The New York Herald Newspaper, June 10, 1845, Page 1

Mebew THE NEW YORK HERALD. Vol. XI., No, 155—Whole No. 4020. NEW YORK, TUESDAY MORNING, JUNE 10, 1845. THE NEW YORK HERALD. JAMES GORDON BENNETT, Proprietor. Circulation---Forty Thousand. conga Per Tech y abla in Price 2 cents per hres ir annum—pa} advance. WeexLy HERALD—-Every Saturday—Price 6} cents per SPT ee 124 cents per annum—payable in advance. ADVERTISEMEN' at the um prices—always “*VRINTING el kinds exoouted with Pr exec! with beauty and All letters or communications, by mail, addressed to Ue entaniananond, sonat be post paid, or the will be deducted from the subseri oe JAMES GORDON BENNETT, Prornieror ov tHe New Yor« Henarp E: Northwest corner of Fulton and Ni TINGE OF HOOR SUMMER ARRAGEMENT. 22d inst., a train will leave the depot, at Brook iT, and Worcester, every morning at the foot of Whitehall st. 88 8 roclock. ‘o'clock, be f assen Bare through.c- Second class passengers. myI7 lis re TO WESTERN TRAVELLERS. as EXPRESS AND PIONEER PACKET LINE, From Philadelphia to Pittsburgh via the Pennsylvania roads and Canal—through in 3% days. - The above line is now in fall operation and offers great inducements to persons who wish a pleasant mode of travel to the west. ‘he cars are builtin the most approved modern style, the boats are fitted up ina superior manner, and every effort is mi the proprietors to conduce to the comfort an travellers. ‘Phe ‘seenery on this route is une convenience led, and the il wor- of enusylvania internal improveme: ‘ route passengers avoid all the fatigues and dangers at- tenfait upon stage travelling, andatthe same time makean ex- editions trip. “The cate leave évoryaoruing.st 7 olelock. > Pesienge vised to engage their places at Philadelphia. Office in piriw N. E. corner of Chesnut aud Fourth streets, an 3. and i5 South ‘Third sts. A, CUMMINGS, Palladatphia, May t. 1915, Peay stl it) or information, in the city of New York, apply to vA, KNISELL. Agent f D. LERCH & CO.4 Line-7 West st, N.R. ad- idel- dat Nos, Agent. my!7 6m Fre CHANGE OF HOUR. UNITED STATES MAIL LINES TO BALTIMORE. PHILADELPHIA, WILMINNGTON AND BALTI- MORE RAILROAD LINE, ViaChester, Wilmington, Newark, Elkton, Hi de Gi intnener brush as Hoare fre ga the. ‘Cars will leave 7 D. in ane Lage sty at, Bay. ve dail ri t Sunde epot corner firket street; daily (except Sum x So'clork, A ML, the lines leaving at d Ni, snd tal past 14 , at date. tinued after i icave Baltimore for Philadelphia, at 9 o'clock, NEW CASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT LINE. Through in Seven Hours—Fare $2. Onandafter Monday next, May 12th, the steamboat ROBERT MORRIS, Capt, Douglass; will leave Dock street wharf daily, (escent Sunday.) athalf past $ o'clock. P. M., instead of 6 . tofore. "fe Eine {eaves Bowly’s wharf, Baltimore, for Philadelphia, at7P. SUNDAY MAIL LINE, The ony Line for Bultimoce on, Sundry layer the Depot, R reets, at ¢ o'clock, M- “24 f = WREIGHT PASSENGER STRAIN, 10 Baltimore 50 ceuts. ‘A Vamenger Car attached to the Freight Train, will leave the Depot corner Lith and Market street, daily, (except Sunday) at Sovclock, P. M., and reach Baltimore a¢ an early hour next momaing! GH HUDDELL," Agent at Paiadeiph sapDly. t6 or Farther particular#s *PP G0, P. FISHER, Agent, my10 Lm re No. 17 Wall street, or 6 West street. FROM BOSTON ye pete INA LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TRAINS: the agranged for ngers to leave Boston at 6 o'clock aud arrivein New York at 4, as was the ense last evening; and take the Philadelphia train at quarter before 5, and arrive there at uP.M. my23 tft ‘William's Hall in the leave at six rai hat leaves City H he for Willi ives tt Midge at seven o'lock. ‘The car that lew eentig at half past aix o'clock for Harlem, , will run to William's Brid he will ad ms Bridge at seven o’clock and twenty minut Courtlandt and Li streets. ‘ Sieamboct ROCHESTER, Captain R. G. Cruttenden, will Jeave on Monday, Weduesday’and Friday Evenings, at7 o'clock. j Secnmligat KNICKERBOCKER: Camain A: Aoaxhon, wil ve on ‘Tuceday, Thursday an ny evenings, at 70 At Soclock Py M., Ianding at intermedyate place, from the foot oA Parelty ORTH AMERICA, Captain, L, W. Brainard te aptain LW, ; willlenve on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday After: went mont COLUMBIA, Capt. W. H. Peck, willleave on icaday, Thursday and Saturday Afternoons, at 3 o'clock, Tassengers taking either of the above Linea will arrive in Alba- ny in ample dime for the Morning Train of Cars for the east or Phe Bonts are new and substantial, are furnished with new and elegant state rome, and for speed ahd ‘wecommodations are uu fHivalled on the Hudson, Vere taken at moderate ra All persons are forbid. trustin i Agents. without a written order from pt a bac tnP.c. i ight i siecle sate” SES: sraten istann Seema STATEN ISLAND FERRY, FOOT OF WHITEHALL STREET. FARE 6'4 CENTS. On and after Saturday, 7th Jane, the Steamboats SY LPH and STATEN ISLANDER will leave New York every. hour except 5 P. M., commencing at 8 A. M., until 7 P. ve ‘Staten Island every hour except 4, commenci until 7 P.M. Liberty i FOR SALE—The Steamboat Kichinoua, fa light draft water, 126 ft length, 26 feet beam, 8 feet depth beam engine, h Cylinder, 8 feet stroke, in good order and fit for immediate use; copper fastened; would answer for a tow, freight or passage font, having finished cabins with berths. If hot sold belore the 19th i: nt, will then be sold at public auction, at the Mer chants’ Exchange, on that day. For farther information, apply to Messrs. Dougherty, 75 South street. ind 1w*rl CHEAP AND PLEASANT EXCURSION TO ‘THE LOWER BAY. 9 The Steamboat WAVE will, on and after Saturday, the 7th instant, leave Pier No. 1k: and 11 o'clock, A. M., and 3. and 65 P atBand 10 A, M., Land 54 P. M.— F ue 64 cents, ‘On the 3 o'clock trip the Wave will make an excur- inthe Lower Bay, passing Fort Hamilton, Telegraph-and ey Island, giving passes full view ot the Ocean. For the whole excursion only 12% cents will be char (> Refreshments, of the best qualities, provided on board. my! Im*re Gam 2). DRAVTS ON GREAT BRITAIN AND - IRELAND—Persi to remit. mo- Wale Ww ith i ney to their friends part of England, s, can be supplied ith rafts, payed sight, without dis st oS E cont ado ca the National. and Provincial Bank of ag Indl; Meare), Barved & Co. Exchange aud Discount Bank, Liverpool; Messrs, James Bult & Sou, London, and branches roughout England and Wales. 