the dates brought by Gen. Kearny. This letter came down through Mexioo to Vera Cruz, sod thence to the United States. The U. 8. ship Warren and the store-ship Erle, were at Monterey, and were the only vessels of war in that port. The Independence had left Monterey a few days befure for San Francisco to meet Commodore Biddle, ‘who was there with the Columbus, Congress and Dale. ‘Tbe Columbur was to sailon the 2st, for the United Siates, Com, Shubrick having relieved Com. Biddle in command of the squadron. Com, Stockton had left for the United States by the overland route ‘The U.S. ship Portsmouth was engaged in blockading the port of Maratlan, ‘The Preble was at Acapulco, and the Cyane had gone to the Sandwich Islands, and was expected back by the Lat 5 grew of the Warren will probebly return home in the Erie or ¢ Little or nothing had been accomplished by the squad ron under the command of Com. Biddle, who had not been near the sent of war, nor attempted the capture of {important piacws on the coast, which could have bern easily taken, but hed remeined with most of bis aque iron at Me vy or San Francisco The policy be was pursuing was a myster it wae boped that Com Shubrick who ha comme ar gallina! to all, and just taken would pursue a more active course, and allow \ittle navy in the Pacific to win its share of . 8 “ ed Midshipman Woodworth, the young eaatese « nobly weat to the rescue of the perishing Mor- 5, ia on the U. 5. ship Warren, and is in g hold it has upon the people, and we can assure the pub- lic that the coming season will be as splendid sone as any that has praised. Mr. Jackson is not content with thus splendidly embellishing his house. He has selected ‘company of actors and actresses in every way worthy to sustain ite appearance, andthe drama will here be rendered in « way fitting the present day. He has en- gaged artists of established talent, fitted to support all the various branches; and with Mr. W. Marshall to do the leading characters, he has also seoured the services of those old favorites, Messrs. C. W. Clarke, J. C. Dunn, Bellamy, and many other familiar faces; Mesdames Jor- dan, Sutherland, Bell, Phillips and others. The per- formances on Monday evening will consist of the tra- gedy of “Brutus,” and the grand historical drama of “ Hofer, the Tell of the Tyrol.” An immense house will doubtless be in attendance. CnatHam Turatar.—This evening is set apart for the benefit of that favorite of the public, Miss Clarke, who, with Mr. Waleott, will appear in the drama of “Don Cwsar de Bazan,’ and the farce of ‘An Object of In- terest,” the whole to conclude with the farce of “State Secrets”” The many friends of this amiable young ao- tress will doubtless be on hand to-night, Castie Ganven.—There were upwards of four theu- ‘sand persons present on the occasion of the benefit of Tedesco last evening, and the Hispano-Italian artists were received with the warmest applause. It was literally a jubilee, for they never sang better during their engage- ment. The bénéficiaire, Tedesco, was in the most perfect voice, and three of her arias were encored with kind of frenzy. ‘The overa of “ Hernani” isindeed a magaificent piece of music, and should Verdi, its composer, have written but this partition, it would alone have created him agreat maestro. The celebrated finale of the third act was rendered by the artists and the chorusses with such a perfect ensemble, that the audience demanded its repetition. The last act was also beautiful. The whole concluded with the witty and charming song of ‘Tedesco, “La Colasa,” to which she gave all the esprit and cachet, which is the peculiarity of that piece, The fair cantatrice was then called before the curtain, and presented with a very fine bouquet The company of M. Villarino will leave to-pay for Boston, where they are to play an engagement at the Melodeon. There is no hope for us to hear again this year these artists in New York. We are sorry to part with them, but wish them every success in our neighbor city. May they re- turn, and receive a hearty welcome from us next season. Paumo’s Orrka How: This small theatre in Cham- bers street, was again filled last evening with @ brilliant company. The Revels displayed their best tricks, and were animated with all that vivacity and French fun which is so celebrated throughout the world. In the witty English farce called‘ Hunting e Turtle,” Tom Pla- cide and John Sefton ke t the house in @ roar of laugh- ter by their comical eccentricities. Mr. Massetti er formance of “ Jocko,’’ was excellent, and Gabriel Ravel was as good as ever in the part of the servant Pipo, which he plays with unrivalled bétise. The 108 OF Madame Lec Javelli and Mr. Henry Wells, was execu- tea with an admirable entrain. The whole concluded with the “Magic Trumpet, orthe Invisible Harlequin,” played by Gabriel Ravel, who was received with un- boundedapplausv. The audienci ted with the de- termination to rendezvous at Palmo’s on Monday even- ing next, when the Ravels will reappear with an entire new bill. Granp Concent or THe French Benevotent So- erety.—This annual festival, which is to take place on Monday next, September 20th, will be decidedly a grand affair, for its programme is rich and varied. Mr. Henri Herz has kindly volunteered his services, and will play several of his elegant and unrivalled compositions ; among whioh we find “La Parisienne, Variations de Bravoure,” for the pianoforte, with accompaniment of » ful chorus, as performed by him at the Hotel de in Paris, at a concert given in aid of the sufferers of the revolution of July, 1830 Several other talented artists have also voluai d their services, and we find in the list Signor Benedetti. the tenore of Sanquirico’s company, and M. Dabreuil, the barytone of the New Orleans theatre, whose deep voice was so much admired at the concert that he gave with Madame Jolly, two or three months ago. Madame Pico, M. Genevese and M. Etienne are also mentioned in the bill. must not forget Herr W. Battenhaunsen, first solo player of the Court Theatre of Cassel, Germany, spupil of the maestro Spohr, whose skill is said to be very remarkable. The place chosen for the concert is the Apollo Rooms, but, ‘on account cf the large sale of tickets, we understand that the affair will, perhaps, take place at the Taber- nacle. This last hall is certainly preferable. No doubt thet, with such s obaritable purpose in view, and with such t dill as that offered to the public, the dilettant! of New York will crowd the Apollo Rooms, and, indoed, even the Tabernacle. ‘Te Oarnans’ Bensvit at tHE Prince StReet Asr- LuM.—This affair, in aid of such an admirable chrrity, will come off on Monday evening next, at Castle Gar- den. Our crowded columns forbid our saying all wo would on the subject. We shall, however, return to the subject again. Bowsny Amruitaratae Cincvs.—There fs an extra performance given here this afternoon, at 2 P. M,, which is especially convenient for families whose little ones wish to enjoy the sight without being exposed to the night air. There will also be the usual evening per formance. Both of these entertainments will comprise all the good things Mr. Tryon so well knows how to serve up. Anccvote or Gasnirt Raver.—Last night a delight- ed crowded auditory, at Palmo’s, encored Gabriel’s great part in the “ Three Faced Frenchman,” of making his sister disappear through a table about six inches thick. He regretted he could not comply with the public's wish, having but one sister, who ly disappeare The audience were greatly amused at this ruse to avoid s repetition. Yanxee Hiv anv Dr, Vatentine—Last Nicut.