New Britain Herald Newspaper, December 27, 1919, Page 9

’ EA R OF CONFUSION FOLLOWS VICTORY OF ALLIES IN THE WAR; EVENTS OF 1919 SHOW THE WORLD IS RESTLESS AND IN TURMOIL League of Nations the Stumbli ican Participation in World vent Future Conflicts, Forc e ng Block Which Wrecks Amer- Settlements Intended to Pre- ing Return to Old System of Alliances and Competitive Armaments, el ol [Copyright, 1219, by the New York Herald Company—All Rights Rescrved. | < By THOMAS B, PRESTON. ' s @ X3 This year will go cown in history as the Year of Confusion, because in it ttempts to bring about a peaceful solu- ion of the problems created by the great war have failed. As a matter of fact, it has been a year of turmoil and divided council: While hostilities were in progre: the energies of the civilized nations were concentrated on the one object of victory. But when that had ? been attained it was very natural for the allied and assoclated Powers to think of their own interests apart from the com- mon purpose that had brought them together, The greater part of the year has been sccupied by the deliberations of the peace conference. Whatever may be thought of its shortcomings and its inconsistencies, it has changed the face of Furope and 1altered the map of the world for the better. New nations have been born, others have been ireed from oppression and still others. reversing the current of heir history, have been sct in the path of progressive development and relieved of the fear of forcizn enemies. The in- tentions of the conference have been evidently praiseworthy, far different from the brutal national selfishness that characterized its only comparable pre- decessor, the Congress of Vienna, one aundred years ago. ‘Wherever its decrees have been carried but in good faith the result has been demeficial to the great majority of the people concerned, not to dynasties or <rulers. The principles on which it acted were:—First, the ethnographic test—to zive to mative populations the full pression of self-determination. which another way of saying government based n the American principle of the consen >f the governed: second, the strategic test—giving to new frontiers such natural fiefences as may be required Ly ordinary srudence to zuzrd against attacks she economic test—giving to d inha’ the tricts fourth, an outlet through reign populations sest—gi 5 to a race it After all the above requirements had besn watistactorily filled. Peace Conference Opens. With such principles as a guide the peace comference held its first session on Satur- dwy afternoon, January 18, in the Hall of Peace of the rench Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in Paris, on the Quai @'Orsay. on the left bank of the Seine. Tswenty-eight jtates were represented, three among them, Poland, Czecheslovakia and the Hedjaz, seing new natious which thus received in- tarational recognition. TFrom the first the five chiet Powers i the world—Great Britain, the United States, France, Ttaly snd Japan—took charge of affairs and a Supreme Council was formed by the selec- Hon of delezates from each. Practically die ‘directien of the business of the con- rence devoived upon Lloyd George, the 3pitish Prime Minister; President Wil- son, who had gone abroad in December ynd visited Ingland and Italy, returning o Paris on January 7 Georges Clémen- zeau, the French Premier; Vittorio Or- ‘ando, the Italian Prime Minister, and the Warquis Salonji, formerly Prime Minister of Japan. o The five principal states of the British @ pire nada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India, were given sepa- te Tepresentation in the assembly of the proposed League of Nations, a legislative pody instituted “to secure international peace and security by the acceptance of shligations’ not to resort to war. The rsgembly was intended to be an advisory 3dy, the real governing power to be vested A the Iixecutive Council, successor of the Snpreme Council, composed of the five rhief Powers. The fact, howeveér, that the yrincipal components of the British Iim- pre were given representation in addition to that of Great Britain herself was one 3 the obdections raised in the United Jtates Senate, which caused the latter to reject the treaty with Germany. Delay I, the conclusion of peaco was due partly 'o'the fact that the covenant of the League » Nations was made part of the treaty. Basides the states already mentioned the following took part in the first meet- of the peace . conference:—Belgium, Brazil, China, Cuba, Greece, Guatemala, ‘@aytl, Honduras, Liberia. Nicaragua, Panama, Portugal, Roumania, Serbia and Siam. In addition to these twenty-eight ariginal members, or twenty-three count- ing the British Empire as one, it was de- 1aed that four of the Powers.in a state >t diplomatic rupture with the enemy— Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay— should take part in the sittings. Thus the peace conference included wmerically more than half the govern- ments of the world, geographically about /wo-thirds of its area and more than ihrec-quarters of its inhabitants. One ation of the twenty-two declaring war against Germany was lost in the reurrangement of states—Montenesgro, whose legislature voted to unite Wwith Serbia, Bosnia aud Herzegovina in the y created kingdom of the Serbs, Aroats and Slovenes, known as Jugo- lavia. Two others, San Marina and Costa Rlca, were not represented at the sonference. Santo Demingo, who had sus- pended relations with Germany, was also anrepresented. & i Prinkipo, But the greatest vacancy in the peace jonference was that occasioned by the