3 Teffertano On the Notiowat Baik of freland, and Provn cial Baik aud branches throughout Ireland. ; orLaNb—-On the Fustern Bank of Scotland, National Buti of Seotland, Cireenock Banking Company, and branches ad. Oot eet cannia axils from Boston on the tst June, by fi free. Apply ts which all draiscan be forwarted free. APR 100 an 76 South st, cor. Maiden Inne. FOR HALIFAX AND LIVERPOOL. 2, Royal Mail Steam Ships BRITAN- Nea OXMIURLA will Leave Boston for the above ports, as follows:— Sunday, en Monday, myt_m June Ist. June 16th. $120. 20. Jee, Agent. 6 Wall st. FOR BALE—The Schooner URIAH HM. JUDAH, one year old 1 tous, carries 0 barrels oF 125 tons cosh, wil We sold sta fegonable price, or would bees changes ous, 0, een "a EVEL DEN, 107 South st ae FOR SALE—FREIGHT OR CHARTER—The ing packet ship, MISSISSIPPI, 650 tons, cy by Be Dell, salted on the siekwe aud Tesalted every Year, ive oak and ‘and locust top, live onk apron, semson stern frame, and forward after caut frames—newly coppered and in perfect order fora Pa earn ak Poo lad eee Oren ik: COLLINS & Co., 56 South street, ju6m J. HERDMAN’S OLD ESTABLISHED EMIGRANT PASSAGE OFFICE, 61 SOUTH STREET. LiTASSAGE from Great Britnin and freland, vs. iverpool, can always be arranged at the lowest rate, snd Drafts, fara for any amount, payable at all the precy Banks in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, ‘on application to ‘J. HERD! 61 South street, FOR LIVERFOOL—To sail 1th instant—The nnd very fast suiting packet abip SHAKS- PE ARK, nell, having most of her cargo eu- waxed aud on board, au ag above, ‘or freight or pass tions, apply on board, i8ec ing elegant packet od rat Orleans wharte foot of Wall street, or (0 B, K. COLLINS & CO., 56 South st. PASSAGE, FOR HAMBURG—With Despateh— ‘The splendid new packet. ship SILAS HOLMES, . G as above, and can very LOC: wil Comtortaply accommodate a'limited number of of passengers in Sabin and seeerage, ‘This ship having been built expressi¢ for « New Orleans packet accommodations are of most costly description. Persons wishing tosecure berths a arly application on bi 3 FOR LIVERPOOL—To sail on the 13th J wih: silendid, fast sailing ship SUSAN Cr HOW. ELL, Captain Bailey. can accommodate afew more | cabin passengers ina superior House on Deck, ata very mo- | derate rate, For passage apply to je JOHN HERDMAN, iTre 61 South street. FOR ANTWERP—The splendid shin DEVON- SOB ait Coot. —— wl Incet with quick despatch ‘or passage, having bandsome furnished accommodations for cabin passengers, and also for second cabin passengers in the house ou deck, apply to de? J. HERDMAN, 61 South street. NEW LINE OF PACKETS FOR LIVERPOOL —Packet of 21st June—The splendid’ and favorite ket ship ROCHESTER, 1000 tons burthen, Capt. - Brawn, wil sail on Saturday? June ly her regular day. | ‘The ships of this line be.ng all 1000 tons and upw: sons about to em! for the Old Country will not advantages to be derived from selecting this 1i to any other, as their great Separiny sentaes th more comfortable and convenient than shipe ol : ‘and their accommodations for eabin, second cabin, and steerage passenigers, it is well known, are superior to those ‘of any other ine ofppackets,, Persons wishing to secure berths should not fail to make early application on board, foot of Burling Slip, or 0 ast ee TAPsConT, ir General Passage Office, 75 South street, commer of Maiden Late. debe Bist dune rThe superior for ali a 50 sailin CHESTER, 600 tons burthen, John Britton as abote, herregular day. Or paaasie, having extellent and superior accom- pply to the Captain on board, or to wile WOODHULL & MINTURNS, 87 South street. 1050 tons, Capt J. Bursley, will The Facket Ship Hotti ceed the Rochester, and sail on her tegelat day, ait Daly su je it re ine—Regular Packet ship , Mas ter, wil ‘oF modations, FOR GLASGOW —Regalsr Packet=The Tat sailing Briiak Barue ADAM CARR, Scott, mas: iter, 350 tons, will meet with quick despatch. bgiimmnce at fesht, or haying excellent accom ns, ply to e: in on |, at foot of Dover st, or to WOODRULL & SINTURNS, 87S outh street ‘The regular packet bark ANN HARLEY, will succeed the Adam Carr, i FOR LIVERPOOL— sails onthe 16th instant, a ¢ packet ship OXFORD fd "the packet ship GA, FICK on the S0th inst For ga ease accommodations, apply to J. HERDMAN, 61 South street. N. B.—Those sending for their friends residing in Great Bri- tain and Ireland, ean have them brought out with quick de- apatel via Liverpool, and drafts, can as usual be supplied, paya- le throughout the United Kingdom, on application as above. jnd tre 5 PACKET FOR MARSEILLES, the 10h J Moi packet ship PRINCE DE JOINVILLE, Capt Wm W Lawrence, will be unavoidably de: talned until the above date, nt which time she wil positively ‘The accommodations for passengers by this shi passed by any of the European packet ships, and afford an ex- cellent opportunity for those wishing to go to any port of the Mediterranean, for which or freight, oe CHAMBEMLAIN & PHELPS, ont street, BOYD & HIN! t por 9 Tontine Buildings, comer An nd Wat PACKETS FOR HAVRE—Second Li packet ship, ONEIDA, Captain Jas. Funk, wil saa or iretght or passage appl gece aha reN0+9 Tontine Buildings, cor. Wall and femrevons ju3 LINE OF PACKETS—Packet of the LONDON 10th June—The splendid and elegant fast sailing pack. ft chip SWITZERLAND, Bee kunghe, master wi Price Two Cents. | | 7 | C2 a | | TANG HWA ;OR THE CHINESE LANGUAGE. NATIONAL INSTITUTE. From Dr. 8. Hernisz, late Attaché to the U.S. Mis- sion te China, on the CHINESE LANGUAGE.” To Francis Mango, Jun., Esq., Corresponding Se- eretary of the National Institute, for the Promotion of Science, §c., Washington. Dear Sir: The events which, within the last few years, have taken place in China, have given tothe language of that country an importance which it never befure possessed. As the language of a vast and very an- cient empire, which has flourished for ages in an advanced state of civilization, (a civilization pecu- liar, original, and