The New York Herald Newspaper, October 21, 1845, Page 1

Vol, XI., No. 270—Whole No. 4152. THE NEW YORK HERALD. 1845, Price Two Cen ts. | | Aspect of Politics and Religion. ‘ THE HARVESTS, de., de Further Extracts from the Foreign Papers re- ceived at the New York Herald Office, The Queen has approved of Mr. Alexander J. Ber- en, ty one at Bermuda for the United States of | merica. The number of newspapers found in theGeneral Post Office last year, with the covers burst, was 55,016 ; of those sent to the dead letter office 178,889, and of those placed in covers and forwarded with notice, 912. | In consequence of the great influx of letters brought by the mails from America, India, and China, and other foreign ports, a delay took place in the delivery of the letters at the General Post Office in London, on Monday, the 29th ult. It is stated that 260,000 had to be sorted in the inland office on the morning of that day. Measures are in progress for the removal of the present unavoidable delays which occur in the delivery of letters. A letter from Salonica states, that a curious phe- nomenon has been observed at Bei-Aurethiser, a villege eight leagues from that town; a rather exten- sive lake instantaneously transtormed itself in- toa salt pond,and now contains abuadance of salt of the first quality. A letter from Berlin, of the 20th ult., states that Faorder Wehl, the writer of a pamphlet entitled “The Devil in Berlin,” has been sentenced to nine months’ imprisonment and hard labor, for offending his Ma- | jesty !—(of Prussia.) The Ottoman Porte has issued the firman so long | asked for by Sir Stratford Canning, for the building of a Protestant Church at Jerusalem. The stakes in the late fight forthe championship, | £410, have been given up to Bendigo under an in- demnity. The Emperor of Russia has made an advance of 200,000 roubles to the inhabitants of Livonia, to enable them to purchase rye seed, the crop having generally failed in that country. The Cologne Gazette states that a project of con- voking a general council of the clergy of all sects in Prussia, with a view of hearing their opinions on the religious questions which at present agi- tate the puali in that country, is under considera- tion. Sme Buriprsc on THE Rutve.—A brig with a new moveable keel that can be accommodated to the depth of water in which the vessel may chance to be, was attracting much attention at Stettin, in Prussia. It was built at Cologne, on the Rhine. Accrwerts anp Crimk.—From the last annual re- port of the Registrar-General in England, it appears, that, during the year, 3305 perrons were killed by machinery, railways, walls of stone, carriages, horses, S&c.; 3057 by fire, viz: mod by Urns by scalding, and 148 by explosions; 1950 by drowning, 158 by accidental poisoning. There were also 65 cases of murder, and 84 of manslaughter. Rexiaiovs Psrsgcurion 1x Russta.—The per- secution, says the Journal des Débats in a recent number, against the Polish Catholics is continued with greater barbarity than ever, if we may credit the {allowing report, which we borrow chiefly from the Univers :— 7 2 ‘ “ On the 23d ult. the Polish refugess in Paris at- tended a funeral service, celebrated in the Church of *St. Roch, in honor of the 47 nuns who were re- cently martyred in the town of Witebesk, With a re- finement of cruelty that one would refuse to credit 1 had not witnesses in every respect worthy of belie! attested the fact. This convent had been established from time immemorial near the town ot Minsk, and the inmates fulfilled, among the people, the same duties as our Sisters of Charity. They in- structed the children, provided for the widows and ed, and assisted the poor by the fruit of their labors. They had, unfortunately, for’chaplain, a priest called ‘Micholowies, one of those creatures | American INceNUrry.— In a list of patents recent- AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. lly granted, there is mentioned, G. Mitchell, of Graf whom tyrannical governments invariably select to fill the chief offices of the church. This wretch, having become bishop, apostatized, and wished to involve 1n his guilt the holy sisterhood. Alter be- setting them in every kind of bee a vainly re- sorting to promises, persuasions, and thre: iT oxiveny that he could not obtain yeeeiony he determined to punish by serverity. Durin, the night, by his orders, ssacks surroundes the convent, seized the nuns with the most revolting brutality, beund them with cords, and conducted them thus to Witebesk nearly 20 leagues from Minsk, compelling them to walk the entire distance. At this place they were confined in a convent of echismatical nuns, in the capacity ot servants, or more properly speaking as slaves.— Those who are acquainted with the profound orances, dissolute morals, and ardent fanaticism of these Greek nuns can form some idea of the dreadful treatment which the Basilian sisters were compelled to endure. Forced to perform the most vile offices, supplied with a quantity ot black bread scarcely sufficient to support nature, each of them moreover received regularly every Friday 50 lashes, so that their extenuated bodies were covered with wounds and sores, yet they showed even more cour- age under these trying circumstances than their en- emies exhibited ferocity. Encouraging each other to suffer patiently for the flory of God, they perse- vered in the Catholic religion. The anger of the apostate Suinayko increased. He caused these holy and self-devoted creatures to be ironed and sent to the galleys. Their nourishment had latterly con- sisted of half a salt herring daily, with a small measure of water. This diet was now changed to half a pound of black bread, with the same quantity ot water, and thus, whilst suffering trom hunger and thirst, they were compelled to act as laborers to the masons employed in constructing the Episco- pal Palace. Several of them were driven into the river up. to their necks, and from time to time plunged under the water, because they persisted in refusing to apostatize ; others, condemned to labor in mines, were placed where the danger was most imminent, and were in many instances killed; finally, eight of them had their eyes torn out. Their faith surmounted these severe trials, not one of them gave way, though 30 of them sunk under their sufferings. Among the 17 who yet survived, after the seats or rather after the triumph of these 30 martyrs, three only possessed sufficient strength to avail themselves of an occasion which presented of escaping their unmerited punishment. The schis- matic nuns who guarded them having become in- sensible from ebriety after one of the orgies conse- quent upon certain of their fétes, they were enabled to climb over the door of their prison, and thus escaped unobserved. It was not without regret that they abandoned their companions, and re- nounced the glory of dying with them, but they hoped to be of service to their faith and to their country ; moreover, it was expedient that Euope shouldbe made acquainted with what had transpired. After encountering a thousand dangers and hard- ships they succeeded in entering Austria, and one of them, the venerable superior, is actually at pre- sent in Paris. Itis “this lady from whom we have rained the above facts, and which we also take from the Polish journal the Trois Mai.” “ These tacts appear startling,” observes the Jour- nal