The New York Herald Newspaper, October 14, 1842, Page 1

THE NEW YORK HERALD. Vol. VIIL.—No, 284 --- Whole No, 3135, The Croton Aqueduct, ‘Who was the first man that built, or caused an aqueduct to be built, it is difficult to say. But if King Solomon was the founder of Palmyra, or Tad- mor in the Desert, then he built the first aqueduct ; for the ruins of several noble aqueducts built of fine hewn stone on arches, 130 feet high and 90 feet span, are shown to this day. Next to this we find King Hezekiah in the book of Second Chronicles, the 32d chapter, and verses 3, 4 and 30, mentioned as hav- ing built an aqueduct of less magnitude,but insome respects similar tothe Croton. == Tthas been stated that Sesostris, in Egypt, and Semiranns, in Babylon, erected acqueducts. If they did, they were the earliest builders of them, for these monarchs come thus in the order of their date:— ymiramis the First, of Babylon, 2,007 B. Sotoiremis the second, of Babylon, 1,410 * Sesostris, of Egypt, 1303 Solomon, of Jerusalem, 1,033 Hezekiah, a Lempriere says of Queen Semiramis the First, to render roads passable, and communications easy, she hollowed mountains and filled up valleys, and walter was conveyed at a great expense by large and convenient acqueducts, to barren deserts and un- frequented plains; but his account of her is also mixed up with much fable. She lived about 2000 years betore Christ. Of Sesostris, the same author says, that he had canals dug near Memphis, but but gives not even the date of his existence. But we have no really accurate statements that any of the above built a water course before Heze- kiah, in relation to whom we have the name of the river whose water he brought in an aqueduct to Je- rusalem. With regard to the antiga of aque- ducts in Greece, we may state that Herodotus (iii. 60) speaks of spsostving, resenbitng 8m. aqueduct which, brought water frem a hill 900 Greek feet high, to supply the city of Samos with water. It also appears that there was a tunnel through this hill 430) feet long (seven stadia), eight feet high, and eight feet wide ; and in this tunnel there was cut a second channel 30 feet deep and 3 feet wide, through which the water was conveyed in pipes to the city; ihe Greek word in the original (solon) may mean ouly a channel of stones, or it May mean me- tallie or wooden pipes. 4 f With this simple statement, then, of all that is known or conjectured im rejation to the origin of aqueduc 8, we will here mention the principal an- cient and modern aqueducis by name, &e. 1ENT AQUEDUCT. “Aqveduct of Hezekiah, ‘Aqueduct in Petra, in Persia, ROME, i i Aga Alseitina, 753 A. U. C. Aqua Ciaudia, ‘Aqaa Novus, Agua Trajsha, ‘Aqua Sabatina: “ 735 "Justinian, near Aqueduct of Patras, Greece. itsesadnoplec ‘Aducduct of Metz, France. aeduct, oF Hadrian, at Aqueduct of Nismes, ns. Minas SS “Adueduct of Lyons. sawegics of Segovia, Seta Pere merger cee . t of Syracuse, Sicily. educt 4 Ainetct of Spoleto, luly.”” “Aqueduct of Gargalion. MODERN AQuEDUeTS. wedact of | Maintewwn, Aqueduct of | Ponteyeylte, 7 ‘S. Aqueduct of Genoa. Aqueduet of Edinburgh, Scot- : Teud, i aeeset Or Caceria, Naples. Aqueduct of New River, Lon- don, Aendl San ‘Apabinet of Croton. Such are a list of the principal acqueducts in the known world; and though last, uotivast on the list, stands the Croton Aqueduct, the first of the kina ever coustructed in the new world that we know af, but which will most assuredly not be the last. ‘fur Aqua Apria.—ihe most ancient of ali the Romaa aqueducis is that of the Aqua Appia, erected by Appius Claudius Crassus, then Censor, during the first consulship of the second Decius. {1 was built A. U.C. 442, or 312 years before the birth of Chnst, C. Plautius, who had taken immense pains (o trace the sources for the supply of the water ia this aque- duct, was associated with Claudius in its consir tion. The plate which we give above is a very ad- mirable representation of the Appian Aqueduct. It had less of arch work in its construction than any other of the aqueducts that were afterwards erected, because it was carried along the cides of hills and t, marshy ground, and was built very soiid for lufability. Jt was brought a distance of 11,190 Ro- man paces (over 11 miles) and was carried along the