Grand Rapids Herald-Review Newspaper, April 20, 1907, Page 9

HOW CHIEF GALL LOOKED AND ACTED AS A HOSTILE IN OLD FRONTIER DAYS e@ Only Photo of Famous Indian Chief Arrayed in War Togs. Story of How David F. Barry Preserved It at Risk of His Life and Made the Grim War- rior, Armed With Knife, Back Out of Studio Door Looking Down Mouth of Revolver. From the Duluth News Tribune, « David F. Barry of Superior, who was a frontier photographer in the days when General Custer, Gereral Miles, al Crook and other famous sol- 's were making history in the In- country of the west, today for time allows to be printe® his die dian the first exclusive picture of the celebrated Sioux warrior, Chief Gall, when a hos- tile. It is a great picture of the greatest Indian chief that the west has ever known, and the plate was pre- served at the risk of Mr. Barry’s life. His bust picture of Chief Gall is fa- miliar to the readers of newspapers, magazines and the students of histor- ies, but it was taken in after years, when the war-like Gall had been sub- dued and become reconciled in a meas- ure to the ways of civilization, But the picture herewith presented was the first photograph taken of him when a prisoner of war, just after he had been captured, Gall Was Warlike. The taking of this picture was at- tended with some difficulties, but the keeping of it was attended with peril tor Mr. Barry. He risked his life to retain the plate before he had time to print a picture from it. There are but two pictures in existence, of which he accompanying is a copy, and Mr. tarry considered it the choicest, all hings considered, of nis valuable col- on of western Indians. Had the Litt shadow catcher,” as the Sioux ir lians called him, not been made of mettle that carries men through danger by prompt and courageous ac- tion, this picture would not now be in existence and Mr. Barry would have died at the hands of his famous In- subject more than a quarter of & century The picture is in a way an inheritance of much interest and value to the blood-stained history of the west, and the story of Mr. Barry’s gett it is entitled to a place with it. his picture, like all of Mr. Barry’s photographs of Gall and other great indians, is copyrighted. He was urged dian ago. to tell the story of his experience in getting it and consented. It is in sub- stance as follows: Soldiers Start After Hostiles. “In the and his band near souri Dog winter of 1881 Chief Gall of Indians were camped Mont., on the Mis- Chief Crow King, Low and other chiefs with their bands were there also. A part of General Miles’ regiment, the Fifth infantry, mounted on Chief Joseph’s ponies, were ordered from Fort Keogh, and part of that grand old regiment, the Seventh cavalry, were ordered from tort Buford to join the Fifth infantry and proceed to Poplar River. The ex- pedition v in command of Major and he was instructed to arrest or capture Chief Gall and his follow- e liges ‘Upon his arrival at Poplar River Major Ilges made his presence and er- *and known to the Indians. The chiefs DAVID F. BARRY Former Frontier Photographer Was Known to the Sioux Indians as “The Little Shadow Catcher.” Who held a council with tne orficers and the major advised them to surrender. But Gall was made of no common clay. He told Major LIges that he would tight and die before he would lay down his arms. The major gave him a cer- tain number of hours to consider the matter. Gall was very loyal to his friends and notified a Mr, Henderson, a storekeeper, of the situation and ad- vised him to depart. Henderson was regarded by the Indians as their friend. Gall woke Henderson up late at night to tell him of the situation. He told the white trader that he was afraid “that he might be killed during the fight, which was sure to take place the tollowing day. Indians Fight and Lose. “The fight occurred next day and the indians were routed by a Gatling gun. ‘They were also greatly discouraged by lack of provisions and the scarcity of clothing to protect them from the searching cold. The Indians returned the fire of the soldiers with spirit until the Gatling gun was turned upon them, when they ceased firing and a flag of truce fluttered. Shortly Chief Gall, Crow King, Low Dog and other recognized leaders came forward and said they would surrender, for their people were suffering from hunger and cold. Chief Gall asked Major Ilges what he proposed to do with them. die said he was going to take them to Fort Buford as prisoners of war. Later the Great Father should decide what was to be done with them. The fol- lowing day the soldiers and their