New Britain Herald Newspaper, August 5, 1915, Page 10

pelin, 2.—Jules Vedrines, noted French aviator. ir craft gun mounted on top. Zeppelin —Roland Garros, French air ‘Speiss, big French dirigikle, similar to German machines. 6.— Q ~ C. Warneford, brilliant British aviator, who destroyed a handed, w awarded a Victoria cross and later lost his Grlhnme Wh-te, famous English air man. 8.—Type of Zep- ‘been' used in air raids over England. 9.—German taube 10—British monoplane after a fall on the firing line. 11— orehouse, another Bri h air man who has been killed, 12— r'Ppru. who planned to fly across the Atlantic before the war ‘who is now serving in the British ranks. - millions of men and j‘ht‘mo-t modern machin- \ery engaged on the battle- "' ‘grounds of Europe there heroic exploits ‘every are So interesting or battles in the air, as ns of the activities of eling, the smaller mono- ’ubes and even the aerial anti-air craft guns. Per- because this is the first the aeroplane has been [ an extensive scale, be- ‘the first war in which it no ated that the air- it be reckoned with in the future fighting implements. to Count Zeppelin, in- great German machines, aid is ‘yet to come. He has threatened to invade England with the greatest fleet of dirigibles that the world has ever known, and when rumors of the proposed invasion were-first made public August was the month set for the raid. London Takes Precautions. " But London is ready. Most extraor- dinary and unusual precautions have been . taken. = Rules for behavior in case of ap air raid have bcen issued, and respirators' have been provided. These are made necessary by the fear that the Germans will drop poisonous gases over the city. In: the opinion of Thomas R. Mac- Mechen, - aeronautical engineer -and president of the Aeronautical Society of America, Count Zeppelin can “make 800d.” 'He says that the flight and weight carrying capabilities of the Zep- pelins under all but abnormal weather conditions are proved and as certain and dependable as the navigation of a steamship. A hurricane will wreck the latter as quickly as the former. “The wrecks of Zeppelins are printed and known,” he continues. “There are less than a dozen all told. . The actual flights under all sorts of conditigns run into thousands. These are not heard of. “The attacking Zeppelins will do their destroying with armor piercing guns rather than with bombs. “The raid will be not by three or four, but by a great number, not less than fifty, possibly by a hundred, accom- panied by aeroplanes. “The high angle gun has been proved, even when used under daylight con- ditions, to be useless as a defense. Aeroplane defense is useless by night, whieh is the Zeppelin's best time for operation.” boat destroyers of the aerial navy. The gas bags are covered with wood in- stead of metal, something entirely new in airship construction. Five of them have been constructed at a cost of $100,000 apiece. When Germany’s air attack comes there may not be time to build enough of these destroyers to make an impression on the Zeppelin fleet if it is as large as has been said, but there will be enough ready to give a.demonstration of their value. > This new craft is a small, rigid dirigi- ble, a type of air craft never built be- fore in the history ‘'of aeronautics. Be- ing small, it will have a short radius of action, but it will have a speed of from sixty to seventy miles an hour. It is designed to remain on station, say, at Scarborough, at Yarmouth or on a garage ship with the fleet. The ‘advantage of the dirigible type England Building Destroyers. is ‘that it can remain practically sta- tionary at a given point in the air. Sev- It Is for such an attack that England| orq) of them so stationed can act like is building the little ‘dirigibles, “Zeppeiin destroyers,” each with one gun.