New Britain Herald Newspaper, September 1, 1928, Page 8

FALCONS AND BURRITTS START SERIES AT ST. MARY’S TOMORROW — KENSINGTON m: RANGERS IN DIAMOND BA‘!'I‘I..E— LANZA ELIMINATES HANNY IN TENNIS TOURNAMENT—CITY LEAGUE GAMES TO BE PLAYED TODAY—BIG LEAGUE RESULTS STANFORD TEAM IS AGAIN FAVORITE ATHLETICS ALMOST WIPE AWAY LEAD OF YANKEES Mackmen Defeat Boston and Come Within Two Games of Top — Cardinals Break Even With Pirates— Chicago Cubs Defeat Reds — Robins Give Giants Eighth Successive Setback—Phils and Braves Split Double Header—Browns Take Over Tigers In Only Other Game. National League By the Associated Presa Insidiously the Philadelphia Ath- | letics, have cut into the New York Yankees' Ametican league lead until | (FIRST GAMB) it has dwindled to next to nothing | sT. Louls but apparently it will take more di AB rect methods to dislodge the Louis Cardinals from their position at the head of the National league standing. Defeating the Boston Red Sox, 3 to 2 yesterday, the A's advanced to within two games of the idle world's champions, the closest they have been to the summit this year. On the other hand, the Pittsburgh Pirates, driven on by the indomitable will of little Donte Bush, engaged | the Cardinals twice at Forbes field and got no better than an even break for their pains. Although the Corsairs, still hoping for their sec- ond pennant in as many years, re- mained six and a half games distunt from the Cafdinals. They did ad- vance past the Cincinnati Reds into undisputed possession of fourth place and no farther away from the | third place New York Giants than | three percentage points. The Chica- ax—Batted for Reinhart in #th, 4 g0 Cubs, alone of the five contend- ;;‘m-lf::;",‘:n :‘(‘*;' :g;\ g’:::; ing clubs, registered a positive gain. | “p ("N its: Bottomier. Douthit. Their defeat of the Reds put JOE iiome runs: P. \Waner, lafey. Double McCarthy's men within four and a | plav: Rartell, Adams and . Grantham. half games of the lead. Struck out: By Alexander 1, by Kremer : 1 by Grb The standing of the leaders toda s 3 W. L. Pet bih GAVE) " 082 010 0308 100 001 000—2 Sewag Douthit, Frisch, 2b Orsatti, ©f Hottomley, | Hafey, 1t ot m Smith, ¢ Wilson, « Maranvilte, | Harper, x | Alexander, Penhart, Holm, xx Totnidh s200m 5w PR mw e an . Vanusnsroussney 33 PITTSBURGH AB Adame. = 1. Waner, P. Waner, Grantham Craynor reky. Rartell, "““"“"’3 Z2lososmomss fia s o s B S e s e S ined SN e b e S E W olos:292035098 nlosesessomsssmar wlmscaasoews Totals 32 8 x--Batted for Maranville in (8BC 4 St. Louis . Chicago New York Pittsburgh .. Cincinnati . The Pirates pounded out an early lead off Grover Alexander in the first game of their double bill with the Cards, and then withstood the Red Bird's closing rush to win, 6 to 5. Ray Kremer was credited with his eighth consecutive victory. although he was driven out of the box in the eighth Inning when the Cards tal- | 1led four runs with the aid of Chick | Hafey's 20th homer of the year. Bur- | leigh Grimes stepped in to check the | Cardinals’ splurge. Behind good pitehing by Jess Haines, the Red Birds had little trouble taking the nightcap, 6 to 2, Fred Fussell, young Pirate southpaw. was touched for 11 | - hits, one of them Jim Bottomley's g, 27th homer. i The Reds got a lot of hits off Artie Nehf and Hal Carlson but <ould not make them count and the 'abs won. 5 to 3. Red Lucas waa hit | Grcely, Curt Walker, Reds right [ UR U0, 0o, anammed). fieider, was seriously injured when [rUple Daver Leac Lo it he was hit in the head by & ball |Buccht 8, Greenfield 4. thrown by Woody English, Cub | shortstop, in the ninth inning. Dazzy Vance registered his victory as the Robins gave the Giants thelr eighth successive set- back, & to 2. John McGraw bench- ed Recond Baseman Andy Cohen and | English. ~s ... sent in Andy Reese who accounted “‘;“:"“:'Zw-’;! . for both of the Glants’ runs with a | ey, home run in the seventh inning. Cuyler, 1t The Phils and the Boston Braves Grimm. 