pris- oners started on the long cold march to ‘ort Buford. The Indi&ns were poorly elad and suffered much for the winter was,severe and the snow deep. “The reading public of the world had heard of Chief Gall, Chief Crazy dHorse, Chief Rain-in-the-Face and Sit- ting Bull. I was located at Bismarck, N. D., at the time of the capture of Chief Gall and startea for Fort Buford to secure photographs of this famous warrior. Upon my arrival I reported to Major Brotherton and made my busi- ness known to him. He gave me per- mission to take photographs of the indians, and informed me that I was subject to orders the same as anyone CHIEF Gain, Grim Old Warrior in Costume Just After His Capture. ——— a = else at the post. He cautioned me against giving the Indians any infor- mation regarding the movements or plans of the troops or of the movement of Indians that I might hear of from the officers, and above all warned me to avoid having any trouble with any of the Indians. I thanked him and proceeded to get busy. I had a port- able gallery with me and soon every- body at the post knew I was there and was anxious to see gny pictures that I might take. I was more than anxious myself to photograph the greatest and strongest Indian face that 1 had ever,seen, that of Chief Gall. Chiefs Wanted Corn. “Photography was quite different in those days from now. I had to make my own plates and prepare my own paper. There were no factory goods then. When I was ready I went to the hostile camp and had a talk with the interpreter. He informed me that the chiefs wanted $6 each for one sit- ting. I was satisfied and promised to pay them that amount when _ they shduld come up and give me the sit- tings. Gall and four other chiefs were to come the following day, but they did not show up. I saw the interpreter and asked him why the chiefs had not appeared, and in a low tone he said: What's there in it for me?” In those days that was something new on the frontier, but now it is likely to be the first. brace you get. I told the inter- preter that I understood that he got $10 a day from the government and that I was not going to dig up. He 1eft me with a knowing toss of the head, The interpreter then informed the chiefs that I was going to make a lot of money from their pictures and they tilted the price per sitting to $21, But I was not dismayed by this. The only thing I was afraid of was that they would raise the price on me be- yond my power to pay. I hesitated about taking the matter up with the commanding officer, but did lay my troubles before.that good game scout, George Flurey, who had done duty for Custer, Miles, Crook, Hazen and How- ard at different times. He told me what I had suspected, that the inter- preter was at the bottom of my trouble. One of the officers wanted me to re- port the interpreter to the commanding officer, but I wished to avoid anything that looked like a complaint. I told Scout Flurey that if he would get the chiefs up to my gallery and allow me to taRe their photographs that 4 would pay the chiefs $21 each and pay him, Flurey, well for his trouble. Seout No Grafter. “He kindly told me that he would get the chiefs to come, but that as for his services I could not pay him a cent, and neither would he accept anything from me afterward. . Sure enough the chiefs came, all of them but Gall. My heart sank with dis- appointment when I saw that he was not with them. But later in the day this great red man came to my gallery in company of Captain Clifford and Scout Flurey, Gall came just as you would see him in camp, and made no special preparations of any kind, Gall wanted his picture taken standing and would have it taken in no other way. He failed to consider me at all in the matter. I made an effort to get his chin down, but he stood there firm as a rock. I could not budge him, and after my effort he gave me a hard look. For some reason Gall later be- came dissatisfied with himself for hav- ing allowed me to photograph him. He called to see his picture but I had nothing to show him except the Plate and he could not tell much from that. He declared, however, that it was ‘bad.’ I took the plate out of his hand, for it had not yet been var- nished, and placed it in my little dark | room. Gal] then said that he wanted the picture to throw away, and that he would come some other day and have another picture taken. Ags I did not immédiately get the plate and offer it to him, Gall started to get it him- self from the dark room. I had to act quickly, so I gave him a ‘push away from the door. As quick as a flash, Gall drew his knife, and I saw in an instant that he was furious. I took one step back into the dark room and reached for my revolver ‘on the shelf, I covered Gall, who with up- lifted knife was almost upon me, one instant’s terrible pause, and then Gall stepped back, I shall never for- get how his eyes flashed as he looked straight into mine and studied me as if to learn whether I really had the nerve to do as I threatened. Had he made another step I should haev done something that I would probably have regretted for the balance of my life, and which would have caused me lots of trouble. Gall was a prisoner of war and I a civilian on a military res- ervation, and under explicit instruc- thing. course in this matter. ing officer believes you, and you will pardon me if I tell you that I believe Gall, Just | You have taken the proper The command- If you hda@ admitted the truth ‘ou would have been ordered away ye from the post at once.’ “The plate has been put away all these years in a box by itself, with ‘Gall When Hostile’ written at the top. This photograph has never been re- produced. Only two copies are in cir- culation, one in Chicago and one in Dulvth, and both in the hands of friends that I think much of. I prize it more highly than any Indian pic- ture that I have ever taken. Told Story Later, “Before leaving Fort Buford, Cap- tain Clifford invited me to the officers’ club, and after chatting awhile he recalled the Galj incident. He asked me to tell him the facts of the case, promising on bis honor as an officer to divulge them to nobody. I gave him the facts, and furthermore declared that I was surprised that Gall had re- ported me. I told the captain that I did not consider Gall dead game to do so. Aa “In 1883 I saw Galsfor the first time since our exciting episode at Fort Bul- ford. It was at Standing Rock. The other chiefs greeted me warmly but Gall stood aloof and eyed me with a dignified and deep resentment, Later Gall and I became good friends and neither of us ever referred to the Fort Buford affair. “Only one of the leading figures of the crowd, white or red, is living today. Chief Gall, Major Brotherton, Captain Clifford and George Flurey are all dead. Flurey was shot in a cowardly manner at Fort Buford by a soldier named Woods. The soldier was ar- rested and tried for the murder at Bismarck, and it is perhaps quite an interesting fact, under the circum- stances, that I was a member of the jury. We brought in a verdict of mur- der in the first degree, The time was fixed for Woods to be hung. An at- torney named John C. Hollenbeck, who later resided in Duiuth, secured a new trial for him and obtained his acquit- tal. Strong Indian Face. “Chief Gall’s face is admitted to be the strongest face ever found among the Indians of North America. Per- haps the highest tribute ever paid to Chief Gall came from Mrs. Custer, the widow of General Custer, Coming from her, with the knowledge that Chief Gall was the master spirit of the In- dian bands that killed her husband and every man of his command, it has peculiar force, In a letter to me some years ago, which I still possess, she said: “Painful as it is for me to look upon the pictured face of an Indian, I never dreamed in al] my life there could be in all the tribes so fine a specimen of a warrior as Chief Gall’” A WONDERFUL SENSITIVE PLANT. From the London Chronicle: An incident related by the author of “he Pearl of India” in his description o- the flora of Ceylon is almost un- canny, although we are assured that it is true. It is about the mimosa, or sensitive plant, and makes one almost wonder whether the plant has intelli- gence. The doctor, one of the charac- ters of the book, while sitting with the family on the broad piazza which formed the front ot the bungalow of a coffee plantation recognized a thrifty sensitive plant, and it was made the subsect of remark. He called his| young daughter of 11 years from the) house. “Lena,” said he, “go and kiss the mi- }mosa.” The child did so, laughing gleefully, and came away. The plant gave no token of shrinking from contact with the pretty child. “Now,” saffl the host, “will you touch the plant?” Rising to do so he approached it with one hand extended, and before it had come fairly in contact the nearest spray and leaves wilted visibly. “The plant knows the child,” said the doctor, “but you are a stranger.” INTELLECTUAL DRINKS. From the New York News: “Pea and coffee are drugs—drugs solely,” said a chemist. “They stimu- late the brain, and the reaction from the stimulation is not perceptible, hence tea and coffee are excellent brain spurs. For a little while they do ac- tually make us more intelligent than tions to avoid trouble with the In- dians. Gall backed slowly out of my place, and in less than an hour the officer of the day called and said: pliments and desires your presence at headquarters at once.’ I surmised what this meant. The officer suggested that if I were going right up he would wait for me. On the way over the officer of the day said: “What trouble have you had with Gall?’ “I have had no trouble with him. Why? “Well, all I know about it is that he has reported to the commanding officer that you were going to shoot him.’ ““Pshaw! That is all bosh.’ “Major Brotherton, a fine and genial gentleman, asked me to be seated when I was ushered into his presence. “You will remember, Mr, Barry, that when you first reported to me that I instructed you to avoid any trouble with the Indians,’ said the major. “Yes, sir,’ I replied. “Well, I was astonished when Chief Gall came here just a little while ago and told me that you were going to shoot him.’ “Major, I cannot understand what he means, telling you such a story.’ “Did you draw a gun on him? “No, sir, “The major looked puzzled for a moment and then said: “I don’t know what to make of Gall coming here and telling me this story. Was he in your place today?’ “Yes, sir. He came and wished to destroy a plate that I had used in taking a photograph of him, but I had paid him for the sitting and refused to let him have it.’ ““I think I understand it. Now you go back to your gallery and destroy that plate and I will have Gall come and give you another sitting. I will see that both he and you are satisfied.’ Didn’t Destroy Plate, “I said all right, and thanked the major, and returned to my gallery. But I did not destroy the plate, In- stead of destroying it I took excellent care of it. I believe that I am con- sidered generally pretty truthful, but if I had told the commanding officer that I had drawn a gun on Gall I would have been promptly banished from Fort Buford. Had I not drawn the gun on Gall, he would have slain me and doubtless it would never have been known who did it. Captain, Clif- ford, who has crossed the great divide, was in charge of the hostile camp, Be- fore I left Fort Buford he said to me “Mr. Barry, what got into you to pull a gun on Gall?’ “‘Captain, there is nothing in that story.’ “Well, Gall tells me that you did and I have the greatest confidence in him. I cannot understand why he should tell me that story if it is not true. But now let me tell you some- ee A ‘The commanding officer sends his com- | we naturally are, That is why they |are so popular. It is why we chemists cal] them intellectual drinks. Alcohol whether it be taken in the form of | champagne or beer or whiskey, is not | lan intellectual drink, but the opposite. iFrom the beginning alcohol stupgfies instead of enlivening the brain. But it-makes us talk! If it were not en- livening how should it make us talk? Alas, alcohol makes us talk, but we say under its influence the things we {should not. Alcohol deadens the, in- | hibitory, the prohibitive centers of the brain. It stupefies the brain muscle, which knows what things should not be told, and hence, while drinking we talk; but, oh, the things we say, and, oh, how we blush in the cold gray light of the morning after to remember what we said!” ENGLISH PUGILIST COMING, Jack Palmer, the English heavy- weight is coming to this country. He is being brought over by Sam Fitz- patrick, and it is the intention of Pal- mer to go up the line of heavyweights} in_this country. Palmer is the best heavy-weight England has had in years, outside of Gunner Moir. The gunner gained a decision and the championship of England from Palmer. Palmer was never satisfied with the outcome of the match, and has been trying ever since to get a return battle. There was nothing doing, though, so. he de- cided to come here. The Britisher would like to start things in this country with a fight with Tommy Burns. Fitzpatrick will match him up with Burns, Failing to get Burns any other heavy weight will do, barring Jeffries. Palmer is a light heavy-weight, and will not take a chance with anyone as heavy as the boiler maker. THE CHOW DOG. The chow, the solemn, black tongued dog which comes from China, is, the London Chronicale thinks, the ideal city dog. It says: “He never barks unless there is something serious to bark at. You open the door and the dog marches out with fine solemnity. This writer’s chow has a range of about 10 square miles, and he has never hurt a baby, though he has gathered innumerable triends during his solemn march through