ground, in solid masonry or by tunnel work, tor 11,000 paces; and for 190 paces it was erected on arches. Some small springs, discovered subse- quently, were conducted into its channel, in after umes, by different emperors. Its level was high enough to supply the more elevated parts of the city, although a great part of its elevation was lost by giving too great a declivity to the channel. ‘The Croton river, which supplies this great mo- dern work, rises in Putnam County, in this State, and has three principal branches or sources; the west branch takes its rise in Cole’s pond (of 200 acres) near Cole’s Mill, not from Carmel, and the east Hoch in Stone pond (of 150 acres), near So- dom Corner. The source of the middle branch has not been so correctly ascertained. Pjumb Brook, Muscott River, and Titian’s River, all empty into the Croton River at and near Mechanicsville, BOt far below which, and about eight miles by the turnpike road, above Sing Sing, a large dam is erect- ed, ty which the riveris dammed back for the space of five miles. From the dam the aqueduct com- mences, and forms a covered brick tunnel (with small intervals of rock roofing and iron pipes) or brick aqueduct for 42 miles, in as straight a line as the nature of the ground will allow. And we believe that there never was, even in the palmiest days of Roman splendor, a larger aqueduct constructed; or one carried a greater distance, considering the straitness of the course. It is true that modern writers, tending to quote from ancient authors, speak of Rromas aqueducts 100 miles in extent; bat we have no authentic account of any aqueduct of that great length, nor have any ruins of the same ever been discovered. The highest and most gi- tie aqueducts have been of but few miles in length, and the largest line of aqueduct mentioned by Frontinus, is that where he says that Quintius ‘arcius brought water ina noble aqueduct to Rome, from a spring 61 miles distance by the aqueduct, but not that distance in a straight line from the city. This aqueduct isstill to be seen in ruins through the Campagna around Rome, and there is every reason to believe that the spring was in the hills that sur- round the ancient Lage Vulcano, a distance of near- ly 30 miles. f Our modern American aqueduct, therefore, we are bound to consider the longest in the world, and in that particular, taking precedence of all others. Tt is not so high in any as the aqueduct of Ca- serta, or of Spoleto, or intenon, or some others of ancient date; but if the measurement be correct of that magnificent aqueduct of Segovia, in old Cas- tille, then will our aqueduct bridge over Harlem river, (an exact picture of which we give above) ex- ceed that noble work inheight; for the arches of the Harlem bridge are to be 114 feet above the surface of the water, while the exireme height of the double row ot arches (one over the ra gil at Segovia, is but 102 feet; the extreme height of the work at tlem aqueduct bridge being over 160 feet. In the above representation there are 15 arches; eight of these will be eighty feet span, and seven of fifty feet span. The extreme length of this bridge is to be about 1,500 feet; and the extreme width over all the top, 25 feet. ‘The piers of the urches are Mifeet wide at the soring line of the arch, battering downwards a quarter of an inch to a foot; the smaller arches are to be but seven feetat the spring line. The curve of the arches in the above picture, at first sight, appearto partake of the parabola form, but this is caused by the attempt to show the bridge as much in perspec- tive as possible. The arches are to be perfectly semi-circular, like those of the great Roman aque- duct at the Bridge of Gard, in the south of France. One word here, as tothe manner inwhieh the water is carried across the above bridge. Two large iron pipes of three feet in diameter, receive the wa- ter iets an appropriate chamber into which the aqueduct proves disgorges itself at the gate house, just seen through the trees on the bridge at the left ‘of the above picture. These pipes are laid in a firm bed over the arches, and then securely covered with dirt, on the top of which a foot-path will be formed for persons to walk over, although no vehiele or horses will be allowed to pass across the