des Debats, ** but, unfortunately, when Russian icy is concerned, everything is credible. The Prapetor is resolved to bring all his subjects to the ‘orthodox Greek Church. The autocrat will not lerate any religion in his European States exert is own. All resistance is treated as rebellion. We will not, however, call upon Europe to join ina crusade against the Emperor of and we have no desire to see return again the times when God’s creatures cut each other’s throats in the name of religion. We would wish to see the spirit of tolerance, which has triumphed in civilized coun- tries, take the place of those odious excesses. To go back to the period when Catholic armies de- stroyed by fire and sword the Christian sectarians of Alby appears to us a bad means of preventing the persecutions arising from Russian policy and orthodoxy. ” Brazit. AND THE ZoutveREIN—We find by the commercial accounts which have just come tohand, that there is every probability of the Viscount Abrantes succeeding in his mission of forming a treaty with the Zollverein. If this point is gained, it must be in direct opposition to the best interests of England, and the more mortifying will it be be- catse, in the first instance, the Brazilian envoy was deputed to our court with the offer of liberal terms for the formation of a new commercial treaty. Upen previous occasions it has been noticed by us how advantageous such a combination would to the . manufacturing interest of this country, but, with a species of wilfulness which cannot be easily ac- NEW YORK, TUESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 21, ton street, city of Dublin, contectioner and importer of American ice, for a new and improved construe- tion of building, for housing, storing, keeping, and preserving ice from heat an air, and from any other consequence, whether from atmospheric or other causes, dencripuve of, or caloulated tor injure said commodity. Sealed, July 28. H.M. Meade, of the city of ‘New York, America, for improvements in distilling from Indian corn and other grain. Sealed Sept. 18. (Six months American Ciocxs.—For some time past the vee- sels arriving at the ports of London and Liverpool from New York, Boston, and other ports of the Uni- ted States, have brought a novel kind of clock, something similar in shape to a Dutch clock, with the addition of a closed place of deposit for the weights, &c., on the floor of which is fixed either a puoane of some place or a piece of looking-glass. hese clocks are in a complete state, and several questions were raised at the time ot their first im- portation as to the particular rate of duty to which they were liable, when it was ultimately decided that they were to be charged with the ad valorem duty of 20 per cent., and that when they contained a portion of plate or silvered. Blass, they were also, in addition, to be charged with the rated duty on that article. One of the principal importers of these clocks has zecaatly meade application to be allowed to import the article in future without the weights being attached, it having been ascertained that they can be obtained in this country for a considerable less eum than that for which the can be imported, when the cost of manufacture, freight, and other ex- penses are considered, such practice being objected to by the revenue officers on the ground that they would then not be perfect or complete in all their parts. It appears, however, that by an order issued a considerable time since, Dutch or German clocks are admitted to entry on importation in the manner proposed without either bells or weights being at- | tached ; and it being considered that there is not any material objection to a compliance with the re- quest with regard to the clocks brought from Ameri- ca, notwithstanding that the 68rd section of the 8th and 9th Victoria, cap. 80, restricts the importation ot parts of articles, it has been conceded, and a notice to that effect has been furnished to the seve- ral departments for the government of the officers with respect to future importations of the article. New Metnop or Protrgcrine Woop From SEA Water Insgcrs.—Captain Sir Samuel Browa, K. N., in a letter to Admiral Sir Byam Martin, states that, from numerous experiments and observations, he ig satisfied ‘that at present there is really no spe- cific remedy against the attacks of the insect called by entomologists tereno navalis, or sea-worm, except iron nails.” He proposes to encase the pile with broad-headed iron nails resembling scupper nails, but considerably larger, and says that in the course of a few months corrosion takes place, and hee into the interstices. He further. suggests the adoption of mpbssticaded nails, which leave the smallest possible extent of the surface of the pile Roe Experiments tried at the ‘lrinity pier, Newhaven, and Brighton pier have fully es tablished the effectiveness of Sir Samuel Brgwn’s method. Anrivore To Prussic Acip.—Recent experiments seem to prove that instant immersion in cold water, is an effectual cure in the event of persons swallow- ing prussic acid. The Anglo French Interference in South American Affairs, [From the London Times, Sept. 29.} As long as the wars which are perpetually raging between the eastern republics of South America were regarded as mere contests for power between the military chiefs who aspire to oppress their fellow citizens and to destroy their enemies, these conflicts only excited the aversion, or at most the compa:%ion of Europe. We heard with disgust of outrages which we could not prevent, and of inhumanity which defied the censure of the civilized world; and we could only lament that in recognizing the inde- pendence of the former colonies of Spain in South America, we had prepared the way for their subjec- tion to the worst form of domestic tyranny. But upon acloser examination of the causes of these wars and the policy of these tyrants, we discover that they have an intimate connexion with our own interests and rights, and with the prosperity or destruction of, society in that part, of the. globe. But when we find that his policy extends to other states, which execrate his character and resist his authority, and that his chiet motive for. attacking them is his jealousy of their amicable and commer- |! cial relations with us, it is high time that we should protect our allies and our owa interests, and deal with the dictator of Buenos Ayres as a proper object for our utmost resentment. The chief design of Rosas, since he has subjected Buenos Ayres itself to his authority, has been to ex- tend his power over all the provinces which were formerly included in the Spanish Viceregal Govern- ment of the same name. his mode of aequiring, preserving, and exercising power, the jealous an cruel dictator of Paraquay has been his prototype. Like Dr. Francia, after having possessed himself of a degree of power over the lives and property of all his fellow-citizens, which surpasses even the ingo- lence of Oriental despotism, he seeks to segregate and cut off the community he governs from all fo- reign influence and control, For thirty years Para- juay was as little known to Europe as the interior of apan; and if Rosas had unlimited power over the foreign relations of Buenos Ayres and the adjacent provinces, he would close up the River Plate itselt against every foreign trader. What, however, was possible in the centre of a