— ‘These unsurpassed comic characters give their last en- tertainment this evening at Mechanics’ Hall. The room haa been crowded every evening with fashionable and delighted audiences. Look out for seats to-night. Gornic Hatt, Brooxiyn.—Winther’s grand exhibi- tion of Chemical Dioramas continues open. There will be an exhibition, this afternoon, at 3 o'clock. Madame Anna Bishop arrived in town yesterday from Boston. Previous to her commencement at the theatre, she will give aconcert at the Tabernacle. Her success in Boston has been great. Herr Alexander is performing, with great success, at Saratoga. Blangy is abeut to start from Philadelphia for Cincin- nati and Louisville. M’lle Augusta has completed her second engagement at Buffalo. Wallack, Webb, and Mrs. C. R. Thorne, are still play- ing at the Boston theatre. Booth and Mr. and Mrs, Crisp are at the Howard Athe- neum, Boston. ‘This is the last week of the engagement of Dumble- ton’s celebrated Ethiopian serenaders at the Boston Me- leon, By reference to the list of arrivals, which may be found column, it will be seen that a large ac- cension has been made to the list of histrionic and mu sical tal to be employed in this country during the coming season, — ‘ “ Inrecuroence rrom Hoxpunas.—We have received the Honduras Observer of the 14th and 2ist ult., from which we glean that the Guatemala Gazette publishes two supreme decrees; in one it is arranged that at the end of August the principal receiver's office will receive the documents to be liquidated asa ourrent debt, and those which should not arrive at that date, will be paid with those ofa former date of 1839 Guatemala, Antigua, ‘and Amatislan were in a highly flourishing dition at lest accounta. The constitutional Congress of Costa Rica was installed on the first of May last. in its appro} Sreamsuie Puinapenrnia, hence, was going into Cherbourg, France, on the Ist instant. ‘The Crew of the Savannah. New Youx, Sept. 17th, 1847. The U.S. ship Savannah arrived the Sth Sept. 1847, from the const of California, after slong cruise of four ears in the Pacific ocean, during which time we have mM fighting for our country, which we hav proud todo, and now that we find ourselves on shore, we wish to be thought of, and our cases taken into con- sideration. It is now the 17th of the month, and we see no prospects of being paid off, and being allowed to re- turn to the embrace of our friends, ‘Therefore, we fe- spectfuly, if the government will not, desito that the citizens of our country will not forget our long cruise nnd hardships, and, if possible, expedite our return to our families and friends SAVANNATIS, «,Kecoonition or Vice Consuns.—The Presi- didnt of the United States bas recoguized Guilherme de Freitas Henriques Borges, a8 vice-cousul of Portugal for eae and the other ports in the State of Rhode rr The President hag likewise recognized Manoel dos Santos, a6 vice-consul of Portugal for Norfolk and other ports in the State of Virginia, except Alesandria, Paax Tweatar.—Mr, Collinge is still at the Park,and 1s as great a favorite as ever. He appeared last evening in two pieces; first as Pierce O'Hara, in Bernard’s come~ ‘@y of the“ Irish Attorney,” and af.erwards as Paddy ‘THE GREAT AGRIOULTURAL FAIR AT SARATOGA. THE ADDRESS OF TB HON. SILAS WRIGHT. Speoch of the Hon. John A. Dix, $e. $e he. FIRST DAY. Banatoca Srninos, Sept. 14, 1847 T arrived here at one o’oluck, and avail myself of the first opportunity of informing your readers how matters and things are going on here. As might be expected, the town is all excitement. At every corner are seen horses, cattle, ploughs, sheep, thrashing-machines, &c., and the usual number of itine- rant resor strop venders, pedlars, and ginger-pop shops. Immediately outside of the fair grounds there are a num- ber of tents, containing curious things of every name and kind, the most conspicuous of which is one in which for the paltry sum of six and a quarter cents, “a real live female Anaconda, with her numerous progeny’ may be seen. Close to this last mentioned tent is‘ General Tom Thumb's own house,” a» spacious edifice, large enough to hold all the Thumbs in the universe, Small as the Goneral is, he has e mighty great spirit, of which we hay- ample evidence in his independent course towards | the authorities of this same town, and in hiserection of this temporary residence for himself and suite. I was rather disappointed on entering the enclosure of the fair, to find that not a tenth part of the animals and implements that had been entered for exhibition bad yet arrived; neither are the decorations of the temples or buildings,to contain the horticultural and agricultural productions of our country friends, completed. The buildings, to be sure, are ereotod, but tho display thus far is far from being as complete +s it will be to-morrow and the next day. In fact the fair has not yet commenced, although this was to have been the first day of the exhi- bition, The list of premiums {s much larger than any hereto- fore offered by the Association; and the competition, it {a expected, will Le very spirited. Indeed, it is evident, from the preparations that have been made, and the list of entries, that this will be one of the most encouraging exhibitions ever held by the Associutioi ‘The annual address, prepared, as your renders already know, by the late Silas Wright, will be readthe day after to-morrow, in the large tent, by the Hon. John A. Dix. Herr Alexander, Sivori, and Hers, are here. Her has hired the old Episcopal chapel as a place for exhibiting his necromantio powers; and Sivori and Hers will gives concert at the United States. SECOND DAY. Sanaroca, Sept 15, 1847. Im consequence of themail from this place closing with- in an hour and a halfafter I arrived yesterday,! had necessarily to make my despatch much shorter than I intended. Having more time to-day. 1 shall bo a little more particular in giving your readers a descrighion of the fair grounds—outside and in, and tnen take them through the several buildings erected for the exhibition of agricultural implements; implements appertuin- ing to and products of, the dairy; productions of the gar- den and the field; and then take them round the en- closure, and direct their attention to the specimens of sheep, horses, cows, bulls, calves, poultry, &e., &c., that are entered for exhibition and competition. And first as to the outside. On ascending the hill, at the bottom of which is the Congress Spring, and beyond which is the fair ground; visiters are suluted with every kiod of base and rascally music. ‘he sounds of cracked fiddies, drums, and banjos, each played upon by a man who “ plays” whatjand how he chooses, assail your ears; snd if there be a moment’s interruption, you are avsailed by a fellow in front of a wooden shed, with « greasy cap | on his head, and @ white apron before him, who bawis at you that he has“ warm mesls and hot oyster soup” ready for all customers. Pasving thie fellow, and wishing him and his warm meals some cistunce from Saratoga, you meet a tent with a large daubing of— as the letters underneath inform you —* real live crocodile, to see which, you have on!y to expend one shilling. “ Here’s to be seen areal live crocodile gentleman. The ouly one of itssise that ever: eached this part ef the world.” Bang, bang. bang, from the old drum inside. Further on is another tent, with three al- ligators from the Mississippi and one from the Nile. Sull further, and # mammoth Buffalo weighing eight thousand pounds, more or less, oan be seen for one shil- ling more. And ina tent which looks as if it was made in the year of the deluge, are to be seen two Brahmin bullocks, a Chinese Juuk, and some Guinea pigs We'll take a turn towards the entrance to the fair, and let us get out of the current a little and we shall not only avoid the danger of being run down, but likewise escape the importunities of those dirty looking fellows tep in gentlemen, step in gentlemen.’ * Warm meals and hot oyster soup ready st all times!’ In avoiding there, however, we have got in the midst'of a crowd collected round the immortal razor-strop man, who is amusing his hoarers with anecdotes of the miracles his strops have accomplished, each of course, concluding with the me- morable words “a few more left gentlemen, twenty-five cents apiece.” Now let us enter the fair ground, but first attach your bit of ribbon that Col. Johnson handed tc you, to your button, and let us take a survey of the whois trom where we stand. Immediately in front, you see Floral Hall de- dicated to the exhibition of the pro: ‘ions ef Flora; but that obliging goddess has been kind enough to permit her sisters Pomona and Ceres to ovcupy & portion of it, for the exhibition of their produc tions, What rent they pay, deponent knoweth not, but no doubt it is reasonable. The other buildings which ou see are the agricultural implement department—the Tedtes department, and the dairy department; and that large tent is where the annual address, written by the late Hon. Silas Wright, will be delivered to-morrow by Hon, John A. Dix. ig, calves, bulls, sheep, ke, &o., are in pens near t! fence; and that crowd which you see is at the place where the horses bre on exhibi- tion. Let us now take a walk round. Let us go into the agricultural department, and let us see what our farmers have been doing the year past. You are puzzied, no doubt, about which to look at first; well, never miad, e plenty of time. What is thi This is share which tu is one of the same kind with a wheel rod, made by Ruggles, Nour for performing extra deep ploughing. Here is another plow made ex- pressly for recluiming meadows, which by means of a crane clevis, enables the animals to tread on the un- broken ground. A capital thing, and the invontor do- sorves the lasting gratitude of every “ off” horse and 0 in the land. Now let us takes look at these small plows one that will make # wide furrow in sandy soil; for clayey soil; here one for plowing corn; and here are others too numerous to mention Look at that side hill plow, with the changeable mould board, which nables the farmer to plow horizontally onside hills Here b-soil plow—here some suif-sharponing adjustable pointed plows—here a left-hand, plow,with # coulter and wheel~ here a sod plow—here a patent centre draft plow—but you bave seen enough of plews, let us look at the Geddes harrow— very good—douotless, it will do the work well. Thut large harrow is called the Scotch har- row. Here is @ corn cultivator of an improved kind Here is a hand cultivator. That large machine is » field roller, which every farmer should have, ‘Those cast iron scrapers which you see, are exceilent things for ex oavating and makiog roads inthe country. Here are some fine hoes. That triple hook is # root and bush aller, very usoful in stumpy land; hitch your cattle to it, and the root must come. Here are transplanting trowels, garden rakes, and weeders; here a seed planter which furrows the ground, plants the seed, and covers it in, all at once—a very good labor saving machine. Here's & corn planter, and another seed planter of ano- ther patent. Here you see a dozen varieties of fanning mills, horizontal, and other ones. Here is a thrashing and winnowing machine; put in the sheafs at one end, and fill your bags with the grain at the other. Here you have every variety of vegetable cutters; each is good tor cutting straw, corn stalks, ko, for the use of your mileh cows. Lot us look at those corn shelleré and crushers; excellent implements they are. Here is # lactometre, which would be of great service in New York, to test the weakness of the chalk and water sold by our conscientious milkmen under the name of milk, Grindstones hung in every shapo are before you, but they are dull-looking affairs—so we'll take a look at these patent horse rakes One of these machines, with & man to direct it and # horse to draw it, will do ax much work as twenty men These are excellent acythes—feel the edge—how sharp! Hay forks and manure forks in any quantity, are in the corner there. They look good and stroug. What de you think of that patent churn, and this one, and that oue—all excellent. ‘There's one of Motts agricultural farnaces—and here is w large bell from Mennelly’s toun- dry, in Troy. What’s this’ a cheese press, tremendous power, lever principle—very good. These are handy wheelbarrows, shovels and ox yokes, chains and hoops praning saws and chisela, pruning knives, machines, portable corn mills, Here's a avu as large &s twenty-four pounder gun, which 1s loaded snd disobarged in almost the same manner as a gun, but with a different kind of ammunition Instead of pow- der and ball, they are charged with pork cut into smail pieces, and spices. Here is pateat mowing machine— mill geariug—and what jis this? an apple-paring ma- chine—yes, triy, an apple poring? machine stick your apply, large or small, ou that thing like a din- ner fork, and after one revolution of (i fork your apple is pared; crack, and one apple is pared— crack, another, Excellent contrivance, bu! good bye to the apple-paring bees. Ob, this age of procress will leave us none of our old fashioned couutry evjoy ments That machine should be broken, or the owner bribed not to exhibit itany more. Here ‘are trunks, saddles and harness, sleighs, wagons, hand-churns and carriages — We are at the ead, Shall we go through again You're tired, Very well; we have seen enough of there things, let us go into the ladies’ hall. But hold—that gentleman approaching seems desirous of speaking to one of us. Listen to him, “Are you one of the com- mittee on squashes, sir? “ No, sir! “Ah, I thought you were.” “ No, sir; “ Oh, beg pardon; but can you tell me where J can find the chairman of that committee?” ‘Don’t know the chairman of the committees on squashes, sir!” This, sir, is the Ladies’ Hall; let us enter. Hollos what's bere at the very entrance! A lot of cradles, Jove, and seme baby jumpers. (iood commencement! Here is some neat earthenware; but look —what beaut ful work is that? Ottoman covers, worked by fairy fin- gers. How beautifal. Wish | could see the young indy, tor she, too, must be beautiful, or she could not perform such beautiful work. flere we have a lov of fancy soap, and tho ladivs are smelling it. rey sted work. Look at that picture o: well, in needle work, Beautatui! What coustant labor it must have been. Tho iady that wor.en that is the girl for my money. ‘There's another, wud «nother Kve- Ty one admiring them, and no won The next thing is an immense patch work quilt, aod substantial ond | elegant itis, Mark how symmete: ly the ten thou- | sand dice are cut, aud the beautiful stitches. What | splendid carpeta thoee im frontof usare. Home manu cig, ol) of them, Whoseid we canact manufae- ‘am a reporter ? any screens are on the other side; let us have a look at them. Very nice indeed. Here we have any quantity of work quilts, of