The New York Herald Newspaper, May 10, 1845, Page 10

THE HOLY ANNUAL HERALD. Association of American Geologists and Naturalists. New Haven, Thursday Morning, } May i, 1345. Professor Cussrer Dewey, of Rochester, took the chair at 9$ clock, and immedi- ately called the meeting to order. The Secretary read the minutes of the session of Wednesday after- noon, which were adopted. The business committee reported, through Pro- fessor Rogers, and offered a programme for the morning session, and recommended that the me- morial addressed to the Secretary of the Navy, by a committee appointed for that purpose, should be first taken up. Professor Rocers then read the correspondence that had taken place with the Secretary of the Navy, in reference to this memorial, and alse the document itself. Its object was to induce the government to set on foot, under the direction of naval officers of the United States, a comprehensive series of obser- vations on the geology and natural history of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this country, on the fluctuations of the gulph stream, its true course, depth, velocity and temperature, and variation of the compass. It intunated the alleged existence of a large shoal on the Florida coast, of counter currents in the Atlantic, as well as one supposed to set in from the Chinese Sea to the Northern Paeific. It also strongly recommended a systematic course of obser- vations on the formation of shoals, corals, mollusca, and all marine productions; on the altitude, declina- tion, right ascension, &c., of the heavenly bodies; all these, and numerous others, were mentioned in the memorial as fit subjects for the investigation of the able and scientific men employed in the naval service of the country, whose services in this cause would greatly redound to the benefit of the country and of the world. Prrsipexr.—What order will you take on this report ? It is open for discussion. ‘The report was adopted, and, on motion of the Secre- tary. the committee was continued over till next year, lie Presipenr said that the subject called for any in- formation that members acquainted with it could com- municate. (A pause) If there, are no remarks to be made, we wil proceed to the business next in order, Mr. Secretary. Here are papers (taking them from the Secre- tary) on'the subject of drifts ; also, a paper on a chain of erratic rocks in Massachusetts. Mr. 8. Rerp read the paper on the erratic rocks—de- tailed their course, their height, formation, and scenery, and ended by confessing his inability to account for the origin of these rocks. Prof. Hircucocx observed that he had accompanied Mr. Reed in his observations, and could not aceount for their curious appearances. The line, many miles long, and but a few yards wide, presented an extraordinary ap- earance ; and, on the theory of drift, it was strange the agments were not rounded, but quite angular. He an- ticipated some developments from the geological survey of Vermont. How could these boulders be transported ? Water could not do it—it was incapable of strewing them along, over hills, for a course of forty miles. Nor could icebergs do it. He was not committed to any particular theory, and, therefore, could freely give any suggestion to Prof. Rogers, or any other gentleman. Dr. Jagxson said he agreed with the view of Professor Hitchcock,,as to the formation of erratic rocks. They had often seen chains of rocks and gravel presenting the appearance of arailroad embankment. At the Saulte St Marie there were found depositions of every kind of rock found on the shores of Lake Superior, both angular and rounded. Some of them were brought by causes now in action ; but the most elevated were of a more ancient origin, and were formed when the Lake stood at a much higher level, as it certainly did at one time. When this country was covered with water, the water would bring reat boulders from place to place ; and, believing that Hioice islands of the Atlantic were capable of transport- ing any mass of rock, he was disposed to regard the agency of masses of ice, in depositing these chains of er- ratie rocks, as probable. The Presivenr said that the difficulty ofthis subject was the magnitude of these masses of rock. The chain of hills butween Connecticut and Massachusetts arose be- tween one thousand and fourteen hundred feet, and it was hard to suppose the transportation of these isolated masses of erratic rocks over this line. Dr. Barrarr called the attention of Professor Hitch- cock to immense boulders of a rounded form, and of a spe- cies of yellow quartz, in the region of his observations. He would ask ifthere were any means of ascertaining the level of the Connecticut river 1,000 years ago His attention had been directed to the h a of the Con- necticut river, from the fact that the river Nile was now found to be 24 feet lower than it was 1,000 years ago. Professor Hrrencocx said that the terraced valleys on the borders of the Connecticut was the only thing to throw light on the subject. From all he knew there was no change in the level of that stream—at least within the memory of man. Dr. Jackson referred to a chasm through which the Merrimack flowed, and whieh led to the influence that its course was a thousand feet higher at a former period than now. In Grafton, Orange County, there were wells found on a high ridge, showing that water must have been flowing there at a period when perhaps the level of the continent was very much lower than at present. Professor Sizistan observed, in reference to the drift theory, that he was uncommitted to any theory; he would observe that they were not accustomed to attribute enough importance to the agency of ice and water in transporting rocks. He was told by gentlemen that they had seen an ice island several miles in extent, and of im- mense height. Inthe Antarctic ocean, a friend had coast- ed along an ice island for seventy miles, and was unable toround it. Such enormous masses of floating ice would be adequate to transport all the rocks spoken of, and in view of this he thought they should attach more impor- tance to there forces, although they might not in all cases be able to clearly explain their action. Mr. Dana said he was extremely happy to hear those opinions frem Professor Silliman. In the Southern Ocean afriend of his had sailed a whole day along an ice island ina boat; it was forty miles long, and he was of opinion that the more they knew of these islands, the more they would be satisfied with the agency of ice in transporting rocks, according to the views stated. Frequently, smaller masses of ice had been seen bearing masses of boulders, and they were not always to attribute the removal of these boulders to the largest ice islands. D- 3. Rep arose to explain some particulars, which he had omitted in relation to the position of the erratic rocks on which he had reported. In the Richmond valley, these boulders were found resting upon another elevation, forty feet high, showing that there must have been a power in action to form this elevation, previous to that which pro- duced the boulders. Professor Hircucock was dubious on the successive passage of tides, or ocean waves in the same narrow track, for a distance of forty miles, and such a supposition was necessary to account for the detached position of these erratic rocks, without the agency of icebergs. Dr. 8. Rerp was pleased with the suggestion of the gentleman; he had fiven his views, not because he was portectly satisfied with them, but as they were the best he found. Dr. Jackson made some further explanation as to the ac- tion of ice islands in Lake Superior, and pointed out the curious fact of a portion ofearth containing copper being found at iver, although there was no copper ore found on any spot on the borders of the lake, unless at Isle Royal, 40 miles distant from the isolated, and evident- ly transported mass alluded to. Professor Rovarrs admired the assiduity evinced by the gentleman, in treating the subject. In rela- tion to the main point, the subject of drift rocks, he would read a few remarks of his own. (Reads a de- scription of four different hypothesis.) All these theories presupposed the entire submergence of the continent at a former period. He had before challenged any member of the Society to prove that the level of the continent was ever more than 100 feet lower than at present. In the val- lies of the Ohio and Missisippi, there were no marine de- posits, or remains to prove it. At Albany, in the Cham- plain ‘valley, at West Point, and along all the northern rivers, there were found marine shells in abundance, but im other parts this essential proof was wanting ; and he thought it was little use to dwell upon these theories about drift rocks as a proof that the globe was once sub- merged, if they could not prove the inferior level of the mountains at a former period. Before theyspeculated upon the removal of rocks by ice, they must first