essentially different from that of | Christendom) it always presented a curious and in- | teresting study. Yet, as long as Chinese pride and prejudice repelled all intercourse with foreign na- | tions, the study of this language, offering no pros- | pects of great practical utility, was naturally confin- | ed to a very few persons, But now that, thanks to | the arms and the diplomacy of Europe and Ameri- | ca, new and more extensive relations have been es- | tablished with China, a knowledge of its language becomes interesting and useful, alike to the philolo. gist, the missionary, and all those whom commer- cial or other pursuits may call to that country. These considerations, and the belief that, in the | absence of better sources of information, even afee- ble attempt to convey some idea on the subject, may not be unacceptable, induce me to address to the National Institute the following brief essay on the Chinese language. _ The art of writing, the most potent instrument of civilization, conferring the magic power of commu- nicating thought and teeling to the remotest regions positively sail as above, being her regular day. ‘Having very superior accommodations for cabin, second ca: bin andstecrage passeugers,persons about to secure berths should make early application ou board, foot of Maiden Li eee arin oer MERA, ne a ‘The packet ship Quebec, ‘T. Hi. Hebard, master, will succeed the Switzerland, and sail 20th June. m29m FOR LIVERPOOL—New Line—Regular Packet of the 36th June—The elegant fast sail i eicttien: 1S. OH Trane of Hoo vous, ei , her regular day, For freight having accommodati alled splendorand comfort ‘apply Ok board, at Oveans Wharf foot Hf Wall street, or to EK. COLLINS & CO., 56 South street. Price of e $100. Packet Ship Hoseius, Capt. Asa Eldridge, of 1100 tons, will succeed the Garrick, aad sail Sock July, ber regular days?” sail as abo OLD ESTABLISHED EMIGRANT PASSAGE OFFICE: 61 South st-—Passage from England, re jand, Scotland and’ Wales—Those sending for their riends would do well to avail themselves of the opportunity of making their arrangements with the subscribers ou very mi rate terms, by first class packet ships, sailing from Liverpool Drafts can as usual be furnished for am t, Payabl fhroughout the United Kington. pig ee O} MAN, 61 Sovth st. 13) The mail Hi ii or er sznes heal gi hem Rowton on tty 1 Se, BURDEN’S PATENT HORSE-SHOES: .BEING NOW ON SALK by the principal dealers in hardware in the United States are all warrant Iper- Y ‘and made of the very best refined iron, E feet in fe and sold at a fraction over the price of iron in the bar. very shoe which may be found not in accordance with the above recommendation will be received back and the money refunded, with all expenses from the most distant parts of the country. H. BURDEN, Agent, my 18 Imre Troy Iron and Nail Factory. IMPORTATION OF WATCHES. RECEIVED from Switzerland, by packet ship Zurich, an assortment of Watches and Movements of ‘every description and of first quality, ready for the wholesale trade, at moderate prices, “ DELACHAUSE & MAIRE, No. 27 Fulton street, New York, TO LET. A Delightful Summer Residence, one mile from the Williamsburg Ferry.—That Spacious Brick Dwelling, surrounded by a whole block of improved ground, ty of fruit and shade trees, situated on the left s yi me up from eck Slip Ferr; the i5th June inst.—when a good tenant can a moderate rent, for afew mont or the Apply. at Mrs. ‘Ballagh’s, corner of Beaver or at the hous in? Im*re ri je8iw*m TO LET—Part of the House No. 4 Amos street, con fale sisting of two parlors on first floor, a bedroom on the se ‘ond floor, two attic and kitchen in basement, t ‘it can be had immediately, at alow rent. Enauire at the premises. jus lwerh LEASEHOLD PROPERTY 7OR S40 Xe. Possession of the earth, and of bequeathing the experience and wisdom of one age to generations yet unborn, has so powerfully impressed certain minds, that they can ascribe its ie to nothing short of a special revelation. The limits intended for this essay do not permit me to enter upon such an extensive field of inquiry, nor is it considered necessary. Specu- lations on the origin of things hidden in the darkest recesses of time, however pleasing they may be to the imagination, can be conducive to no great prac- ae eeuticient forth t is sufficient for the present purpose, to assume. (and the assumption, it i believed, few’ will be dis- posed to dispute) that the invention of the art of writing in China, like that of the same art amongst other nations ; like that of language itself, had_ its origin in the inherent powers of the human mind, stimulated by necessity. That the source of this, as well as of all great inventions of mankind, is in the ever active and creative faculties with which man is endowed, and which impart to him the capacity for improvement and civilization. ‘ The Chinese have preserved some obscure tradi- tions regarding the origin of their language. In the preface to the Kang He Tsz’ Tien, or Dictionary of See Kang He, the following passage is dound: " “Tn ancient records,” says the Chinese lexicogra- pher, “it is stated that, in very remote antiquity, they recorded events by beer of ste ae yn cords. In subsequent ages the philosophers change this method ; they subet tuted writi gi its ana, in order to be able to instruct the officers, and go- vern the people.” ce ata: ‘ The invention of writing is ascribed by popular tradition to Hwang Te, or the Yellow Emperor, the third sovereign of China, and whose reign, accord- ing to our chronological computations of its records, terminated about three eenturies and a half before the Flood. The first idea of oe | Jac signs, the Chinese also say, was suggest yy observing the marks on the shell of the tortoise ; by contem- plating certain constellations, and by thé prints of | the footsteps of various birds and beasts. Whatever value we may attach to these traditions, an attentive examination of the ancient characters of the Chinese language, and of those now in com- mon use, is alone capal le of givin us the true his- tory of its origin and gradual development. In most of the ancient Chinese characters, it is easily observed that they originated in hieroglyphi- cal