bridge. These three feet pipes, itis believed, will be suffi- cient to supply the wants of the city for the next fifty years; alter which they are to be replaced by four feet pi In order that a correct idea may be formed of the size of the above bridge, a figure of a man fishing is introduced, as sitting on the rock on the left_of the picture. Such, then, is the noblest work of modern timesin the old or new world—the Croton Aqueduct Bridge over Harlem River. Course or tae Aquepuct—At the Croton Dam, six miles above the mouth of the Croton River, the water of the river has been elevated 40 feet, which is the level of the commencement of the aqueduct, that is 166 feet above the mean tide. The course of the aqueduct is thus :— [t passes ets the valley ot the Croton to near its mouth, and thence into the valley of the Hudson, Eight miles from the Cro- ton dam it reaches the village of ‘ing, and continues south through the villages of Terrytown, cobb’s ry Hastings, and Yonkers. At the lat- ter place, it leaves the bank of the Ludson, cross es the valleys of Saw-mill river and ‘Tibbits’ brook thence along the side of the ridge that bounds the> southerly side of Tibbits’ brook valley, to within 34 miles of the Harlem river, where the high ground s of the Hudson fall away so much as to require the aqueduct to occupy the summit of the country lying between the Hudson and East rivers. ‘This for ma- tion of country continues to, and is terminated by the Harlem river, at the point where the aqueduct intersects it ; which is one mile northwesterly from McComb’s dam. ‘The length of the aqueduet, from the Croton dam to Harlem river, is 32.38 miles, for which distance it is an uninterrupted conduit of hydraulic stone and brick masonry. The high ground that bounds the northerly side of the Hariem river valley, is very near the level of the aqueduct at that place; and the width of the valley at the aqueduct level is about 1450 feet, or a little over one quarter of a mile; over which a bridge is now in progress, which we have already deseribed. The shore on the south side of the river is a precipitous rock, rising at an angle of 30 degrees, to a height of 220 feet, or about 100 feet above the level of the bottom of the aqueduct. After crossing this valley, the aqueduct of masonry is resumed, and continued 2.015 miles, to the termination of the high ground on the north side of Manhattan valley. This valley 180.792 mile wide at the level of the aqueduct; be- low which it descends 102 feet. The conduit ot masonry here gives place to iron pipes, which de- scends inte the bottom of the valley, aud rise again to the proper level on the opposite side ; from which point the masonry conduit is again resumed, and crossing the Asylum ridge, and Clendenning valley, is continued 2.173 miles, to the receiving reservoir at York hill. This reservoir is bounded by 86th street ou the north, 79th street on the south, 7th Avenue on the west, and 6th Avenue on the east. It is 1826 teet long and 836 feet wide on the outside angle of the embankment; containing an area of 35 acres, divided into two divisions, and is a little over 5 miles from the City Hall. From the reeeiy ing reservoir, a double line of iron pipes three feet in diameter, are laid down in 80th street and 5th Ave- nue, to convey the water 2176 to the distributing reservoir at Murray Hull. The location of this re- servoir is on the 5th Avenue, between 40th and 42d streets, and is three miles from the City Hail; it is 420 feet square on the cornice of the exterior wall, and contaius an arca of 405 acres, divided intu two equal divisions, and haus au average eievalion of 445 feet above the level ofthe sts, around it. “Lhe iengii of aqueduct from the Croton dam to the distrivuls reservoir 18 40.562 miles, to wit:— Masonry conduit in Westchester con ty, Do’ do on New York Island, ‘Total length, 3 Receiviag reservoir from endof aqueduct to south eastern effluent gate house Distributing reservoir, Iron pipes on bridge over Harlem valley, do across Manhattan valley, Do do between reservoirs, 40,562 Add to the above the length of the Croton reser- voir, formed by the erection of the Croton dam and other work necessary to obtain the water, at a suit- able level on the Croton river, as without this dam and reservoir the acqueduct would have required an extemsion of five miles to reach the proper levei on the river, weich is now attained by means of the dam. ‘The entire length, therefore, from the point on the Croton which has the requisite elevation, to the distributing reservoir, 1s 45,502 miles. ‘The large mains ranning from the distribating reservoir through the central part of the city, would add wbout << NEW YORK, FRIDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 14, i842. Price Two Cents The High Bridge over Harlem River. _Valley. four niles, making the total length of the main conduit about fitty miles ‘Tunagrs.