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Iy sumption. A NEW BRITAIN DAILY HERALD, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST s, 1017. ° ritain Herald. PUBLISHING COMPANY. Proprietors. Qaily (Bunday excepted) at 4:15 p. m., Herald Bullding, 67 Church St. at the Post Office at New Britain Second Class Mail Matter. red by carrier to any part of the city tions for paper to be sent by mail, [Dayadle in advance, 60 cents a month, 87.00 a year. 1sing medlum In books and press riisers. only profitable advert he cfty. OCirculation alwavs open to ad Herald will be found on sale at Fota- ling's News Stand, 42nd St. and Broad- way, New York City; Board 'Walk, Ai- intic C:ity, and Hartford: Depot. TELEPHONE CALLS. Office al Rooms ...925 926 It speaks sublimity, and every has a volce. Its stripes of nate red and white proclaim original union of thirteen tes to maintain the declaration independence. White is pur- red, for valor; blue, for jus- AS. SUMNER. G HOUR. * a new quota IN THE EVEN ry day brings in james for the honor roll of New pin. Each blank that is filled out ireturned to this office tells the of some young man’s patriotism, the story of sacrifice and devo- to the nation. flasily might a be written on this very subject. a volume would carry stories would delight local readers. p there is'no one to write a run- story of these things we must jontent with the more prosalc. plain unvarnished facts in the must sufice. Our boys have and that is all 18 to it; so far as they are con- d. We at home, however, must forget the absent ones. And so, e cool of the evening hour, if we not already done so, we should ut a blank and send in the name bmeone we know who has joined pr the army, the navy, or the pnal guard. In this way will the plete list soon be ready for pub- on. to the colors, OH, MAN? ysterious are the ways of man. is being shown by the working of selecttve draft law. Acting on the ry that any old excuse is better none some young men are filing Ins for exemption on shallow pre- A man steps up to the doc- and complains of being afflicted rheumatism. The center of the disease is In the applicant's t leg. The doctor examines that hber and sees nothing wrong. He asks the young man to put his up on the table, which the hg man responds. “There is no hmatism In that leg.” says the dac- “if there were you would not be to lift your foot so hish.” And her fakir goes over the river. es then a deaf man. the greatest difficulty en word. The r the man is deaf. at least in one Going ta a remote corner of the the physiclan whispers to the icant twenty feet away, u may go.” The applicant makes h for the door, and freedom from draft. He is brought back to @ trial,—a slacker. Up steps a with defective sight. He cannot il a letter on the chart, no' matter big the letters are. An “N” to vision pleasantly melts away into a ks between a “V a It s cannot “The doctor Ps up in despair and orders thé can- te to de. As the e @ocs so there loowms across his ton the flash of a silver dollar which peone, probably mining floor. to He can hear a do firmly be- some and use he see. step candi- member of the board, With alacrity blind man stoops and recovers the has dropped upon concentrated mazuma, pocketing it for future Maney, you temptor. Pl have caused another exposure. [ & bad heart. hen, of course, there is the man He hopes for re- on in the worst way. So he goes Jut getting it In the worst way. fills himself full of drugs guar to either n- accelerate or retard prt action. If his heart is not heat- like a trip-hammer doctors it is not his fault the other way 'round when he s Perhaps It may re the use of a dictophone to detect n the slightost The br man, he |s aden it will ufre a life-time to get the poisonous ff out af his system. And all to fist the draft. Verlly, the ways ot M &re mysterious. re- heart-beat. so dope THE It is the U-BOAT'S TASK, task of the campaign to starve England into sub- mission. That was the original ob- ject of the ruthless U-boat campaign as outlined by von Tirpi That is the object today. Just how much of this be seen submarine dob has been accomplished may from the 1f tonnage fisures given out re- of true, at this 15,000,000, cently blockade. the time by British minister this ement s Iritish aflont is appre and this i only than England ginning of the war. imately ,000,000 tor possessed at the be- We are now over the threshhold of tho great war's fourth yes In the three years gone by the German sub- marines have sunk a little more than or look | eleven per cent. British tonnage. To those who for ment, this provide it. The task of the submarine is here shown to had first been At the rate of destruction three ye! it almost ten years England’s should be greater than imagined. maintained in the past would take Germ more to to totally destroy shipping. And, until shipping is abso- lutely and the U-Boat