or pictorial figures. Every character being a rude picture of some object in nature it was intend- °@ ing of th ises Nos. 189 aud 193 EB crete id i ee evens, and in front a substantial brick dwell i ter im a fame ‘Selle in the rear, and used. a shop. ‘The y is in'good fable investment. Apply. to James Cre last year. Upon the h in front a brick building repair, and forms a pr meron, 349 Hudson street. jud Iw*rre FOR SALE—A property situated in the Village of North Orange, Essex county, Newark, N.J., and one hour of Ne: goad communication. ‘The premises consist of a new two story double house, with afinished basement, a cistern, a well of excellent weter,astable, a garden of ‘nearly an’ acre, well stocked with fruit, together with other conveniences suitable for the accommodation of a family. Application may be made to John Whiteheud, F:sq. Attorney and Solicitor, Newark,N.J. orto $ Simson, on the premises, corner William and Hillyer atroete ud lw*rre IH SALE—A beautiful Country Residence, one mile Rossville Landing, on “i ‘arm of 22 f first-rate Land; a h House and good, oe | is; good: Garden, with plenty of Frais Tree id reasonable and on good terms. Enquire o my7 Im#re SAM’L. HALL, 369 Broome st TENE] LDING REPAIRS, 50 Nassau st. ‘of Maiden Lane.—All orders Ae aay attended to for ., within 20 minutes of York City—Rail- Mason, Slateing, Plastering, Fi ig, tin roofs repel’ and painted, and all other repairs an rations done in the best manner. Also, Kettles, steam, boilers furnaces, ranges ovens, and every kind of fire works put up. ‘None but good workmen employed, Expeditious and moderate charges. Chitmney tops for curing smoke, Up town orders left with J. jr Quinn, Plumber, 544 Broadway m27—Im*rh E. H. QUINN. CHARLES’ PAUL DE KOCK COMPLETE. HE. Works of Charles Pani de Kock, Illustrated Edition, f.) with sorpelt ry pa hy, complete in Co oa ioe one dollar. The public have no nt teasing thamedlves of the complete works of the renowned Pan) me contain de Koel in one magnificent vol and eighty large columns of rea whi ci ‘ x twelve hundred u ) ling matter, and at ice ich places it within the reach of persons in the most Il the novels, ete., Targhee: "And tions. have been fatty h were ever actually written by tl and far-famed of mode pledge themselves that the t made, and that the work will be found the aa care-killing. fascinating and exciting that has ever been issued from the press of this country. For sale 41 Ann street, New York. The work is mailable, and may be sent by post to any part of the United States or the Canadas, af an expense varying from ten to twenty cents; aesonding.to the distances "Ali omens for one complete ogy, must contain one dolar, be franked or postpaid, and directed to Holland & Glover, New York iy Six copies will be forwarded to one address for five dollars, m2s d&wim'm PORTER, ALE AND CIDER. JOHN J. STAFE’S BOTTLING ESTABLISHMENT, 0. 2 ANN STREET, next door tothe American Museum, is sincere thanks to his friends and the public very liberal share of patronage already re- attention to business to merit a cou- FIRST QUALITY— may Porter Newark Cider, r Croton Ale, dou Brown Stout, id Syoveh Lg atten to witl Orders for patch. THE “THORN CHAMPAGNE.” THE UNDERSIGNED will hereafter haye constantly on hand, for sale, an article of Champagne Wine of an uasur- onaeed, and probably unequalled quality. mhil ee bscriber has been appointed sole Agent in the United States for the Manufacturer. "Asn guarantee of its superiority, Colonel Merman ‘Thorn, of Paris, hag allowed. an jmpression of his seal to be affixed to cach "The quality of the Wine. will be preserved in all future ships tan no circumstances be allowed to depre- ciate. Rerrecting this wine, Col, Thom thus writes :—'‘It is of a qual y rarely to be Tnetwith in America; Ihave drunk no other for years past xtention of private gentlemen, Hotel keepers, and the article. yi 3 comet = vl ECE Br bined “enka NGSTON, 7 ‘0. 10 Wall street. 10,000 LBS. OLD FIL but little used, for sale— ‘Also, a lot of Fis ‘Weeh ed ‘Poets for Hie seh ance em oe A | DYSPEPSIA, OR BLUE DEVILS. SAFE, y and effectual cure, fort! that are afflict ed with thi inate and. tormentin H ate orkans, will be found in TURNENCS | DYShEi aA Re EDY. This remedy has been auc It Epine b never ed to indicate. Thus, for instance, the ancient character jih the sun, was a figure repre- senting the disc of the sun; the character yue the moon, was a*figure at the crescent, the character Shan, a mountain, was a drawing representing the elevations and depres- sions on the earth’s surface. __ This pictorial method of writing was practised by other nations of high antiquity. On comparing the primitive attempts of Chinese writing With, the mo- numental characters of the ancient Egyptians, so many points of resemblance are observed, that one is tempted to believe, that at some remote period of time, far beyond all historical record and tradition, some community, either of origin or of intercourse must have existed between these nations.* _ But whether it be the result of community of ori- | gin, of intercourse, or of accidental coincidence, the similarity between the processes of writing used by the Chinese and ancient Egyptians, seems not to ex- | tend to the whole structure ofthe two languages. For, whilst the Egyptians had advanced, (as appears from the discoveries of Champollion and his school) from | the purely nieroae HS to a phonetic system of writ- | ing, whilst they reduced their characters or pictures | of things into signs for sound, like the letters of our | alphabet, the Chinese had never conceived the idea | of an alphabetic system of writing ; but continuing | their first conception of pictorial delineations, they pe their language, by various combinations , which will presently be explained, to the perfection | which it has now aitained. And, however singular | and different from all known languages, the Chi- nese, such as it now is, not only proves to be a sa- tisfactory medium ot intercourse between a popula tion of 860 millions ; but such is the influence and superiority of its literature, that itis studied (as the French language is in Europe and America) by the inhabitants of many Asiatic