| fleet. And, too, the slowness with a screen of torpedo boats areund a They "are designed to be the torpedo! which they can move makes them the ns Md F or Ze best for the use of bbservation agents. The aeroplane flashes out and back, always at high speed. It ¢annot poise in the air. The Zeppelin can. These little rigid dirigibles can stay in the air, watching for an enemy, say, seventy-five miles from their base, for at least ten hours. They can wireless reports back to their base. Each of the Zeppelin destroyers is equipped with one torpedo gun firing a torpedo that will explode on contact. To Detect Submarines. Another use for which these small dirigibles are weil fitted is the detec- tion of submarines. They can move slowly over the water, and for that reason it will be easier for them to detect submarines than for the aero- plane observer. It is well known that from a height one cdn see underneath the water. Moving slowly over the water the observer in one of the little dirigibles will be able to see the peri- scope or the air bubbles if he cannot actually see the submarine itself. French Capital In Danger. Paris likewise has suffered from the air raids. An American, recently re- turned, describes an attack: “It was a clear, starry|night. A bugle call in the street awakened us. The Zeppelin seemed to be almost directly above. We could make it out clearly, like a great gray cigar that floated, un- lighted, through the sky. It was im- posstble for me to judge how far up it was. “The searchlight on the Eiffel- tower and other searchlights at various points in the city shot their long beams on the airship. Around us the city's guns let loose. They fired luminous shells, projectiles that lighted the sky with brilliant flashes of white, The glare when they exploded was almost blind- ing. All the time the searchlight beams followed the Zeppelin in its trip over the city, making it a clear, distinct tar- get for the guns. Dropping the Bombs, “I counted six bombs that the airship dropped. A tiny red light glowed from the Zeppelin each time. This was the only light the alrship showed. As the bomb came to earth we could trace its ppelin R The followirig directions for conduct in case of air raids have been isaued in England: “Don’t go into ‘the street, “Close all windows and doors on lower floors, “Keep buckets of water and “Have rnpwncr- handy in bedrooms.” ) A housew: wr'vtu to a news- paper to.desoribe the steps she has taken fo pretect her house- hold: “Bvery ‘night the bathtub upstairs is Teft half full ri ter. On.eyery’ landing | have buckets of water and sand. in every b.drnm thers is a bswi of water ready for moisten the respirators, and all my ily have n advised re ke.p their respi tars under thy'r Jil- lows, s> ‘Be within easy reach.” course by a trail of sparks. When the Zeppelin moved off to a ‘distance these strings of sparke cut the sky lke fallx’ ing meteors, “Several scconds elapsed from ‘the time the ‘hombs remched the city untfl * we.heard the noise of the explosion. In one case, however, a bomb fell within a few blocks. The roar of the explo- sion was terrific. The airship-remained above the ‘city for some little time—it seemed to me like half an hour—and then sailed away, apparently undam- aged.” - Bloodiest Spot In faphs by official French photograp Ner. ‘French third line trenches where men 9o to rest, near Arras. Loading French 75 millimeter gun, one of the most effoctive fom 35,000 to 1,000 ‘of the inhabitants have ounded, while the re- All Earope © 1915, by American Press Association. =ft) French 270 millimeter mortar. weapors now in vge. malnder have besrt persuiaded oy he| sl military authorities 40 g0.. Thowe oo remain sleep in cellars. The.streets ave fs#ev deadly, spot overgrown with zrass, and a little busi- Arras, where more lives have been lost to the square yard of fighting area, ac- cording to dispatches, than upon any other part of the endless battle line. Arras, the capital of the French depart- ment of Pas-de-Calais, is one of the old- est and most important towns in north- ern France and is situated on the right and southern bank of the river Scarpe, at its junction with the Crinchon. part- ly on heights and partly in a fertile plain, Arras is one of the!principal stations on the French Northern rail- way, being about 137 miles distant from Paris by rail Brussels lies nine- ty-seven miles to the northeast of this advance German outpost. while the im- portant city of Amiens is thirty-eight miles to the south-southeast. One of the leading grain markets of France was held ip this busy city be- fore the war. It lies well in the center of a rich agricultural, grazing and in- dustriai’ district and has always been important for its trade and manufac- tures. Chief among the factory prod- ucts of Arras were beet sugar, agri- cultural implements, hosiery, lace, pot- tery and-leather. As early