continent, @nd ina coun- try which only communicated with the sea_by the channel of one river, is infinitely more difficult. on the coast, and in presence of independent and rival States which are animated by a very different spirit. {n fact, in order to carry such a scheme into exe- cution, it was necessary to subdue or intimidate all the provinces contiguous to the Plata, or to its tributaries. Corrientes and Paraquay, were land- locked by the arbitrary restrictions of Kosas, who denied their right to’ communicate with the ocean, and even prevented foreign diplomatic agents from ascending the stream above Buenos Ayres; and Montevideo, the most formidable ri- val of that city, from her independence, her position, and the spirit of her inhabitants, was treated with undisguised hostility, which has been followed by Ponteaeted warfare. The prosperity of Montevideo, during the comparatively short interval of peace and independence which she enjoyed, was sutficient to kindle all the jealousy of Buenos Ayres. The tonnage of foreign shipping employed in direct communication with Montevideo, Rad risen before the blockade from one quarter of that which traded withBuenos Ayres to double the amount of that port The citizens of the Banda Oriental have done all that lay in their power to encourage emigration from Europe, and foreiga commerce. They have abso- lutely abolished slavery in the territories of the re- public; and their only desire, ag an independ- entcommunity of free men, is to make the most of the position and the soil which Providence has al- lotted to them. Their prosperity, indeed, is certain, ag soon as they have obtained the common blessings ot peace and security. * be lige. ‘he motive for the war which Rosas persists in carrying on against these neighboring states, is one which ‘s fatal to their interests and to all the forei; interests connected with their independence. The real question which will be decided by the success or the failure of the dictator of Buenos Ayres is, whether the states of the Plata are to be united be- neath one common yoke, and closed against the rest of the world, as long as one sanguinary tyrant shall be able to maintain them in his dependence, or whether, by maintaining the independence of those provinces which are eager to Nyse for themselves the blessings of a more liberal system, we shall take effectual means to promote between them and Bue- nos Ayres the struggle of fair pacific competition, instead of the fatal contests which have so long de- solated those regions. ‘T'o such a question there is but one answer. The rights of these independent countries, which have been repeatedly and espe- cially recognised by our owa diplomatic interte- rence, the freedom of trade which been secared by treaty with ourselves, the safety of European set- uers, and the political duty of securing to those states the right of Poh tg their own natural advantages and preserving their civil liberties, when both of them are attacked by a jealous and oppressive enemy, constitute one of the strongest imaginable cases for an energetic inter- vention. The supposed reluctance of the Govern- ments of England and France to engage in actual hostilities has already rendered the representatives ot those two great countries powerless at Buenos | Ayres. They were instructed to ask no more than | public justice and the common interest of the world | demand ; but Rosas defies remonstrances, and re jects overtures of mediation proflered in 80 modest atone. His government knows no arguments but those which rest on fear and force; and those means of coercion which he unjustly and Stray applies to others must be turned against himself. In short, ney is so great, and the consequences ot counted for, the policy of Sir R. Peel appears to be to throw Cet twin | into the hands of foreigners for the pur keeping up the monopoly of the West India rs. A very slight reduction in the du- ties upon Brazilian sugar would have cemented the mercantile intercourse which has so beneficially heen carried on between the two nations. the bigge delay and doubt so injurious to all the interests at- | fected by this question, that we trust a considerable reintorcementwill at once be despatched to our naval jforces in the Plata; and that the governor of | Buenos will learn that the next argument ay tN | Powers whose advice and mediation he resists will bea declaration of war, | Supply of Food tn England. | . [From Canton, eonamiat, See 97.) {t is not our wish to create any alarm; on the con- | trary, what we are about to say will rather have the | | effect of allaying the apprehensions that have attend- | ed a sudden rise in the price of wheat ina single | week of five shillings the quarter in this country, | accompanied, as it hasbeen, by the very unusual | fact that continental buyers are now in our markets, purchasing our bonded grain for their own pressing | necessities. But while we are able todiscover many | | circumstances that mitigate our share of the danger | in which Europe at this moment stands, if not of ac- \ tual famine, yet of considerable want, during the | coming year, it would betoken the most criminal | apathy were we to overlook and disregard the cau- | ses, rather accidental than otherwise, to which our | more favorable position 1s to be attributed. We are willing to admit that there are at this mo- ment many circumstances calculated to create alarm in this country, as to the sufficiency of the present harvest to supply the wants of the country until the | autumn of next year. There is now no doubting the fact that, excepting in some of the most favora- ble situations, the wheat crop of the present year, | even where comparatively well secured, is defective in the yield, both in measurement to the acre, and in weight to the bushel; and that, moreover, a larger portion of the crop is still exposed to further dai than has been the case on the 26th of September for some years back. But perhaps even a more serious consideration, in relation to the deficiency of wheat, is now the almost universally diseased state of the potato crop; and, as it turns out, the greater or less damage which has been sustained, in consequence of the wet season, by e has description of ve- getable, grain and fruit or can the extent of this calamity, especially as refers to the disease in the potato crop, be estimated by the present amount of the damage. The remarks which we made some | weeks ago, and the quotations which we gave from the report ofthe American Commissioner ot Patents to the last session of Congress, with respect to a | similar calamity which visited that country in 1843 | and 1844, and which we regret now to hear has again made its appearance in the present year, shews that the apparently pertect part of the crop is equally liable to attack after being stored as when in the ground. Moreover, as was the case in the United States last year, and has been partially in this country already in the present season, many circumstances may arise from an injudicious and careless use of diseased potatoes which will create an impression that the use of the root is dangerous, or at least unwholesome, and it may be to a consi- derable extent banished trom family use. ‘This is a contingency which cannot altogether be left out of any future view with regard to the supply of wheat, as such an amnereaaion, "becoming general would cause