different patterns and mat. a beautiful pair of lamb’s wool socks this is? name on them; what isit? Kuitted Root, of Saratoga, 87 years old” Poor |. Here is a specimen of domestic silk manufacture. It engages the attention of the ladigs very much. What more fit- ting for them than to raise silk worms, and tend them as only women can do, or will do There are some ve fine daguerreotypes yonder; but as they have no busi- nes# in the Indies’ department, we shail not look at them. Let us uow step into Flora’s Temple. and seo vl) that isto be seen in it. [t is not quite finished, the man at the door says Well, we'll take a walk over the grounds and look at the pigs, poultry horses, ke. Those red- colored bulls tied to the fence are of the Devonshire breed. which ia the best for beef and milk that we have That is @ fine animal. Jil take a sketch of him, ani send itto New York with the sketch of the fair grounds that I made this morning, for publisation in the Herald. Those bull calves are very fine, Would yeu believe it possible that that small cow is the mother of that large calf that is Lag 2 her? It's @ fact, however. What! these yearlings? Impossible. Yes, sir, those are yearlings; two years old next spring. Well, I would not have thought it. Are they not magnificent ani- mals for their age? Let us take @ look at these jotted . They appear to be y. fine. Fe, they are fine. These, sir, are specinsons of the Durham short horns. See what short horns thet large fellow has yt. How restive he is! A beautiful animal truly ; by whom ishe owned? Can’t tell ; it won’t do to mention names unless you mention all that have animals here, and that is impossible, but we shall get the names of the successful competitors, and that will answer every purpose, Ther are the sheep pens. Here we have samples of foreign, imported, and native stook. Those smow-white fellows are of the Southdown breed ; see their faces, with black spots— characteristic of the breed. ‘Those are Saxon, those me- rinos, those Saxony merinos and grades. What very fine wool they have ! here are some specimens of Ayreshires; there is « fil Oxfordshire buck ; here is a lot of the Bakewell breed, a crous between the native and the fo- reign—oalled, | believe, after Mr. Bakewell. But look what tremendou are those a little ahead of us, Fat cattle—what « magnificent pair of oxen to-besure. The owner says they weigh two thoue- and five hundred pounds each, and there is no doubt of it. There is another pair of a different color, but not apie so large. That gentleman now looking at them is =x-President Van Buren ; how particularly their proportions, and how eagerly he man in charge their age, the place raised, und the name of the owner ; h evidently, There is Ex.President Tyler and his lady, ining the poultry ; let us go and see them too.— Here is a wagon fall of white fowl, very fine. Is it pos- sible that these fowl inthe email crib are only three months old? Fact, sir ; the owner says so, and he ought to know. They arecertuinly very fine, What fine birds those Poland hens are Very. But look at that crib of Musoovy ducks, and those game gocka, see the spurs, and look at that feliow’s eye—game to the death, Those chickens from Saratoga are very good. Sorry there is not # better display of fowls. In the horse line we “Top Gallant, jun .” yer] “ Young Dread.” “ Black Hawk,” the Morgan several rackers, pacers. breeding mares, colts How impatient that flne loo<ing silky fellow is ! Can’t rest a moment. He'll probably take the premium. We shall see to-night, for then the reports of the va- rious committees will be made out, and the premiums known. Letus take a walk to town, and see how many Visiters will arrive inthe train. Inthe meantime, Po- mona’s tent will be ready for exhibition, and we shall drop in when we come back, first informing the readers of the Herald that the number of strangers estimated to be at present in and around Saratoga is ten thousand. Arriving in the town, we were exactly in time to see five trains come in, each five or six eara long, and I ne- ver in my lite sawso many human beings packed #0 close- ly together before. ‘The insides were literally crammed, 4nd on the roofs they were nearly as much 80. This is the first time that I have seon passengers travel on roofs of railroad curs, At the lowest calculation, fifteen hundred persons came by this arrival; and where they and the great number that was here yes- terday, are to be boarded and lodged passes my comprehension, for all the hotels and private houses are filled to their utmost capacity. Indeed, the United States Hotel “ sleeps out ‘some four or five hundred of those who eat at its tables. Besides there will be one or two more trains this ufternoon, which are new on their way. Itislusky that the medicinal springs are never failing, for since they firat bubbled, there has not been 80 great a demand on them, Six men and six boys are constantly and laboriously employed in raising the wa- ter for the thirsty multitude, and the manner in which the country folks swallow it, tumbler after tumbler, to the imminent danger of collapsing, would delight the hearts of the teetotallers, One, two, three—another— another—another—yet another—oh, shame—end + ne more glass, when the thirsty soul is finally satisfied — Egad, this is a great drinking place, Herz and Sivori, the lion pianist and the lion fiddler, gave a magnificent musical entertainment at the United States last evening, Their cxecution, | need hardly say was super-excellent, but I suppose they never gave a concert at which there was less applause. It believe tt is not polite in fashionable life, to clap handa in applause. The audience numbered about one thousand, among whom I recognised the marked countenance of his ex- collency John Tyler, and the bewitching features of his benutiful lady, Yesterday we had a race within a short distance of the town, between rome good and well known nage; and to-day we had another; but I cannot give an account of them, in consequence of my time being so much occu- pied with the agricuitural tuir and cattle show. We have several distinguished men here. Besides John Tyler and Ex-President Van Buren, both of whom } have already mentioned, I see the Hon. Ells worth, J, P, Beckman, Gon. Clark, Theod Joha Keyes Paige, J.’R. Livingston, John B. and though last,’ not least (although he may be in weight, but not in importance), His Excellency General Thomas Thumb, fifteen years oid and fifteen pounds weight. N. B.—The General is not included among the artioies exhibiting at the fair, He is exhibiting himself. The Legislature of the State too, are here, and any num- ber of pickpockets from all prts of the Union. | They relieved one of the viniters, last evening, of his pocket book, containing one bundred and fifty dollars. In addition toother amusements there will be a grand Agricultural Ball this evening at the United States Ho- tel, at which the é1ite of the society here, and the choice portion of the visiters will be prevent. We shall now retucn to the fair, the road to which ia a moving mass of human beiugs,and take a glance at Floral Hall, which is now open. What @ beautiful sight. It has been fitted up by the ladies of Saratoga—and have they not done it beautifully? It was by their delicate fingers that ail these evergreens were entwined in the beautiful manner you se, Do you sev thet elegant Gothic temple covered with oedar wreathes? That too is their work. It is @ beautiful place, It puts one in mind of those beautiful sylvan scenes which we rend su mach about, but never see but once in our lives. & gorgeous ‘collection of fruits, flowers and vegetable: Let us cemmence with the substantial things.