—Th ailing rock through which the aqueduct has been tunneued, isgneles; and mar- ble iu two places. 400,000 cubic yards of rock have been excavated in tunnel work. There are in all 16 tunnels, from 160 to 1263 feet long, or an aggre- gate length of 6841 feet of tunne! work. Streams ann Vauieys.—There are in Westches- ter county twenty-five streams crossing the line of aqueduct, that are irom 12 to 70 feet below the grade line, andfrom 25 to 83 feet below the top cov- ering of the aqueduct. The most prominent of the valleys are Lounsberry’s, Indian brook, Sing Sing kill, Mill river, Jewell’s brook, and Saw Mill river ; the foundations of which are in no case less than 40 feet below the grade line, or 58 feet below the top covering of the aqueduct. Besides those above mentioned, there are numerous brooks and valleys of less depth, requiring culverts, and artificial foun- dations to support the aqueduct. The levei of mean tide at Harlem river is 120.66 feet. On New York Island there are several Geep.snd abrup: va leys. along ceaprespaete rocky hill, that bounds the southerly shore of Harlem river. But the most im- portant valieyson the island are Manhattan valley, Clendening valley and Bownt’s valley. CunvEr: The streams that intersect the lines and the flo are crossed by means of culverts.— Of these there have been constructed 114 culverts of an aggregate length of 7959 feet, varying in span from 1 1-2 te 25 teet. There are also five culverts to crossroads, of from 1 to 20 feet span. Ventitators.—O! these there are 33 to give a circulation of air to the aqueduct, or about one toa mile. There are 14 feet above the ground, and the opening is 15 inches in diameter. Waste Weirs.—There are 6 of these, so placed as to let off'the water from the aqueduct, where it rises to a certain height ; they have also gates to draw the water out of the aqueduct when necessa- ty, These weirs are enclosed in a stone building, with an arched brick roof. Croron Dam.—This is five miles from the mouth of the nver. Great part of the first dam was car- ried away in January, 1841. The greatest height of the weir of the dam is 40 feet above low water level, and 55 feet above the bed of the river. The width of masonry at the low water line of the river is Gl feet. This dam sets the water of the river back five miles, and forms a reservoir of about four hundred acres, and has rendered it necessary to construct several new roads and bridges as a sub- stitute for those covered by the flow, Sections or tne Aquepucr uxver rrs Various Aspscts.—The upper portions of the above drawing, marked F. F. F. represent sections 91, 92, 98 and 94, of the Croton aqueduct, the length and cost of each of which is asfollows :— Feet. Section 91 is 5300 long, and willcost $142,195 “ 9400“ «8,205 92 x —— 93" 1900 « 40,886 —— 1900 « “986,714 11500 $600,000 , Beginning at the left hand side of the above sec- tion, we have a chamber centaining a small reser- voir, a horizontal view of which isseen at E. From this chamber, or small reservoir, proceed four iron pipes, which, almost immediately after leaving the same, begin to descend [Sper until the greatest depression of pipe reaches 100 feet, which occurs exactly in the centre of the valley. The whole of this distance 1s about 4,100 feet, at least that is the length ofpipe that is to be employed. Such is the nature of the work where the aqueduct crosses Man- hattan valley. ; After a however, we see little or nothing of it, for the whole length of an entire section; for the in- stant it emerges from the last chamber, it enters a mixed earth, brick, and rock tunnel, 700 feet long, which terminates about