Iy nothing. England boat the United and British must be sent to the bottom or driven from the high : In connection with the given out by the minister of blockade, that ship- brought On the is more activity than are ast stopped between England other nations of the carth, the blockade will avail practics To -starve the pcople of every plying between States ports statement it must be remembered building has not standstill the there line of endeavor Ship been to a con- in this before con- by war. trary, ever being as others took str place. cted almost as are pernicious | had being destroyed by .the If the U-boats clear fleld, if there were no ship- building going on, they might effect a complete blockade of the British "that, it would take Herculean submarine. a Isles. Even at vears to accomplish this task. This is a thought diametrically to the alarmist statements which had going the And, ostensibly, it is backed the facts. U-boat warfare successful as many suppose. opposed rounds. up by is not as been CHRISTIANITY ? Following 1s an extract from a pas- toral letter read in all the Protestant churches of Berlin last Sunda “We will comport as Christians toward our enemies and conduct the war, In the future as in with humanity and chival- ourselves the past, Yy, Taking that Dutch newspapers print in an adjoin- news dispatch, the ing column an account of the mur- der of the arew of the British steam- Prince. stripped life- warriors of the adrift torpedoed the pastoral letter read in the Berlin churches was not sent out hy wireless to the sub- marine commanders. Christianity, er Belgian Having of the submarine members this crew of their belts, Kaiser then small boats, these boats. set the men in and promptly Evidently, Christianity, what crimes are committed in thy name! Governor Holcomb advises the sol- dier bovs at New Haven to squeeze some of the yellow out of Connecticut. When they do, someane had better in- ject a little “Red, White and Blue"” in its place. Senator Gore is blind. That prob- ably accounts for his inability to see he is blocking the Food Control Bill. And anather slacker bit the dust. FACTS AND Kerensky, for all his ability and ardor, comes upon the scene of a revo- lution at an inpromising time. If Na- poleon had been contemporary of Mirabeau he would never have ruled France.—Syracuse Post-Standard. 'ANCI Any soldier who, in ecivil life, has Worn a silk hat should be able ta wear the steel helmet without special dis- comfort.—Chicago News. r Chairman Hurley and Ad- miral Capps work together as smooth- 1y as any major league shortstop and second baseman around what the sporting editor sometimes refers ta as the “pivotical sack.”—Springfield Re- publican, Thus f Monday morning’s paper told about the peopic of White River Junction raising petatoes in pens or tall stacks One doc need to go ta White River Junction, however, to see a real poteto pen. Charles Weeks has back of his house on the “All Wright Farm" to pen in which he is attempting to raise a larse quantity of potatoes by u me White River ion | sight and | to stacks anoiher season donian, plan o if it roves successful pota- bedome quite common Johnsbury Cale- The food speculators ought to be jyery generous to several United States senators when the time comes for dis tributing the loaves and fishes.—Man- chester Union. The entanglement of one of our coastwise steamers in the protective ) less encourage- | ) an interesting | port, while temporarily inconvenient for vessel and passengers, affords as- surance that the nets will work as in- tended if enemy craft venture toa close.—Providence Journal. As the layman looks at it, any young man within fixed height and welght limits who is fit for hard work any- where is fit for the army. And there much of sound sense in the 2's view, which approximates muct r {0 the view of governments tl have been three years at war than the preliminary notions of vernments when they b ooklyn Iagle, Ame ociations of man stock re asked with cquency to declare” ti 1~ upon the wi Yot it is wiser be irritated Reiteration of democracy and fealty to the purposes of the government and { peaple in the great conflict cannot harm any man or body of men. w York World. N t i an to call out men.— Probably men of € ing f i to tin Speak Gently ! Speak gently! It is better far To rule by love than fear, Speak gently—Ilet no rsh words mar The good we might do here. Speak gently! Love doth whisper low The vow that true hearts bind; And gently friendship’s acents flow; Aftection’s volee 1s kind. Speak gently to the little child; Its love be sure to gaing Teach it in acents it and mild- i It may not lony remain. Speak gently to the young, for they Will have enough to bear. s through this life as best they Tis full of anxious care! I may Speak gently to the aged one, 3rieve not tho care-worn heart, The sands of life are nearly run, Let such in peace depart. Speak gontly, kindly, to the poor; Let no harsh tone be heard; hey havo enough they must endure Without an unkind word! ! Speak gently to the erring-——Xknow How trail are alll how vain! Perchance unkindness made them so, Oh! win them back again. | Speale gently—-He who gave His life | To bend man’s stubborn will, When elements were in firce strife, Said to them—*Peace, be still.” Speak gently! "Tis a littlo thing Dropped in the heart's deep well! Tho good, the joy, which it may bring, Eternity shall tell. —DAVID BATES. COMMUNICATED HIGH COST OF DRINKING. 