London. He never loses his head, and his morning walks embrace Chelsea, Putney and the sacred pre- cincts of the Brompton oratory. Indeed, ne once followed a bicycle to Hendon and found his way back within 48 hours with an honorably empty stomach. ‘yhe unaccompanied chow is the very least of the nuisances of the London streets.” Lodevichy—Ah, good morning, my friend. I hear you are to be married next month, ! Pochette—No, not next month; I have obtained a reprieve. ne, IN THE REALM OF LETTERS. THE HYROCRITE. By Bingham Tho- burn Wilson. The Lyceum Pub. Co., Brooklyn, $1.00. The Hypocrite is a metrical romance with a purpose. A sermon with the tenth commandment as the text does not lend itself readily to verse, but the author saves his attempts at poetic ex- pression for the heroine who acts,as an excuse for the large doses of rhymed didacticism. Mr. Wilson be- lieves that the tenth commandment is all wrong—a mistranslation of the most pernicious variety for it makes hypocrites of all humanity. “Breathes there a living man who dares to say, He ne'er hath coveted throughout his day? Ah Moses, Wnen you made that won- drous find, Why did you not that Tablet leave be- hind, Leave it behind to lighten up your load, And save posterity this conscience goad?” On this basis the hero covets his neighbor's beautiful young wife, who illustrates another awful lesson—“the misalliance of rich decreptitude with designing beauty.’ He beholds, ad- mires and then covets, jeering at the decrepit husband, whose wealth has paid the price such beauty demands. Chance meetings and innocent flirta- tions are handled with a wealth of melodramic fever that would do credit to the Duchess or Bertha M. Clay. In “the dedication of the volumn the author says, “in the construction of the poem, the mere matter of versifi tion has interested me but little.” Th is a totaly superfluous statement as the reader can not fail to discover the fact before he has limped through the first few pages of halting lines. But thor defends his disregard of fication on the basis “that a book without a purpose is like a fruit with- out flavor, a flower without perfume, an instrument devoid of melody; in fact—a mere semblance of the thing it is intended to represent.” There- fore the man who revels didacticism and preachments on the evils of di- vorce and money-madne: irre- spective of literary form or regard for the canons of art will find much en- joyment in the Hypocrite. But the lovers of literature and de- fenders of art for arts sake will also find another and more subtle variety of enjoyment in this little volumn pro- vided they open it with a well whetted sense of humor. What could be more delicious than the unconscious humor of the following description of the lady fair? “Her form divine seems not of human mold; “Fairer by far than mortals might behold; “Fairer by far than when before we met “In. the same pew; I never shall forget; “To my adoring now far more fair, “Than when Ephesians kneeled before in prayer. “See how her lips are parted. Like the snow— Arched is her throat, or swells the below; While with luxuriant wave and sump- tuous fold. “Heaven has graced her with a crown of gold.” DIMBIE AND I. By Mabel Barnes- Grundy. Baker Taylor Co. New York. The average reader will begin to wonder at once who or what Dimbie is and for the benefit of the average reader we will announce at once that Dimbie is not a dog, a monkey or a parrot but a husband. Not a proisiaic, bread and butter husband, but a won- derful being seen through the rose colored glasses of a dear little bride who tells with a very human mingling of laughter and tears the story of the first year of married life. When the little bride first conceived the idea of confiding her overwhelm- ing happiness to the responsive pages of a diary a wise friend gave her the following advice: “Don’t let it all be of Dimbie. Some women haven’t a Dimbie and women are the principal readers of women’s books. Enter as well all the little worries and cares that are bound to crop up sooner or later, so that the contrast between your life and the life of some lonely unloved woman may not be too cruel. She will laugh at Amelia’s smasaing the best china, enjoy your misfortunes and chear up when Dimbie is down with typhoid and not expected to live.” The author certainly profited by the advice and the book is quite free from the overdose of sentimentali- ty that is usually the result of the one viewpoint of a bride. We are not limited to Dimbie, though a large amount of his perfections proves most interesting; but we have Amelie, who