countries, as a necessa- ry and elegant branch of education. As has been already observed, the Chinese have no idea of alphabetic letters. The art of expressing our wants, our feelings and thoughts ke asmall num- ber of simple signs, which by themselves have no meaning, is to them a mystery beyond all compre- hension. Their language originated in the concep- tion of addressing the mind through the eye, and still ‘adewdbes the pictorial form. The characters of the Chinese language may be divided into three classes: first, characters purely hieroglyphic or figures of objects. Secondly, ideo- graphic characters or written signs intended to re- present ideas by the combination into groups of two or more simpler signs, each of which possesses a distinct meaning ; and thirdly, symbolical charae- ters, in which no trace either of a hieroglyphic or bry nature can be detected. the formation of the hieroglyphic characters, I have be 8 a a an yaaa Chinese work, composed under the Chaou Dynasty, about the year of the world 2900, and entitled Luk Shoo, (the six | books,) it i#stated that nine-tenths of the characters of the language. were originally hieroglyphic.t In the progress of time, the imperfect nature of the pro- | cess of painting instead of writing, even in the sin- gle point of view of rapid transmission of thought, must have become apparent. The characters, there- * See Ancient Egypt, ke.. by G. R. Glidden. This in- teresting work deserves high praise for the conscientious study of which it bears the stamp, as well as the noble and enlightened zeal for knowledge, which breathes ” oe of eminence, for years, an instance. Mt wholeale and retail, for the tor, at E,W QWEN', So Bowery, comer of Bond ea Des bot. through its pages. + See Introduction to Morrison’s Chinese Dictionary. | | dred and thirty volum: fore, began to be contracted and otherwise alt ered. These genes stations beats = ithe cou rse cf ages, eflace: ongini ere ic form in the st number of the Chinese ¢ Dracters: Amo! jose NOW most in use, in printed books, offic! documents, and generally in all important papers, the number of charaeters which, at a first glance show their hieroglyphic form, is very small. Such are amongst others the characters Khau fEF the mouth, Khung Gg’ Renae I) I) wings, Munn a door, &e. But the mere abbreviation and alteration of the ori- ginal hieroglyphical signs was evidently not sufli- cient to render them a complete vehicle of thought. the advancement of society and the increase of knowledge, signs became necessary to express ideas which could not be represented by the usual painting process. This doubtless had led the an- cient Egyptians to use p'onetic signs, that is to say, he tor sound only, like our letters, in order to be able to write the sounds of such words which were in use in their oral and which could be either imperfectly, or not at all represented by hie- roglyphics. The Chinese,who had always remain- ed ignorant of this ingenious invention, supplied the defects of their system by the following peculiar and not less ingenious contrivance. They chose a certain number of their ancient characters denoting the most common objects in nature, and constituted them the heads of classes or species of ideas. Each of these characters became the representative of all the ideas which in a near or remote, in a natural or metaphorical sense, had any relation to its original meaning, Each of these characters was, in consequence, attached as a com- porene part to every word which denoted an idea aving something in common with it, however re- mote that connection may be. To render this in- telligible, it is necessary to give a tew examples. The character jih eA the sun, (contracted from the hieroglyphicgih O ) has not only its natural meaning, but enters as a component part in all those words which express an idea that can be suggested bee the proj clearness, change, revolution, &c. rties of the sun. Such as day, light, htness, understanding, the seasons, The character Khaw EF the mouth, enters as a component part in all the words, the meaning of which has some con- nection with its functions, or is otherwise suggested by it, such as eating, drinking, sound, words, con- versation, language, eloquence, music, &c. in the same manner the character /iu im a gold, is used as @ component to metals in general, an be de to. ‘ __ These original characters have been denominated in different ways by foreign writers. .. English sino- logists call them radicals, French writers clefs or keys, the Portuguese denominate them generos or genuses, a denomination which approaches the Nearest to an exact definition of their functions. A certas letras, says Padre Gonzalves, chamamos gene- ros: porque indicao em geral a que genero de coisas pertence a significada pela letra ‘tolal (coisa particwar dos chinas.) Certain letters we call genuses because they indicate at to what genus of things, that, indicated by the whole word, belongs,(a thing pecu- liar to the Chinese. )* “The number of these radical characters is fixed by different Chinese lexicographers at 329 and 540. The best modern dictionaries, however, at the head of which is the Kang He Tz’ Tien, or dictionary of Kang He, already mentioned abovet admit only 214 Even this number can, by analysis of the radical characters, be still farther reduced.