0ld John Barleycorn Is an Expensive Emntertainer, So Boggs Discov After “n Night with The Boy To the ¥ditor of the Ilerald: It is something awful--I hope that is good grammar—the way the prices of drinks are going up. Now under- stand me. T am not a drinking man; but—well, in the cool of last evening, you know, when the singing began, —1 was out on a little auto ride with a few friends of mine, and we stopped at a wayside inn. Naturally,—I say this advisedly,—naturally, someone suggested a thirst quencher. So we all repaired to the bar. I think they called it he bar.” I am not sure. Amyway, it was a lttle room the walls of which were literally littered with Dbottles. There were boitles of all sizes & and shapes, such as I in all my born days had never seen before,—and I was not born yvesterday. It was quite ight to see such an array of glass- ware. And, most marvelous of all, those bottles all contalned liquids. It they broke and their contents spilled on the floor T am sure the Johnstown flood would have been forgotten for- ever and a day. Having gone Into the bar, someone, ~a gentleman who continually mopped his brow with a handkerchief, for he was a bhald-headed man,——hav- ing gone into the bar, I repeat, this man ordered what he called “a little drink.” He said to the gentleman be- hind the bar, someono called him the bartender, sald he, “We will all have a littlé drink.” the man who his “ordered” poured portlon he did not stop at “a little;’ but that is nelther here nor there. What T want to call attention to is the high of drinks. Now please understand. 1 am not a drinking man, —that « they are so classed. When others order wines and whiskies and gins and beers, and so on down the gamut of goods offered by the joy em- porfums, I always stick to the lighter bever That s, T am not exactly a tee-totler, but I do fall for * ody- pop” and such things. So you sce where I stand. It is no military se- cret. Well, to get back to the story, after the first gentleman “purchased, —that is a term used among drink- ing men.- after he ‘“purchased” T stepped up to the brilllant mahogany and lald down a five dollar bill. T thought it was time that T too should prove mysclf a “good sport,” and “purchase. So T dla What hap- pened to my five dollar bill, T hate to relate. Probably if the government were making two-cent pleces at this time I would have gotten change. As the government is not making this specles of coln, T was forced to go without, for they do not give back two-cont stamps in wayside Inns. All of which T set down merely for the purpose of showing the young fel- lows of this town, and all others, that they cannot.spend thelr momey and save it too. They cannot eat the pud- | ding and have it for desert any more prices 1 | than they can buy drinks for the mul- | titude and hope to put enough in the | banks with which to get married. The high price of drinking, to my way of | thinking, is even worse than the high cost of living. My friends, who im- bibe, tell me that there is no living without drinking: but I cannot say as to that. What I want the young boys of this age and generation to get into their heads is this: Cut out the fool- ishness. Draping the mahogany is no man’s occupation. Leave the drinks steel net at the mouth of an Atlantla | alena, and put the surplus change into those sann | | touch on a subject that is so near to T noticed that when | an old sook or something that will keep it until the cows come home. I have watched them all, from the youngest to the oldest, and tho end is always the same, The man who starts stralght always reaches his point. The man who goes off half-cocked never #eta there. That fs my iden of it all. Look around and the facts will show it L am right or wrong L. K. BOGUS, August §, 1017 | i \ \ “HIG SPORTING, | Writin, | Wi the Newspaapers TR Posta {To the Bditor ‘|\h" 1o cop atulat throngh the columns | uable paper, j time hie Worth Pay Only mps. the of H yvou alil: M wondering will permit of your most val- for I, wag Xl too, i relt 1 into print h lJust “riz” all over him. How well | remember the fivst it of verse I wrote jand how delighted 1 was to see it all | nicely printed in the New York iler- jald, and not oniy that but to reecive | something like $2.00 in postage stamps { for 1t. “Why, what did I care even