a considerably increased consumption of bread; though, no doubt, such a circumstance, would diminish the demand for potatoes, and make them more available for the use of the laboring classes. Nor can we overlook the great rise in price which has already taken place in rice, one of the best substitutes for the potato. It is true that that rise in price, will cause very extensive shipments to be made from India (in the United States the crop | has partially failed); but the earliest period at whieh they can arrive will be in March and April of next | year. | In addition, too, we may add, that the import of | flour from Canada in the present season so far, is considerably less than last year. and is likely to con- | tinue comparatively trifling. The accounts which we have received this day, inform us that the potato disease has made its appearance not only in Canada, but in New Brunswick. And, as regards the Uni- ted States, the European countries into which the import is new free, will offer much more advanta- geous markets for their wheat and flour than this country by the circuitous route of Canada. The imports from Canada from June 30th to the present day, and the corresponding period of last year, have been, Wueat Imrortep raom Canapa, Quarters. Quarter Jane 20th to September 2oth..< 178,13 Caged And further still, the whole imports of wheat and flour have been much smaller in the piesent, as are also the existing stocks in bond, than forsome years past, as the followiag compariscn shows: FonreiGy Wueat axp Frour Imrorten “ au, juarters. 1842... January 5 to October 998, 1813... ‘777,72 141,271 leu 929,680, 854,302, 1845... January 5 to Sept’r 20, 190,794 With all these considerations, it cannot be a mat- ter of surprise that considerabie anxiety should pre- vail, and that there should be a tendency to a much iatee price. But there are other considerations which are either overlooked or but imperfectly esti- mated, which will have a considerable tendency to modify these apparent dangers in this Gian e ‘he first, which is in some measure generally admitted, but we think scarcely to a sufficient extent, is the unusual stock of old wheat which must be in the country. i In the entire absence of agricultural statistics in this country, we have no certain means of knowing the exact amount of the produce of any one year — But there are many means by which, in practice, es- timates approximating to the truth mat te made of the comparative produce, one year with another. In order tren to estimate our present stock, it is necessary to look back to the autumn of 1842, and consider what have been the crops and the state of the market since that time. It will be recollected that, up toan advanced period in the summer of 1842, a very general fear prevailed that the crop would prove very defective, in consequence.of per- haps the worst seed time that has been known for some years. Until the middle of June, prices con- tinued high, when the improved prospects of the harvest, from the extremely favorable state of the weather, caused a steady and rather rapid reduction. In the mean time, however, extensive orders for fo- reign wheat had been sent out; and, inthe course of the year, upwards of three millions of quarters of wheat and flour were imported, in addition to one of thejbest harvests inyieldand qualitywhich we had ex- perienced for several years. The ruin which followed in consequence to the importers of wheat, is still fresh in the recollection of all. The losses in Lon- don alone were estimated at more than two mil- lions of pounds. The average price, which was 67s. 10d per quarter in Mark Lane on the Ist of August, tell below 50s. in the beginning of 1843 ; and in the spring of that year, there were still left in the ware- houses one million and a half of quarters of foreign wheat which had not gone out of the importers’ hands. As the harvest of 1843 approached, consid- erable apprehension prevailed from the state of the weather. Speculation again set in, and the price of wheat rose to 60s. per quarter. The harvest was a fortnight later than usual ; and a general opinion prevailed that the stocks were nearly exhausted. In- stead of there being any ground for such a fear, it afterwards turned out that the stocks from the crop and large importation of 1842 were really so large, that, up to January 1844, avery large portion of ali the wheat wie to the country markets was that of the crop of 1842. But the alarm of 1843 again had the effect of bringing upwards of one million of quarters of wheat and flour in aid of the crop of that teu which, though not so fine in quality as that of 842, yet, from boo her breadth sown, ultimately proved equally productive ; and was of itself at least equal to the improved eonsumption of the year, es- pecially if we add to it the million of quarters of fo- reign wheat imported ; so that it is impossible to es- timate the stock of old wheat in the country at the harvest of 1844 to have been lese than it was in 1843. This brings us to the crop of 1944, which 18 by far the most important consideration at the present mo- ment. Considerable difference of opinion prevailed at the time as to the yield of that crop. There is no doubt that Great Britain produced in 1844 the largest crop of wheat of any on record. But in addition to this enormous crop, we imported no less than 1,100,305 qrs. of wheat, and 985,852 cwts, of flour ;—very litte of which was consumed pre- vious to the harvest of last year, and which, there- fore, was an available addition to the crop. And the large proportion of old wheat which appeared at market for many months after the harvest, was a sufficient evidence of the large stock left over from the preceding year. In estimating the excess of the crop of 1844 now left on hand, it is no doubt needful to take into account the increased rate of consump- tion. This, however, we do not think has been so pe as las generally been assumed, There is no oubt that the condition of the working classes has. rian! greatly improved ; and that in the fy dis- tricts particularly, a greater proportion have con- sumed wheat than in some former years, But in the manufacturing districts, we much doubt if during the last year any material increase above that pro- portioned to the greater number of people, as labor- ersand in other capacities, has taken pince. The improved condition of these districts has enabled the artizans to command a better deecription of diet ; und so far has, in many cases, decreased the use of bread. Compared with 1844, we do not believe that the consumption of 1845 has experienced any very great increase. We are, therefore, from all these circumstances—considering that the stock of old wheat at the harvest of 1844, which proved, after some months, to have been so serees connislenii the extraordinary extent and yield of that crop, am the large quantity of w! and flour import: dition to the home supply—we come to the conclu- sion that on the first of September of the present } he year, a larger stock of wheat was existing in this country than in any former year whatever. And al- though those stocks may be suffering some consid- erable diminution at present, yet it must be borne in | mind, that the extra consumption upon the old | stocks, in consequence of the lateness of the pregent | harvest, will be in some measure compensated by the fact that the crop of this year will only have to supply eleven months’ consumption ;—that of 1844 | having already been available for thirteen months. Tue Revotvtion in Great Brrrain.