- Here are some beautiful seedling potatoes—seediing, because raised from the seed—here tomates as large as ten pound cannon bal pumpkins as large as——" all out doors,” as a farmer at my elbow expreasesit. ‘The exhibition’ of flowers is the choicest and most extensive that ever took place in this country. There isan endless variety of dablias, roses, pholoxes, verbenas, German asters, pansies, green-houre plants, native and foreign. In the vegetable department 1 pee some very fine celery, cauliflowers, broccoli, turnips carrots, beets, parsnips, onions, egg plants, beans of dif- ferent kinds, parsley, corn, and potatoes. ‘The collection of fruits is superb, and makes the mouth water. There are several kinds of apples, pears and peaches, plume, nectarines and apricots, quinces, grapes, water melons, musk melons and cranberries. ‘{ hw competition among the flower exhibitors is very clove, and the judges will find it a difficult matter to arrive at a decision, The display is gorgeous and enchanting. The dsiry rtment is sadly deficient in show. There are 0 ‘a dozen specimens of cheese and butter. The however, excellent. ‘Through t ess of Col. Johnson, chairman of the Executive ttee, to whom, on the part of the press, I desire to recurn sincere thanks, for his urbanity and attention to reporters, I learn the following num- ber of entries for competition:— Articles of @ misovllaneous kind, including domes- - tics, plans of farming buildings, window shades, saddles, &e « 462 Cattle and stock... ... Forming implements . . THIRD DAY. Sanatoca Sraunas, Sept. 16, 1847. ‘As early as six o’clock this morning, Congress’ Spring was besieged by a orowd of thirsty countrymen, each of whom considered that the medicinal virtuoso the water were suited to his particular ailment; and those who hud no ailment, thought it advisable to drink a gallon or two, to make thelr health still better. 1 looked at them {n amazement for some thirty minutes, and could searce- ly believe it possible that human beings could contaln fo much fluid as they poured into their months, At first J thought they were & parcel of . isanthropes | who had become rick of the world, and were committing sul- cide by drinking themselves to death. On watching them ‘a little while, however, it was manifest that they were bent more on living than on dieing. There was a rare assemblege of men and parties in the large parlor of the United States Hotel last eveniny ‘There were present, Gov. Young and John Tyler, ) tin Van Buren, aud Fred. Talmadge di crate of the Legislature—up renters fag enders and butt endera—huge-paws jvos—-progressives and barn-burners with a pretty lar; It was an impromptu mm tives of all the d wi sprinkling of old hunkers. cellaneous gathering of the represent cordant sections, fractions fax mente of all the political part couatry At one corner was seen 0 witha knot around bim discussing the Sub-Treasury. and being introduced to‘hundreds of persons from here, ‘hore. and every where--John Tyler dirussing the one kan power,alias the veto, wite a raw boned countryman; Governor Young = of internal improvements anu the enlargement of the Erie Canal, &o. &»., each with «mall collection of men, ladies, and boys around them Aftor a while the crowd became intolerable, and these distinguished men were compelled to absent themselves rivate ay ments. this ia the yrs of the fair, and the show-men aro ined to make the most of it. They beat their ny harder than ever; and ina louder voice than ever, implore you to pay the contemptible sum of one shilling to see their wonderful curiosities. The warm-meal-and- hot-oyster-soup-men, too, are more noisy than ever; and each as he views his stock of raw material, wonders if he will get rid of it before nigh'—and calculates if he do, that be will make something handsome out of the fair, when his gains are all told, end the laet © warm-meal v ook place bP andeln 5 Meum tro the (air growud, in the thourands of renee who seemed to e & lively interest ia the result There,were ten com petivare, onal ‘of whom perform d his best. The growod vas not well csloniated tu display good workmanship, it lacked the turf and teaaciiy essential 10 good plowing, but it was the best that could be obtainr d im the neigh- borhood, The committee hud previously Kelected & pi of ground admirably adapted to purpose, but the heavy rains of Sunday last rendered it unfit. It wase " hvieial of era took pass vytandey, io anges ow fone he fair ground, A great number were weated op from the [ele that ever inflicted this Martin Van Buren. ted¥to the test of the dynanometer. The plow known as tte con Flow, 7 by Minor, Horton & Co., took t jum of $10. ‘On attaching the dynanometer to the instrument known as the Delaware plow, the draft forward was 70 lbs.; do. backward 65; with’s furrow slice 6 by 12 inches, it marked 350 lbs. on the dyaanometer. The same plow, | with a slice of 9 by 12, marked 700 lbs.; with a furrow slice of 8 by 14, it marked 600 Ibs. Minors Poughkeepsie Plow marked, with a furrow slice of 6 by L Its surtace draft was 60 lb» forwards, aud 690 Ibs. At haif past eleven o'clock, the members of the Legis- | luture, aud other disituguished persous, preceded by a | military company roy, with an excellent band, left the village, and proverded | to the fair ground, to hear read the address prepared by the Hon. Silas Wright for the occasion, At twelve o’clock precisely, the Hon. Joho A. Dix, was introduced to thone pre: j wud after a brief prayer, was delivered by a clergyman prevent, bo spoke as follows: SPEECH OF THE HON. JOHN A. DIX. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Society : Ihave come here at your request to perform s lan- choly duty ; to read to you and this assembly the an- nual address prepared for the occasion by Silas Wright. In the order of sont ecoonsines it was to have been de- livered by himself. The providence of God has over- ruled your arrangement, The veice whichjwas to have been heard by the thousands assembled here, is silenced forever. He'who wasto have stood before you where | now stand, and to have borne aprominent part in your proceedings, has gone down in the fullness of health and streny the tomb. The large space which Mr Wright filled in the public eye, his great talents and the moral elevation of his character, render this bereavement a national calamity. ‘The general gloom which the in- telligence of his death ied with it, attests the pro- found respect in which he was held by his countrymen, and the strong impression which his character and ser: vices had er on the public mind. The admonitions contained in these sudden dispensa- tions of Providence is the more solemn, wh n those who are conspicuous for their intellect and their virtue, are called from the field of their labor while they are yet fresh vigorous, and when the path tl tread but an avenue to higher distinction It carver of Mr. Wright has been terminated while his faculties were in full vigor, and while much of the high promise of his life was yet to be fulfilled. His death is the more impressive at this time and in this place, from the peculiar circumstances by which he was connected with these proceedings. The intulleo- tusl labor at which he had been engaged, at tho invita- tion of this society, was performed. ‘The address which he was to have delivered was completed during the very last hours of his lifv. Thus the accomplishment of the task he had undertaken for the society, and the termina- ‘tion of his earthly career, were coincident with each other. 