if { 1t took nearly half a day to sonk them |apart? I was as tickled as a boy with | & new bat and ban half ok of | marbles. This happenea thirty uk ago. Keep at it Ao it's mighty big n T | writing for the newspapers zines the most exhilarating, exciting thing in the world | Mr. Bo, lets keep right Money? Who the old ttch money T(dontt T | stamps. o y how he when s his creation the “goose-flesh' a hoy ove nd m: and joy Then, at it! wants w Very sincerely. HENRY WILLIS MITCHTLL. Plainville, Conn., Aug 7, 1917, S“THE GOOD OLD DAYS.” Writer Recalls Barbary co and Offers a Good Meal to Boggs. To the Rditor of the Hcrald: Tonight 1 in the editorial | columns of your paper a communicat- | Const in Fris- read ed article from one L. K. it did my heart good to sce it. He spoke therein about tho old Rarbary Coast In San Francisco, and it awak-" ened in my mind scenes that have long since transpired. Ye gods, but Time does fly. It has been some twenty vears since I was in San Francisco, and I shall never forget the old town. Next to New Britain I like it best of all the towns in America. I will not even except Denver, which is a pretty ! good old “stamping grounds.”” Tt is strange how Mr. Bogs happened to Boggs, and | my heart. For all the time I have been in New Britain I have never met anyone who knows anything about old | San Francisco, as I used to know it 1 wonder if it would be asking too | much for you to put me in touch with him. I am getting kind of up in years, but I wil! take the night off and buy Mr. Boggs onc of the best meals he ever ate In his life if he will meet me any time this week and go over the old scenes along Kearney street, and Market street, and Curtis street, and the Barbary Coast. Believe me, I would give adl the world for such a sesslon. Tell Boggs to come this way. Yours, FRANK K. FENTON. Care of Heuhlein Hétel, August 7, 1917 Hartford, Conn. | TREASONABLE Newspaper, Printed in English, Deals in Lies Made Out of Whole Cloth, Aiding and Comforting the Enemy. The Gaelic American in its issue of July 28: {ow we learn that the French peo- ple has been on the verge of mutiny, believing that the war could anly end in its own extinction and the ruin of thelr country. The story tells how nothing but the arrival in France of General Pershing, with only a limited number of United States troop ar- rested a movement for the Germans, which would have left thelr British Allies in the air and ended the war on the West Frant. | Bven now, it seems, the danger of collapse is not entirely averted, for the Yrench soldiers say that unless the .American contingent is of such a size as to assure victory over the Germans | they will give in for they are tired of being lied to and deceived. No at- tempt has been made to contradict or dlsprove these statements; it is, there- fore, to be concluded that they are says most serfous condition of affairs, not only for those in this country who have placed us In a highly compromised situation in every respect.” This kind of talk is absolutely trea- sonable. The motive behind it is plain -—to paint a discouraging picture of conditions in France, discredit the gal- lant French army and help to palsy the arm of the American government. The Gaelic American’s ‘‘story" false and contemptable from beginninyg to end. It has no ba: in fact and is deliberately manufactured. It is simply part and parcel of the per- sistent anti-American propaganda that clothes itself in hypocritical garments and zealously attempts to deceive that portion of the American public which it is able {o reach through its malevo- lent sheets. It is time to suppress traitorous ut- terances like this. They are doing fn- sidious harm, some of them in Ger- man-language papers and others, as in this instance, in Kuglish. They are unscrupulous and unpatriotic. They have no regard for the truth and they are intended, of course, to give aid and comfort to the enemy. READJUST CLASS RATES IN WEST Washington, Aug. 8.—General adjustment of class rates betweer points in Texas and points in Oki homa is proposed in tentative findin of the Interstate Commerce Commis sion in the southwestern class case and outgrawth of the Shreveport rato cases, made public today by the com- mission. Te- | kept surrender to | founded on fact which constitutes a ' for the Allies in Burope, but also | | | [ | | | | | | CAPTURE OF LENS, FRENCH COAL CITY, IS INTRUSTED | | | | An idea of how great the British confidence in Canada's troops is may : session of Lens TO THE with the attacks on Lens, the very im- French The pos- for it is the center of a coal district from which the Germans have been extract- coal city. means rauch, portant ing much fuel. No. 1 shows ! Canadian soldiers | cheering the return of a British tank | Arthur Currie, be gained from the information that the Dominion’s men were intrusted first action; No. 2, General now commanding the