—But apart , from the circumstances at which we have glanced, other causes have been at work to produce this feeling on the part of the British farmer. The soul, | the vitality ot the English aristocracy, consists in the possession of a respectable rent roll, and in the | influence of political power. To increase the one, the great landlords have assumed of late years the task of educating the cultivator of the soil, by in- | todeeiag hin to the mysteries of chemistry, and making him acquainted with the wondrous powers | of the diflerent manures. To secure the other, the | same landlords hold their tenants in a kind o} | litical vassalaze—make them tenants-at-will, Ane | the majority of cases, refuse to grant leases of any | duration on the property which they occupy. The | consequence is, that thejtenants must exercise the franchise as his lord directs him, or bid adieu to his homestead. These two motives, seemingly ineom- patible, are brought out in strong relief at the agri- cultural dinners, and both of them have contributed, in their way, to the singular anemaly in which, as a body,the British farmers are placed. if leases were general, the farmers would possess the strongest pe- cuniary inducement to vest his capital in the im- provement and extension of his land—in making it yield the best return; but in the absence of such a motive, he lives, as it were, from hand to mouth, as jows not the day when he may get notice to “turn out.” So, again, thefimprovements of modern science go into the pechte of the owner rather than the occupier of the land—for with the means of increasing the produce come an increase of the | tenant’s rent. Thus, the activity which has at length overtaken the sons of the soil, engenders a state of mind unfavorable to the existing order of things, and it is not very surprising, therefore, to find many practical farmers the friends rather than the oppo- nents of those who advocate a free trade in corn. In short, the corn laws are now universally paaariied as a landlord’s, not a tenant’squestion ; and the best proof of the progress which Cobden has made on the minds even of the aristocracy, is to be found in the subdued tone, and in the actual recognition of his principles, by many of the titled personages who formerly assailed them in the bitterest terms. The new light, which has at length so tardily began to dawn on the minds of the operative agriculturists, has loosened, in a great measure, the sympathy which iong bound them up with the feelings an | pre- judices of their superiors—the sympathy of an ima- ginary but mistaken self-interest. That the change in thé corn laws is not distant, may be read in the speeches at the various agricultural thennes in different parts of the island during the last few days. It is well that itis so; forall classes must profit by a legitimate traffic in one of the primary necessaries of life—a traffic which, instead of exhibiting galva- nic fits and starts, as at present, in a reason of un- certainty and alarm, would be regular and uniform, and weuld go far to make distant nations contribute to each other’s necessities—would obviate the dif- ferences of climes and _seasons—and bring the great human family, by the fraternising influence of com- merce, into a brotherhood of amity, mutual depen- dence, and interest.—Liverpool Times, Oct. 4. Harvest 1n Denmarx.—According to the rural periodicals, the reports of this year’s harvest, from all parts of Denmark, are very rejoicing. There is an extraordinary rich crop of wheats and clovers, and although the first hay was a little spoilt during the haymaking season, by the wet weather, yet there is nothing to complain of as regards the se- cond cutting. pe seed, also, has suffered a little, not only from the weather, but also from insects. Rye will be very satisfactory, not only in quantity but quality, and will be cne-fourth over the usual average. Barley, it is said, will be unusually plenti- ful in quantity, but its quality cannot be judged of, as it will be rather late in ripening, and its goodness naturally depends on the weather—in many places we are told it is beaten, and consequently a good saleable yield cannot be expected. Oats are cer- } tainly this year behind other grain, but will be about an average—all kinds of pulse have wn strong, but will, we fear, in many places yield more husk than fruit. The early buckwheat hes every where failed—the latter cannot yet be judged of with certainty, but seemingly will be better. Pota- toe all roots the most extensively cultivated in Denmark—promise a most excellent and plentiful crop; the blight which has made such extensive ra- vages in the more temperate parts of Europe, hav- ing apparently been kept off in the north, by the more frigid climate. Should the present genial we: ther continue as it has been since the dog-days, tl year will hold a notable place in the annals oe Dats ish agriculture. For the population of a great part of Jutland, who on the breaking up of new land fr quently suffer a want of fodder, such a year is in- valuable. In consequence of the superabundance of fodder, which has this year every where in Den- mark been housed, the price of cattle has risen in a remarkable degree, and we may prophesy that this rise will continue till the catile are again housed for the winter. Taking it as_a whole, we may confi- dently say that the harvest in Denmark has this year been above an average.— Augsburg Gaz. Whe Raltway Manin in Europe. _ Ratroaps in Great Briran.—The railway mania increases. Itis now a national epidemic, and threatens to engulph every other species of business. The legitimate operations of trade must suffer se- verely trom the enormous gambling that, like a pelt, covers the land oa its lengt and breadth. — Day after day, as regularly as the sun dawns, the most absurd schemes are propounded with an easy impudence, that, in cooler moments, would cause the projectors to be regarded as candidates for a lunatic asylum. All these newly-broached achemes require sums of resort to carry them out, which would speedily make a bankrupt of Croesus. Half a dozen millions sterling—thirty millions ot dollars— appear to be a mere bagatelle in the eye of each batch of provisional directors, who appear, like Banquo’s progeny, to extend to the “crack of doom.” No matter how absurd each newly-an- nounced project for making iron highways, the gamblers gather round the fame like vultures over a rotten carcase, and, as Puff in the Critic has it, immediately “* plant oaks where there never was an acorn.” Attention is now directed to the derange- ment of the monetary system of the country, con- tingent upon this absurd system of speculation.