Absence of Russia. I'or several months er the revolution and the abdication of jhe Tear in March, 1917, Kerenzky en- vored to keep faith with the Allles and rontinue armed opposition to the Teutons »m the eastern front, but on November 7 i\is government was overthrown by the Bolgheviki and Lenine and Trotzky signed “{reaty of peace with the Central Pow- frs at Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1818, a peace which gave Germany a vast in- trease of force on the western front by transferring thither many divisions which had been fighting In the east. Thers Was oonsiderabie opposition to the Bolsheviki in both Siberia and European f2ussia. Czechosiovak prisoners of war, #ho had been fighting in the Austrian les, Wers released and tried to ald he Allies by forming mlong the Volga a er to the eastward march of the Bol- javiki. The Cossacks in the southeast. fhe Ukrainians in the south, the Siberians lin the eest and the inhabitants of the altic states in the west began to set up sionsl governments of their own. pny of the mew Russian factions, as as the Kerensky democratic gov- iment, had representatives in Paris to ‘gbtain recognition from the onference. was the situation when, on Janu- Pr lent Wilson proposed that a feless message be sent to all the Rus- governments inviting them to a con- nce with the Allies on Prinkipo 1sl< ancient’ domain | iits rejection, i the Sed of Marmora. on ¥ . The plan had been originally sug- sested by the British government, but was rejected by the Frencn Forelgn Office on January 5. Its adoption by the Su- preme Council caused a gtorm of protest and indignation all over/the world. The invitation was accepted by the Bolshe vilsi, the Dsthonians, Letts, Lithuanians, Ukrainians and the independent govern- ments of the Crimea. It was indignantl repudiated by the North Russians, the Omsk government, General Horvath and the Georgian Republic. Delegates were appointed by Great Britain, France, Italy and the United States, among the latter being Professor George D. Herron, whose advocacy of free love doctrines in thi country had gained him notoriety some years ago. The opposition to the schem howevep, was so strong that it was finall quietly dropped. League of Nations. and January % declared in favor of the proposed League of Na- tions to prevent war. It was strongly urged by President Wilson. but was im- mediately opposed by some of his po- litical opponents in (his country, espe- cially in the Senate. A commission wa appointed to penfect a constitution and on March 20 neutral natons were invited propose amendments. On April 10 a pro. vision was adopted that the covenant of the league should not affect the Monroe Doctrin The revised covenant was pre- sented to the full conference on April 28, Sir Eric Drummond was later named Secretary General, its provisions were embodied in the peace treaty the German delesates at Versailles and to the Austrians at St. Germain on May 7 and June 2, respectively. On June 22 the German National Assembly authorized signing the peace treaty, to which its delegates affixed thei signatures on at Versailles. All the allied and Powers at - the same time treaty except China, who ob- a clause recognizing Japan's of the former German colony u. bot The conference on s jected to |possession of K Henry Lodze, who campaign he Senuate during the win- ter against the League of Nalions, was aided by 'Senators Knox, Johnson and and one of the last acts of the Sixty-tifth Congress on March 1 was to present @ resolution signed by thirty- seven Republican Senators recommending ir. Lodge as head of the Senate Committec on Foreign Affairs in |the Sixty-sixth Congress was able to re- lo |tormidable opposition to the league. On the other hand many prominent Republi- cans took the ground that the League of Nations was necessary to prevent future warfare in the world, among them be former President Taft., who on March 4 ap. peared in its advocacy on the same plai form in New York with President \Vils The latter had returned to the United had opened a 5 Europe on March to take part in the peace conference. With Republicans in control of both houses the Sixty-sixth Congre: met on May 19 and the President’s message re- ceived by cable from Paris was delivered the mext day. In it Mr. Wilson recom- mended the repeal of wartime prohibi- tion and the passage of the woman suf- frage resolution. President Wilson left Paris on the day the Germans signed the peace treaty and sailed from Brest for New York on June ), arriving on July 2 and leaving in the evening for Wash- ington. He presented the treaty of Ver- sailles to the Senate on July 1 Debate began on July 14. The Pregident re- quested the Senate to allow him to ap- point a temporary member of the Repara- tions Commission for ecution of the trqaty pendin's ratification. The For- eign Relations Committee, headed by Senator Lodge by a vote of 8 to 7, on July 22, refused the request. Senator Lodge asked the State Department for a copy of an alleged secret treaty of October. 