Grand Rapids Herald-Review Newspaper, July 3, 1912, Page 7

\ a . ~ a, ‘id First Publication, June 27, 1912. Last Publication, Aug. 8, 1912. Summons. State of Minnesota, County of Itas- ca.—ss. In District Court, Fifteenth Judicial District. Joseph Stevens, Plaintiff pee Alfred Erholtz Defendant The State of Minnesota, To the above named defendant: You are hereby summoned and re- quired to answer the complaint of the plaintiff in the above entitled ac-|fices for one year and until their sue- | tion, which is on file in the office «@ cessors are elected and qualified. | the Clerk of said Court, at his office in the Village of Grand Rapids, in said County of Itasca, Minnesota, and serve a copy of your answer ta #aid complaint on the subscriber at his office in the Village of Grand Rapids, in said County of Itasca, Within twenty days after the service of this summons upon you, exclusive ft the day of such service, and if|dent; Hubert D. Powers, Secretary and|4ate of this notice at seven (7) you fail to answer to said complaint GRAND RAPIDS HERALD-REVIEW WEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1912. line of said article sixth the words, “At|made and provided, the said mortgage in-fact) Daniel L. Ham, and any and], = the General Offices of the company in Grand Rapids, Itasca County, Minnesota” so that said ‘‘Article Sixth” of said original Articles of Incorporation when so amended will read as follows: | Sixth: The government of this Cor- poration shall be vested in a Board of} not less than four Directors who shall be stockholders and its officers shall be a President, Vice-President, Secre- tary and Treasurer who shall be elected by the Directors. Said Board of Di- rectors and officers shall hold their of- The following named persons shall constitute the first Board of Directors: Daniel M. Gunn, Hubert D. Powers, La | Fayette Knox, Daniel W. Doran,! George F. Meyers, John Costello and John Beckfelt, until May first, A. D., 1899, and until their successors are} elected and qualified Daniel M. Gunn, President; Daniel W. Doran, Vice-Presi- | John Beckfelt, Treasurer, shall be the} will be foreclosed by a sale of the ‘all other persons claiming any right premises described in and covered by jor interest in said lands, are hereby said mortgage, lying and being in the ‘County of Itasca, and state of Minne- sota, to-wit: The Southwest quarter of the Northwest quarter (SW% of NW) of Section Twenty two (22) in Township Fifty three (53) North of Range Twenty-two (22), West of the Fourth Principal Meridian in Minnesota, containing forty (40) acres, according to the official plat of the survey of the said land, returned to the General Land Office by the Surveyor General; which sale will be made by the Sheriff of Itasca County, Minnesota, at the front door of the Court House in the village of Grand Rapids, in said County and State on the 24th day of August, 1912, at one o’clock in the afternoon of said day at public vendue to the highest bidder for cash to pay said sum of Two Hundred Thirty-four and 95-100 ($234.95) Dollars and interest thereon from the per cent per annum and taxes, if any, and within the time aforesaid, the plain- | officers until May first, A. D., 1899, ana| TWenty-five Dollars ($25) as attorney's tiff in this action will take judgment against you for the sum of Two Hundred One and 38-100 Dollars, ($201.38) with interest at the rate of six per cent per annum as demanded in the said complaint, with the costs and disbursements of this action. Dated June 24, A. D, 1912. FRANK F. PRICE, Plaintiff’s Attorney, Grand Rapids Itasca County, Minnesota. PE eR? A RS lipase ER: A Notice of Expiration of Redemption. Office of the County Auditor, County of Itasca, State of Minnesota. To Jas. Erickson and James Erickson: You are hereby notified that at a tax judgment sale held on the 10th day ot May, 1909, pursuant to a real estate tax judgment entered in and by the district court of Itasca county, Minne- sota, on March 22, 1909, in proceedings to enforce the payment of taxes delin- quent upon real estate for the year 1907, for said county of Itasea, each of the following described parcels of land, situated in said Itasca county, Mimnc- sota, was duly offered for sale and, mo one bidding upon said offer an amount equal to that for which said parcel was subject to be sold, was duly bid in for the State of Minnesota for such amount, as follows, to-wit: SW% of NE\% of Section 34, in Township 57, Range 24, for the sum of $4.37; SE% of NE% of said Section 34 for the sum of $3.67; SW% of NW% of said Sectior. o4 for the sum of $3.81; and SEX of NW\% of said Section 34 for the sum of $4.10. ‘That thereafter and on the 7th day ‘of October, 1911, each of said parcels, being