bring down the hills to the level of the ocean, when the ice could operate upon their m ‘They were aware that the tide wave crossed over the globe twice in 24 hours ; there were, however, other waves. Recently, having occa- sion to examine volcanic action in the case of the earth- quake of Lisbon, it was ascertained that the tide wave caused by volcanic action, was known to move with a velocity of 30 miles an hour. Under these circumstances, how simple was it to account for the theory of the removal of rocks by these immense earthquake billows. The difficulty of properly appreciating the force of there physical dynamics could only be surmounted by extending their ideas of the vastness of their force in a degree commensurate with the resistance encountered, As to the angle in the direction of those drift rocks, it could be easily accounted for by the motion of two tide waves. Professor Sin.iman ber ae that the gentleman whose eloquent remarks had been just listened to, would Go as far as any other geologist, and admit that there Was no occasion for bringing down the level of moun- tains, for the time was when they were all submerged,— He saw no discrepancy between those who regard ice @nd those who looked upon water as the translating agent—the one theory did not go so far as the other in appreciating the force of ice and water respectively. He ought that the subject of drift, one of the most import- ‘ent in geology, was drawing to a crisis, and he confessed he saw no great diversity in the essential nature of the two views. Mr. Dana concurred in the views of Professor Silliman—nor would he deny that there was not enough Weight attached to the force of water as a physical dy- namic. ‘On motion of Mr. sent, laid on the tal Mr. Reorieio, Senr., read a made by Mr. Redfield, Jr. by dire which ‘was illustrated by Whilst these were being arran, Rexp, the subject was, for the pre- rt on fossil fishes, ion of the Society, variety of specimens.— ed, Professor Si..iman arose said, if no arrangement was made for the following evening, he would be happy to see the members at his house ; and if any stranger wished to go, he would accompany them atthe next titled “a review of chemical theories, by Mr. J. D. Whitpley ? It was based on the Atomic theory of D: ton, and ingeniously discussed the leading properties of matter, heat temperature, affinity, cohesion, impenetra- bility, elasticity and a variety of other topics. Some of his views seemed very visionary, and speculative. Professor Rocens, after the conclusion of the fey, of the paper, moved for the appointment of the gene: committee, which was carried ; and the Chair named the following to compose the Committee :— Professor Dewey ; B. Silliman, jr.; The Treasurer ; Dr. ©. J. Jackson ; Dr. Binney ; H. D. Rogers ; Professor Sil- liman ; Professor Hitchcock ; J. M. Redfield; J, C, Booth ; John L. Hayes ; J. D. Dana; E. C. Herrick. Professor Hrrencock arose and said, that atthe last meeting held at Boston, he read a paper entitled “notes on the geology of Central Asia,” which had been inserted in the transactions of the Society, Since then he had re- ceived a large number of specimens in natural history. One of those, a small bottle of water from the Caspian sea formed the subject of a long oral communication, in which he detailed the results of its chemical analysis, both by him and another operator in New York, which unfortunately proved inconsistent and very different. He read an extract from the letter of Mr. Abbott, the British Consul at Cairo, announcing his having procured the Caspian water ‘through a Russian Commodore, com- manding at Astrabad. Another specimen, he also ha but as it was from the Bay of Astrabad, and essential! different from the other, he would no further refer to ‘These waters abounded in sulphurated hydrogen, and study of the subject was important, and he believed would lead to the conclusion that th virulent fevers and dangerous malaria prevalent on the Coast of Africa, and certain regions of Asia, would be found to be gene- rated by sulphurated hydrogen. He had a long series of observations from the Rev. Mr. Merrick, from Persia, but as there were a number of specimens coming, he would not follow the subject now. Professor Boorn said that the opinions presented by Professor Hitchcock were plausible. He spoke of an examination made of the Schuylkill and Croton water; at one period the former was slightly the purest, but the Croton contained less solid matter now. He called at- tention to the existence of silicain water, and recom- mended those who tested water to attend to this, as the best German authorities had said that silica held an im- portant place as a solvent in water. Dr. Jackson and Dr. Banxarr made a few remarks upon the foreign matter in water ; the former concurred with Professor Booth, that the presence of shell fish in water had a tendency to purity it, by absorbing the lime and calcarous matter held in solution. EVENING SESSION, Harr Past 7 o’cnocx. At the opening of the session this evening the College lecture room presented a more gay and lively appear- ance than it has hitherto worn; it was very well lighted, and several ladies came and ‘occupied the transverse seats on the left of the rostrum. he first paper to be read was announced from the Chair as one “on the foot marks found on the sand stone rocks of the valley of the Connecticut river.” Dr. Bannart took his stand and proceeded with the readidg of his treatise. The first thing dwelt upon w the track of an animal, which he considered was a bird; a drawing of the foot mark was submitted. The second sketch was of a foot mark bearing no resemblance to that of any species of animal extant, but the author thought it was like that of the Hippopotamus. Another was equally singular, and was regarded as moro like an elk than any other; this was found in a soft sand stone, and were becoming every year more distinct by the gradual removal of a coat of blue grit which had cover- ed them. All the most interesting marks that came from Middletown, were found in a quarry about a mile distant from it, and he predicted if that quarry were again open- ed it would be fruitful in like curiosities. Several other tracks of birds were found there, some of which were eigiiteen inches long. On one slab of gray sand stone he found a track four inches long, and a dozen smaller ones, showing that the animals must have been numerous there. Professor Hrrcncock read a haper on the ‘fos- sil footmarks of New England.” Jhis paper was to be accompanied by sketches of the marks, but they were not ready at that time. A long classifration of the genera and species of these animals followed; of the former there were twenty, of the latter thirty five. Several of the names bestowed on them were boitowed from members of the association, and many otters were grotesque enough; but in giving them, the author said that he had endeavored to be explicit and comprehensive, and above allto be consistent with the principles of comparative anatomy. Professor Sitzimay next submitted a paper on the new fossil foot marks found in sand stone. In commencing,the speaker observed that when first these discoveries wet submitted to him, he, as a teacher of science and the edi- tor of a scientific journal, felt bound to take up the mat- fer, and accordingly had made exertions to bring them to the notice of other countries. The fir: ‘ho adopted his communication was Professor Buckland, in his Bridewa- ter Treatise, where he had regularly’ given credit to Professor Hitchcock for the discovery, as an important light thrown on the progress of life on'our Globe. Pro- fessor Silliman prefaced the reading of the paper by some interesting remarks, to make it more intelligible ih reference to the age in which the animals making the tracks existed, and also as to theirclass. He was of opi- nion that they Were of the Saurian tribe, which were the exclusive denizens of this globe in the age preceding that of the coal formation—the redundant terrestrial ve- getation and the creation of quadrupeds. Professor Rocers made some remarks on the Pennsy]- vania foot marks, and their position in the apalachian for- mation. In doing so he had occasion to speak of the great coal field which extended in that and other central and Southern States over 63,000 square miles—an area equal to that of all England, and the half of Scotland. He concluded by recommending the Society tobe cautious in committing themselves on the subject of these tracks until more facts were known. After afew words from Mr. Haldeman and Professor Rogers, Professor Silliman moved that a committee be atest to follow up the investigation of the Philadel- phia tracks. ‘The Cuarr named Professor Rogers, Mr. Haldman and Professor Hitchcock, and the society unanimously con- firmed the nomination. Dr. Bannatr followed in reply to Professor Rogers. He appeared to doubt the reality of these footmarks, and said thaf in all