1b broke even in a double header, Burt | Hartnett, © Khotton's crew taking the opener, 4 | Nuni o to 3, but dropping the second, 4 to 1. | The A's victory over the Red ox was'gained only after a bitter pitch- er's battle between Rube Walberg of the tribe of Mack, and Danny |crit Macfayden and Pat Simmons. A two run rally in the seventh settle the |00 issue and allowed the A'S to even the | Ay serles at one victory all. 1 The 8t. Louis Browns took over | the Detroit Tigers, 5 to 2, in the only (T other American league game. Alvin | s Crowder pitched his 16th victory of | the year. | Totals American League | BOSTON AB R s 0 | st Louis Pittshurgh (FIRST GAME) PHILADELIHIA H b1 o B himariss o s sty | Southern, of Thompson, Klein, rf Leach, 1b Williams, Whitney, Sand, s i 3 P w llssonnonmon Zloowmrmuu~on 3 Hlosunnn weoos Richhourg, Rrown, 1f stater, 11 losmscossos wlsisentos dus " 630—4 000—3 Rpohrer. Horneby. Horna- By Totals 2 Philadelphia Boston Two oo 200 010 hits: Freigau Three hite: Richbourg, hane | (SECOND GAME) 15th | Philadelphla 0 Boston 030 010 008—1 000 O1x—4 CHICAGO B » Carlson, p Ysinns b g msuuneswumad 1as 3 sl ssonedanson wlossssc=20ul Totals sa sunssnaney Blasessennen coeu—newa=Z 1 “lesssomsass® 18 0o 001 110 010 nits: Wiison, Heathcote, Three base hit: Hartnett. Nenf, Engllah to Grimm; struck out: By Nebf 32, Double play Kelly to Ford. Rothrock. cf, Myer, 3h Taitt, rf itogell, »w Todt, 1b Toepp, rf. Williame, 1t i) BROOKLYN AB R ‘ 1 Mack . p P. ftmmons. p . Hofmann, x fufng, xx Totals visin, ' Doul, o, rf Lindstrom, Terry Bishop, 2h It Dykes, 1 Cochrane, A. Simmons, Foxx. 3b Miller, rf Haax, of Boley. s¢ Walberg, 1 slcza32233222m alocsseaszasanm Totals x—Batted for Macl xx—-Batted for Willi yden in 109 00— aan 200 ftome rune: Flow jut: By Hubbell e Regan Wallerg struck . B, out simmons 1 MEADOWS T0 RETURN BT R Voluntary List Expocts to Pitel ener, Whitehill Smith, p In spring. Pittsburgh, Scpt. 1 P --Lee Mea- | dows, veteran bespectacled hurier of the % | voluntary retired list last week, will 2| be back in a Pirate uniform next o spring, Barney Dreyfuss, 1 of the Pittsburgh club 1| today. 13 24 1 Lou1s, AB I Totals Riue, 16 MeGowan, Manush, Schulte, of Kress, &8 Brannen. 2b Rettencourt, Manton, © Crowder, t 1" anneunced Ay o | bac next spring.” Dreyfuss said. 0| “He belicves he is far from done | but did not wish to accept further salary this year when he could not wix—3 | give service in return. He belicves Wetten- i is making satisfactory pro- S e | ETess toward complete recovery and Yo 118 in better shape now than at any By [timbe since neuritis developed dur- ing the 1925 world series. » Totale Detr St Loutm Twa hame court . Rtone, M G Neun. Homa ruy plays: Whitehill Rettancourt to Riue. Whitehill 2, Crowder to « o N Struck out: 3 ith 1. P’irates, who was placed on the | president | “Jt is Meadows™ intention to come ! LEGIONTEAN 1S WINNER OVER Y Junior City League Game Pro- ductive ol Several Thrills Junior City Standing w. « PC 1.000 450 667 375 Colliers . Burritt Jrs. Phantoms ..... Amer, Legion.. Y. M C. A . .200 Laurels .. e 1256 The American Legion held off the Y. M. C. A. and retained fifth place in the Jumior City baseball league by defeating the “Y" 7-4, in a game at Walnut Hill park last night. Ross, “Y" catcher, opened the game with & home run but was out for faflure to touch first. The Legion promptly procteded to get three scores off Recano, a wall. and two errors fill- ing the bases and three more passes forcing in a trio of runs. E. Matis started the second frame with an- other home run and touched all the nd a Wit by Zi- , but that was all The Legion clinched the game in the fifth on Shurbert’s double, an error, a flelder's choice, a pass, and Flood' hit, four runs resulting. A pass, a dropped third strike, and hits by V. Matix, Squillaciote, and C. Meligonis brought twe runs te the losers in the last inning. The winners gathered only three hits oft Recano and Chris Meligenis, but they profited by the former's wildness and the latter’ tough luck in having plays go wrong behind him. The “Y" hit safely six times but could not hunch its blows effec- tively until the final stanza. E. Ma- tis starred on the attack while Ha- ber turned in the best fielding play {of the game, a