— The Accountant General has a reckoning in store for these speculators in moonshine capital; he will shortly require a deposit of ten per centto be paid on the amount of each share, and some thirty or for- ty millions must be taken out of circulation to com- ly, inthis respect, with the requirements of the law. The withdrawal of a sum so enormous from the legitimate sources of business must, in the first instance, influence the value of money; but where the remaining ninety per cent is to come from, to make so many lines, is a puzzle, a marvel, for the worshippers of Plutus. In solving this knotty point the commercial writers in the daily papers are ad- vancing opinions the most crude and contradictory. One Gey oe certain—that the Accountant General, when he fingers the whole of the deposit money, will be the recipient of the largest stock of cash that was ever lodged in the hands of a single individual, compared with the value of which the mines of Po- tosi were valueless and barren. He, ot course, will hand this accumulated he of wealth over for safe keeping tothe Bank of England; and there is plenty of speculation hazarded as to how the Bank iy to appropriate it in the safest way for the benefit of the commonwealth, until the period arrives when Parliament sanctions or rejects the schemes—to se- cure the acts for which the money has been thus, for a temporary purpose, invested—without producing what the Bank so much dreads—a “crisis.” The improvement in the incomes of existing rail- ways still continues, and during the last two months amount to upwards ot £200,000 in comparison with the corresponding two months of 1844. ‘The lines which have reduced their fares most Beary oie the reatest gainers. At this rate of increase of income the value ot the railway property of the country is necro yb by upwards of £2,000,000 sterling per month. It is said that in one day a sharebroker on the Manchester Exchange transacted business in shares to the amount of 000. At half a crown in the pound, only, he would clear by this one day’s busi- | ness £10,000.—Blackburn Standard. This calcula- tion of profit would haue been correct, had the | sharebroker sold 90,000 shares, not £30,000 worth. Frencn Rattroaps.—The Journal des Chemins de Fer, publishes a list of the different companies that have been formed to tender for the five lines ot | railroad which are,to be adjudicated this year, viz. : | Paris to Strasbourg, Tours to Nantes, Creil to St. Quentin, Paris to Lyons, and Lyons to Avignon and Grenoble. The companies are thfrty-six in number, viz. :—Paris to Strasbourg, eight; Tours to Nantes, six; Creil to St. Quentin, five; Paris to Lyons, eleven; and Lyons to Avignon and Gre- noble, six. The nominal capital of these companies, collectively, amounts to between four and five mil- lards of francs, whereas the amount required for the execution of the lines is only 600 millions. Sup- posing all the subscription lists to be filled up, and a deposit of one-tenth made immediately by the sub- seribers, there will be taken from circulation for twoor three months or more, nearly 500 millions, | instead of 50 millions, supposing that only one company existed for each of the intended lines. ‘This large drain of capital must, it is imagined, | have some effect upon the money market. Several | more new companies for lines, which will not be adjudicated during the present year, are talked ot. Swiss Rareways.—The committee appointed by the Swiss Government for directing the railroads in | that country, has decided upon the execution of the | following | viz: Bale to Olten, Olten to Zurich, Olten to Lek e de Biel, and Olten to Lucerne—being in all 44 Swiss es, and requiring an expendi- | ture of 30,000,000fr. The New German Reformation. [From London Standard, Sept. 29.) 7 We have, a8 our readers must have perceived, followed with close attention the statements given by the German newspapers rel-tive to the reugions movement at present agitating the land of Luther ; and our readers redone are assured, dwelt upon Such is the sense, as we take it, of the call for a reconsideration of the ecclesiastical constution of 1822, which, if accorded, would probably place Prussia at the head of the glorious reformation, which all Germany is ready to embrace. English View of the Fall of the United ‘From the London Herald, Sept. 27.) 2 The lata accounts from the United States illus- trate as happily as we could desire our remarks upon the certain disruption of the colossal republic, and upon the tendency of every enlargement of territo- ry to accelerate that event. According to tolerably well-authenticated state- ments, the republican squatters, settlers, or whatever they are, in the Oregon territory, have manife lately a very strong disposition to renounce all con- nection with the elder republic. Lhe disposition thus early exhibited is what must, sooner or later, direct the destiny of the Oregon settlement, whether Great Britain do or do not interfere between the contending parties; and it is our anxious wish that Great Britain may leave them to themselves. The inhabitants of the western coast cannot de- those statements with eager curiosity. Let us re- Port progress. ’ ij We see a simple priest proceeding from town to town, and wherever he presents himself, whether in Silesia, the Prussian Rhenish provinces, Hesse Cas- sel, or ‘Wirtemberg, thousands come forth to greet him. The people crown him with flowers; the mu- nicipal bodies present him addresses; young men ask to be allowed to take the horses from his car- riage; women invoke the blessings of Heaven on his migsion; and the cannon itself is bid to thunder a welcome to the bearer of the sword of truth. The Protestant and semi Protestant German States are moved as if the voice of Luther spoke from his tomb. #The Roman Catholic States tremble with 1°. and apprehension, as if the moment of their de- iverance from the thraldom of superstition was come. Austria is not less agitated than Saxony. All tais taken as an outward manifestation is unde- niable. Our columns have day after day bore cor- roborative repetitions of the same story. The jour- nal which announces Monsieur Ronge’s arrival at any given place,accompanies the statement with the now unvarying account of his reception with enthu- siasm, displayed according to whatever may be the characteristic of the place. Of less easy proof are the diplomatic communications between Berlin and Vienna and Dresden, but they are almost authenti- cated by a speech from the Saxon throne, by the suppression of professedly religious clubs, by prohi- bitions to allow churches to be devoted to worship according to the forms adopted by the German Ca- tholics, and by M. Ronge’s expulsicn from certain localities, as from Hesse Cassel. To the feelings undoubtedly awakened among the ‘ople, to the sensations created, at least presumed- 88 among rulers, we have to add the councils and reprimands addressed to the Romish clergy by their superiors, imposing upon them reformed conduct, prudence, p-eaching, decorous examples, blameless iving, lest their flocks should abandon them totally. ‘Such a movement as this, so widely reaching, so all embracing, and that at the voice of one man, the world has not witnessed since the days of Luther 3 and this movement may well be designated the New German Reformation. , _ We have endeavored to present in the strongest light the popular manifestations attending the leader in this movement wheresoever he appears, because, if properly regarded, they go to dissipate a certain apprehension with which some conscientious per- sons have allowed themselves tobe affected on two accounts. The first is the presumed rationalism with which the German movement is said to be tainted ; and the second is the uncertainty as to the form which the New Reformation shall take. To the first fear we oppose the enthusiasm of Ronge’s fnends. The crowns of fiowers, the dis- charges of