as the fourth century this little town ‘was famous for ‘its woolen manufactures, a fame that it has lost to the gieat woolen centers of Britahnia, across the water. It later became famous wherever lux- ury held footing for ‘he manufacture of tapestries. Some of the most beauti- kfully worked hangings were produced here up to the fifteenth century, and so superior were the tapestries of the place that they were commonly known as Arras. The commerce of the city is important in grain, floLr, oil, wine and brandy broducts. Many an important action in north- ern France has been fought in and around Arras, a site where dhe Latin, Celtic and German elements have struggled since the foundation of the Roman empire. The city belonged to the Spanish branch of the house of FHaps- burg until 1640, when Louis XIIL of ince eaptured it after a long, severe siege. . It was ceded (o France by the treaty of the renees. The IFronch revolution and the invasion of the Ger- mans in 1570-1 crused much in cellarsiir s of miles of body | _battleelds in Yurope np could be found during re-|tions of ‘thie horrible rites Sf the Tevolu- ness is transacted in underground'cent fizhting than just to the morth of ltion In his native city. n0r8 fof the iniaict | ong its peon'e. Arras w ¢ of 31 imilian Rob jeacar of the “terro ani o Jegeph ‘Lebon, who ied che brz | EFFECTS OF WAR ON ADVANCE TO HUMAN PERFECTION SUBJECT OF A BIG CONFERENCE PECIALISTS from many flelds of endeavor, called to the bed- side of the human race at the national conference on race betterment in San Francisco on Aug. 6, had prepared a program to show just what effect the Eufopean war will have on the advance to human per- fection through eugenics. Dr. David@ Starr Jordan is at the head of the executive committee. Other leaders are Luther Burbank, Professor Irving Fisher of Ysie, Edgar L. Hewett, director of the United States bureau of ethnology; Dr. J. H. Kellogg and many others of prominencs. It iz admitted by leadinz eugen that the war abroad will delay the introduction of | eugenics as a fundamental liw. -Some claim. however, that the war will bring a survival of the fittest, which may, after all redound to the ultimate bet- terment of the race. The first national conference on rate betterment, held in Battle Creek, Mich., in 1914, was char- acterized by many sensational ad- dresses. One of these was by Dr. Ernest Hoag of Leland Stanford uni- versity on “School Hygiene.” “The child hygienist occupies a new field, and his work makes necessary recognition of a new profession,” said Dr. Hoag. “The modern school health officer must be a specialist carefully trained in the problems of child hy- giene. “The division of school hygiene should include in its functions not only the health supervision of school children and the maintepance of healthful school environment, but also super- vision of the teaching of hygiene, of the hcalth of teachers, of physical education and of a public lecture de- partment for parents, where topics on the home and school hygiene of the child may be presented. [t also should include the maintenance of a central | laboratory for the study of exceptional | ildren, especially. those who are re- | { tarded and menta!ly subnormal. | “One of the most important dep: - ments in hygfene.” said br. Hoag, ‘is that where it relates to the ‘exception- al child.” “The proper study of such children Plhotos by American Press Assoclation. Professor Fisher (left), Luther Burbank (right) and Race Betterment exhibit at Panama-Pacific Exposition, chological procedures.” according to the paper, “which quired of every school offic Every vannot at present be re- | them to profit by ordinary school in intelligence to & degres which unfit methods. It i3 of the greatest im=i k large, well organized school health de- | portance clearly to distinguish between "’ vartinent. however. will include this|the merely dull and the ‘defeptive childd £ division and provide a well trained per- | {son to carry on the work “Not less than 1| per cent and prob- ably nearly 3 per cent of the ‘children | between the . morally’ delinguent and & {the mentally defective, between the Sy misAt or specialized defectiye and they 4 intellectually - pubnormal, vet this is requires some practical training in psy-'in the average sthool are helow normal i rarely dona 8 ouF schools today.” %,