running back hand !ratch of C. Meligonis’ long fly in the first inning. The summary: \ AMERICAN LEGION AB R 2 ] Haber, 1f Zaleski b V. Baylock. Shurbert, of L by Schmarr, p Jas. O'Brien, Flood, { Waltberg. Piorkowski. Capodice, 11 Skonieceny, 3 e ot 1 | monunuswsosun Totals Ross, ¢ Squillantote, C. Neligonis, E. Matie, 1f Recano, , 3b Hayes, w Rerlin, 1b Zimonis, 1l Y. Matis, of EY 3h, Ll S ] B i S ol s bl il ssniongiscel ] seosponsssswes Totals L A American Legion S0 MY x- Two bars hite: Shurbert, Hayes. Home runs: E. Matis. AMERICAN TEAM 10 MEET BRITISH First of International Matches t0 Be Played Today Forest Hills, L. I.. Sept. 1 (UP)— The United States tennis team will meet England in the first of the in- ternational matches at Forest Hills this afternoon without the services of George Lott, Jr., and John Hen- nessey. The American doubles combina- [ tion were in Chestnut Hill, Mass,, eoting the Australlan team of Ger- ald L. Patterson and Jack Hawkes in the finals of the national doubles hampionship. Since Lott and Hen- nessey cannot participate at Forest Hills, the United States Lawn Ten- nis assoclation announces the fol- lowing resarranged schedu Wilmer Allison, United Edward Higgs, England; Ryn, United States, vs. W. tin, England; T, United States, vs. J. . Gregory, England; Jchn Doeg and Wilbur (Junior) Coen,> United States. ve. Edward Higgs and 1. G. Colins, Eng- land. g In W. H. Austin, England will present to the tennis public a young player who will likely reach the ten- nis heights formerly occupied by the Doherty brothers, Pim, the Renshaw brothers, and others of world's ten- nis history. In many respects he compares to Wilbur F. Coen, Jr., Kansas City who has alrcady had his Davis cup baptism. Austin, while still under sixteen on the public school championship of England in 1921. He also won the Cambridge miiversity singles title in 1926, Austin has won over Lott and Hennessey, having beaten them in the international team match at Iasthourne last June. In the {hird | round of the English championshi he defeated Wilbur F. Coen, J a five set. match. He was defeated | by the brilllant Rene Lacoste in th fourth round after a five set match The doubles match between Dovg and Coen and Higgs and Colling should prove of interest. Fach team | was eliminated in the third round | |of the national doubles champion- |<hip. Higes is reputed to be one | lof the hardest forehand hitters in !the game while Docg has a terrific service that wifl give the best plenty of trouble, ates, vs. | John Van H. Aus- Hunter, SPORT FILLERE i WELCH OPERATES A LATRE | “Pest” Weleh, Purduc’s great | | halfback last fall. worked in a machine shop operating a lathe | this summer. | | ADIUM SOON | ] stadium st | Xavier College in Cineinnati is ox- | pected to be completed in time for | foothall games this fall. | the | ROHWER WASH. STATE +alf~ They'll s0on be set for the whistle out i the Pacific Coast Confercnce where, ay usual, Stanford ap- pears just & bit superior to the others. The Cardinals’ offense will be built around Captain Biff Hoffmas, full. Other coast stars back this year are Phillips, Cajfornia, ead; Hughes, Oregon State full; Washingtou, half, and Rohwer, Washington State, halif, BY RUSSEL J. NEWLAND (Assoclated Press Bports Writer) fan Francisco, M—The team that wins the 1928 Pacific Coast Con- ference championship will have to travel more rugged route than ev. er before, Not only has competition broadened by the addition of anoth- er contender—the University of Cal- {fornia at Los Angeles—but the dis- tribution of man power is more Teams that were weak last year| have more potential stars glimmer- | ing In the ranks and early season “dope” promises a terrific scramble for honors by the ten grid squads. | Adding to the keen conference ri- | valry will be three important in- tersectional games. They bring to-| gether, Stanford and Army in New | York City; Oregon State college und; New York University on the latter's| home grounds, and Notre Dame and | Southern California in L.os Angeles. | Stanford, conference champion | for two years and victor over Pitts burgh