1918, between Germany and Japan and was informed that no such treaty existed. Reservations. Next the Foreign Relations Commit- tee prepared a number of reservation some of which former President Taft de- clared would Kill the treaty and instead he suggested a number of interpretative reser- vations which wonld not alter the intent of the pact. Charles B, lughes also of- fered reservations and scven Republican Senators favorable to the treaty en- deavored to effect a compromise with its principal opponents, Senators Lodge, Bo- rah and Johnson. President Wilson held & conference with the Toretgn Relations Committee on August 19, endeavoring to overcome the objections of the Repub- lican .majority, but failed. What was perhaps an oversight on the part of the President was corrected by Senator Lodge, who called for a cony of the tri-partite agreement between France, Great Britain and the United States by the terms of which the Jatt Powers will immediately aid France case of any unprovoked act of aggre: sion by Germany. The last article of th treaty required §ts submission to the Senate at the same time as the treaty of Versailles, which had not been done. In reply. President Wilson submitted the document on July 29, asking for its early ratification. The Senate Judiciary Sub- Committee appointed, to consider its le- gality reported on August 19 that it was not in conflict with the constitution. Ac- tion on it was deferred by (he Foreign Relations Committee. On September 10 Mr. T.odze committee’s report on the Versailles treaty, signed by nine Republican Sen- ators, recommending thirty-eight amend- ments and four reservations. The Demo- cratic minority report contended that the proposed ohanges would amount to rejec- tion of the treaty. Senator McCumber, Republican, pressnted an individual mi- nority report, ch was a scathing criti- cism of the majoritw's report, which, he said, had substituted irony and sarcasm for argument. President Wilson meanwhile had under- taken a tour of the country in benalf of the peace treaty, leaving Washington on September 3. Tls arguments were direct- ed chiafly to showing that if America re- fused to take her share of peace adjust- ments throughout the world she would be obliged to maintain a large standing army and continue to live under increasing taxes. His tour carried him to the Pacific coast and he was everywhere received by enthusiastic crowds. On his return jour- ney he was suddenly stricken ill at Wichita, Kan., on September 2. Further speaking engagements were cancelled and he was hurriedly brought back by train to Washington. Fe was taken fo the ‘White House in an automobile and for weeks 10 one except his family was al- lowed to see him. Since then he has been gradually recovering. Flunie. Many othey problems were cousidered hy the peace conference, which was contin- in tof handed to| anize the commilttee S0 as to present| States on February 2t but again sailed for| {bitration. sented the| More than four times as many lives were iost in the,more than twice four and a half years of the great war as were sacriticed |paired only about one per cent. in all the Napoleonic conflicts from 1790 to 1815. than twice as many persous were killed as in the preced- T N o || ing century and a quarter from, the I 'l 1789 to the close of the Balkan wars the figuring | stounding conelu | || ing is the 1 i| ent nations:— in killed and severely wc Known Dead. 1,762,064 1,427,800 807,451 707,343 507,160 339,117 267,000 117,151 15,000 4,000 300 Country. Russia ...... & France Great Britain . ... Serbia . Italy Roumania Belgium .. United States Greece Portugal ... .. Japan ... ons of statisticians who have heen |3t closely on the result for the last twelve months.|are close to the According to the best obtainable calculations the fnllnn@f[lm Preasy Moy war, ha the Another ),247.900,000. Th The Coy TS3,000,000 foi Such are|sccond. | rench Revolution in in 1913, yunded of the differ-|the three yeal }1,;«.‘»\;\ estimated t the other three y at Severely Wounded. 1,000,000 700,000 | 617,749 | mond, 322,000 | 00,000, 500,000 200,000 40,009 | direct costs of §151, the English while Erne 43,000 Ihe net cost, deducting advances by one s 10,000 5,000 400! Country. are thus given 5,954,386 1,611,104 911,000 436,974 101,224 Total, Allies........ || Germany ... Bihin Austria-Hungary Turkey .. Bulgaria ... : | Great Britain 3,438,140 France ... 1,600,000 | United States . 850,000 Russia ..-- ... 107,772 |ltaly . 300,000 | British Total, enemies. . : Grand total - - o 3,060,302 9,014,688 While these tables probably are ajy they give little idea of the dama and resources. Serbia, for instance, ge inflicted on each coun try, which obviously depends on the country’s popul per cent of her entire population, w Other Allies ... - 2,857.772‘ 6,295,912 roximately corres Total cost to All | Germany *|Austria-Hungary Bulgaria tion }Turkey lost about sixteen | hile Russia. 10802 |Grand total Estimates vary greatly s total cost $180,000.000,000, the close of the war were $ | nois, made it somewl | Total cost to enemies. many wen, Lad ber population iw- s to the money cost of the zen War Study Society made it §18,- first vear and $33,065.000,000 for the withority figured the third year at is would make $91,097,900,000. These figures of the Liberty Loan Bureau of Department. which estimated the cost for $80,721,500.000. The Swiss Bank of hat the fourth year cost as much as ars together, which would make th» Secretary Baker's figures to 197.000,000.000. Idgar Cram- statistician. figured it at $210,175.- st 1. Bogart, of the Un ty of Illi- t less, or $186.333. with in- (312,542, total of $337,046,179.657. e to another, 6. 560, Net Cost. $35,334,011,868 24,265,582,800 22,625,252,843 22,593,950,000 12,413,998,000 . 4,493,813,072 . 3,963,867,914 .