1 am not here, Mr. President and Gentlemen, to pro- nounce an eulogy on the character or publio services of Mr. Wright, but to perform the more humble of reading to you the address which is before me, the last labor of his life, and which seems to come as a legacy to the society,to bis friends, and to his countrymen. At the same time, I have thought that it might not be inap- propriate or unsatisfactory to refer briefly to some of the circumstances attending his death. It is well known that Mr. Wright, for the last twenty years, has held without interruption, various puvtic trusts requiring incessant mental labor, and leading to un habitually sedentary life. In the intervals of his ser- vices in the Senate of the United States, from 1833 to 1845, @ portion of his time was devoted to the cultivation ofhisgardea, and few acres of land, by his own hand. While Governor of the State, he purchased an addition- al quantity of land; and when relieved from the duties of the executive office, he applied himself with great dili- gence and zeal to the improvement of it. His labor was not merely that of superintendence, but he was him- self @ principal laborer in all his agricultural operations. He had an able-bodied hard-working man, and went with him into the field, plowing, mowing, and harvesting, performing himuelf a full shure of labor; and, after the fatigues of the day, bye y to his study, and passing his evenings in reading, and in correspondence, ‘To those excessive exertions of body and mind, and to the too ra- pid transition from a life of comparative bodily inacti- vity toone of severe manual labor, is doubtless to be traced the sudden attack which terminated his exis- tence. I need not dwell upon details which have been so widely circulated, and are now so generally known. Suffice it tosay, that on the morning after he had re- vised the address which | am about to read, and after having made a few corrections, leaving it word for word it 1s, aud probably precisely what it would have been \dlived to deliver it himeelf, he was seized with a severe pain in the heart at the village post-office, walked culmly to his house with a few friends, and in two hours he had breathed his last Such, gentlemen, were the last hours of silas Wright. The'same calmness which distinguished him throughout all the changeaof bis life, accompanied him at its clese. From the first moment of his attack he appeared to un- derstand its fatal character, and he submitted to it without a struggle or a murmur. In him perished one of the finest models of a citizen anda statesman the country contained. He may be said, indeed, to have been an impersonation of the true character and tem- per of her institutions. ‘The traditions and legends ot early ages, before their eras of lexitimate history, are marked by the lives and aotions of distinguished per- sonages, invested with the ruling characteristics of the cou of which they were intended to be the types. ‘The spirit of the political system is thus illustrated by the invisible example. Mr. Wright might have been deemed, without any coloring of the imagination, as an exemplitication of the genius of our’s—of what it is ‘and what it ought to be—of its simplicity, its purity and ita strength. Plain and unostentatious in his manners; serene amid ail the agitations of life; uo- ambitious of wealth or of honors; singularly eourteous and kind in his intercourse with others; equally digni- tied, whether dealing with the most complex questions of public policy in the Senate chamber, or when tilling with Roman simplicity is own fields, he sreculled to imind.those classical examples of disinterested patriotism and virtue which gi ustre to the times in which they existed, and which have come down to us consecrated to the memory of ages. ‘The close of his life was in har- mony with its whole course. It.was appropriate, that the lust labor of his hands should have been performed with the instruments of husbandry. and that the leet effort of his mind should have been given to the cause of agriculture—a pursuit to which the great mass of his countrymen are devoted, and on which the purity of ti body politic, and the durability of our social system pre- eminently depend. With these few remarks, which I could not forbear to make, and tor which | trust the oc- casion will furnish my apology, I proceed to read the Address, ‘These remarks were received with profound interes , and createda powerful sensation among the assembled thousands. ° Mr. Dix then read the following address, prepared by the Hon. silas Wright : ADDRESS OF THE LATE SILAS WRIGHT. Mr, P.esident and Gentlemen of the Slace Ag-icultural Secirty:—Had it been ny purpose to entertain you with an eulogium upon the great interest confided to your oure, the agriculture of the State, 1 should find myself forestalled by the exibition which surrounds us, and which nas prouounced thateulogy to the eye, much more forcibly, impressively, eloquently, than I could command Innguage to pronounce it to the ear of this assembly. Hadi mistakenly proposed to address to you» dis- course upon agricultural production, this exhibition would have driven me from my purpose, by the convie- tion that I am # backward and scarcely initiated schoisr, standing in the presence of masters, the least in- structed and experienced of whom, 1d be my duty to change places. what he is about to ask them to perfor i overlooked the vital fact, that his leads, (ite = pone? teams, require tobe fed to enable’them to perforia well, and copeclally bas he neglected to cous.der thut there is alike connection between the quantity and quality of the fuod they are to recvive and the service to be re quired from them, Ready, almost always, to the extent of their ability, to make advances fr the purchase of more jands, how few of our farmers. in the comparison are willing to make the necessary outlays for the profita- ble improvement of the lund they have? ‘These «nd kindred subjects, are beginning to ocsupy the minds of our farmers, aud the dene they owe to this society for its efforts to uwaken their attention to these important facts, and to supply uteful and pratical infor- mation in regard to them, is gradually receiving a just appreciation, as the assembiage which surroands us, and the exhibitions upon this ground most gratifyingly rove Piviany of our agriculturists are now vigorously com- mencing the study of their soils, the adaptation of their measures to the soll and the crop, the natures of the plants they cultivate, the food they require, and the best methods of administering that food to produce health and vigor and fruit; and they are becoming convinced that to understand how to plow and sow snd reap, is not the whole education of a farmer ; but that it is quite a important to know what land is prepared for the plow, and what seed it will bring to harvest worthy of the la- bors of the sickle. Experience is steadily proving that by a due attention to these considerations, # better arti- cie, doubled in quantity, may be produced from the same acre of ground, with a amali proportionate increase of labor and expense, and that the farmer who pursues this preved system of agriculture, can. like the merchant and mechanic referred to, enter the market with a better production, at a cheaper price, than his less