his researches he never could find any such mar Professor Rocens acknowledged the ingenuity of some remarks that had fallen from Mr. Barratt, and said he re- garded it as part of the duty of the committee to attend to it. He was of opinion that ifany ofthese tracks were in relief, it proved fatal to the theory. Professor Hitcucocx agreed with the last speaker, as to the force of the tracks being found in relief. On this matter he had conversed with Mr. Lyell, the Geologist, and con- fessed to him that if—out of the two thousand tracks ke had seen, he had found one in relief, which he never did— he would give up his theory; to which Mr. Lyell replied, that if he found only one, he would prefer striving to ac- count for it, rather than forego the testimony of the Dr. Bixwry would ask if our knewledge of the past his- tory of our lobe depended upon an acquaintance with dead birds, how long it would require to become conver- sant with the subject; for, out of the thousands of species of birds, he was certain not one there ever had seen eight different kinds of dead birds, unless on the table. The Society adjourned hero, till half past nine o’clock on Friday. New Haven, Fripay, May 2, 1845. The Association met at ten this morning, and were busied for half an hour with the usual routine business. A few slight alterations being made in the record of the minutes, Dr. Barrarr read a paper entitled “ Evidences of Congelation in the Red Sandstone, exhibited by regular triangular and rhombic marks, of great dis- tinctness.” After noticing the bearing of this conge- lation see on the temperature of the earth, at the earlier periods of animal life, and his finding ice in the form of rhombs and triangles, in February, 1841, he added, in 2 pe to the sandstone, that the marks were produced by a pressure of lines in cor- responding figures when in a soft state. For a long time he had recorded every appearance of ice, for the purpose of throwing Night upon the past action of congelation in the production of these imprints in rocks. Dr. Barrett concluded by inviting gentle- men to accompany him to a building alluded to by him, where certain marks were to ite seen, in va- rious forms, and which he regarded as decidedly of an icy origin. B. Sturiman, Jr., arose to say, that in certain soft argillaceous beds in Pennsylvania he had observed marks such as described by Dr. Barrett, but he did not ascribe it to the same causes, but rather regard- ed it as the eflect of causes which act in the forma- tion of such species of rocks. Mr. Jousron thought that the rhomboidal struc- ture talked of by Dr. Barrett was entirely distinct from that alluded to by Mr. Silliman. he Presipent asked Dr. B. ifhe regarded the triangu- lar diagram as possessing any thing peculiar; he ob- pit at he had represented them as of about 60 de- rees. Dr. Bannatr yon he took no measurement—he had taken a sketch of them at random. Prof. Suevano said the measurement was a matter of importance; for his part he was not planation given of those marks, for he supposed time of their formation, he thought the temperature of the earth was much higher’ than was essential to Dr. B.’s hypothe. sis, Dr, Bannarr observed that he had anticipated some op- position, and had taken care to make a long series of me= teorological observations, which he would be happy to show to any gentlemen ; at present he had them not with im. Maw Was glad to hear the remarks of Dr. B., ht that they could not afford so much time in speculation, there being many things of at least equal im- portance to take up; besides, if they devoted too much time to it, they might freeze themselves. A Memuen assured Dr, B. that no opposition was given to his theory more than that which was requisite and usu- al to test any hypothesis brought before the Association. He would move that the Chair should appoint a commit. tee to pursue the inyestigation and report the result to the Society. The Cusin nominated Prof. Hitcrcock, Dr. Bannatr, and Mr. Reprietn, and so the question dro] ped. Mr. Janes D. Dana read an essay ‘On the orgin of the constituent and adventitious minerals of trap and the al- lied rocks.” This paper, was so long and elaborate, and ning to the top of the hill contiguous, whence could be seen the adjacent scenery, the geological features of the region in the vicinity of New Haven, which was rather celebrated. The friendly overtures of Professor Silliman, and also that of Professor Shepard, before alluded to, were ac. cepted by the Society, who agreed to visit both these gentlemen at their residences on this and the following evening. Adjourned tfil half past 2 o'clock. AFTERNOON SESSION. ‘The first business done was the reading of a paper en- the language so technical, that it is hardly practicable to give aclear synopsis of it. Pursioenr—It is the wish of the business committee te proceed with the reading of all those papers and leave bean open to been atonce. The next paper is “On the nature of minerals accompan: y which intersect various rocks.” oe ee Dr. Jackson proceeded with his statement, which, he said he desired to make an appendix to that just read on the trap rocks. Some interesting faots were st ted by him in relation to the different ‘finds of minerals which Were found at the places of contact of these intrusive ‘rap rocks, with limestone, sandstone, and calcareous Spar. He also stated that phosphate was found to exist in water, although the fact of it being essentiul to the osseo fishes, Was overlooked by naturalists. Professor Siuiman, in making a few remarks suggest- ed by the statements of Dr. Jackson, exhibited some rich and mas pecimens of copper ore, found in sandstone atthe place of its contact with trap rocks. One speci- men was from Lake Superior, another from Connecticut, ashort distance from New Haven, where, at a former period, a mass of the purest copper, weighing 1001bs , was found bya mechanic of New Haven, and used for purposes of his business for a long timo. Professor Si.uiman drew the attention of the Society to the first volume of the transactions of the Society which had been just published, and passed a handsome eulogium upon the work, observing—not, he said, that they were constrained to go to Kurope for a proper esti- mation of their own books—that, both here and abroad it had been pronounced by the ablest men as a volume doing credit to this country. He, therefore, would again commend it, and advise members to not only give it their support, but make an effort to spread its circulation mong their frieads and the triends of science. re ‘The PrxsiveNT introduced the report of the nominating Committee, which passed unanimously. ‘The following is the list of new members contained in the Toport:— Professors H. Coffin, Norwalk; Dr. W. Tulley, New Haven; Dr. James G.' Percival, do.; Rev. James Esta- brook, President of Tennessee ‘College; O. Root, Esq., Utica, N. ¥.; Rev. Justin Perkins, Rev. J. H. Van Len- nep, Constantinople ; Rey. Ebenezer Burgess, India; Samuel Wells, Esq., Northampton, Mass.; Thomas R. Fynchean, Hartford; Robert Bakewell, New Haven;~Dr. ilves, New Haven; Eli Blake, do.; Dr. King, Penn.; Rev, J. J. Dana, Canaan, N, Y.; Dr. W. W. Reed, Ro- chester; Thomas H. Weld, Mount Savage, Maryland. Professor Hircucocx addressed the Society ‘ on cer- tain remarkable facts respecting the magnetic polarity of trap rocks.” A short treatise, entitled Some Reminiscences of the Geology of Jamaica (W. 1.), viz., a recent elevation of the Island; the absence of drift—a new geological agent,” by C.B. Adams, occupied the meeting till it adjourned, at one o’clock. istence there, and of art of the structure of AFTERNOON SESSION, Havr-rast 2 O'CLock. The Presipentistated the subjects prescribed by the business committee for the remainder of the day. Professor Jounson offered the following resolution : “Resolved, That committees may be appointed from year in the vicinity of all the principal Northern rivers emptying into the Atlantic Ocean from the territory of the United States, to make the necessary measurements and experiments, and to ascertain, as accurately as may be, the amount of sedimentary matter annually carried by them into the ocean.” Professor Dewxy thought it would be better to defer the nomination of the committee till next day. Professor Loomis was of opinion that it would be more desirable to appoint a committee at once. Professor Oumstep suggested that the better way would be to appoint a committee composed of a limited number, with power to add to their number. Professor Jounsvon, at the suggestion of the Chair, withdrew the motion for the present. Professor Dewey arose to read a oper “On the orp sum of the State of New York.” These rocks, he said, occupied a great extent among the upper transition rocks, and in masses of different sizes, imbedded in the rocks somet: partially chrystalized, at others so well as to be beautiful silenite. His principal object was to dwell upon the