$125,690,476,497 $37,775,000,000 20,622,960,600 1,245,200,000 1,000,000,009 . $60.643,160,600 $186,333,637,097 ies uously in session. One of the principal of these was the rival claims of Italy and Jugoslavia in the Adriatic. The United States on February 7 recognized the king- dom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, known as Jugoslavia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia. Herzegovina, the Hungarian prov- inces of Croatia and Slavonia, part of the Banat of Temesvar, the Austrian province of Carniola. part of lstria and part of Dal- matia were united in one state by a rep- resentative convention held at Belgrade on January 5. Prince Alexander, son of King Peter, was called as Regent. Pos- ession of Dalmatia and part of Istria formed a subject of dispute with Italy. The qifficulty harks back to the entry of Italy into the war. This was obtaincd 1‘1;3' the Allies, who agreed with Italy. in a |treaty signed at London on April 26. 1915, {bv Great Britain, France and Russia, jstating very definitely just what Austro- Hungarian territory would be given to ltaly in the event of an allied victory. B this treaty a large part of Dalmatia was awarded to Italy, but Fiume was to go to {Jugoslavia. This town is preponderantly {Italian in population, hence the dispute {waxed leen. Jugoslavia, on February 11, proposed ar- Italy refected it on February I8, President Wilson, on April 23, an- nounced that the treaty of London was considered jnoperative by the peace con- ference, but that, nevertheless, Fiume would go to the Jugoslavs, as that treuty had provided, the idea being to give Cro- alia an outlet to the Adriatic. Premier Orlando refused to admit this, and Italy withdrew from the conference on Apr 4, but returned in May. Meanwhile allied troops were in occupation of the cit. having been there since November 17, There also had been a partial Cabinet crisis in Italy on January 18, which resulted in a reorganization of the Ministry, Orlando remaining Premier. After their return Lo Paris. the Italian delegation agreed to recognize IFiume as a free city. But conditions at home were| soing from bad to worse, owing to un- rest, strikes in the largey cities of Italy and increasing cost of fiving. Dissatis- faction expressed in the Chamber of Deputies, led to the fall of the Orlando Ministry on June 19. Franceseo Nittl be- came Premier and Tommaso Tittoni head of the Forelgn Office and the peace dele- zation Riots oceurred in Tiume, and Genera! Radoglio, an Italian, was in- frusted with the mission of keeping order, most of the foreign troops withdrasing. Signor Tittoni proposed a compromise of which Ttaly would have possession of Fiume and its two western harbors, while the suburb of Susak and the eastern waterfront would be administered by the League of Nations and a new port would be built for the Jusoslavs at Buccari, seven miles east of Fiume, D’Annunzio’s Coup d'Etat. Fearing that Italy would agree to the loss or I[Miume, Italian volunteers under Gahl:fi‘:le d’Annunzio on September|12 took forcible possession of the city and the Italian regulars and Allies withdrew. A fleet of airplanes, some naval vessels in Fhe harbor and a few Italian regiments joined D’Annunzio’s standard. The Italian government ent an ultimatum to D'An- nunzio to surrender and instituted a block- ade. The poet commander defied the order and the blockade was lax, food con- tinuing to reach Fiume. D'Annunzio ex- tended his occupation to the suburb of Susak and the hills overlooking the In Ttaly the Chamber of Deputies on eptember 4 had passed a bill giving Womnen the right of national suffrage and King Victor Emmanuel announced his in tention of giving up all the crown domains for the benefit of the Italian peasants and returned soldiers and also the gift of his palaces and other buildings to the nation for philanthropic purposes. Signor Nitti in a heated session of ths Chamber on September 27 Hlamed President Wilson for the delay in settling the Fiume question and received a vote of confidence, but two |days later resolved (o appeal to the {country to decide on a policy regarding |Fiume. Parliament was dissolved and |elections set for November 16. D’Annunzio oa September 20 annou d a state of war with Jugoslavia, but the Jugoslavs declined to knock the chip off his shoulder. The Italian National Coun- cil of Fiume on October 3- protested against the food blockade and it was raised. Ttaly in cable correspondence with the government at Washington proposed the erection of a buffer state in Fiume and the annexation to Jtaly of epough Istrian territory to make (the Ttalian boundary contiguous to that of Fiume. An ‘*‘election” for a national counci! was held in Fiume on October 27 in which D’'Annunzio barred all except the Uniorn Nazionale from voting. Italian girls and women were allowed to go to the pol but no Cioats of either and the bridge to Susak was closed. aturally the an- nexationists won by 6688 votes to 136 for the party of Professor Zanella, leader of the Italians in I'iurne, whao prefer a pro- tectorate to annexation. . Meanwhile the Fiumans wers growing| very tired of D’'Annunzio, finding that they could not live on his poetical proclama- ty. Lroops were suffering from lack of moncy There were 9.000 of them, paid at the rate of five lire a day. I3y Noyember| there were duc nearly 200000 live, Con tributions from Italy were were and| the heavy taxes imposed to army were not relished by men of Iiume. Possibly to revive the| drooping spirits of his soldiers, D'An- nunzio on November 1y made a sorti a torpedo boat and tlie Dalmatian coast. announcinz its cupation. Admiral Millo with the cre of his war ships swore alleziance to the| poet, who returned to Iliume the next| day. Later D'Annunzio announced he would male no more vaids and as soon as Fiume was recognized as Italian he would fly to America across the Pacific. Poland, B SUpDO! the 1 ness| Next to Italy developments