still unredeemed from the sale thereof as above described, and all rights of the said State therein under said sale were duly assigned and con- veyed by the auditor of said Itasca county to an actual purchaser, as fol- lows: Said SW% of NE for the sum SE% of NE¥ for the sum of $20.12; said SW% of NW\% for the sum of $21.43; and said SE% of NW% for the sum of $22.07. That thereafter and on the 1st day of Febru- 7; said ary, 1912, said purchaser from the State paid taxes on said parcels for ithe year 1910, same being then de- linquent, together with delinquent road taxes on said parcels, duly extended on the tax list for said year 1910, to- gether with accrued penalties on ail thereof, the aggregate amounts so paid on said Feb. 1, 1912, being as follows: On said SW% of NE\% the sum of $6.09; on said SE% of NE% the sum of 36.09; on said SW% of NW% the sunt of $6.09; and on said SE4% of NW% the sum of $6.09. That the respective amounts required to redeem each of said parcels, exclusive of the costs to accrue upon this notice, are as fol- lows: To redeem said SW% of NB%, the sum of $28.76, with interest on $22.67 from October 7, 1911, and on *36.09 from February 1, 1012, all at the rate of twelve per cent per annun. to the day such redemption is made; to redeem said SH% of NE% the sum of $26.21, with interest on $20.12 from October 7, 1911, and on $6.09 from february 1, 1912, at the rate of twelve per cent per annum to the day such redemption is made; to re- deem said SW% of NW% the sum of $27.52, with interest on $21.43 from October 7, 1911, and on $6.09 from Feb- ruary 1, 1912, all at the rate of twelve per cent per annum to the day such redemption is made; and to said SE% of NW% the sum of $28.16, with interest on $22.07 from October 7, 1911, and on $6.09 from February 1, 1912 all at the rate of twelve per cent per annum to the day such redemption is made. That the tax certificates issued upon said sales to said actual purchaser have been presented to me by the holdeg, thereof, at the time for redemption of each of said parcels from said sale thereof will expire sixty days after the| service of this notice and proof thereof has been filed in my office. i Witness my hand and official seal thi 14th day of June, ‘1912. (Seal of County Auditor) M. A. SPANG, Auditor of Itasca County, Minnesota. By JNO. E. McMAHON, Deputy. June 26-July 10 Amendments to Articles of Incorpora- tion of the Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company. ‘At a special meeting of the stock- holders of The Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company, a corpora- tion duly organized under the laws of the State of Minnesota, which meeting was duly convened pursuamt to law and the articles and by-laws of said corporation, and at which meeting were present, either in person or by proxy, the owners of all the stock outstanding, in said corporation, the following resolu- tion was duly adopted by the affirma- tive vote of all of said stockholders so present: Resolved, That the articles of associa- tion of The Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company be amended by striking out the word “seven” where the same occurs in the second line of article ‘‘sixth” of said articles and in- gerting in leu thereof the word ‘‘four” and by striking out the word ‘‘Monday” where the same occurs in the sixteenth line of said article “Sixth” and inserting fm Meu thereof the word “Thursday” an ‘by inserting after the word ‘‘year’’ where the same occurs in the sixteenth redeem | until their successors are elected and} | qualify. The annual meeting of the stockhold- | ers shall be held on the first Thurs-| day in May of each year, at the Gen- eral Offices of the company in Grand Rapids, Itasca County, Minnesota. In ease of failure to elect Directors at such meeting they may be elected at an adjourned or regularly called meet-| ing. State of Minnesota, County of Itasca, as. We, the undersigned, Frank F. ! Becker, President, and Henry G. Becker,| Secretary, of The Grand Rapids Water | Power and Boom Company, do hereby certify that the foregoing amendments to the articles of association of The) Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company, a corporation duly organized junder the laws of the State of Minne- sota, were duly adopted at a special| meeting of the stockholders of said com pany, duly convened aoccridng to iaw! and to the articles and by-laws of said company, which meeting was held at} the principal office of said corporation | at the Village of Grand Rapids, Itasca County, Minnesota, on the first day of | May, A. D., 1902. And we do further | certify that such amendments were! adopted at said meeting by the affirma- | tive vote of ‘the owners of all the capi- tal