rocks with which it was ciated. The general opinion was that it occupied a line by itself, whereas the fact was that it was found in isolated masses in other sorts of rock ; therefore, when he spoke of gyp- sum, he did not speak of it as a stratum, although he might do so of the gypsyferous earth. When common people name objects not known to them, they must do So in accordance with some obvious quality, or appear- ance, or association ; 80 gypsum was called ashes. One peculiarity in it is, that wherever found, the rock over it ‘was curved; and when in contact with limestone, the latter was cracked in small pieces, giving color to the notion of the common people, that it was still up-heaving. ‘After stating numerous facts in proof that gypsum was not of a continuous formation, or connected stratum, he alluded to Some plausible theories as to its formation. Some accounted for it through the presence of sulphu- rite of calcium, but this he discarded, as no such sub- stance was to be found in the earth--it was to be had ouly in the laboratory of the chemist; others associated its Origin with chrystalization. As to the curves and cracks, which suggested the idea of upheaving, he was more disposed to attribute it to the settling of the mass on loose earth after solidification, as the settling would present the same appearance. After making seve- ral other remarks, the Speaker said that he did so for the purpose of bringing the subject before the Society, for the purpose of ascertaining the position if gypsum were the same in other places. The Presipent invited members to state whatever facts they were acquainted with; but no communication being made on the subject, i Dr. Jackson arose and addressed the meeting on the Barometer. He set out with stating that no instrument was usually more imperfect than the barometer, and the price was inthe inverse proportion to its perfection. ‘Those procured for the use of the N. E. Survey from England were not true; although those imported from that country were much better than those made in the United States, whilst the French were still more valua- ble. Then followed a description of a simple contrivance for serving all the purposes sought to be secured by the barometers now in use, and submitted an unfinished specimen of the instrument. It consisted of a glass tube about two inches long and one and a fourth inch in di- ameter; to one end was attached, by a screw, a cylindri- cal receptacle of bell metal to ‘hold the mercury, to which again was attached another tube in the shape of an inverted cove, covered by a leather cover, and through this operated the pressure of the atmosphere. The upper portions of the structure were described in detail and were exeecdingly simple, and probably for that not the less perfect. Dr. J. acknowledged the aid afforded to him in his troublesome experiment to make a good barometer to Mr. J. H. Temple, of Boston, whose skill in brass work was not to be exceeded in any country. A Memnen—What will be the cost of these barome- ? Jacksen—Sixt dollars—the sum charged for those now in use, and which are worth nothing. Dr J.. ended by advising scientific men to keep perfect instru ments, as their results were sure and satisfactory, whilst bad ones were an endless source ef annoyance and er- ror. He was sure that an average of ten measurements of the altitude of a mountain barometrically would be found more accurate than if done trigonometrically. Professor Oumatey begged to say that the thanks of the Association, and of the country, were due tof Dr. J. for the pains taken by him to improve the barometer, and also for instructing an able mechanic in his improvements, who would furnish the country with what was so much wanted—a periect specimen of this useful instrument. This subject having dropped, the Prxswwexr advised the meeting to resume the inquiry on the minerals asso- oe with trap rocks, which had beenalready before them. Professor Rocens first rose to the conceive the p lity of external through the solid bed of rock: osits of waters were found juestion. He did not waters permeating ind where wells and de- trata of rocks, he thought it would be found to be of the precise kind, and a portion of those waters in whiclf the particles of the substances were first deposited ; as, for instance, the brine wells found in part of the State of New York, were portions of the ancient ocean, displaced by these deposites. The idea of currents of water from the surface of the earth, or the air, pa: ing into solid stata, he could not at all un- derstand. He did not mean to deny the existence of hy- drous minerals ; that was one mode of segregation ; biti there were mineral solutions of igneous as well as aque- ous origin. What he meant was, that where these were found, the water containing them was as old as the mat- ters they held in solution. Mr. J. D. Dana explained some views expressed in the morning in relation to this topic. Mr. Strruen Reep, Dr. Jackson, and Professor Sxrr- uenp, spoke briefly. ' The latter expressed his belief that the question on which they were now engaged was like the great one of corpuscular action, full of difficulty; and while he thanked Mr. Dana for bringing up the matter in the form he did, pegged to be excused if he stated some of the obstacles to beliefin his views. Professor 8. then repeated in detail some incongruities in the reasons gS for the origin of these mineral Waters in rocks by Mr. D. and others. Professor Sintimax, after a few refffirks. in illustration, thought that we were yet far off'a proper appreciation of the immense forces—such as fire, water, pressure, &¢.— which are in active operation in this globe, and which are constantly engaged in the production of vast changes and effects in the elements composing its mass. Yet the age, the efforts being made, the importance of the investiga- tion, promised that, at no distant period, an approxima- tion, far in advance of our present position, would be made to a proper appreciation of these powers. The Paesipenr again called to the notice of the Socie- ty its fiscal affairs. “Since he spoke of the matter in the morning, he believed all the members then present had complied with his suggestion. If any others, not then present, had sinee arrived, they would do well to pay their assessment. Professor Rocrrs again brought up the question of the memorial to the government, which was made matter of discussion on the day before. In dwelling briefly on the importance of the matter, he alluded to the pains taken by foreign governments in regard to similar subjects, and desired to see a committee appointed, and the discus- sion pursued among members. Mr. Hays and Dr, Jackson spoke. The latter said, that when professionally engaged onthe coast of Maine, he had paid attention to the ee of the ocean’s level, and frequently conversed with old pilots and fishermen, who were invariably of the opinion that the level of the sea on that coast had sunk, or, in their language, that the rocks had sensibly grown within the memory of man, He was anxious to see a systematic plan undertaken for ascertaining the tide levels, under the auspices of gov- ernment. At Portland, measures to this end had latel been effected ; and when it was considered that the Unt. ted States had power and means, throughout the whole ocean coast to do so, it would bea matter of regret if efforts were not made to see whether we were getting up in the world or down. (Laughter.) Professor Sintiman added, that on the coast of New England, evidences, in the form of marine remains were abundant, that a difference had taken place in the eleva- tion of the sea. For one, he would be glad to see gov- ernment taking up the matter; it would not cost much, and would be well cartied into effect by the liberal mind- ed men in their employ. In immense valleys over this country, in the State of Mis: pi, the immense alluvial deposits were proofs of what had been said. He spoke of the ruins of the UA (ord forests found on the banks of the Mississippi. Of the proofs of successive growths on the alluvial soil, of the low site of New. Orleans, compared with these deposites, as bearing upon this question. After dwelling on the bad foundation of New Orleans, he said it was a matter of great importance that they should sink no farther. Professor Rocens was still doubtful of the alleged rise of the New England coast. There might have been pa- roxysmal elevations, but they were not continuous ; and as to the direction of the land at present, he was com- pletely in the dark. He thought if the matter were pro- perly brought before government, they would take it up. ‘A motion was then carried for the nomination of acom mittee, whose duty would be to memorialize the Secreta- ry of the Navy, on the questions forming the subject mat- ter of the discussion. In yesterday’s report an abstract of them was presented. The Association here adjourned till half past 9 o'clock on Saturday, New