in the East Were the most important of the vea Poland had been already recognized as 4 sovereign state and was rep ented in the peace conference by Roman Dmows President of the Polish National Commit- tee, and Premier Ignace Paderewski, the well known pianist. who had devoted h fortune and his life to his countr cause in the last years of the war. The| stability of the new republic was threat-| ened, however, by the Germans on the west, who wer reluctant to relinquish Polish territory as they had been orderad, | and Dby the- Bolsheviki on the east, who had no intention of letting the Foles s cede, despite their praise of self-determi- nation, Through Danzig an American commi sion reached Poland after being attacked | by Germans in Posen. the result being a battle in the city in which Polish guards defeated the Germans. The Bolsheviki at- taclked Vilna and captured it on January 2, massacred the inhabitants and moved on toward Warsaw, occup, Lida. An attempt was made to assassinate Paderow- ski in Warsaw on January 12 and he was slightly wounded, but recovered and on January 13 formed a coalition Cabinet in agreement with General Pilsudski. The Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia attacked Przemysl, killing 2,00 persons in a boni- bardment which ended on January 14. The Czechoslovaks, (oo, attacked tha Poles in Austrian Silesia and cccupied the mining region of Karvin. The peace con- ference sent an allied commission to lesia to settle the dispute between Czechs and Poles over the Teschen coal ficlds The former captured Oderberg on Janu- ary 26. Elections were held in Poland for members of a Constituent Assembly, whickh met in Warsaw on February 10. The int. allied mission reached Warsaw on Febru- ary 12 and induced a brief truce between | Czechs and Poles, which the former broke. | The mission was fired on by Ukrainians between Cracow and lembers, Meanwhile the peace conference had datermined upon giving Poland a corridor throush German territory as an the Bal Danzig itself would remain a frec city. The corridor included on the west a small part of Pomerania inhabited - Poles; on the cast it left to Gormany | Ibing and Osterode. This cut off part of East Prussia from the rest of Ger- many, whereat there was a great howl from the Germans. It was suggested that German territory east of (he corridor should be demilitarized und that a plebis cite should be taken in st Prug: around the Mazurian lakes. where Poles “edominate, to decide whether the terri- tory should zo to Poland Germany objected so s Danzig arrangement that Marshal Foch had to go to Spa to convince Mathias Erzberger, the German envoy. that it would be best for Germany not to resi He won his point, but 2greed that Gen. Haller’s Polish troops, who had been fighting on the French front, should re- turn through Germany to Poland instead of going by way of Danzig. The Poles were much disappointed at not being awarded possession of Danzig, but were assured that it would serve their com- mercial purposes as a free city just as well. Tt was occupied by British and American marines on May 27 Larly in March the Poles captured Pinsk from the Bolsheviki. An attempted Bolshevist up- rising on April 5 was put down and a number of the conspirators were shot. As of them were Jews, this gave rise to the stories of anti-Jewish pogroms in Poland, repeated with much exaggeration in this country and in England in order to injure the Polish cause. The United States was the first to recognize Poland, on January 20. TFrance followed on Feb- ruary 24, Italy on March 13 and Belgium on March 18. "An alljance between Poland and the Entente was ratified on March 29 In Galicia the Poles drove the Ukrain- ians from the vicinity of Lemberg. In the north they retook Vilna from the Bol- sheviki; on May 19 gained the railway line to Lida and on July 8 had captured Minsk. Poland on July 31 ratified th= peace treaty with Germany, in Which the new boundaries were rocognized. Never- theless, there were continued clashes be- tween Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia. Seviet Russia. More disturbing (o (he beace of the renuously to the tions alone. Trade was dead and the 5 5 3 » that | denly | withdraw exit to|3Y differences of was the continued Bolshevism from Soviet ireatened the world with it and Iurope and Asia with everal times apparently on oint of being crushed, as the veu it secms more firmly seated than at any time since the overthrow of Kcrensky ighting on four fronts, ( uccessively driven hack menuce whi propi armies. 1ssiu, the Iteds thes were faced until Janded at Zara, on|disaster, when from various cuuses they ulied and regained all tiey had lost Then came a simuitancous drive hy the Allics on all fronts and the area of Bol i i dly to contract 1d- hole situation was reversed, the Soviet banuers in of the compass, and tod sreater territory in Europe ve months ago. and the: are triwmphantly carrying their conquests into the heart of Siberia, while gerisively offering peace to the Allies, who are evervwhere scuttling before theni. In the east Perm had been captured on Christmas Eve by Siberian and Czecho- slovals forces er General Gaida_and the Reds were driven across the Kam River. The Allies with the forces in the north coming down from Archangel and the Murman coast of the Arctic Ocean toward Vologda. Ameri- caus, Poles, I'rench, Canadians and anti- Bolshevist Russjan volunteers were in the northern sector snd on this front had re- captured the village of Kadish. General Semenoff, always disgruntled, held the Trans-Siberian Railwav hetween Irkutsk