combines all the problems of the servant question in her ample person, rules her master and mistress with a rod of iron and yet devotes herself as- siduously to their comfort. She fur- nishes many a quaint bit of humor and shares with*the inimitable Peter, the comedy honors of the book. The first chapters overflow with the good health and happiness of the household in One Tree Cottage but when the little bride, after a brutal fall from her bicycle, becomes a help- less invalid, the shut-in days are a pathetic struggle for the courage and patience that will make her submit cheerfully to such a fate and teaches many lessons to impatient in- valids who would fain become a comfort rather than a burden to their friends. But there are no disilluusions for the married lovers and the story of love goes on to the end of the first year when the diary closes abruptly as the pen falls from the hand of the patient invalid. comet THE BIRD OF TIME. By’ Mrs. Wil- son Woodrow, McClure, Phillips & Co. $1.00. This book will doubtless be of spec- ial interest to many Duluthians as the author, Mrs. Wilson Woodrow, is well known here and these pithy con- versations posess a personal charm that should appeal strongly to the friends of the creator of Egeria. The Bird of Time is an elusive title which even a perusal of the book fails to justify but the subtitle “Conversations with Egeria” is sufficiently illuminat- Ing to satisfy the most practical minded reader. Egeria is the book just as completely as Holmes’ genial autocrat is the only thing in the “Autocrat at the Break- fast Table.” In both cases the other poor souls are merely lay figures to furnish forth an audience for the un- controlled bursts of wit and wisdom peculiar to genius. In Egeria’s aud- ience are the Poet, the Editor, the Judge, the Financier, the Bishop, the Commonplace Man and Castilla, a youthful example of beauty minus brains, who acts as a most successful foil for the clever autocrat of the circle. There is no breakfast table but the conversations or dissertations, as they might be more aptly called, are carried on in various places and on widely ajffering occasions. And wWat doesn’t this charfning autocrat discuss from the-quality of charm to what women'like to read? She settles very few of the questions! with which she plays and her logic is she; frequently of the feminine variety but it all has the fascination of original- ity and piquant humor and keeps thé reader looking expectantly from one dissertation to the next and guessing as to the viewpoint she will take. There are many gentle, truthful jabs at the foibles of the weaker sex and the apostle of modern feminism might gain a saner viewpoint from a care- ful perusal of this little book. There are several examples of keen analysis in the chapter devoted to The Feminine Temperament and the tend- ency of feminity to enjoy its sorrows is well sketched in the following con- versation between Egeria and the Bishop: . “Now, Bishop, confess that you never meet a strange woman that you do not observe a speculative gleam in her eye which experience has taught you to interpret as: ‘How soon can I (ell nim my troubles? ” “‘Poor laides! you have so many,’ sighed the Bishop sympathetically. “Of course we have, we multiply them by three. Sedulously to oBserve all tragic and harrowing anniversaries is a part of our religion. ‘It is just five years ago today since Edwin left me for another,’ she says, mournfully, and then shrouding herself, lives over each poignant, past moment. If any- one asks the cause of her dejected de- nor, she murmurs in a sad sweet voice: ‘It is an anniversary. Would you like to fear of my grief? But He says: ‘Jove’ a year tomédrrow since Jem- s run down by a motor car. I what does a man do? It’s just keep myself well amused or it be a depressing occasion.” seriously, Bishop, if I were you, Yd have a phonograph in my study and the moment a woman set foot within the door it should begin that good old hymn: ‘Go Bury Thy Sor- row, The world hath its share.’” THE T OF LANDSCAPE GARDEN- ING. By Humphy Repton. Hough- ton-Mifflin, New York. This volume is the first of a series of authoritative books to be repub- lished at the suggestion and with the co-operation of the American Society of Landscape Architects. It includes Repton’s most valuable writings and illustrations, and shows better than any other publication, perhaps, that the art of laying out ground is found- ed, like all other arts, upon fixed principles and not upon mere caprice and fashion. In no other country and at no other time have the conditions been so