stock of said corporation then out- standing, and that the foregoing copy of such resolution and amendment to} said articles of association is a full, | true and correct copy of the original thereof, and of the whole thereof. In Witness Whereof, We, the said Frank F. Becker, the President, and} Henry G. Becker, the Secretary, have hereunto.set our hands and have caused the corporate seal of the said, The |Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company, to be affixed thereto at} Grand Rapids, Itasca County, Minne- sota, this first day of May, A. D., 1902. | FRANK F. BECKER, President. | HENRY G. BECKER, Secretar, (Corporate Seal) i State of Minnesota, Itasca County, ss. Frank F. Becker, President, and Henry G. Becker, Secretary, respectively {of the Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company, being first duly sworn each for himself says that he -is the President and Secretary, respectively of The Grand Rapids Water Power and Boom Company, a corporation duly or- ganized under the laws of the State of Minnesota; that, the above and fore- going resolution amending the articles of association of said company were duly adopted by the affirmative vote of the owners of all the capital stock of said corporation outstanding; that said resolution was adopted and said amendments made as set forth in the above and foregoing certificate and that said certificate is true to his own know- ledge. FRANK F. BECKER, Prest. HENRY G. BECKER, Sec’y. Subscribed and sworn to before me this first day of May, 1902. ALFRED L. THWING, Notary Public, Minnesota. (Notarial Seal) — | State of State. I hereby certify that the within in- strument was filed for record in this office on the llth day of June, A. D., | 1912, at 11 o'clock A. M., and was duly recorded in Book ‘‘V-3” of Incorpora- tions on page 518. JULIUS A. SCHMAHL, Secretary of State Minnesota, Department of | Office of Register of Deeds, State of | Minnesota, County of Itasca, ss. | | I hereby certify that the within in-| ;strument was filed in this office for | |record June 13, 1912, at 1:55 P. M., and} | was duly recorded in Book 38 of M. R., | {page 100. | E. J. MecGOWAN, Register of Deeds. | By IRENE BECKER, | Deputy. | (SEAL) |June 26-July 3 Notice of Mortgage Foreciosure Sale. ‘Whereas, default has been made in| the payment of Two Hundred Twenty | Five Dollars ($226) principal and Seven and 88-100 Dollars ($7.88) inter- | est, which became due and payable on the 15th day of M&y, 1912, upon a cer- tain mortgage duly made, executed and delivered to W. H. Webb, mortgagee by Maikki Jampsa, (unmarried) mortga- gor, bearing date on the 15th day of May, 1907, and with the power of sale therein contained duly recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds for Itasca County, Minnesota, on the 25th day of May, 1907, at 10:30 o’clock A. M., in Volume “M” of Mortgages on page 638, and, Whereas, said W. H. Webb, is now the legal owner and holder of said note and mortgage and there is now actually due and claimed to be due and payable on said note and mortgage at the date of this notice, the sum of Two Hun- dred Thirty-four and 95-100 ($234.95) Dollars. Now, Therefore, Notice Is Hereby Given, that by virtue of the power of sale contained in said mortgage and pursuant to the statute in, such case | H. Mostoller, fees, as stipulated in said mortgage in ease of foreclosure and the disburse- ments allowed by law subject to re- demption at any time within one year from the date of sale as provided by law. Dated this 29th day of June, 1912. W. H: WEBB, Mortgagée. FRANCIS H. DeGROAT, Attorney for Mortgagee, Duluth, Minn. GRACE, HUDNALL & FRIDLEY. Of Counsel, Superior, Wis. July 3- Aug 7 O 2597 Department of the Interior, United States Land Office, Duluth, Minnesota, June 24,1912. Notice is hereby given that the Im- migration Land Company, a Minnesota corporation of Little Falls, Minnesota, claims to be a bona fide purchaser from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and entitled under the provisions of | Section five (5), Act of March 3, 1887, to purchase from the United States, the following described lands, to-wit: Lot six (6), Section seventeen (17), Township Fifty-three (63), North of Range twenty-three (28), West, and Northeast quarter (NE) of the South- east quarter (SE1%4), Section seven (7), Southeast quarter (SE%) of the South- east quarter (SE%) and Lot four (4), Section twenty-one (21), Township Fifty-four (54), North of Range twenty, three (23) West of the Fourth ‘Prin- ipal Meridian. The said Immigration Land Company will on Sept. 5th, 1912, before the Regis |ter and Receiver of the United States Land Office at Duluth, Minnesota, sub- mit proof of its right to make said purchase. The