musketry, the taking the horses from the carriage, are those signs which doubtless the pious mind takes the least pleasure in dwelling upon ; yet have they their value. They exclude the supposition of cold calculation; and when they are followed, as they always are, by attention toreligious discourse and public joining in worship, the whole show a cheerful, innocent, pious disposition, which, to our mind, testifies to the character of the movement in question. =. . The uncertainty of the form, meaning thereby the uncertainty as to whether the German Catholics shall split into a number of sects, or combine so as to form a church adopting a sound creed, abates much of the satisfaction which many good minds feel at this rising i against the debasing super- stitions of Rome. Here ogein we have to oppose the evidence so undesignedly furnished by the re- ports which we have given from the German jour- nals. Everywhere the churches belonging to ortho- dox christians have been freely tendered to the Ger- man catholics ; and certainly the people who con- duct themselves with such openness, candor and simplicity, are not deceivers or hypocrites. at the rulers of the different German States view the present movement with anxiety, we can- Saxony, as e not doubt. The speech of the King of we have said, affords some proof of that; but the Roman Catholic monarch of a Protestant peo- ple. Austria, too, must feel alarmed, because the reformation takes political freedom by the right hand. Prussia demands a constitution, and her ‘ood King does not mean to refuse it, but he thinks that he ought to proceed carefully. Already has the desire for constitutional government in Prussia been saised to a high pitch by the religious spirit with | which she is agitated—a spirit which, while it ren- ders the demand imperative, makes the granting of itsafe. Now it is in Prussia where rationalism is said most to prevail ; itis there that the dislike ot forms of Church government is strongest ; and why? because of the law of 1822, which attempted to do that which is beyond the power of any law, namely, by the application of a kind of military regime, to submit to a certain uniform state, the Lutherans and Calvanists, under the name of one Church. Hence a re-action against forms of Church government, and hence that mystical language about the vessel, and the bush, and the spirit, which in some mouths is very much like infidelity, but in others is a protest — the forced coalition apparently effected in We published lately in the Standard the substance ot a petition from the college of the University of _Berlin, calling for a new constitution of the church, to be settled by delegates from different provinces. That petition respectfully invited the King to put himself at the head of the movement, and to that document we ence more invite attention, and as its full bearimg might not have been perceived at the time, we beg to introduce it here in connection with the remarks we are offering. It is as follows: “The present movements are not of an ephemeral character, for they have their basis in the intellectu- al developement of the people. That the happiest consequences should be the result it is only necessa- ry that the state should take these movements under its own guidance, and thus foster the germ of good which they contain. Two parties are ranged on opposite sides. The ola party takes for its motto exclusively orthodoxy, and tradition, as the ground of faith in the literal sense of the word. The other party, that of the movement, rejects human tradi- trons, and appeals to the living source of truth. The majority of the population inclines to the latter par- ty. It may be that the people cannot see clearly the end towards which their efforts are tending, nor point out the organization which ought to be given to the Church; but this they do know—that the prin- ciples of Christian at, form the basis of their ef- forts, The reformation has established the right of living and progressive developement, as contra-dis- tinguished fromthe beckwardness of Rome. We elaim for each Christian the right of private judg- ment. The spirit of God ought not to be bound b formulas. It is not the mere vessel to which faitt is consigned, which is itself the all-essential, but it is the spirit of truth, of holiness and charity, an- nounced by Christ, which constitutes the commer stone of the Church. The persuasion of this truth has penetrated the conscience of the age in which we live. Another party would identify the spirit with the letter, the form with the sul , think- ing that the Church and State depend for satety upon the conservation of external formalities. It is not the Beit Fath ot Christ—it is the Church which has become their profession of faith and their sub- stitute for religion. Those who do not follow their views are anathematised.”” The address then goes on to acknowledge the exaggerations of some of the new reformers, the existence of which is not denied, but the motives are stated to be of the purest kind, while these very exaggerations are but a natural reaction against those which would bind men by mere human tra- ditions. Christianity and the Biple do not depend upon external aid—the struggle of the Church is ofa spiritual kind, and ought to be allowed freedom of action. The address concludes with a prayer to the King to convoke a commission of all the pro- vinces of the State to prepare a constitution for the Church, the necessity tor which had become so generally felt. rive commerce in peace, or protection in war, from the republic; on the other hand, the establighed com- merce of the old States must forever weigh as an in- tolerable i upon the mercantile enterprise of the States, to be, upon the Pacific, and the wars of the republic, from which these extreme western set- tlers can receive no possible advantage, will be con- stantly iba them in difficulty and danger.— Every motive of interest, must, therefore, urge the settlers in Oregon to rid themselves at once of all connection with the Government and Legislature of Washington. . E Loyalty and national honor, which have so much ard so just an influence in holding together the hete- rogeneous parts of some European states, are of lit- the weight at the other side of the Atlantic. Loyalty, indeed, can hardly exist where there is neither King nor a Chureh to claim it; and a nation that merely “covenants with itself,” has small opportunity for the cultivation of national honor. The United States have no history or historical recollections that can attach to their constitution by bonds of feeling any but the descendants of the men of 1774. The ple of Texas, for example, or Oregon, have no claim to the military glories of the revelution, and they will not_acknowledge these glories as ties upon them. The only lesson applicable to their own posi- tion, which they will find in American history, is @ lesson of rebellion and revolt. Let Texas or the Or gon territory, or any other remote member of the ill- compacted contederation, discover that it would be benefited by separating from the Union, and the pre- cedent of 1774 is before it without a single counter- acting motive. It will separate, dragging with it no inconsiderable fragment of adjacent territory; as we see in the fall of an old building that a descending wall pulls down with it much of the edifice that, but for such