in the East-West game seamon, will be a slight favorit again this vear. Foxy Glenn “I'op” Warner, whose perennial and a | ing formations have caused the rules to be changed many times, is | counted on to come up with several | been ¢ new plays as usunl. |v Coach Warner's first gesture has | been to add power to his backficld He plans to use heavy quaterbacks. The Cardinal’s offense, always spec- tacular, will be built around “Biff" Hoffman, captain and back. Southern California will bear | watching. With Captain-eleet, J Hibbs, who was chosen as tackle on many All-American teams last year, as the nucleus, Coach Howard | Jones has seasoned material for cvery other position on the line, To replace Morley Drury, Al- Amerfcan quarteri Jones s grooming three 1927 reguia -{ Russ Saunders, Don Williams and Kocky Kemp—and Marshall Duf- field, a newcomer, After there scazons filled with many defeats and disappointments University of California comvs 1o the front with the most fmpressive squad since 1924. Coach . M. “Nibs" Price will have 20 veterans to work with, including Captain- eloct Irvine Phillips, who received generous mention in 1927 coast end. A wealth of backfield material features several men who helped California beat Pennsyl- | vanin last year, Among the northern Oregon State Colleg Six of the 18 regul have had two years varsity experi- bnce. Ameng the prospeets is Co- quelle Thompson, 200-pound Indian, whose spring practice work stamp: him as an outstanding fullba possibility. One of € Paul Schissler's | first moves fo shift Mel Whit- lock, mammoth halfhack, to an «nd | position. 1t is expected to mate- | vially strengthen the front line while there is pleaty of “heef” lett in the back row. Among the grad- from the freshman team 1s | Henry Hughes, who learned to ! carry the ball in the “barefoot | lcague” of Honolulw. The Ha- wailan can Kick a ball as far bare footed most others do with shoes on. Graduation struck a heavy ut Washington last scason and Coach Enoch Dagshaw is faced with the task of 1eplacing many po- sitions with new and practically unknown perform Jn the beck- however, he will have Charles Toll, leading point scorer of the conference year, and Thurle Thornton, ancther capable ball lugger. Washington the ficld with a stionger squad than in 19 Oregon and Montana «hape in the way of vei figured to into action. menbers, stands out. returning ch as blow State College takes looking while Idaho, all in good ans, are put formidable elevens EAST SIDES REORGANIZE The first call for candidates for East Sides football team has teen imued for tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock on the Last Sides’ field | at the corner of East street and City avenue. The team will reorgaiiz. at this time. ANl players interested are asked to respond to this notice. 'with as all- |- Carroll, ’ HORNSBY FATTENS BATTING AVERAGE {Braves' Manager Puts Little! Pressure On His Work New York, Sept. 1 (P—Just when it began to seem as if Paul Waner's drive to overhaul Rogers Hornsby in | the race for the National league bat- ting champlonship might be success- ful, the Boston manager applied a little pressure on his own account and soon widened the margin be- | tween himself and his challenger. Hornshy leads by .382 to .378, ac- | cording to averages issucd today and including games of last Wednesday. While Hornshy's margin great, he has thix saiisfaction—his average is some ten points higher than the greatest total the elder Waner has been able to reach’at any time this season, and for that reason probably will hold good through the remaining four weeks of the cam- an. The Pirate flash has other laurels nd seems to have little need to wor- ry over the batting crown. He leads in total hits with 157; in runs with 121; in doubles with 44 and in triples with 17. ‘This is a greater | monopoly even than Jim Bottomley of 8t. Louis was able to set up carlier in the campaign. Bottomley now excels in runs batted in—with 106. Cuyler and Wilson of the Cubs are the two remaining individual leaders in offense-—¢‘uyler in stolen bases with is second to 6, and Del Bottomley