¢ ‘The ideographic characters are Broups formed of two or more characters, each of which contributes its own meaning to the idea represented by the whole group. few examples will render this in- telligible. rt of all the words relating the various uses they can The group l l f chen, composed of the charac- ter jih A the sun, placed over the character shan [ fa mountain, means the sun illumina- AC composed 4. of jih H the sun and tien S-—- the The ting the hills. The group haow skies, means a summer sky, bright and clear. group heva composed of khau [J] the*mouth and large, means a loud voice and also a large mouth. The group Seuen E = || ( consisting of the two characters Ma cyt) GE aruresntcnn ffs xseam, meus wee agentle horse, and also acquiring any thing by easy and gradual 88. ri ‘ These examples, though only of a binary combi- nation, are sufficient to By an idea of the why phic groups composed of a greater number of cha- racters, and of which, to avoid rendering the sub- ject fatiguing, I refrain from giving examples. This mode of delineating ideas pervades to a great extent in the written Chinese language. Yet, in a large number of groups, the ideographic combi- | nation is no more apparent, this being caused either by the successive contraction of the characters, or alteration in their original meaning. The radicals in these groups indicate, indeed, to what class of ideas they belong; but the other parts of the do not clearly define or speoify these ideas. TOUpS For in- stance, the group woo Fa the pronoun of the 7 first person, I, myself, is composed of the character khau LI the mouth, and woo B the Chinese numeral 5. In this group, the character woo evidently adds nothing to form its meaning. But it must be observed that its own sound becomes the pronunciation of the whole group. A great num- ber of words are thus found, in which one of the component parts adds nothing to the radical, but Its own sound or pronunciation. This class of charac- ters,which, next to the radicals, act the most imp°F- tant part in the formation of the written language of * See Arte China, Prologo. t Kang He, the second Emperor of the Manchu Tartar Dynasty, now on the throne of China, and one of the t and most enlightened monarchs that empire ever had. He was a contemporary of Louis XIV., and had many points of resemblance with the “ Grand Mo- narque” of France, in the magnificence and éclat of his reign, and in the encout ment and protection he gave to literature and men of letters. It was by his orders and personal collaboration that the great Dictionary of the Chinese Language was composed. e most distin- guished literati of the empire, the Han Lin, or Members ofthe Academy of Peking,were commanded to undertake the task of collecting the labors of preceding compilers and supply ing their deficiencies, The results of the | combined labors of these savants was a work in one hun- titled Pei Wan Yun Foo, the Storehouse, or Encyc! ia of Letters. Out of this vo- luminous work, an abridg entfhas been made in bas two volumes, and entitled Kangffe T'sz’ Tien. ‘hi work, a copy of which the writer has brought with him, gives cach word accompanied by its pronunciation in other words of the same sound, and a brief expianation of its meaning. Monsieur Seery, a French priest at Ma- | cao, has undertaken the herculean task of translating the voluminous Encyclopedia above mentioned, which when completed,will be a glorious monument of indefatigable industry pnd profound erudition, reared in any language. Padre Gonzalves in his Diccionario China Portuguez by Either idea of the functions of these characters ; differenca, says Padre Gonzalves,he uma letra que differenga as do mesmo genero, que de ordinario thes dao som ; ow Pronuncia.* “Differenga is a letter which denotes the difference between those of the same genus, which commonly gives to them the sound or pro- nuneiation,” But the denomination of phonetiques, or signs of sound, adopted by French Sinologists, is more appropriate and clearer. These primitives or poets characters, are about 1300 in number, and their various combinations with the 214 radical characters, all the words of the language are formed. Chinese grammarians, appropriately enough, call these characters Mo Tsz’, or mother characters, as, indeed, us 3 their union with any of the radicals, they give birth to a numerous progeny of words. It has thus been seen, that in every Chinese group, one part (that is the radical) indicates the general ane or class of ideas to which it belongs, whilst the other part either defines it more clearly by its own meaning, or distinguishes it from the words of the same class by its peculiar pronuncia- tion. This peculiarity of the Chinese language, has given rise, in the formation of their dictionaries, to two methods. One, in which the words are classi- fied according to their meanings under the 214 radi- cals ; the other in which the words are arranged ac- cording to their pronunciation, as is the case with our own dictionaries. The first method, and it is the one adopted inthe Kang He Tsz’ Tien is the simplest and best, considering the peculiar nature of Chinese’ words, since it is not necessary to know the pronunciation of any word previous to looking for its meaning in the dictionary; it is only neces- sary to know its radical. ‘ . The second method, used in some ancient Dic- tionaries, and in those of the provincial dialects of Kwang Tung (Canton) and Tukien, is full of incon- venience, particularly to foreigners. For whilst it would require to know by heart the 1300 primitives or phonetic signs, before making use’of a Dictionary following this method, it 1s sufficient to know only the 214 radicals to use the Kang He Tsz’ Tien. The principal inconvenience, however, of this method, ies in the fact that no word of the Chinese language has any natural connection with the sound given to it, and that the endless variety this gives rise to in the pronunciation of words, renders a phonetic Dic- tionary, for general use throughout the empire, but an imperfect assistance. The symbolical characters are those which belong neither to the hieroglyphic nor adeosenhie classes, consisting of words which cannot be represented by graphic delineation, such, for instance, as chung pm. Sz EA business,ta A large, siu, ah characters are mere subi d Signe, like the Arabic numerals, which are symbols of quantity and num- ge) without having any natural connection with em. The Chinese language is monosyllabic; that is, each word is pronounced but as one syllable. The number of all the syllabic sounds in the language, as used in Morrison’s Syllabic Dictionary, is 411; it consequently follows that one syllable serves for the pronunciation of a great number of words, hav- ing different meanings. This peculiarity, however, does not produce the inconvenience and obscurity in conversation which we are apt to anticipate from it. Homophonous words are very numerous in several European languages, particularly in the English and French, without producing any obscu- rity in conversation, because the various