neighborhood, might have long remained immovable. Even in the more central and older States of theUnion, there are, however, as we have already shown, the elements of a not very distant disruption, because there is a very plain opposition of interests and of feelings among them. _ If it is supposed that we contemplate with any sentiment of pleasure the near approach of the disso- lution of this magnificent free state, we suffer a great injustice. The most zealous patriot of the republic cannot regret more sincerely, though of course he will more sensibly, the certainty that the United State are doomed to give place to a number of inde- pendent and jarring cemmunities. The States, as they exist, can do us little harm, but broken up, as they will be, they may involve usin many perplexi- ties. We merely state the natural course of events, and we cannot see any other end to that course that which we have described. The temptation of- tered by land sales will irresistibly impel a democra- cy to extend its limits, and the extension must lead to all the disastrous consequences ot which we have spoken. The events in the Oregon are merely a be- ginning. The China Trade. We have great pleasure in laying before our read- ers copies of a letter from Mr. Macgregor, of the Board of Trade, consisting of an extract of a des- patch from the British consul at Foo-Chow-Foo, containing the regulations of trade for that newly opened port—the one with respect to the opening of which the Chinese government made the greatest difficulty during the memorable Lm Satcivne with Sir Henry Pottinger. Foo-Chow-Foo is the great port of the tea district, and, if we are not mistaken, the great emporium of the Chinese trade with Ja- pan:— Office of Committee of Privy Council for Trade, Whitehall, 29th Sept., 1845. Sir—Iam directed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade to transmit to you, for the in- formation of the Chamber of Commerce at Liverpool, and the gentlemen connected with the trade to the East Indies and China, the accompanying extract of a despatch consul at Foo-Chuw-Foo, dated the lam, sir, your obedient humble serv’t, J. Macongoor. To the Chamber of Commerce, Liverpool. (Coy erg hog i of the port, [have only to observe that, while the pass whigh forms the limit is too well marked to admit of mistake, it allows ample anchorage above to vessels ing to trade, and below to any driven fer shelter in- river, but not desiring to euter the port. “ [rust the third and fourth articles will also be con- sidered satisfactory; the former permitting vessels free- ty to enter and remain without locurring port dues, un- iess they find a market for their goods; the latter estab- ushing rd and forthe payment of duties as ai I hope, precluding value of the sy- common Pt? 1E against any at- xtortion similar to that so long and obstinate- din at Amoy. ort may iow he considered fairly opened; and if merchants are disposed to avail themselves of the fa- ~ilities afforded by the approaching favorable monsoon, have no doubt they will be well ved; I am iurther led to oe ra . conside! arse for British 3, if judgment jection, and ret patience in offering them for sale. Should merchants, however, freight vessels of conside- cable burden for this port, and expect to dispose of the whole cargo to one person, or even to sell it in large portions to one, two or _ a Site T can only an- Ucipate disappointment as the resu! "There i] little floating capital, and there are no large moneyed houses. Nearly the whole of their own mer- cantile transactions are carried on by means of a paper cusrency, which can only be converted into silver to @ very limil mount. Of the accuracy of this statement [feel well assured from multiplied inquiries, and the uniform consistency of the answers received “ Although few or none of the native trad eral thousand dollars at command, | belie iarge number, nevertheless, who are prepared with smaller amounts to make purchases of British manufac- tured goods. “ Kor those who may think it worth their while, there- iore, to freight vessels with assorted goods, and dispose of them iu small portions, or by retail, there will no doubt be a market, and | should coi ‘a profitable one. — Nor should it be forgotten, that in this manner commen- ced, se Means was established, the now consi- verab! le of —t ——S gon fl f anchoring near the bridge, w: hance bey favor, thik one of larger burden obliged to remain w the city. tae atue overner and the treasurer have both assured me, in the most unqualified manner, of their anxious de- sire to see a flouri¢hing foreign trade established at this- port; and as | see little reasen to question their sinceri (y in this matter, it may be safely anticipated, that no irrvolous difficulties or vexations will be thrown in the way of the fair trader by the authorities. “ Regulations of Trade for the Port of Foe-Chow-Feo. “1st. Lhe limits of the port of Foo-Chow-Foo extend idge to the Woe-Fvo-Man Pass. e Chinese officer at the station within the Pass, to provide any vessel desiring to enter the lot. from her Majei 26th April last. to has orders port, with a pi “3d. British ships may remain in the port, with a view of ascertaining the state of the market, without restric. tion as to time, and should they desire to depart without breaking bulk, no port dues will be demanded. The captain will, however, in all cases, deliver his ship’s pa- pers, bills of lading, &c., into the ot the consul, within 24 hours after arrival. , ‘4th, Payment of duties may be made, either in Sycee or coined money, at tho ratesplready established at Can- «or sth. All cargo is to be taken in oF discharged between aes ad june liberty are to be accompanied by an officer, or responsible person, and strictly enjoined to abstain from all acts calculated to give offence to the in- habitants; injunctions to the same effect having been is. sued by the Chinese authorities to the people of Foo- ¥ ne sc htaha « n Ascock, H. Brit, Maj. Consul. « Foo-Chow-Foo, 26th April, 1846.” o’Connell at a Banquet. Mr. O'Connell has emerged from his mountain home, and isagain on the wing. . He has iv | turing a “Monster Demonstration” at Cashel; his appearance at the Repeal As-ociation has given aew unpetus to the rent. At both places Mr. O’Con- nell travelled out of his way to make an ungracious attack on the gentleman who is now in Ireland, on behalf of the Z'imes—an attack distigured by the lowest and most rabid personality. ‘The writer,who has provoked Mr. O’Connell’s hosulity, is doing great good in Ireland; he is making the English e passage, which we have quoted above, re- sumesall that we have been saying. The people may not clearly see the end towards which their efforts are tending; all they do know is that their sympathies go with the movement against that army of darkness, whose banner was the shirt of Treves. for wise rulers to give that movement a frame ently large fot its ample character, and, by so joing, submit it to order, rule, and government. i versant with its wretchedness; and is not ny oa be mark in the generality of his conclu- sionsas to the conduct of landlords and the brutality ot agents, In such a good work he ought to secure Mr. U’Connell’s aid—not his hostility. The Times and the Irish leader are, of course, at “loggerheads about the ‘“Commissioner;” and as both parties are clever artists at drawing portraits in dark and ugly