and Chita and did all he could to hamper the novements of the Allieg. General Derikine began a campaign in the Cau- |casus and on Januvary 9 captured Alex- androysis United command as ar- vanged with the ¥rench general. Jules Janin., at the head of all the armies on vaper, but that is as far as it ever got. Japan announced that she was about to 21,000 troops from Siberia and s na strong movement in the Parliament and the American to withdraw from Russia al- together. The Bolsheviki helped the with drawal by taxing Ufa on New Year's Da ana driving the Americans back seventy five miles in the Archangel region during January Two Bolshevist armies pushed we ward into Bsthonia and Lithuania, cap- turing Wenden and Riga, but the British landed at the litter port on January 1f und drove them out. Ilsewhere tie “reds” took Dorpat. Mitau and *Windau. In the south they swept over the Ukraine, forcing the government to move from Kielf to Winnitza, and set up Soviet rule Kharkoff. Denikine, who was still warking time in the Caucasus, an- nounced his adherence to the government of Admiral Knolchak in Siberfa and tried ) to ch with him, but the Bol- topr ed this by captw The ilies cndeavored to save the ik )mding at Odessa a mixed k 1troor v on and oc and I'rench taking {vietory every there W i Congress i the both Yoeu April und swept down into the C Kolchak Legan an offensive west Urals, recaptured Ufa and pushed the Bolsheviki twenty-five or miles on a front from Perm to the Tranz- Siberian Railway. imea of Varying Fortunes. Fighting Bolsheviki was very much 2eflated balloon. Driven in at one point. the ‘reds” bulged out at another. In April they . were weakening in the east while strengthening thelr positions in the uth and west. After the capture of Odessa they ordered the Roumanians to evacuate Bessarabia, which is largely peopled b Floumanians and which was thought would be awarded to them. By June the allisd ring around Sovict Russia was drawn (ighter than ever. Denikine was beginning his wondertul progress in tne south. from sin on the Volga, while the Siberian army was pushing southwest, intending to join him at Orenburg. Allies were com by the rallway Ker. the border Petrograd ng down from the to Pet Finnish volunteers were aiding and the north Kolchak was at Allies d and this attack on as_expected. Admiral the hei of his advance and the decided to recosnize his government support him with food, munition money. As soon a¢ they Kolchak’s star seemed to Gec iie had advanced to Glazov, 150 milex west Perm. Then the Bolsheviki ralifed. drove him back. recan d Perm and Ufa and forced the Siber army to retreat to the Urals. o n e to the fore, i an area as cleared thoe regained from the Bo; large as all New England, Crimea and took ISharkof?, the fifth largest city of Russia. Ile pusbhed on across the Ukraine, driving the Boishe- out of Kieff on September 2. Odessa had been retaken on August 13 and the BEritish landed there quantities of sup- plies and equipment, including tanks, which aided materially in Denikine's sue- cess. At the peak of his drive in August world than German treachery or allied ~ 5 he was tureateming Tula, an important were trying to unite| ig Oren-| ~der Goltz bacle ¢ thirty of | ¥ pressed Races and ilway junction about | Moscow, and predictior that the Soviet capital |the new year. would fall |pian he was Kaniyshi planning to move on it on August successes continued in October, hi capturing Voronezh and Kursk, under General Mamontoff, by {d, cut in behind the captured Tambov, while Orel, south of Mo: who declared the siege On the west the L eral Petlura. who had been | Poles in Galicia, and was German funds, declared ws se lie refused (o rece capital in a krainians, ou bec ni coun ring that it should |federalized Lussi w mpelled hie centre, the Bolsheviki “oronezh and Ovel. Reds wion regained the district and opened a route between be autonomer The a0k acks | | re i in of t v Kol tan. Pe | which Afghan we are likely Thus ended Russia Anevicans in withdrawn u the anti=Bolshevi: fishting w {sheviki , Still another atta which had hee e . next came into 2, Wwin uanians (o tan and Indi to hear mo another hope Meanwiile the northern d as a 1 F L them in beer resalt went Lo t k on L n e P iteers, seve: dtie 1y minence Let for the had it ria |=heviki. P states [ calli Russian zovernmen to aid and in a e o 1h ~trueted " Judenitc [ ctrograd northwestern tand was asked Puris Helsingfors in ruvors at support thix conrse. Ihitish war ling Kronstadt at long and several b turc Sslov by eud to Baitic co-opr western government that some of its officers to the Bolsheviki and beiruying t} s0ldi at ist Slshe AT olsheviki ruisers the ati Tor were sel al of ti rd October Jadcniter's Rise xnd eneral Jugenitch continued bis advance He captured Jamburg pushed on east. tuk warning north by two routes and Tsar Selo and most within sight of Petrog me blight that other anii-Bolshevist his army. His Faltic because he Wed ndependence in case inland announced that it would him because he refused to recogn nish claims to Karelia and about the Murman coast pled by tribes of Iinnish government that Juden Reval, with C. G. Lian Toreizn Affai ubsided | portanc iu spite tow on atchin s secms 16 al tacked away th rapidly confronting them. In the peace with Germany the Allies had immediate evacuation of the regio fearing that the Bolsheviki woul to a modification of the term the Germans were not Allies told them to do so. diately began to establish the j cupa | Letts They to Germany. [himself Governor General Baltic states from Lolshevism army