the centre of section 92. After this, the only thing visible for about 1600 feet a low, shapeless mound, or ridge of earth, mark- ing the course of the aqueduct, until we come to about the centre of section 98, where it again en- ters another tunnel, from whieh it emerges only to beseen in the raised work at crossing Clendenning valley, as depicted on the extreme right of the up- per part of the above section. The raiscd arched work at this part of the aqueduct extends 1,900 feet, and crosses six streets. The syphon here employed is the largest that ever was constructed in any part of the world. The only syphon at present in existence that can be compar- ed with that of the Croton, is the one now in use near Genoa, which extends a distance of about 1,800 feet, and has been built within the last 100 years. It has usually been supposed, and by some writers very confidently stated, that the Romans were totally ignorant of the mode of conveying water by means of syphons, or tunnels. That they knew the use of syphons is proved by this passage in Pliny, 31, 6s. 31. “Aqua in vel ¢ plumbo subit alti- tudinem exortns sui.” (Water in leaden pipes Tises to the height of itssource.) But the fact is, that although they made frequent use of pipes (fis- tula) in conveying water, yet no pipes would have supported the weight of water conveyed to the city by the Roman aqueducts. But we have a still bei- ter proof than this. The Roman aqueduct that was uilt to carry water to Lyons, in France, (the an- cient Lugdunum) had a syphon in of its course. Near to St. Irene, on the heights, there was placed a large reservoir; hence the waters flowed in leaden pipes, which descended into the fosse of ‘St. Irenc, TEL LO 0 CLE aso 2et eet rseeeter The Aqueduct of Se ovi Roman Aqueduct. Aqua Appia.—The First Roman Aqueduct. Taner aTUNPTNAT ONT Ceaser canes Stet ereeee WASTE WEIR AND RESERVOIR SECTIONAL VIEWS oF THE Two PRINCIPAL. Roman Aqueducts, sage of the natural water courses of all the ravine whieh, if dammed back by a flash dead wall, woul in @ very short space ef time sweep away the aque- duct. On the top of this protection wall the sloped covering represents the position of the conduit or | aqueduct tunnel; immediately under this, a Little | more than its extreme width, down to the bottom of the ray a Joundation wali is, built up solid to support th iduit, precisely similar in its charac- ter to the section marked A.; with this exeepnon, however, that iu crossing ravines under ordinary circumstances the outside of the fyundation wall is not finished so smoothly, because betweem it and the protec vall there 1sgenerally mags of earth varyiog from 20 to 80 feet in width. he view marked D. represents « section of « tun- nelin a rock cutiug. ‘J his opening is about ® feet high, Carger than most,) bucol the same width as j otuertuauels; there is very litde spandml backing required in this part of the work, although the sides are ull built with a outer coat of large stone and an inner facing ot brick, with an inverted arch (the size 9 inches) and two feet of concre'e beneath this. ‘The roots in these tunnels are not formed of a brick arch, as in earth or open work tunnels, but itis form- ed by the original body of the rock’ in which the (unnel is cut. But the sides are made and built up water tight above the water line of the aqueduct, and even up to a height of seven feet in the clear. The view marked E. is properly termed a gate chamber, for receiving water {rom the common aqueduct; this chamber is 25teet wide, and the main walls, to form a sort of reservoir, are ten feet high, from which rise high side walls, and over these are placed a cupola roof. From such a chamber as this the water is carried straight across Harlem bridge, and in a syphon form across Manbattan Valley in four iron pipes of three feet in diameter, placed side by side, or as above represented. Such are the details of the mode of building our } modern aqueduct in various sections of the same. CUBNDENNING Brioge.