enterprising competitor. ‘This chi o in the agriculture of our State and coun- try, opeus to the mind reflections of the most cheering character. If carried out to its legitimate renulte, it promises a competition among our farmers, not to obtain the highest prices for Jnferior productions, but to pro- duce the most, the best, and the cheapest of the nvces- saries of human life. 1t promises agricultural prosperi- ty, with cheap and good broad, furnished in abundancs to'all who willeat within the rule prescribed to fallen man in the sacred volume of the divine law. Steady resolution aud persevering energy, are requisite to verry forward these improvements to that degree of perfection dictated alike by interest and by duty; and the stimulus of a steady and remunerating market will rouse that resolution and nerve that energy. Without this encouragement in prospect, few will persevere ia making improvements which require close and constant mental application,as well as severe physical labor. Agri- culture will never be healthfully or profitably prose- outed by him whose controlling object is his own con- sumption. ‘The hope of gain is the motive power to hu. man industry, and is as necessary to the farmer as to the merchant or manufacturer. All who labor are equally stimulated by the prospect of a market which isto re- munerate them fur their toil, and without this hope neither mental activity. nor physical energy will charac- terize their exertions. ‘True it is that the farmers of eur country, as a claes, calculate less closely the profits of their labor and capital, than men ongaged in most other pursuits, and are content with lewer rates of gain. The most of them own their farms, their stocks and farming implements, unencumbered by debt. Their business gives but an annual return. ‘They live frugal- ly, labor patiently and faithfully and at the close of the year, its expenses are paid from ity proceeds, the balance remaining being accounted the profits of the Al- though a moderate sum, it produces contentment, with- out a computation of the rate per cent upon the oapital or the wages it will pay to the proprietor and mbers of his family. result is yance in|the great object of human labor, not rapid, it is safo and certain. {t is a surplus bey: the expenses of living, to be added to the estate, and a be repeated in each revolving ye If, however, this surplus is left Upon hands of the farmer, in his own products, for which there is no mar- ket, his energies are paralyzed, his spirits sink, and he scarcely feels that the as added to his gains. sees little encouragement in toiling on, to cultivate beyond his wants, productions waich will not sell; aud the chances are, that his farm is neglected, his husband- ry becomes bad, and his gains in fact cease. ‘To continue a progressive state of improvement in agriculture, then, and to give eni d._ prosperity to this great and vital braneh of human industry, a health- ful and stable market becomes indispensable, and no ob- jet should more carefully occupy the attention ef the farmers of the United States. Deeply impressed with tne soonviction of this truth, benevoiont minds hay rished the ides that a domes- tic market, to be influenced oaly by our own national policy, would be so far preferable, in stabili tainty, tothe open market of the comm: to have persuaded themselves that a suff for our agricultural products i thus attainable. desi to discuss the seandness of the theory, it can be reduced to practice; but only to inquire whether the state of this country, th society, and the tendency and incli: tion, as to their industrial pursuits, are such, ut the pre- sent time, or can be expected to be such for generations yet to come, as to render it possible to consume within the country the surpius of the productions of our agri- culture. The theory ofan exclusively domestic market for this groat domestic interest, is certainly avery beau- tiful one, ae @ theory, and can scarcely fail to strike the mind favorably upon 's first impression. Still, exaimi- nation has produced differences of opinion ‘betw: statesmen of equal intelligence and patriotism, as to its influences upon the happiness and prosperity of # coan- try and its population. Any examination ef this ques- tion would lead to a discussion properly considered poli- tical, if not partisan, aud ell such discussions it is my settled purpose to avoid, as inappropriate to the place and the occasion. Apply these bright and brighteaing prospects to the almost boundloss agricultural held of our coantry, with its varied and salubrious climote, its fresh and unbroken soils, its cheap lands and fee simple titles, and who cam hope, ifhe would, to turn the inciinstions of our prople frm this fair field of labor and of pleasure? flere, the toil which secures independence is, swestenod by the constantly varying exhibitions of naturein her most lovely forms, aud cheered by the most beniguant manifestations of the wonderful power aud goodness of pature’s God. Cultivated by the resolute hands and enlightened minds of freemen, owners of the soil, pro- perly educated as farmers, under » wise and just admini- stration of a system of liberal public instruction, ahould aud will be, aud aided by the resoarches of geology aud che wistry,who — late the extent of the harvestato be gathered from this vast field of wisely directes human industry ? ‘The present surplus of breadstufs of this country, could not have been presunted in s more distinct and interestnig aspect than during the present year. A famine in Europe, as wide-spread as it uns been devasta- ting and terribie, has made its demands upon Ameriean supplies, not simply to the extent of the ability of the sulferivg te purchase food, but in super-added appeals to Amorican sympathy in favor of the destitute and starving. Every call upon our markets has been fully met, and the heart of Europe has been filled with waria and grateful responses to the benevolence of our coun- try, aud of our countrymen, and yet the avanuss of commerce are filled with the’ productions of American agrieultare, Surely the consumption of this country is now equal to its agricultural production. If such 1s our surplus in the presen: limited extent and imperfect condition of our agriculture, can we hope that an exclusive domestic market is possible, to fur- nish a demand for ite mature abandance? Iu this view of this great and growing interest, can wesse a limit to the period, when the United States will prosent, fu the commercial markets of the world, large surplusss of all ‘The agriculture of our State, far as it yet is from ma- tuefty «nd perfection, has become an art, # science, a profession, in which he who would instruct, must be first himaelf instructed far beyond the advance- ment of him who now addresses you. Tho pervading oberacter of this great and vital in- terest, however, its intimate connection with the wants, comforts, and interests of every man in every employ. ment and calling of life; and its controlling relations to the commerce, manufactures, substantial independence, and general health and prosperity of our whole people, present abundant subjects for contemplation upon ovca- sions like this, without attempting to explore the depths, or to define the principl»s of @ science so profound, and, to the uninitiated, ao diffcult as is that of agriculture. Agricultural production is the sub-stratum of the whole superstructure; the great element which spreads the sail and impels the car of commerce, and