Northern Pacific Railway Com- pany, the Sante Fe Pacific Railroad Company (Edward P. Towne, Attorney- in-fact), William H. Swafford, Thomas and any and all other ersons claiming any right or interest in said lands, are hereby cited to ap- pear and show cause, if any there be, why said application to purchase should not be allowed. CHARLES F. HARTMAN, ' Register. P. H. SEYMOUR, Duluth, Minn. Atty. for Immigration Land Co., H- R July 8-31 O 2598 Department of the Mterior, United States Land Office, Duluth, Minnesota, June 24, 1912. ‘Notice is hereby given that the Im- migration Land Company, a Minnesota corporation, of Little Falls, Minne- sota, claims to be a bona fide purchaser from the Northern Pacific Railroad Com pany, and entitled under the provi- sions of Section five (5) Act of March 3rd, 1887, to purchase from the United States, the following described lands, to-wit: The Southwest quarter (SW%4) of the Northeast quarter (NE\%4), Sec- tion twenty-seven (27), Township Fifty- four (54), North of Range twenty-two (22) West, and the Northeast quarter (NEY), of the Northeast quarter (NE% Section nine (9), Township Fifty-three (58), North of Range twenty-three (23) West of the Fourth Principal Meridian. The said Immigration Land Company will on Sept. 6th, 1912, before the Regis- ter and Receiver of the United States Land Office at Duluth, Minnesota, sub- mit proof of its right to make said purchase. The Northern Pacific Railway Com- pany, the Sante Fe Pacific Railroad cited to appear and show cause, if any there be, why said application to pur- chase should not be allowed. CHARLES F. HARTMAN, Register. P. H. SEYMOUR, | Duluth, Minn. 3 Atty. for Immigration Land Co., H-R July 3-31 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE School Board OF School District No. 1, Grand Rap- ids, Itasca County, Minnesota. Grand Rapids ,Minnesota, June 24, 1912. A meeting of the school board of School District No. One was held in the board’s office at eight o'clock P. M. Cc. E. Burgess, C. H. Dickinson and J. D. Doran were present. The minutes of the meeting held June 10, were read and approved. The resignation of Miss Carrie Trogen, as teacher of the first grade of the Forest Lake school was received and ac ‘cepted. Petitions for new schools have been received as follows: A new building for the Rahier school, a new school in the NEW of Section 18-148-28, a new school im-Secticn 28-57-26 and a new school in the Village of Swan River. Upon-motion, July 8 was set as a tim to take up the matter of appointing teachers for the rural schools. The following bills were, upon motion, | | allowed: A. Flanagan Co.," maps, globes, ete. Andrew Yurik, wood for Moose Park school .. emi ee « 13.50 Superior Woodenware Co., electric lights, Cohasset .. .. 3.20 Art. Clusieau, livery .. .. .. 6.50 Margaret Baker, cleaning the Spruce Park school house 5 5.00 W. M. Welch Mfg. Co., general supplies . hd Peale pia et 15.84 John W. Aiton, team work in school gardens ele Fesciige gies, em: See, Sea D. Joyce Whitney, cleaning and supplies furnished for Tichenor Dorothy C. Tice, extra janitor allowance for Wirt school +. 14.00 D. D. Harrington, wood for Hor- TOM MOMOGE oo. 5 256 son) as 0 oh oa caot | SEO J. D. Doran, postage and expenses Cohasset .. .. 6. 25 eee. oe oe 154 H. E. Graffam, insuragce on For- est Lake school .. .. .. «. 75.00 Cc. E. Aiken, insurance pre- miums eal cep Wonca 2 Der ee aaeee J. S. Gole, insurance premiums.. 75.00 Estella Sherman, cleaning Split- hand school .. .. .. .. .. «. ++ 6.00 Itasea Dry Goods Co., general supplies .. whe Pe Eas eet ate cage ee Itasca Mer. Co., manual training, repairing and general supplies 29.14 Rand McNally Co., text books and school supplies ose oe 65.78 Cc. E. Burgess, postage, express and R: R. fare ..0..0 5. 65 6. +5) 2.8L A. Jandrew, labor on _ school WIM ins ain, oat Laas, inl! ad eeiee <i Re J. F. Palmer, liquid soap .. «+ 26.26 Fred Behrens, putting rope in flag pole, High school .. .. .. .. +» 5.00 L. S. Cummings, tuning piano at High school .. .. .. -- Upon motion the meeeting adjourned. J. D. DORAN, Clerk. “Sistern and bretheren,” exhorted Uncle Abraham, @ recent promotion from the plow to the pulpit, “on de one side er dis here meetin’-house is a road leading to destruction, on de udder is a road gwine to hell and damnation. Which you gwine pur- soo? Dar is de internal question: Which is you gwine pursoo?” “Law, Brer Aberham,” spoke sis- ter Eliza from the back pew, “I speck I’m er gwine home thoo de woods!” ase According to the Aitkin Age a lo- cal preacher delivered a scorching sermon on hell. and immediately the beautiful Miss Solo Singer arose “h |Company (Edward P. Towne, Attorney- | warpled: “I'll Be There.” i “THE MISSOURI Gif,” + ¢ MISS WANITA WALLACE City Hall, Wednesday, July 10th Home Course Road Making XiL.