under a pro-German | Colenel Avaloff-Bermondt. Von der Goltz to return in vain. dependence cancelled and called Governor General. ithe German government the to leave, and economic blockade of the Baltic. withdraw. n dri man ships. tussians, with troops, professing its own them to return. This was finall sioners. The RBaltic | states. meanwhile, la vengeful Germany. a e Bolshevi |=itlon of i lot peace was he lateo by off] }the Ukraine. nernts of the Baltic states, that they would accept howev: of the Allies toward Russia. have no policy JMeanwhile, further Admiral Kolchak's Siberian s0 many hopes had centred. Cheliabinsk to Omsi. lowed him into Siberia, thie positions heid in the spring. French, in co: ence at Omsk in in supplies and money. cade on the Ishim River, sheviki, reinforced, swept Kolch shevili on, occupled on November |quarters to Irkutsk. ably safe for a time. Germany Reeovering. a stable government. the & by Bolshevik Denikine cow. alarming Lenine, state of s the Astr 1, re [tuss many 1ssians who had heen Bol e t. r o v miles south of were freely made before | 11is front extended from the Volga to the Dniester and he held the former river from its mouth, at Astrakilan, on the Cas- ca, to the bend at Tsaritsin, whence Saratoff. was captured on July 31, the tide turned and the Bolsheviki retook In the centre Denikine's forces Cavalry a daring and took under Ge 'y as an independent stale. prefer-| his Denikine to withdraw i apturin sDi kha hak and | Denikine toward the southeast. to Turke i about next D nine's armies, | in the sum- |y Estho and months heen Bol- Anti-Bolshevist Itussiang, headed An offensive themselves the Tin- e allied them ships in {the Gulf of Finland co-operated, bombird- | sinking the cap- an 1 with the north it was discovered ng out i 1 e ut fact Petrograd and ther ng There the have atlended operatiens allies guurantee of victory. and aid not iz which are Kindred. tch kad formed at zoff as Ministe in n Bl & feeling |their weakness between Soviet Russia and ccepted the propo- ki to discuss terms A conference with their envoys 1d at Dorpat by representatives of IZsthonia, Latvia and Lithuania, attended ials from I'inland, Poland and One of the first announce- was no settlement which was not in accord with the policy As the Allles it was evident little would be accomplished by the Dorpat conferenc: disasters overtoolk army. er. 15, Fin- the regions peo- he The Baltic states had more vital matters treaty demanded B over- run the country, Marshal Ioch consented| which to leave until the imme- themselves untry as though for permanent oc- on and attacked the Ksthonians and Tn June the troops were ordered by the Allies to cease their attacks and return General von der Goltz, their commander, |installed himself at Mitau and proclaimed of Courland. e pretended to be anxious to free the and as ciated with himself a nominally Russian commander, Berlin replied to allied notes by saying they liad ordered Avaloff- | Bermondt on October 8 attacked Riga. en- tered the suburbs, declared Courland's in- himself The Allies in another note to Berlin held responsible events and its failure to cause Von| announced British ihe Bolsheviki drove them ;nq French naval forces entered the Gulf @ early M orpigs and ordered Avaloff-Bermondt to Six thousand Esthonian troops joined the Tetts. who finally succeeded ing out the Germans and pro-Ger- the aid of the war Berlin had suggested the appoint- |ment of an allied commission to go to the Baltic and try to oust Von der Gollz's inability to get done, like punching a feather bag or a DArtly|g;q ye Germans are departing with very il grace, under the cyes of the commis- Germany had & spell of Bolshevism <o- incidently with endeavors to reconstruct The year opened with serious disorders by the Spartacans,(and the Union of South Afriea. but il of at- fell for| an on g Driven back to the Urals, in July Kolchak was forced to retire from his headquarters at The Bolsheviki fol- whither he ha reated, about eight hundred miles trom British, Japanese and American officials August urge recognition of Kolchak and immediate aid A brief stand was but the Bol- forcing k to evacuate Omasi, which the Bol- the Siberfan commander removing his head- some thirteen hun- dred miles further east, where he is prob- Great Work Accomplished by Conference in Freeing Op- tablishing ! on Consent of the Governed, but Unrest Pervades Na- tions and Bolshevist Menace Persists. ew Governments Based who tried to start a commune in Berlin on the Russian plan, Two of their leaders, Karl Liebknecht and Resa Tuxemburg. were killed on January 15. KFour days later clections for a national assembly were held, and the dndependent Socialist or Bolshevist faction was hopelessly de- feated. The government was removed from Berlin to Weimar, where the As- sembly met on February 6, a provisional constitution was adopted and Friedrich Ebert elected President by the Deputies on February 11. Several of the German states went through a similar process from chaos to order. In Bavaria a goviet government was set up on April 7, the Premier, Kurt Eisner, having been assas- sinated. Gustay Noske, German Minister War, however, managed things With & firm hand, reorganized what was feft of the army and repressed disorder in Berlin, in Bavaria andin Saxony, where the War Minister, Herr Neuring, bad fallen a vie- tim to assassination. Austria held a_general election on Feb- ruary 18 for a National Assembly, which, net in Vienna on March 4. Hungary had seceded from the empire soon after the und established a republiz, Count Michael