Haven, Saturday, 94, A. Professor Dewey took the chair this morning, at half-past nine o’clock. The minutes of the previous day’s transactions were adopted. Professor Suerarv proceeded to address the So- ciety on a “new locality of Meteoric Iron.” He was indebted for the information to Lieut. Flagg, of the navy, from whom he read a letter, dat- ed November 12th, 1844. The locality is St. Augus- tine’s Bay, on the south-west coast of the Island of Madagascar. ‘The writer of the letter having visited this place, gave an interesting account of the appear- -ance of the natives, through whom, having observed the prevalence of weapons of iron among them, he ascertained the locality ofthe iron. Professor Shepard observed that having procured a spear-head used by these people, he tested and found itto be of meteoric iron, and gave a detail of the analysis. It might be doubted that such a wonderful mass of meteoric iron, as is said to be in the locality under considera- tion, amounting to 16 feet in diameter, existed, whilst the largest mass hitherto known to exist was one of 16,000 lbs. ‘Whatever there was incredible in the repre- sentation, might be explained from the possibility of not perfectly understanding the statements of the na- tives in their Jittle known tongue; at all events it was certain that in whatever quantity it existed, it was decidedly meteoric. The spear-head spoken of, was here handed round for examination. After concluding this topic, the Speaker next ad- verted to his WE of a marine animal, last win- ter, which he regarded as the ancient sea hare. Concerning this animal, a variety of curious stat ments were quoted from Pliny, the yoinaey in whose days the sea hare was considered one of. the most noxious in creation, Here followed a_techni- cal description of the animal, of which, before the discovery of this specimen, none was believed to exist in our seas. After adverting to the classifica- tion of Lamare, a French naturalist, he observed that this specimen of the Lepus Marinus, did not fully correspond with the description given by the author quoted ; it differed in many important points, which he would point out to any gentleman who de- sired it. In this state of the case, he would call this animal Aplysia Caroliniana, being found on the Carolinian Coast. In reply to a question of Mr. Redfield, he gave it as his opinion, that this animal could not have been drifted from the West Indies, as it was of a different kind from the animal found there. The same gentleman then proceeded to make some observations on elastic sand stone, of which he presented a beautiful specimen, found in North Carolina. When he first became possessed of it, he became impressed with the idea of its being similar to the celebrated ela: tic sand stone of Brazil, In the course of some time, he happened to meet with a German naturalist of high repu- tation, named Von Schriver, who had been in this coun- try Se nlorng. its soinaralogy, and geology, to whom he introduced the subject. . Von 8. was in possession of abundant samples of the Brazilian ; but hesitated to sub- mit his views on the substance to ering but promised to write to Professor S, from German; is he did, and in his letter (read by Professor §.) concurred in the opinion of its being similar to the Brazilian, and quoted the authority ofa German gentleman of science, named Eckhardt, that the same production was found in the gold region of the Ural, as well as that of Brazil ; from all which circumstances, he (Professor 8.) was confi ed in the opinion that a gold mine existed in North Ca- rolina. This could be Supported by several facts, such as the finding of gold in Lincoln County, and other lo- cal In. winding up his remarks, the speaker inti- mated his intention of drawing up an account of the Brazihan gold and Platinum region, from an excellent work published in France by M. Plessis, in 1840, as it was of consequence to ascertain how far there was an snalogy between that and the region of North Carolina. Dr. Jackson quoted a very credible authority in sup- port of the presence of platina in North Carolina. Professor O1msrrv spoke of a specimen he had seen and endeavored to procure, which was found in Lincoln county, North Carolina. An interesting conversation ensued on the subject of gold discoveries in several parts of the Union. The following list of new members were proposed by the nominating committee and adopted :—Thomas Pea- body, Esq.; Henry Wheaton, M. D.; Thomas Cole, Esq. John E. Lee, Esq., all of Salem; Andrew Nicholls, M. William Ot: Ipswich; Professor G. W. Keely 5 Honorable Levi Woodbury; Lieutenant H. W. Halleck, Engineer Corps; 8. T. Olmy; George Thurber; Perkins Shepard, Providence; J. Rt. Ingalls, Greenwich, New York; M. C, Levenworth, Waterbury, Connecticut; tenant H. Flag, United States Navy ; Edward R. lor, New Haven. ir. Jackson addressed the society “en the siliceous matter in plants, with an analysis of the method of re- moving it from the fibrous and cellular matter. A de- tailed account of the process was given, and the practical benefits stated to be considerable, as affording means to procure the pure fibrous vegetable matter of plants fer the manufacture of paper. ‘The same gentleman continued to give the result of is experiments “on the Rosendale, New York, and Connecticut hydraulic cement, and’ the limestone of which it is made.” In concluding a detailed statement of an analysis, he said that the presence of potash, soda, sulphuric acid and manganese in these cements hitherto had been overlooked. Professor Rocrrs gave an illustrated course of re- marks on the changes of the slate strata of the Apala- chian range. This was a pleasing discourse and was heard with great attention. ‘Adjourned till 3 o’clock. AFTERNOON SeEssron. i ‘Tunes o’crock, P.M. The President ontaking his seat, announced the first business in order, to be remarks “ on the prevailing winds of North America.” Professor Corrin stated, that he had intended to make only an oral communication, but would read a papor. One of the greatest difficulties, and that which long de- terred him from experiments, was the occurrence of winds, from all points of the compass, in a circle of one hundred miles diameter, and the erroneous result of the common mode of calculation, in pronouncing that the pre- valent wind which predominated, even slightly, regard- loss ofthe rest. He was ofopinion that observations to determine the specific gravity and velocity, as well as the prevalence of winds, would be valuable; but for want of means, this was at present hardly practicable; yet, what he could do, we found worth attempting. He then ex- hibited an vey beter constructed chart, representing ious circular sections of the eartl surface, whose winds were represented by a shaded margin, ofa breadth proportionate to the prevalence of those winds. These were founded upon experiments made in over ties, in this country, the British possession: West Indies. The ‘winds of this country could be. demonstrated to prevail very uniformly ‘from a lit- le south of N. West—any great variation from this di} n being sed by eddies in the air. Mr.C., in conclusion, thought the subject was not one that could be investigated. The President said that gentlemen were aware of the reports from the different Colleges of the State of New York to the Regents, from whom Mr. Coffin had procured the results of their experi and he was now desir- ous of pursuing the investigation of the winds. Prof. Revrizup acknowled ized the importance of some of Mr. Coflin’s distinctions, and his claims to credit for zeal. Observations made by him gave the same results as those of Mr. C. The track of a storm was the truest indication of its course. He would shortly be prepared to give a his- tory of a great hurricane, 800 mil road, Passing over Central JAmerica towards the island of Jamaica, and thence to the Northern Atlanti Prof. Suerano said that thanks were due to Mr. Coffin for his labors ; they were frequently entertained by Mr. Redfield with oral communications on this subject, and he thought it would be desirable that the gentlemen should pursue their enquiries. In the meantime he arose te speak of the necessity for app inting a committee to ar- range subjects for reports at their next annual meeting. Oumstep coincide the suggestion, and trusted rof. that the subject of the winds would not be ba oat Prof. Suxranv suggested that Prof. Redfield and Mr. Coffin should pursue their observations in concert. Mr. Revrieto slightly differed from the last speaker, It would be found much more satisfactory to leave it in the hands of an individual ; and there should be no conflict of opinion; no compro: then the report would com- mand justly moreweight. The Society then, by vote, requested Mr. Coffim to carry out his observations, Mr. Redfleld having declined, Professor Siuiman, after afew words, highly complic mentary to Mr. Taylor, an English naturalist, now