—The Relation of Au- tomobiles to Modern Highways. By LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director Office of Public Roads, United States Department of Agriculture. Copyright by American Press Asso- ciation, 1912. HE most complex problem now engaging the attention of highway engineers all over the world is the preservation of the crushed stone road under the de- structive action of motor vehicles and the devising of new methods of con- struction adapted to the requirements of this twentieth century traffic. That the automobile has come to stay no one will dispute. It is estimated that there are already about 450,000 ma- AN OrDED MAOADAM ROAD WITH MACHINE TRAVELING SIXTY MILES PER HOUR—NO DusT. chines owned in the United States, and the number is increasing at a marvel- ous rate. The fact that must give us concern is that the old methods of construction which have stood every test for more than 100 years are inadequate to meet the conditions of this new form of traf- fic and that we are in the midst of a transition period which must eventual- ly revolutionize the science and art of the road builder. The highway en- gineer of today is called upon to ascer- tain in what way the automobile in- jures the road, what is the exact cause of the injury, and finally to devise an adequate remedy. When Tresaguet, the great French engineer, made his report to the coun- cil of bridges and roads in 1775 he set forth the principles of construction which, as modified and added to by John L. Macadam in the early part of the nineteenth century, have proved adequate until the twentieth century. These great road builders and their successors sought to secure a road ca- pable of withstanding the wear of iron tired horse drawn vehicles, for the mo- tor driven vehicles had no place in their philosophy. They worked upon the theory that the dust abraded from the crushed stone would fill the voids between the angular fragments and when wet serve as a cement, thereby making the road surface practically a Monolith. The iron shod horses and the iron tired wheels passing over the road from time to time were depended upon to wear.off a sufficient amount of rock dust to replace that carried away by wind and water, and this under the action of moisture recemented, thereby automatically renewing the bond of the road surface. The rubber tired wheels, moving at excessive speed. fail to produce any new dust from the rock, but the tre- mendous shearing effect of the driving wheels loosens this dust, and as the body of the machine displaces a large volume of air the deflected currents earry the rock dust off the road, there- by effecting a permanent loss of the all essential binder. It follows that the road is soon stripped of its fine bind- ing material, exposing the upper or wearing course of the stone. These stones robbed of the binding material are soon loosened by the shear of the driving wheels, leaving the road badly raveled or disintegrated. It is, of course, apparent that the effects de- seribed are greatly intensified on curves, where skidding is most fre- quent. Highway and mechanical engineers have given much study to the action of the automobile on the road surface. and many ingenious theories have been advanced. While it is true that the slipping of the tire, skidding, shape of the car body, suction of the pneumatic tires, all contribute to produce the ef- fect, the most conclusive experiments seem to warrant the assertion that the great tractive force or shear exerted by the driving wheels of motorcars is the main factor of injury. A series of tests conducted by the United States office of public roads in 1908 produced some interesting results along this line. Cars of various weights and types were run over a measured course at different rates of speed and tight angle photographs taken of each run. A sixty horsepower car stripped for racing. weighing with its driver gnd mechanician about 2.800 pounds, was driven over this stretch of road at rates of speed varying from five to six- ty miles per hour, the speed being in- creased five miles per bour for each trip over the road. Up to fifteen miles an hour little or no effect was produced on the road, but from twenty miles an hour the effect was striking with each increase in speed. These demonstra- tions proved that little or no effect is PAGE SEVEN produced by the front wheels and that practically the entire disturbance of the road is produced.by the rear or driving wheels. if the effect were pro- duced by suction or vacuum the action of both front and rear wheels should be somewhat similar at least. It seems apparent to the writer, therefore, that the