IKarolyi, on No- ser 15, 1lis position was undermined Bolshevist agents and he was forced 10 turn over the government to the Com- munists on March 2. Under Bela Kun, te of Lenine, a period of red . riot and ruin folfowed. General Smuts was sent by the Allies to Budapest to try to arrange an armistice with Hun- 2 0 ven surrounding countries except Austria, His proposals were presentad on April 4, but were rejected by Bela Iiun. 2oumania gains more thanmost other nations by ihe peace treaty, her aequisi- ns including the Roumanian inhalited districts of Transylvania, part of the Banat of Temesvar, Bukowina and Bes- sarabia, A land reform measure was pro- mulgated by the Roumanian Parliament, under which large proprietors who owned sevenly per cent of the agricultural land will retain ouly fifteen per cent under the new luw. The Roumanians were or- dered on April 24 by the Allies to take the offensive against Hungary, which they did with alacrity. They defeated the Com- munist army and occupied Budapest on August 4. Bela Kun fled to Austria, where he was interned Archduke Joseph. renouncing royalty, becgme Premier of Hungary on August 7. bt for fear of a monarchical restora~ tion was forced to resigh on August 2 In the Near Eust. Afchanistan, where the Germans and iBolsheviki already had tried to stir up trouble for the British Empire, only began to figure prominently in world affairs after Germany had been beaten. The Amir, Tabibulla Khan, was murdered ou IFebruary 20 while on a hunting ex pedition, and his brother, Nasrullah Khan, proclaimed himself ruler of Jellalabad A mission was sent to Moscow to establish relations with the Bolsheviki, and Afghan troops occupied strategic positions near the northwest frontier of India. Some tribesmen invaded the country near the Khyber Pass, but were driven out. Meanwhile Amanuliah Khan. son of the late Amir. proclaiming himself successor, had his uncle Nasrullah arrested for con- nection with the murder of Habibullah Khan, Jellalabad and Kabul were bombed by British airplanes and the Afghans sued for peace, a treaty being signed on August S al Rawalpindi. Another safeguard to the British empire of India was & con- vention signed with Persia on August 15 giving certain military and financlal con- , trol to Great Britain. Egypt was another country stirred by the aftermath of the great war. A move- ment for complete autonomy began early in the year, and Zagbul Pacha, vice presi- cent of the Assembly, and a deputation of nationalists asked permission to go to London and Paris to plead their cause be- fore the Britfsh Cabinet and the peace conterence. This was refused ané the leaders were deported to Malta. Riots followed throughout Iigypt, and there were serious revolts in remote Nile dis- tricts. General Allenby was appointed =pacial high commissioner to handle the situation, and arrived in Cairo Jate in March., Tmprisoned nationalist leaders were released and the rebellion was promptly put down. A new Lgyptian Cab- inet was formed on May 21, favorable to reforms under the British protectorats. Japan, aside from her Bolshevist prob- lem in Siberia and Chinese problem in Shantung. was confronted in Isbruary by a movement for independence in Corea. A petition to this end was presented Lo the American Minister in Peking by Coreans vesident in China. The demonstrations i Corea were repressed with a cruelty thut aroused the indignation of the civilized world. Many thousand Coreans were said to have been killed during the two menths the trouble lasted. It is reported to have been inspired by missionaries who thought they saw a chance for Corea to regain the independence forcibly wrested hy Japan and which the latter had promised to restore. in iermany's Evasions. Germany, while outwardly conforming te the peace treaty, endeavored to hamper the Allies by her expeditions in the Bal- tic, fomenting strikes in Silesia and by intrigues in other States. On June %I, just before Germany had decided to sign the treaty, ali the German vessels in Scapa Flow, surrendered under the terms of the armistice, were scuttled and sunk by order, as afterward proved, of the German Ac miralty. The Allies determined to exact reparation, which was embodled in a pro- tocol supplementary to the treaty and which Germany was required to sign. The peace treaty with Germany which the German delegates and the Allies had signed on June 28 was ratified by Great Britain on July 21 and received the royal assent ten days later. Belgium ratified the treaty on August $; New Zealand en September 2; South Africa, September 1%: Canada, September 14; Australia, Octeber, Guatemala, October 2; Italy, by royal decree, October 7; France, October 13; Tapan, October 80; Czechoslovakia, vember 7, and Brazil, November 11. China on September 24 adhered to ali the clauses of the treaty except that re- lating to Shantuug. Switzerland adhered to the League of Nations on August $, Spain on August 16 and Chili the same day. Germany’s colonies under the treaty are lost to her forever. Kiao-chou, whieh she stole from China, and which was re- conquered by Japan, is being held by the latter power with the promise to restors it to China soon. The islands of the Pacific are divided, these narth of the equator being administered by Japan un- der the League of Nations, these soutn of it by Australia, except Samoa, whieh goes to New Zealand, and Nauru, which will be administered by the British m- perial government. The African coloniss are divided for administrative purpsses between Great Britain, ¥ranee, Belgium No- gary, which had declared war against the *