—This bridge is constructed over a valley of the same name, that is situated about equally distant between 95th and 102d streets. The greatest depression is 50 feet, below top of aque- duet, andthe valley 1s 1900 ivet across. The line of aqueduct rans 100 feet wes arallel to, %h Avenue. the plan of et opened, t | of 10g teet spen \ to that before ¢ bed ior the Sing Sing bridge, and the sain Mt of open s and cast iron { lining is also adopted. hat part of the pridge lw has no provision for street arches, is composed | of a continuous wall of masonry, carried up on a bevil of 1-12 its , to the grade line of the aque- duct, where it is 30 { ide ; the outside or tace | of this wall for one foot in breadth, is laid in hy- | drauiic mortar, and the remainder is laid dry. ‘The | merhod of laying up this dry igasoury was to ley @ course of rin the gr ge stone in such a manner as to give est solidity, aud within a few iaches after (he course was laid over the interstices were thoroughly filled with 7 stone, well pounded in, and levelled up to receive tae succeeding course. Aiter the oundation was carried ap to the proper height for conduit inasonry, parapets of hydraulic masonry rooting arch of mesonry of the Ki fi r r 1826 ts ems nies at top Vielone: the ed to contsin 20 feet nd the southern 80 feet in depth.— nas a capacity for 150,000,000 imperial gullons, as it now stan Disrrizuting Keservoir.—This reservoir occu- pies the highest ground in the vicinity, and higher than any part of the city south of it; the site is gene- the elevation of ibe Water, It was necessary lo rae the wulls of the reservoir to an average beight of | 454 feet above the grade of the streets that bounded | it on three sides; the greates. height being 49 feet, and the least 59 feet; the foundations were sunk { five feet below the grade of the streets. The walls > slone masonry, COI the quantity of dbase. inside of te knowo as Marray Mill. In order to maintain d, 58} feet wide at the line of reservoir botto:n, and sloping ou the inside face one and a haifto one for 24 feet high, and one to one for the remaining 16 feet high, and making, with the walls on top, a width of 17 feet; the faces of the banks are lined with a course of rubble hydrau- lic masonry 15 inches thick, and coped with dressed stone. The bottom is a very impervious herd- on which two feet of paddled earth covered by 12 inches of hydra reservoir is divided into two divisions Oy all hydraulic masonry, at the toe of which a gees | bank of puddled earth is raised 18 feet See covered with rubble masonry ; this wall is 19 feet thick at the bottom, 6 23 ft. thick at top water line, and four feet at top. In this walla waste weir is laced, with a well of two falle, together 62 feet, rom which the waste water enters a sewer in 4d street, and passes off about one mile to the Hudson river. In each division there is @ waste cock to draw the water from the bottom. The reser- ir is heal for six feet of water, and when full will stand 115 feet above mean tide. The walls rise 4 feet he water lime. An irom railing is to be placed around the walls on top of the cornice. The capacity of this reservoir is 20,000,000 ial gallons. Cowrracts.—The first contracts for work on the agneduct were made in April, 1887; at which time about 10 miles of the upper end was advertised ; but in conseguence of the proposals being considered too high, only about half of it was contracted for. About the middle of May, the contractors generally entered on the work contracted for. In Sept following, about 16 miles more were put under contract; in May 1388, the balance of the sine to Harlem river was put under contract; and the work on the island in Octo- ber following Warer Ler_1n.—The water was let in from the dam, June 22, 1842, and admitted into the distribu- ting reservoir, July 4, 1842. There is much work to be done on the Dam, and both reservoirs ; but all ex- cept Harlem Bridge will be done this year. The latter will require two years to finish. In the mean time a temporary bridge conveys the water across the river. Croton Dam.