Canadian forces He re- cently succeeded General Byng; No. 3, King George's recent visit to the Canadian trenches. He is shown here looking over the graves of Canadians who fell at Vimy Ridge. from its in France. CZAR'S SPY SYSTEM EXPOSED BY REBELS | Nefarious Agents Incited Public! to Break Laws 8. —Thirty-three lists of spies, informers and provocateurs in ex-Emperor | Nicholas' pay have been published by the commission for securing the new system of government appointed by the provisional government imme- diately after the revolution. Fifty more lists may be expected. The to- tal number of these secret leglon- aries of autocracy expected to 80,000, whose guilt is Petrograd, Aug. long agents is reach hose but it is not yet settled whether they | earned the approval of both, and some | la | Beyand doubt Leve bach pub in jull, | =050 buve bpen exiorsl { will be trled and punished or merely | peril of reac- | tionary counter revolution has passed. | report deplct pre- | in jail until a1l The commission’, cisely the same system of cspionage and state provocation to crime as flourished in Turkey under Abdul Hamld I1. The distinction is that Abdul Hamid ran his spy and provo- cation system directly from the Yildiz Kiosk, whereas Nicholas entrusted his system to the notorlous “Okhrannce Otdielenie,” or security department, which occupied a big building in the Basil Ostrov district. act of | the trlumphant ries was to selze the ge- curity department’s secret papers, Many of these were burned in hon- fires outside the building. The more | precious documents, especially those relating to the state crime, had been kept in safes, and they escaped destruction. The revo- lutionartes also seized tens of thou- sands of secret records in the depart- ment's provincial offices, and from | these, backed by confessions of im- | prisoned sples, are being complled the lists. The lists will be followed | by a five volume official “‘History of | Espionage Under Nicholas IL” Traitors for $20 a Month. As revealed by these inquiries autoc- racys’ sples and informers were much {less picturesque and romantic than [they appear in the typical ‘“nihilist | novel.” Most belonged to the more | intelligent workinz class or to tho | minor bourgeoisie. They were paid | badly, the average wage for organizing political crime or betraying accom- plices being $20 a month. The spies were usually instructea to become members of secret reyolution- | ary or Terrorist nizations, among | these being the social democratic par- ty, the social revolutionaries with their “fighting commmittee,” the pop- ulist ali and the Maximalists. On nearly every newspaper was at least one spy. The spys took part in | committee meetings, incited to breach 'BRIBES OFFERED TO organization of | of the political repression laws or to actunl crime, and kept the security | department well informed. ! Fvery spy had a “klitchka,” or nickname, by which he was known to | | the police. The department’s records hristle with such nicknames as “Fat- | ty,” “Longnose,” “‘Sunday Boy," “Ele- | phant,”” and “Arsenic.” he spy had also two or three faked surnames, and | he often changed his town and name when he fell under the revolutionaries picion. | Many spics and informers (like the famous ather Gapon, whose treach- ery on Bloody Sun. , 1905, led to his belng hanged by a revolutionist engi- neer) were at one time genuine rev- olutionaries and became later betray- | Justice and the United States marshal | be prosecuted. | dence that | tained from a lawyer who was named. ers and informers. Some seem to have served both sides honestly and do not seem to have known which side they sympathized with. Introducing “Perky.” A notable case is “Trukharoff”’—real name Nikitin, nickname ‘“Perky"— who aroused the suspicion of .his ter- rorist comrades, was threatened by them with execution, and to rehabili- tate himself was obliged to kill the gendarme officer with whom he col- labarated. The murder of Grand| Duke Sergius in Moscow in February, 1905, was due to the same motive. The organization of crime, with the alm of discrediting non-terrorist poli- tical associations and frightening Nicholas into repression, went on on a great scale. For blaod money of $150 | mechanic was hired by the depart- ment to fire at General Djunkowski governor of Moscow, but he was in structed to be sure to miss. He executed his instructions preoisely, but through carelessness killed a passerby. | In violation of the Nihilist novel tra- dition very few women were employed es spies or inforimners, but a few noted In Moscow three sisters named Palitsin betrayed scores of workmen after getting con- fessions from them by means of simu- lating love. | The commission’s lists show that the | department was a hard taskmaster. In addition to paying its sples badly it | spled on them. Wvery security de- | partment Tecord contains & note of the | spy’s history. Some are described as moderately good,” others as ‘*in-| different,” others as having “betrayed many revolutionaries,” others as ‘“‘en- ergetic but unreliable,” and others as “doubtful, should be watched.” EXEMPTION BOARDS Lawyers Also Wax Wealthly on Crednlous Registrants New York, Aug. 8.