enga. ged in composing a work on coal, submitted a report of hat gentleman's on “the coal mines.” Professor Rocras observed that the work Mr. Taylor ‘was now engaged in was the only one uadertaken on the extent and distribution of fossil fuel throughout the world, although it was the greatost of all mineral gifts of the Creator, and the source of all mechanical #k national industry, wealth and power. It would be work which no’ public library, certainly no geologist’s library, could be without, and he felt it his duty and pleasure to contribute in ‘any way to the promotion of Mr. T.’s enterprise. Professor Bariey read a paper on “Plants of the gent Rhizomorpha.” A short desultory conversation on,phos- phoretic woods and minerals. Dr. Jacxson then made an interesting address “on the copper region of Lake Superior.” A brief description, he said, of that tract of country might not prove uninter- esting to the scientific community at a time when public attention is towards thatcountry, and mining enterprise about to be Ni gee in by many companies and individu- als, Some had too exalted views with regard to the value of mines, while others were as much in error in over- looking and neglecting opportunities for good investments of capital. It should, however, be distinctly understood, that he who purchased a mine eae only a workshop —- the raw material which was ‘to be rendered valuable by labor and skil.l It was requisite, then, in the er that he should understand his business and’ know the extent and value of his stock as far as it could be as- certained, and how to convert it at the cheapest rate into merchandise of value. It often happened that the oxtent and value of a metaliferous lode might be ascer- d liability of the lode to change in character. Geological science should come to our aid in investigations of th kind, and it would be well if more attention were paid to the phenomena of mineral veins and the associations of metalliferous ores. Geology had been reproached for not giving ade information on this subject, and so it had en left to the mineralogist and practical miner, The subject was one of much practical and scientific interest, and he would therefore commend it to the special attention of those who might have occesion explore localities where the phenomena alluded to might be studied. Ch | found at the juncture of mistry would also take its part in researches of this cna- racter; for nature often presented chemical facts very different from those coming under observation in the la- boratory, and others, fine illustrations of well known peecie 8. _He might have occasion to refer to this sub- ject hereafter, and would now pass directly to the con- ideration of the mineral region of Lake Superior. On ntering St. Mary’s river, the outlet of Lake Superior, they left the fossiliferous limestone, which occurred abundantly farther to the south-westward on the shores of Lake Huron, and came to the red and grey sandstones and conglomerates which bordered Lake ‘Superior. The falls on Sault St. Marie were produced by the disc! rge of the waters of Lake Superior over htly inclined sheets of red sandstone, which dip towards the lake, and form a series of shelves or fos over which the water rushes with great velocity, lucing a roaring rapid of more than two miles in width. ‘The fall is about 1 ice thence to the lake about one mile. It is contemplated to cut a ship canal from the lake to the river, before the falls, only three locks of 6 feet each be- ing required, and the excavation through soft, tine-grain- ed sandstone, will be easy, whilst the rocky walls will give permanence to the canal embankments. The ground around the falls is covered with myriads of large blocks of rounded sienite, porphery, trap-rocks and sandstone. There are specimens of the rocks bordering the lake, which were mostly brought to their present lo- cation by drifting’ ice, which once was swept over more elevated land than has been covered with water since the historical epoch. There have been evidently two or more paroxismal cleva- tions of its horders, or subsidencies of its bottom, for there are two well marked ancient shores of the lake from one to two miles inland. The first is the gravell; bed immediately behind the present shore ; the other is the base of the hills, one or two miles further from the Lake. A thick growth of moss covered spruce trees and slender white berch, cover the first shore ; the space bg- feet, tween this and the other is a dark boggy swamp, cove: with a dense forest of white cedars, mixed with a few hemlock and pine trees. On the hills further back, there isa good soil bearing a heavy mixed growth of rock maple, yellow berch, larch, and Norway pines. ‘These forests are like those in the eastern part of Maine, and will furnish abundant supplies of charcoal for the fur- naces that will soon be erected for the fusion and smelt- ing of copper and other metals. Limestone does not oc- cur on the borders of the Lake, but large veins of calca- reous spar are found in sufficieut quantity to supply all the flux that will be wanted for working the metals, or for building purposes. ‘The saad stone is an excellent material for the construction of furnaces, and may be obtained in several places near the mines.— ‘This red sandstone is observed to dip generally tow: the Lake, at least as far{as my observations extende At the outlet of the lake, the red and gray sandston occur in thin sheets—their colors intermixing, and the: strata alternating with each other. The strata then dij towards the lake, or to the sout! run north-west—south-east. At stone dips to the north nerth-we: ve degrees, but still towards the lake ; this is generally the case on Kewena point ; and if the strata should be found to dip towards the lake entirely aroun: we should be disposed to regard it as a basin of depression;ffor we could not as- sign to elevating forces which generally act in lines, the raising of a rim round this great sheet of water. At Copper Harbor the rocks are a coarse conglomerate and trap dykes, which intersect it. In thé former, consi- derable quantities of che yeopelien' orhydrous silicate of copper occur, and has ong been known as the Green Rock. The black oxide of copper, and brown siliceous ox- ide also occur here~a vein having beenfopened during last winter at the barrack of the troops at Fort Wilkins, At this place the trap rocks show themselves in large mas- ses. At Agate harbor the conglomerate is again cut through by numerous trap dykes, and the amygdaloid ese rocks, is filled with small but very perfectly formed agates and nodules of corne- lian and chalcedony. The pebbles on the shore are agates, hence the name of the harbor. From Agate to agle harbor, cliffs of conglomerate and abutments of the trap are seen. The latter often contains pieces of native copper, and the former large veins of calcareous spar, occasionally strung together by filaments of native copper, and tinged with the green carbonate. Some of these veins are six feet under, and may be seen running out into deep water inthe lake. At le Harbor, a vein of dalholite occurs, with black boro-silicate of iron and copper, and filaments of the metal interspersed. The daltholite chrystals often contain scales of bright red metallic copper. Veins of prehnite are very abun- dant in the trap, and always contain ipattislen of pure copper. One of these veins (sample No. 5,) is four feet wide, and every chrystal of the prehnite contains a scale’ of copper as thin as gold foil and perfectly bright. It is certainly very remarkable that all the veins of min- erals which we have examined in the trap region, con- tain more or less metallic copper, either in fine particles, or in filaments and lumps, Dr. J. went on at great length in giving details of the mineral wealth of this region, and such statistical details as are useful to the mi- ner. He could not form a satisfactory opinion as to the origin of this copper; its copious admixturewith silver was a great difficulty, but considering every thing, he was dis- posed to regard this copper and silver as deposited there in its present state since some very remote period, when the shell of the globe was first broken up by the action of internal fire, by which these metals were fused, and cast in their present forms. In conclusion, he expressed his doubt of the permanent fertility of these mines; as native copper, when found in masses, was a suspicious symptom; therefore, too much caution and foresight could not be exercised by capitalists in listening to pro- jects for working these mines, before they made invest- ments in the enterprise. anp was struck, during Dr. Jackson's ad- with the statements he made, and the richness of the geological specimens presented by him. He also fully concurred with him as to the danger of over-esti- mating the value of these mines. ‘The appearance of native copper was suspicious, and he feared that disap- pointment