accents, even the slightest intonations, and the collocation of the words in the sentences, assist to right their un- derstanding. Thus,for instance,the words head, had, bread, bred, bold, bald, write, right, rite, wright, &c., and in French the words comte, a count, compte, an account, vers, a verse, vers, towards, verd green, verre, a glass, ver, a worm, are all pronounced ex- actly alike, and yet without being mistaken in a spoken sentence, one for another. In Chinese, it is true, Homophonous words are much more numer- ous, there being forty or fitty words pronounced by the same per) but by the use of tour diflerent tones for each word, according to the different ac- ceptation in which it is taken, by strong and weak aspirates, the original number of syllabic sounds is greatly increased. Inthe Fan Wan, or Tonic Dictionary of the provincial dialect of Kwang Tung (Canton,) the number of different syllabic sounds amounts to 1582. To preclude all possibility of being misunderstood,two words differently pronounced are often used instead of one, each serving as a com- mentary to the other. For instance the word Kan Ta means to see, but there being many words of different meaning pronounced Kan, the Chinese in this case say Kan Kien Ty r to see, | Ls | look. The word Keang, small, cc. These means to speak, | and to avoid its being mistaken for another word of the same pronunciation, they say keang Hwa Fe = x “to speak words. Those com- ~ op pound expressions may, in fact, be considered as single words. There are other compounds which, though byte af two or three distinct charac- ters, yet form but single words; such as for | instance, poo fa e i‘ ye or woo fa < Y y) without law, or like the Eng- eee lish compound expression /aw-less, pa poo teh aa oe 54 a passionate exclama- tion,as Oh! would that! the three characters hav- ing this meaning only when used together. The Chinese may called, indeed, a language of phrases, the value of words being determined by their position and connection with other words. When, on pronouncing a single word, he is not un- derstood by the listener, a Chinese describes the form of its written character in the air with his fan, just as any one amongst us would spell the word which is misunderstood. The grammar of the Chinese language is very simple. The words being invariable in their form, admit of no change, nor inflexions, either when written or spoken. The relations of nouns, of time and place, the modifications of verbs, the optative orconditional nature of propositions are construed either from the position of the words in the sentence or by separate words.¢ In the composition of the sentence the natural order is followed, that is, placing the subject first, the verb next, and after it the complement direct or indirect. The adjective precedes the word to which it is joined ; the name governed is placed before the verb Media eid it Thus the relative position of words and phrases sup- plies the changes and inflexions used in the lan- guages of the Western nations. The same word may, in a Chinese phrase, be now a noun and now a verb, scouting to_the position it occupies. This is illustrated in the following two verses of a Chi- nese Ode on patience : ‘ E Pih VW jin he Ko ars’ . Jin Pih Ko Ko Pih Jin The song of pationce w Ot universal patience sings. ing ie ee The word Ko, a substantive in the first line be- comes a verb in the second only from its position. In their writings, * See Arte © , Prologo. }.Geeaigies dea angus Chineoise, by Abel Ré- © Chinese use very few or none of those juces the number of generos or radicals to 129, (see Arte China.) also his musat. China, is called primitives by English, differengas | particles which are so abunda Portuguese, and phonetiques by French writers. | guage, and which are so nece of the last two denominations gives a clearer | and precision. The favorite style | nt in our own lan- seary to perspicuit yle of the bee anf ters is laconic and concise. ‘The preclamations of magistrates, official documents, diplomatic corres- pondences, are always elaborately written, in this forcible and concise style, It must be admitted, however, that what it gains in laconism, it often looses in perspicuity. Foreignere, even those who are well conversant with the language, often tind themselves perplexed in the interpretations of Chi- nese documents, by this extreme laconism, and also by the fact, that no punctuation is used te mark the completion of sentences, nor any capital letters for names. B The invariable nature of the Chinese characters may be considered as one of the chief causes which contribute to the ntenance of the national union of the immense Chinese population. Various dia- lects are spoken in the provinces, some of which, particularly those of Kwang Tung and Tukien, dif- fer as widely, if not more, from each other, as the French does from the Spanish or the Italian ; but the written language’is the same all over the Empire. e Kwan Hwa, that is the la e of the edu- cated class, or as itis generall AI by foreign- ers, the Mandarin dialeet, is the standard of pro- nunciation and locution throughout the country. Arhe pronunciation of the Kwan Kwa itself diflers ac- cording to that of Nanking, the ancient Capital of China, and still the seat of polite studies and] litera- taste, or that of Peking, the present Capital of ina. The Chinese write with a hair pencil, the char- acters being placed in vertical lines from top to bot- tom and from right to left. And it must be conce- ded, by those who are familiar with the subject, that whatever superiority our alphabetic letters may pos- sess (as they incontestably do from their small num- ber and their phonetic nature,) the Chinese charac- ters far surpass ours in graphic beauty, in variety and picturesque effect, and in the forcible and im- pressive manner in which thought is sometimes conveyed by its pictorial form. The Chinese is deficient in several sounds which are found in the alphabets of Western languages, such as: r, b, d,x,z. This deficiency renders it difficult to pronounce or write a foreign name in Chinese. Besides, all the characters being syllabic, it 18 Necessary, in writing a foreign name, to em- ploy a syllable’ for each letter in it. This often so disguises the name that it is difficult to recognise it. For instance, the name Florida, would have to be written, Fe-lo-le-ta. As each written sign has a meaning, and as the Chinese attach importance to the meaning of names, it becomes an object worthy of attention, in writing a foreign name of a country or a sovereign, to se- lect such characters, the meaning of which 1s most appropriate. The word President, for instance, mustbe pronounced in Chinese, Pe-le-se-tien-te. and the characters with which it is Written are calcula- ted to ire the Chinese a proper idea of the func- tions of the person invested with such a title. These characters are as follows : tical compositions and in all their fine | and about sixty laymen. Ye Pe, Controlling, or governing t - Le, Reason, principle A Tien, Heaven. ’ tO: Earth. ‘Thus the whole word, Pe-/e-se-tien-te conveys, ag nearly as possible, to a Chinese ear, the sound of Pre- sident, whilst at the same time it contains the idea of a Chief Magistrate, who be according to the principles of reason ina Western land. Difficulties, in regard to the pronunciatien of cer- tain letters, exist in our Western languages, though not to the same extent. The sound of the Spanish jota cannot be written in the French language, nor can the French j or f. (as in juge,) be repseeenier! by English letters. The ridiculous blunders we re- proach to the Chinese, when they pronounce or write foreign names are committed to the same ex- tent, when foreigners attempt to pronounce Chinese words. Thus, for instance, Hung-fu-tsz, we pro- nounce Confucius, of Meng Tsz we make Mencius, Kwang Tung, we transform into Canton. The Chi- nese word chuen, a vessel, has been adopted in the English vocabulary under the disguise of junk. But the most curious travestie of Chinese words, is that of Tsung Tuh, the title of the Governor General of Canton, and which in the mouth of foreigners be- came transformed into John Tuk.* I conclude this essay with the following sentence of Pére Prémare, who was certainly the most quali- fied, by his profound studies, to express an opinion on the Chinese language. i “The mchness, beauty and force, of this lan- wage, arising from the use of certain characters, From various particles, and from numerous res of speech, challenge our admiration to a wonderiul cee dearest with high regard, ‘our very ob’t serv’t, S. Hernisz, Late Attache of the U. S. Mission to China. Washington, 6th May, 1845. This is equal to the pun made by the wags of Paris on the name of Wellington, pronouncing it Vilain- ton. ‘ i ‘ + Notitia Linguae Sinicae, by Pére Prémare,” cha ll. This excellent work, the best incontestably to part a knowledge of the genius of the Chinese lan- wage, was under press at Macao when the writer left that city, in an English translation by Mr. Bridgman. Tam sir, ¥ Boston. [Correspondence of the Herald.) Bosrox, June 7, 1845.—2) P. M. Capt. Flowery Convicted. The case of the Spitfire, Capt. Peter Flowery, in the U. 8. District Court, which has engaged the court for six days, has this moment been decided. ‘The jury, after an absence of upwards of an hour, have just come in with a verdict of guilty—but recommending the prisoner to mercy. The U.S, District Attorney, Hon. Robert Rantoul, Jr., has added new laurels to his already exalted reputation as a lawyer. It is admitted on ail sides that his closinj argument in this cause, was one of the most brilliant and powerful efforts that has ever been listened to at the Suf- iolk bar. Ina most able speech of some three hours, he. completely demolished the well managed and ingenius defence set up by the prisoner's counsel, and in a clear, lucid, succinct strain of eloquence, he rivetted the at- tention of the jury to every point which weighed upon the case, from beginning to end. The court room was crammeé to its full, and but one opinion is heard in refe- rence to the closing plea of the counsel forthe govern- ment. Mr. Rantoul has outdone himself, and the result cannot but be flattering to hie feelings under the circum- stanc The prisoner will be sentenced on Monday. ‘The punishment cannot ve less than imprisonment three years and a fine of $1000, nor more than seven years and $5000 fine. In haste, S. 5. Prrrssurc.—The committee appeinted to dis- tribute the relief fund have made report of their proceedings, from which we extract the following infor- mation :—The $60,000 subscription of the State was de- clined ; the amount received from other sources was $134,341 ; there were 344 persons ascertained to have lost each less than $100, altogether amounting to $19,620, and to those one-half is recommended to be paid ; 344 whose losses are between $100 and $500 cach, altogether deing $91,736, are to receive one-fourth of their losses ; there are 239 under $2,500; 69 under $10,000, and 5 under $30,000; and those are to receive the balance of the fund, after a reservation of $10,000 to meet future claims, which shall be, in the meai ile, loaned at three per cent per annum, to those losers who do not wish to accept any of the charity. A Hienway Rowpery AND ATTEMPT TO MURDER.— At half-past one o’clock on Saturday morning, as Mr. Geo. W. Iseminger, butcher, of Southwark, Philadel- hia, was going from his residence to his slaughter- jouse, he was overtaken between Third and Fourth streets, near Wharton, and immediately opposite the Methodist Church, by. two villains, who came up behind him, aad immediately knocked him down with blud? geons, robbed him of about $90 which he had with him, and then cut his forehead, and attempted to cut his throas with a knife. Fortunately, however, his life was saved by his neck-handkerchief, which was cut completely through. Ertscorat, CONVENTION Micui@an.—The Epis- copal Convention for the diocese of Michigan com- menced its session to-day ; the hop of the diocese pre- siding. Some thirty of the clergy were in atte Last week steps were ta! for the formation of a new Episcopal church (in this city) —this should have been done two years ago—the church under the charge of Bishop McCoskry has increased as} tonishingly ; and the same remark ‘will apply to his whole diocese, Livingston’s Detroit Letter, o