—Federal officials began vesterday investigating charges of attempted bribery and fraud in cannection with the army drafting in New York and at the same time made known that the war de- partment is preparing to appeal every doubtful claim for exemption flled with a local board. Mere claims for exemption will not be sufficient. The government will undertake to prove to hoards, sitting as courts of appeal, that thousands of such claims should not be allowed. Roscoe S. Conkling, representing the adjutant general, obtained evidence that bribes had been offered to mem- hers of local boards and examining physicians to obtaln exemption. Twelve such cases are being investi- gated. Those seeking to buy freedom from military service have made offers and the evidence is being pre- pared by agents of the department of for presentation to the United States attorney. The would-be bribers will The mayor's committee on national defense is assisting Mr. Conkling and the adjutant general in gathering evi- unscrupulous lawyers are holding up registrants for large fees on promises of obtaining exemption. In one district a local board posted notice that blank forms could be ob- Tt was found the lawyer was selling the blanks, which could nat be ob- tained at headquarters, with his ser- vices for filling them out for $15. The board was instructed to take down the notice. Officlals state they probably | step. | replied Senator Sorghum. cannot take action against such law- yers, but the names and records of conduct will be turned over to the Bar assoclation. Philip J. McCook, direc- tor of the ‘mayor's committee, said he had proof that lawyers had been charging fees of $5 to assist regis- trants. The mayor's committee con- demned the practice. Mr. Conkling personally investigated the case of 2 man wha was passed by a local board as fit physically, then re- Jected as unfit because of rapid pulse. The man was summoned to headquar- ters in the state arsenal and examined and passed, and the local board was instructed to curtify him as able to do military duty. The conduct of the board and its physicians is being in- vestigated. The New Sunday Daw. (New York World) Connecteut’s blue laws gained in veneration in their three cemnturies of statutory life. For years they had ranked as hindrances and nuisances of cumulative weight. They had not < gave rise to dlscontent at home and ¥ to derision abroad. Nothing could better become them than their yield- Ing of place to the more modern ordi- nances of the State which went into effect last Sunday. What Connecticut has done finally is to recognize the fact that on the first day of the week people must and do live, just as they mudt live on, other days of the week. Many other States were beforeher in taking this Others have not yet stepped so far. All of them will be brought eventually to the realization, grown keen since the period of strict Puri- tanism, that men cannot be forced into church-going by restricting them oth- erwise on Sundays to breathing and to partaking of Saturday's cold meats. Connecticut has not arrived at the perfect Sunday Law. No State code has reached the ideal in that particu- lar. Tradition and hypocrisy are in the way of attalnment. In New York, in partioular, the great metropolitan district, with its complexities of popu- lation, oustoms and living conditions, is sorely handicapped by that linger- ing fear of rural prejudice and votes which keeps political legislators at Albany from voting for the right ways as they know them. The latest New Emgland example in liberality, nevertheless, is encouraging. Reform. (Washington Star) “What's your idea of uplifting the people?” “About the same ee everybody's”, “If I can raise the general average high enough, my own little vices wont be worth noticing.” Surreptitious Tipple. (Washipgton Star) “Any speak-easies M Gulch?”" ‘“No, sir,” replied Bronco Bob. Crimson Gulcher who admires 1 licker ain't goin’ to stand for 13 spurious article that gets into ciroulas tion when there ain’t no regular bare: tender to keep tab.” Crimson A Oonservation Note. (Grand Rapids Press) One thing we like about this plan of! the buyers carrying home their bun- dles is that it gives the delivery boy even more time to stand around and watch the citizen replace a flat tire. URGES FULL FREIGHT CARS. Boston, Aug. 8.—The state publie e commission has sent to the shippers: in Massachusetts a circular urging| that all freight cars be loaded to their maximum capacity. The circular says; that co-operation {in this matter wilj{ greatly facilitate distribution. ¢ H