road best adapted to motor traffic is the road which will best resist this powerful tractive shear. It has already been demonstrated that no plain mac- adam road is capable of resisting this force. The efforts of progressive highway engineers are thus directed primari- ly toward the preservation of our stone surfaced roads and the construction of dustless roads by the use of a binder more powerful than stone dust and, secondly, to minimizing or mitigating the dast nuisance. For the purpose of discussing intelli- gently the experiments thus far con- ducted with special binders the term “dust preventives” has been applied to all of the various binders having for their main object either suppression or the prevention of dust. These may be fg-ided into two classes, temporary ad permanent. The temporary binders serve merely as palliatives and require frequent renewal. The permanent bind- ers, so called, enter into the structure of the road as a constitutent element and are either incorporated with the other materials at the time of the con- struction or applied later by a surface treatment. In the class of temporary binders may be included water, sait solutions, light oils and tars and oil and tar emulsions, waste sulphite liquors, etc. while the permanent binders include the heavy petroleums and tars, pitches and numerous oil, tar and asphalt prep- arations. The value of salt solutions, which have been used to some extent, lies in the hygroscopic character of the dissolved salt, which, having consider- able affinity for water, keeps the road surface in a moist condition long after a surface treated with water alone would have become dry through evapo- ration. The light oils and tars as well as the oil and tar emulsions depend for their effect upon a comparatively small amount of true binding base left upon the road surface after the volatile products have evaporated. These ma- terials prove effective only so long as they retain their binding power. When the binding power is destroyed it is necessary to apply more material. The heavy oils and tars differ from the lighter products in that they con- tain a much greater amount of true binding base. The results are, there- fore, of a more lasting character and hence the name “permanent binders.” The semisolid and solid preparations usually contain a still greater amount of binder. With some few exceptions all of the true binders are bitumens. The usual method of applying these materials to the road surface is by sprinkling. The temporary binders can usually be applied cold, but the perma- nent binders because of their much greater viscosity must be heated until sufficiently fluid. In England and France the use of coal tar is practiced to a large extent, and their methods of application have been highly developed. Machines are in general use which are self propelling and in which the tar is heated and applied to the road surface as a spray under high pressure. These so called “tar sprayers” are not only very economical in the use of tar, but insure a more even distribution and better penetration of the road surface than it is possible to obtain in almost any other way. In the construction of dustless roads the crucial question is that of cost. The effort must be to develop a form of construction which will withstand fast automobile traffic and at the same time be within the financial resources of the community. This is largely being done at present by the use of a bituminous binder instead of rock dust. The two methods generally employed are known as the penetration and the mixing methods. In the former the hot liquid binder is sprinkled or sprayed over the stone and allowed to penertate through 4N UNTREATED ROAD WITH MACHINE TRAVELING SIXTY MILES AN HOUR—PLEN- TY OF DUST. the voids and coat the stones usually to a depth of two or three inches. io the mixing method the stones and binder are thoroughly mixed either by hand or machine, so that each stone is covered with a thin film of the binder. This method in genera! insures the bet- ter and more even distribution of the binder throughout the road surface, but the cost is greater than that of the penetration method. One of the chief causes of the great number of failures which have been recorded in the use of bituminous road materials is the failure of the user as Well as manufacturer to understand certain. fundamental principles. To many a tar is simply a tar and an oil an oil, while in reality there is a vast difference sometimes even in the tars produced at the same works. The oils also range from those of a paraffin base to those almost wholly asphaltic. Specifications for the bitumens should be prepared by an expert and materials should be tested in the laboratory. shin aU