moves the hands andturne the machinery of manufaeture. The earth is the common mother of all, in whatuver employ- ment engaged, and the fruits gathered from: {t« bosom are alike the indispensable nutriment and support of all. ‘The productions of ite surface and the treasures of its mines are the material upon which the labor of tue wurt- culturist, the merchant, and the manufacturer, are alike bestowed, and are the prise for which all alike toil ‘The active stimulus which urges all forward, excites industry, awakens ingenuity and brings out imvention, the varieties of breadstuffs, of beef, pork, butter, cheese, cotton, tobacco and rice, beyond the consumption of our own country ? And who, with the experienos oi the last fow years before him, can deubt that the time is now at hand when the two great staples of wool and hemp will be added to the list of exportations ? These considerations, and others of a kindred charac- ter, which time will not permit me to detail, seem to me, with unfeigned deference, to prove that the bed genoa ofthe Wnited States, for an indefinite period yet to come, must continue to yield annual supplivs of our prin- cipal staples, far beyond any possible demand of the do- meatioc market, and must therefore rem: and has ever been, an exporting inte: must havea direct concern in the foreig commerce of the country, and in all the regulatious of our own and of foreigu governments which alfect ¢' equal to its interest ina stable and adequate mark If this conelusion be sound, then our farmers mui render the idea of a domestic market to furmish the d mand,and measure the value of tl must prepare themselves to meet tl commercial world, in the markets of the commercial world, io the sale of the fruite of their labor. Thi martes of commerce must be their market, and 1 demand and supply which meet in those marts, m govern their prices. Tae demand tor home consumption as an element in that market, must directly and deep; is the prospect or the hope of a market for the produo- tions ot threle labor. The farmer produces to sell; the merchant purchases to sell; and the manufacturer fa- bricates to sell. Self-consumption of their respective goods, althouga an indispeusable necessity of life, is a inere incident in the mind impelled to acquisition. To gain that which is not produced or acquized, by the sale of that which is possessed, is the great struggle of labor- man. ing mroultural production is the first in order, the strongest in necessity, and the highest in usefulness, in this whole system of acquisition. The other brauches stand upon it, are sustained by it, aud without it could not exist Scll it has beon simost uniformly, as the whole history of our State wad country will show, the Moat neglected Appreatiorship, education, a specite course of systematic iustryuction, have been, time ont of wind, considered &n inuispensauly pre-requisite to # orediiable or successful engagement in commercial o: mechanical pursuits; while to kaow how to wield the axe, to hold the plow, and to swing the seythe has beer deemed sufficient to entitle the possessor of that kuow- ledge to the first place and the highest wages in agricul- Lurel employment. ‘A simple principle of production and of trade, always practicaily applied to manufactures and commerce, that Lhe beat and cheapest article will command ti and prove the most profitab’s to the produ seller, because most beneficial to the buyer a1 er, is but beginning to receive its application to agricui- tw The merchant, who from « more extensive ac- quaintance with his occupation, # more attenti baer- vation of the markets, better adapted means, and « more careful application of sound judgment, untiring energy and prudent industry, can buy the best and rel! the cheapest, has always been seen to be the earliest and surest to accomplish the great object of bis class, an im dependence for himself. Se the mechanic, who, from a more thorough instruction in the principles and handi- craft of his trade, or « more intense application of mind and judgment with labor, can improve the articles he fabricates, or the machinery and modes of their manu- facture, and can thus produce tho best and sell th cheapest, bas always beeu seen to reach the same wd vautage his competivoca, With equai readiness aud cortaiuty; and that these resulta should follow thes: mewne and efforts, has been considered natural and un avoiduble, Still the agricultarist has been content to follow in the beaten track, to pursue the course his tathers have ever pursued, and to depend upon the earth, the seasons, good fortune, and providence, for # erop, indulging the hope that bigh prices may compensate for diminished quauti- ty or tuierlor quality, [t has soaroely occurred him that the study of the principles of bad shem and should be carefully cultivated an while all the other elements acting with it, and constituting together the demand of the market, shoutd be studied with equal care, and, so far asimay be In their power, consistent with other and paramount daties, should be cherished with equal care. Does apy one believe, that for genrrations yet to ome the agricultural operations of the United States are to be circumscribed within narrower compara- Imits then th» present; or that the agricultural productions ef the country are to bear less ratio to owe population and consumption than they new dot 1 caunet suppose that any citizen who has wiven bis attention to the considerations which have bewm suggested, finds himself able to adopt either of Ukeve opintona, On the contrary, I think « fair examina- tion must satiety every mind that our agricultural sur- plus, for an indefinite future period, must increase mach toore rapidly then our population and demand for do- nestic consumption, This | belie:e would be true with- ous the efforts of associations. such as thif, to improve our agriculture. ‘The condition of the couatry aud the inclination aad proferenes of our popala ie agricul tural pursuite, wouid ren Jer this result unavoidable; and if Unis bo so, when the impetus given to agricultural pro- duction by the unprovements of the day—the individaal and arsociated efforts constantly making to pash for- ward these improvements with an accelerated movement —the mass of educated mind turned to scientific re- searches in aid of agricultural labor—the dawning of a syste: jc and universal agricultural education—and the immense bodies of cheap, aud fresh, and fortile lands, which invite the application of an impreved agri- culture, are added to the account, who can measure the extent or duration of our agricultural surplus, or doubt the soundness of the conclusion, that the export trade must exercise a great influence upon the market for the ricultural productions of the country for a long series of years to come? is the conclusion to which my mind 4 conn wn examination of this subj-ct, in its d peot simply; but there is another forced, estio an- ted of vat manding alike atepubie the wade me we referring to Lhe chaeges and prowives of charge in (be policy of the priuospal commercial nwtions ot «No world, Louching thuir trade in the productions of agti- culture, By a single step, which wa: nothing Ines than commercial revolution, Great Britain practioully made the change a# to her trade, and subsequent events have clothed with the appearance of almost super-human gacity, the wisdom which thas prepared that oountry to 0, Which has so soon follows svi) of trampling down the ‘Meet the visitation of fami od, without the