hack in homers with Bissonette of Brooklyn, third with 0. Don Hurst of the Ihils and Chic Hafey of St. Louls share fourth place, each having 19, Other regular batsmen, following Hornshy and Paul Waner are: Tray- is not | . and Wilson in home runs | nor, Pittsburgh, .352; Lindstrom, New York, 47: Grantham, Pitts- burgh, Hogan, New York, .348; Roettger, 8t. Louis, .341; Bot- tomley and Hafey, 8t. Louis, .336; Herman, Brooklyn, .335 and Sisler, Boston, .344. o Despite his loss tp Boston at the Polo Grounds this week, Larry Ben- ton remains well ahead of his field |in pitching. The New York ace now {has won twenty-one and lost only | five for a percentage of .808, Willie Sherdel is second with sixteen «nd seven tor .696, and Nehf of Chicago third with eleven and five for .688. Burleigh Grimes of Pittsburgh and the veteran Grover Alexander are tied for the next pesition each | with a percentage of 677, but with jdifferent won and lost totals. Bur- leigh has won {(wenty-two — the highest total of &ny major league | hurler — and lost eleven. Alex's mark is fourtcen and seven., Benton and Grimes now are tied in complete games, each having twenty-three, and Grimes stands as well in & triple tie with Daszzy Vance of Brooklyn and Red Lucas of Cincinnati for the greatest total of shut-outs—four. The Plrates continue on their {mad batting spree, and now have |a team average of .816 with nobody even close, The Cards and the Giants were tled for .290 each. The [Cubs and the Cardinals were in a | tie for fielding honors, each show- |ing a mark of .974. The Reds were sccond with .973, and had 160 dou- | ble plays. | PA EES TO PRACTICE Planning to start this season with 'a game on September 23, the Paw- | nees will practice tomorrow morn- ing at 9:30 and Tuesday and Thurs- | day nights at 7:30 o'clock. William | Turner will again coach the team sasisted by Paul Glanotti, Last Thursday night,” the team went | through line and backfield forma- tions. Running and passing plays | will be gone through Sunday. Oster- !tag is back again at quarterback, {and the team will be bulit around {lim. ANl candldztes are asked to report promptiy. THE GUEST PLAYER WHO SAID HLS HANDICAP ON 1S EIGHT AND HIS HOME COVRSE IN CONSZEQUENCE HE AND PARTNER HAVE BEEN MOST GENEROUS IN GIVING STROKES 19 SO FAR HE HASN'T, MISSED A SAND TRAP RWAL PAIR. TAKE Your Time MORT- Ten BEST BALL AND AGGREGATE -- S WAY - GueT ouT THAT* WAy TAKE YOUR Time! Youve HAD IN THERE NOW AND WE'RE PLAYING MHOOT| BACK O TIAE FAIR- You'LL NEVER / b i) - > , it 1 il ” LooK Av WS LITTLE FRIEND MORT WITH 1 S () EIGHT WANDICAP, on DEAR OH DBAR - I'M DYING THOUEH R AW A Coaaaand IFALCONS AND BURRITTS WILL BATTLE TOMORROW ers Announce Starting Lineups for the First Game of the Series — Northwest Section of the Town All Riled Up Over Contest — Bruno Kania and Rose Liable to Be Given Pitching Selections— _Atwood to Be Among the Missing—Game at 3:00 OITY LEAGURRS TO PLAY TODAY Three Interesting Games Sched- wled for Walnut Hill Park The last of the regularly sched- uled games in the - City Basetall league will be played at Walnut Hill park this afternoon although there remain on the slate a number of postponed games which wil have to be played off before the season can be ended. This afternoon the Burritts and Tabs will batter away at each other on Diamond No. 1 at 2 o'clock. These two teams appear to be out of the race for the championship but one is fighting to keep out of the cellar and the other wants to T'tain its standing as near ihe top as is possible. At the same time, 2 o'clock, the Pirates will be facing one of the hardest tests of the entire season when they meet the Rangers on Diamond No. 2. With a chance re- | maining to beat out the West Ends ;ror the championship of the league, the Corsairs are going into today's | game determined to win. The Rang- ers, however, form a big obstacle and the Pirates will have to be at their best to win At 4 o'clock on Diamond No., 1 the West Ends and the Cardinals will battle it out. The West ends stand slightly ahead of the Rangers in the league because of the fact that the team has won one more game than the Pirates though los- ing just as many. A loss for the West Ends could be a calamity pro- vided the Pirates win their contest. Junior League A game between two teams in the Junior City Le; TURF SEASON CLOSES Saratoga’s Annual Month of Worse Racing Will Be Ended Today— Belmont Starts Monday. Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Sept. 1 (UP—SBaratoga’s annual month of horse racing comes to a close today and the bang-tails will shift their activities to Belmont Park again starting next Monday. The twenty-fourth running of the hopeful stakes, $50,000 guaranteed, tops the closing card at Saratoga. Blue Larkspur, owned by E. R. Bradley, was the 3 to 1 favorite in the field of 16 two-year-olds which are down to start in the six amd half furlong sprint. The colt, winner of the rich junior national stallion stakes and the Saratoga special, will carry top weight of 130 pounds. His closest competition was expected to come from Dr. Freeland, Twink, Beacon Hill and High Btrung. The co-feature, the Baratoga cup, for three-year-olds and up, brings together the Kentucky derby win- ner, Reigh Count, Display, and Black Maria. “ READ HERALD CLASSIFIED ADS JOHNNY = HE'S NEARLY CRARY - -HE T HE AND MORY WERE Gows_Tb CLEAN ©199 nr1ngyee Tomorrow is the big day for the Falcons and Burritts baseball teams when the two cluba, bitter rivals of each other, clash at St. Mary's Field in the first game of a series to determine which has the right te continue on in the battle for the championahip of the city. With bath clubs confident of vie- tory, the fans who plan to attend are anticipating one of the stiffest diamond bLattles seen here in recent years. Those who can remember back in the old duys, n recall then other games which attracted the interest of this coming battle but memory s dim on any case Where the rivalry betweem any two tecams has beea so hot. All week long in the Broad street &ection of the city, rabid partisan rooters have been arguing and are suing until disinterested friends had to interfere to prevent the particl. pants from aoming to biwa. Strange as it may seem, the Bur. ritts stand today as the favorites fn the battle tomorrow. More than two-thirds of the Polish people of the city are with the team and against the Falcons which is an old-line and long established Polish soeiety. This is probably due to the fact that the Burritts are essential- ly and strictly a local team while the Falcons is an aggregation f stars selected from various points about the state, Manager Johnny Cabay an- nounced today that his starting line-up would be as follows; Patrus, 2b, Reilly, 3b, Soule, rf, Klatka, 1b, Noonan, ¢, McKernan, If, MeLeary or Begley, &8, Ross, cf, and Rose, p, Manager Lasky at the same time announced his playing selections as follows: Gaida, cf, Bucheri, s, Budnick, If, “Starhead” Budnick, 2b, J. Kania, 3b, Parsons, 1b, Luty, rf, Kopec, ¢ and B. Kania or Salak, P The Falcons, it is reported, will be sadly crippled by the absence of Atwoaod, husky letthander who has been the pitching mainatay of the team. He notified Manager Ca- bay earlier in the week that he would be unable to be with the team this Bunday for the first game of the eerles. Cabay may be called on to depend on Johnny Rose to take over the pitching assign- ment. Both teams will be required to have their preliminary practiece out of the way so that the infield prac- tice can start at 2:30 o'clock. The baseball game will be started promptly at 3 o'clock. ‘arrell Has Chance to Even Count With Hagen Chicago, Sept, 1 UP—Trailing one match, Johnny Farrell, American open champion, had a chanee to square accounts with Waiter Hagen, British open titleholder, in their sec. ond 36 hole match for the world's unofficial golf championship over the Ridgemoor Country elub eourse toda; Hagen won the first mateh of the series, one up, at Detroit this week. They plan to play the best three out of five. REMEMBER MILES McLEAN Towa supporters belleve they will have the eutstanding back eof the football scason {n Miles Mc- Lean, whom they regard as a back almost as good as Jim Thorpe was.