favorable for realizing the best ideas of landscape gardening -as with country gentlemen in England during the eighteenth century. And it is generally conceded that the world has not yet produced a designer in the informal, or landscape, style with the genius and skill of Repton. It is fortunate for the progress of this art that Repton has left the record of his experience in such convenient, read- able, and inspiring form. His work has long been out of print. Its re- publication at a time when the love of nature is so rapidly increasing, and when the desire for permanently beautiful home surroundings is so widespread, will be a contribution of great value to the literature of garden art. Other volumes in this series now in preparation are Thomas Whately’s “Theory and Practice of suandscape Gardening,” edited by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr.; and the work of Furst Puckler von Muskau, on his own park in Germany, edited and translated by Samuel Parsons, Jr., of the New York Park Department. . —o THE GATE OF APPRECIATION. By Carleton Noyes. Houghton-Mifflin. Mr. Noy new book has particular reference to the needs and interests of those who are not themselves, artists, but who feel, nevertheless, that art has some meaning for them. Start- ing from the definition that “Art is creation,” the author shows that art is not a thing apart, exclusive, and a cult of the initiated few, but that it is intemately bound up with all life. The art spirit may enter into the simplest acts of daily living. The character of the work as art depends upon the intensity of emotion it ex- presses and upon the power the work has to rouse the same emotion in others. The volume is not a mere record of the facts of art history nor a restatement of aesthetic theories. Mr. Noyes approaches his subject in the spirit of fresh inquiry and analysis at first hand. His conclusion, which are the outcome of study and _ original thought, but which keep always close to life, will be found by many to be the expression of their own experience with art, which perhaps they have not formulated for themselves. The chapter headings are: The Impulse to Expression, The Attitude of Response, Technique and the Layman, The Value of the Medium, The Background of Art, The Service of Criticism, Beauty and Common Life, The Arts of Form |and Representation, and The Personal ' Estimate: ANCIENT SOCIETY. By Lewis H. Morgan, LL. D. Charles H. Kerr & Co., Chicago. $1.50. Morgans’ Ancient Society was pub- lished over thirty years ago and has been more or less a bone of contention for scientists. The price has always been four dollars a copy but this new edition has just been put on the market by a Socialist co-operative publishing house at a rate that will give it a much wider circulation. The underly- ing principle of the book is the law of historical materialism familiar to international socialists, namely that always and everywhere the people have supplied themselves with food and the other necessities of life has determin- ed their way of living and their way of thinking. Recognizing this principle, Morgan divides the various stages 6f human development, according to the develop- ment reached in industrial arts, into savagery, barbarism and civilization. Again he subdivides savagery into its lower, middle and upper status, and divides the period of barbarism in tie same manner. The first part of the book is taken up with this ‘classifica- tion, and with a study of the arts of life as developed in the various social stages. Part II of the book is on th of the idea of government. Sines clear, simple, fascinating story of the little groups of equals which were the first expression of man’s social life on earth, ages before the idea of prop- erty or of ruler and ruled had taken root. Part III tells of the Growth of the Idea of the Family, and it is the state- ment of a long series of vitally im- portant facts without which no intel- ligent discusion of the “Woman Ques- tion” is possible. It traces the suc- cessive forms of marriage that have existed, each corresponding to a cer- tain industrial stage. It proves that the laws governing the relations of the sexes have constantly been changing in response to industrial changes, and thus explains why it is that they are changing still. It shows the historical reason for the ‘double standard of morals’ for men and women, over which amiable reformers have wailed in vain. Part IV tells of the Growth of the Idea of Property, and is more distinct- ay Heaee than any other portion of? e book to the usual propagan socialism, y aie e ——