—The Croton reservoir, (which has received the name of Croton lake,) covers about 400 acres of land, and is available as reservoir for 600,- 000,000 imperial gallons of water, above the level that woud: allow the aqueduct to discharge 85,000,- 000 gallons per day, The flow of the Croton is about 27,000,000 gallons in tweniy-tour hours at the lowest stages, which continues, with moderate rises by oc- casional rains, from two to three months in the year. This may be considered the minimum Cn peed of the river. When the wants of the city shall require adaily supply of 35,000,000 gallons, it will be neces- sary, during the season of lowest water, to draw dai- ly from this reservoir 8,000,000 gallons, to make up the deficiency in the navural flow of the river. This bridge, as has been stated by some writers; there are not the least vestiges of such a work; neither were they carried over in the manner in which the syphon at Manhattan Valley is constructed; but they were preperly bedded on a solid course of ma- he niae leaden pipes, through which the water flowed, had each $8 inches diameter in the clear; the thickness of the lead of which they were composed was about one inch. These syphon ; after having descended about 75 feet, each divided itself into two branches, and thus the waters were duct, from Manhattan Valley to Clendenning Valley the above drawing presents five diferent portions ot nel, a description of work which frequently ogcur: .B. CO. D. E. which may thus along the line of the aqueduct. In this view the The drawing A. isa section of the diamet the conduit looks larger than that at A.; stone work snpporting the aqueduct across Clen- butit is precisely the sarae size; about 8 feet in denning Valley, the height of the work to the top height, and 6 feet 4 inches in diameter at the span of the arch of the aqueduet, is about 88 feet; the of the arch; the arch itself is all of simple brick width of the grade line at the base of the aqueduct and theretore objectionable, and liable to spring rh, 18H) feet; from thispoint considerably; the sides and spandre| backing are of the stone work is formed, battering downwards on stone, in some instances cemented, and in some This work is formed not. | the work, marked areh, or the inverted a ascale of an inch to a foot. and passing along the bottom of it, rose’ again, and emptied themselves into a reservoir, built near a we which can be traced in the walls of the city at the Wall of Fourviere, above the sate of Trior, on the south side of a square tower. ese pipes were not carried acrosg this ditch and valley upon a carried the rest of the course in 18 pipes, until they arose again on the opposite side to a height of about 70 feet, at which potat they again united, and the waters passed on and entered the receiving reser- of large pieces of stone Inid together without ce- ‘The view marked ©. representa the outside of a ment, except on the outside, which presents the ap- protection wall. This view Tepresents the aqueduct pearance of well-hammered stone masonry; similar crossing a dell or ravine, through the bottom of in its character to the external appearance of the which runsa brook or water course. At the botiom church of the Messiah, only the blocks of stone are of this foundation wall, in the centre, is seen a #mail ¢ location of the line of the Croton aque- larger than those ef that building. The view marked B is a vection of an earth tun oritice, called a culvert, which is made for the pas- \ amonnt the reservoir would supply for 62 days, with- out aid from occasional rains; which may safely be elied upon, to keep ap the required supply from the ond any draught we have ground to «p- he sapply of the Croton, from its daily rvoir, end | flow, aided by this reservoir, may therefore be taken with great confidence at 35,000,000 gallons. Lanp.—The total agent. of land bough: he Corporation for the Aqueduct, is 897} ac atan expense of $837,404 25 Thus, then, have we traced this most noble work of modern times. irom its conree to its termination And now it is finished, quantity of water deli- vered by it willbe, if necessary, 60,000,000 of gal- loos datly. The contrast, therefore, with aul in ancient times, and other modern aqueducts stil in use, will stand thus: — SUPPLY OF GALLONS DAILY. 40,000,000 Philadelphia. Troy, Laqa Manhattan Croton Aq es ah cy seg Croton Aqueduct, therefore, will not only sup- ie es than all tue London Water Works, buy Ln f exceed in usefulness the 12 or 20 noble aque- ducts of Rome in her palmy days. Sewrence ov Assistant Suneron OC. F. B. Guru- Lov.—The President has commuted the sentence of this gentleman to suspension, without pay or emo- luments, for twelve months, from the 6th of August, 1842.