would follow any incautious enterprise in re- ‘ard to the beligert 4 of them. It was to be recollected at where trap rocks occurred in ridges of sandstone, eopper was found; but it was not known that such locali- ties always presented abundant mines; and in this case, these rocks would in all probability prove a “trap” to catch the speculator. Pursipent—Perhaps you under-estimate them, Profes- sor S., lest you should iave too many competitors in em- barking in these vorea’ operations, (Laughter.) Professor Suxrano—The temptatien, sir, in this case is not strong enough to induce me to give an advice to my friends contrary to their interests ; if 1 did so, it would be undoubtedly more attributable to brass than copper, in this case. (Laughter.) Dr. Jackson added, that before visiting the region de- scribed, his views were similar to those of Professor Shepard, and was impressed with the unpromising nature of the appearance of nat -opper. Inthe West Indies there never was rich ore found in any place where na- tive copper occurred ; yet he must say that the extraor- dinary richness of the Veins of copper ore found in the Seppee region of Lake Superior, made it a case not en- tirely parallel with others, ‘The Society adjourned to Monday morning. New Haven, Monpay, 9} o’clock, A. M. Proressor Dewey called the meeting to order, and announced the business of the day. ’ Dr. Amos Binney moved that the subject of th distribution of mollusca, formerly committed to Dr. Booth, be continued in his hands for a future report. Adopted. Dr. Binney again moved that 8S. S. Haldeman, Esq., and T. E. Melsheimer, M. D.,’and John L. Le Conte, M. D., be requested to prepare a symopais of the coleoptera of the United States, including the specific character and synonymes of all the known species. “ The Prestpent read a recommendation of the General Committee, that the next session of the As- sociation be held in the City of New York, in Sep- tember 1346, which was carried. The following were nominated asa local Committee to carry out the ay preliminary arrangements :—Major James Delafield, Professor J. Renwick, Professor Cree Mason, Hon. Jumes Tallmadge, Hon. Luther Bra- dish, Professor James B. De Kay, Jeremiah Von Ransselaer, M. D., Professor Schnell Draper, H. Brevoort, Commodore M. C. Perry, U. 8. N., Charles M. Wheatley, Professor James Hall, Al- bany; Wm. B. Kenney, Esq. Newark; Charles Congdon, Esq., Brooklyn. Professor Suxrany rose to say afew words farther on the subject of Dr. Jackson’s Communication of last evening, relative to the geology of Lake Superior. He (Professor 8.) had Syponuaty only to 7 that he could not coincide ywith the view brought forward by that Fentleman, in respect to the peculiarity of the copper lodes or deposites of Lake Superior, and especially as to his inference of the possible depth of such lodes, and their direct origin from the primary rocks below. It appeared to him, that we simply have in the Lake Supe- rior a repetition, on a large scale indeed, of the new red sandstone formation with its contents, like that in the val- ley of the Connecticut. For instance, the sandstone con- tains at numerous places on ts western border, from Ham- den to Greenfield, Mass., the same copper ores that are found just across the line in the contiguous primary; and these are laid down around the debris of the very same rocks, which are still seen to inclose the copper in the primary. This copper ore must, therefore, have been brought by the same cause: (end these doubtless were torrents of fresh water sett from the higher formation region down the slopes of the primitive into the then Great Lake of the Connecticut valley) and laid down sometimes in bedded masses over wide wreas in the sandstone ; at others it dropped into east and west cracks along with barytes. ‘The subse- quent eruption of the trep dykes among these strata, an vent which doubtless led to the drainage of the lake,and and the present order of the surface, altered many of these deposits of copper,where the dykes passed near or across them, partly reducing in the latter case the oxide and gh bad to native copper, bringing portions of the ore to the surface, on the sides and backs of the dyke: So also with regard to the new red sandstone region Lake Superior, whose strata were formed at the same period and un similar circumstances, from the segra- gation of the surrounding primitive by the waters which rushed across them in the synetinal ion of the lake ; the subsequent eruption of trap dykes produced similar results with the copper strata and veins which they contained. The sliding upwards of a trap dyke from the inclined strata of sandstone, would give upon the pper surface of the trap, in courses immediately sub- jacent to the vein or bed, a superficial coating of amy- galoid, rich in native copper. The subsequent sinking Of the trap near such points would allow of the coatin of points with thin portions of native copper,as described by Dr. J. The presenco of silver with native copper did not appear to Professor 8. as any ground for attributing a remote erigin to ‘the deposits, since it is well known that the great new red sandstone of Western Germany, in which also is copper, produces quite as much silver in proportion to the copper, as is d by Dr. J. at Keweena. The mines,for eqample, there, give commonly about ten thousand pounds of silver, tovtwo thousand tons of copper. Professor $. had no doubt, from the accounts given by Dr. J., that the deposits he had des- cribed were exceedingly rich, and would prove pron. able to those engaged their exploration; but he did not see any grounds for supposing that any new Keologi- al features were involved In thera, and especially dis. nted from the supposition that the copper lodes in con- nection with the trap, would descend to great depths, Sy id least of all, that they originated directly frou older pyrogonous rocke, Mest ie: Dr. Jackson explained—He went to Lake Superior im- eas d that the copper ore was produced from rocks leposited previous to the sandston did not think sonow. The Coppermust have had an igneous origi and was part of the primary copper of the globe, browgh np in the trap rocks from the interior of ‘the earth. The views of Professor 8. were valuable, and would explain the origin of copper in some localities, but not when found in large masse: Professor Suxranp did not attach much consequence to the fact of copper not being found at the junction of the primary and secondary strata of sandstone. As to the black oxide of copper spoken of, enough carbon was found in red sandstone to account for it. He had great respect for Dr. J’s views on the district which he had visited, but he could not entirely agree with {him as to the probability of finding the copper far below the surface. On motion of Mr. Reprieip, Dr. Reed was appointed to report on the quartz veins of Berkshire county, Mass. ir. Wuevrcey addressed the Society onthe trap rocks of the Connecticut Valley. His arguments were direct- ed to prove that at one period the sandstone of the Con- necticut Valley had an elevation to cover entirely haw elevations of the primary rocks, known as trap iy kes. Profesor Rocens followed, making some strictures om the views entertained in the last paper. Jt was well known to naturalists that two great masses of red sand- stone occurred in this country—one occupied the valley of the Connecticut; another that long track extending from its northern end at the pallisades N. J. as far as Carolina on the South. On the seological survey of New Jersey he found that portion of this great estuary, the horns of the crescent shaped trap dyes are towards the N. W., while in Connecticut itis towards the East, both corresponding with the direction of the sandstone stra- tum, and in no way conformed with that of the old sub jacent rocks. Here followed a brief discussion between Profei sors Rogers, Redfield, and others. The former con- tended that there was no evidence of a departure from the horizontal in the sandstone beds, at a period subse- juent to their formation. Professor R. contending that the difference in their horizontal direction was caused by an upheaving force. B. Sintiman, Jr., was convinced from every indication, that theadirection was given to the sandstones before thi intrusion of the trap rocks. Prof. Repriziv wished to observe, in justice to Dr. Percival, that he was the first to take up the subject. B. Sinuiman, Jr., observed that the 46th volume of the American Journal of Science, published 1844, giv full credit to Dr. P. as the original observer of the cres- ent formed dyk f tra] he “new red sandstone of Connecticut, Dr. Jackson gave some interesting details of the ap Rearanee and position of the trap and sandstone of Nova icotia, where evidences of an upheaving was presented by the position of masses of trap protruding between others of micheloid and sandstone in the line of least re- sistance. He considered it was of igneous origin, and caused by the fusion of iron, sulphur, and hornblend, on that the micheloid was a compound of trap and sand’ stone. P Prof. Barury read a paper on a new locality of fossil in- in Oregon. He said, that understanding that 3 ‘remont Was about departing to pursue'some scien- tific researches on the Pacitic coast, he requested him collect some specimens of infusoria ; this he did, and sent were from the remote country, and the extraordinai circumstances in which they were found, were of pecu- liar interest. They were not marine, but all fresh water infusoria, found in river on the eastern flank of the Cas- cade Mountains, which rise to the height of 15,000 feet. The specimens sent were found imbeded in strata 700 feet in elevation, beneath a stratum of Jaya; so that these most minute of creation’s works were hermetically seal- ed up in a mass of volcanic matter 10@ feet thick. Prof. Rocens regarded this subject as of exceeding in- terests it was at last discovered that there were indigpu- table proofs of an original fresh water formation, and the geological knowledge of that vast territory would be much advanced by this discovery. He had a few remarks to make in the evening on the fresh water formation of the Missouri; in the meantime he would conclude by ask- ing Prof, Bailey to state his views of the probable age of these infusori: Prof. Bartey said there were a few facts he could state that subject ; the principal one was the similitude ex- isting between these iossils and existing species of the present day ; some of which were found all over the country, others belonging to Mexico, and others to va- rious sections of the United States. ProfgHat made a communication on fossil vegetables and shells from Oregon, which occupied the meeting until the hour of adjournment. AFTERNOON SESSION. Haxr-rast 2 o’ctock. On motion of Dr. Bixsey, of Boston, Mr. James Hall was appointed to report on the fossil brachiopeda and orthocereta of the United States. ‘The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Appleton for his generous offer to furnish the Society with a sum of $50, conditionally. Prof, Harpeman introduced the subject of the taconic system, observing that as Mr. Emmonds had thought he had discovered an older stratam of rock than had been known hitherto, he brought up the subject to elicit what- ever information was possessed by members on such an interesting matter. Professor Rocens alluded to a review he had made of Professor Emmons’ claim to the discovery of a far ancient stratum of fossiliferous than is admitted ; ht little to add to those reasons given by him to show \ he was likely misled by their structural character. “Ng decisive reasons could be given. It was well knogy, that each paroxysmal elevation of strata was di guishe by peculiar and different directions. ‘There was no ca of extensive group of deposites, in which continuay lands were raised from the bed of the deep, anterior to that which was recognized. Yet, according to Professor Emmonds, this Taconic system was uplifted anterior? to the rest ; and yet, was it not strange that, if these were the effects of two distinct elevations, the deposites of two vast oceans and ages, they were so completely similar that no conflicting features could be discovered. As to the evidence from organic remains, Professor Emmonds had prepared a cbllection of the ‘Taconic system, and peatended. they were not like those known. At one time English naturalists thought of maki ystem called the Cambrian, anterior to their Silurian system of fos but it was given up. These new fossils should not sur- rise us when the difficulty of penetrating through fossil- iferous rocks, and when it was recollected that every new search gave new specimens. F' from Mr. not been favor of tl aletter received 1, it appeared that English naturalists had tisfied with Professor kmmonds’ reasons in theory of a system anterior to the Silurian ith whieh the lower N. ‘I’. system is identical, ich these fossils have already been referred. Professor Hatt detailed the results of a series of obser vations made by him in the range of sandstone wells which extend from the Hudson river to the valley of the Connecticut. He regarded the upper strata as being, in eneral, less thick than they are now considered, and, by he assistance of a chart, ted out the interruptions occurring in the line by the intrusion of masses of lime- stone, granular quartz, calcareous rocks, and others, whose direction conveyed the impression that these in- truding strata ee eee were ppmiaed beneath the upper, re-appearing at another point on the range. Upon the whole, he did not regard the new fossils found there as of any system but the Silurian, as at present classifie Mr. Witben, of New York, made a few remarks, a said, on the defence, and ‘aie his reasons for not con- curring with the views stated. Prof, Dewey, after pointing out certain peculiar fea- tures in this fe of rock, would not pronounce on the necessity fora Taconic system. There were difficulties in the appearance of the strata, but he expected that ma ny of these would disappear when the survey of Ver- mont is finished. As to the proof of igneous action, there were none except the foldings, and that was the fact for whieh they wanted to account. There were no aa of fusion—nothing like signs of metamorphic ac- jon. Prof. Loomrs conceded the accuracy of the inferences drawn from the premises, by Prof. Rogers; and ye the statements of Prof. Emmons be correct,’ of a diffe ence between the Taconic and other rocks, it was @ strong circumstance. He would ask any member, if they had visited the rocks referred to by Prof. Emmonds, to pronounce as to the accuracy of his statements. (No reply, t} Reep, in answer to Prof. Dewey, said he was told there were strong evidences of igneous action in the mountains spoken of. Prof. Dewey would like to see their locality describ- ed. He was familiar with the mountains spoken of, Dr. Jackson replied to the interrogation of Prof, Loo- mis, that he was well acquainted with the Taconic rocks of Mr. Emmond: could confirm the accuracy of his representations concerning them. Prof. Boorn could refer Prof. Dewey to positions on the Susquehanna river, where he might, if disposed to, be convinced, find ample proofs of the metamory eory. At the suggestion of the Crain, the discussion here dropped, to atord time for the next subject, which was introduced by Dr. Kase, on some minerals found on the prairies of Alabama. These he described as in some measure dif ferent from other prairies; they were not flat but undu- lating, and contained minerals, which was not usually the case. One of the specimens was a substance he re- garded as chalk; if so, it proved the fallacy of the opin- ing that there was no chalk on this continent. He narra- ted the offer of aman, who was by no means visionary, to procure an immense whter power by_ pe: forating the ‘reat limestone stratum found there, was willing, if the legislature of Alabama granted him $1 cure a supply of water suffi river 10 feet and make it na nee ees igable for the largest sh * L Would call the attention of the Society to a piec e fond at Tennessee River and altogether composed of shells too minute to be visible. This vein he knew to be 150 miles wide. Professor Bootn pronounced the specim a tertiary marl, the shells being of a secondary formation, _ Professor Suerann thought the first specimen was id tical with the great Carolina bed of which much had been said, and which Professor Lyell considered as of the u Vper tertiary formation. ‘he list of officers for 1946 were here balloted for; the following being chos en : Dr. Cuances T. Jackson, Chairmai Mr. Bexsamin Siuciman, Jr. Secretary. Prof, Siuuian addressed the society on the Iron moun- our, He gave avery interesting account of anexcursion to these regions, and described the vi- cinity of the iron mountain in glowing terms of ad- miration of its striking mineralogical and picturesque features. The mountain called, par excellence the Iron, being surrounded by other vast accumulations of that metal, was about 400 feet high and covering an area aa large as that of New Haven. After minutely dwelling on the characteristics of the iron, its appearance, &e., he attributed its origin to the same cause as other intrusive masses, and of decidedly an igneous origin, sont from the interior of the earth, where, it might be safely conjec- tured, vast stores of metals existed, as well as other sub- stances. Prof. Dewey made a fow happy remarks as to the good effects of the Society, hoving it would be continued and cherished, and intimated the necessity for his leaving for home next day. On motion of Dr. Jackson the warm thanks of the So ciety were presented to Prof, Chester Dewey for the gen- tlemanlike and proper manner in which he had presided bat AJ by then adj ‘The meeting then adjourned, to meet again at the tre Church to hear the address of Prot D. Roge: