Evening Star Newspaper, November 10, 1931, Page 5

! and Ambassador Debuchi has been in- CHINA TO PREPARE FOR OWN DEFENSE Dr. Sze Says Nation to Build Against Aggression if League Fails. « tinued From First Page.) have the power to declare a war, and ded that both the Nanking and | sments have made it clear | ve no notion of going to war | anchuria. The League, they in- ¢ nev | which no govern- | ng to accept 1 mind, however! re-! the argument in favor of the | w the Manchurian situation, in | en fought, as as- | nce of warfare. To soldiers of two na- each other, that is man in Geneva as | anywhere else. is concerned, | The fighting still con- | er the head of “dis- wrbances.” se call their activities | In this connection, it was a | “punitive” expedition which Gen. Per- #hing led into Mexico in 1916, e is Mo war 5 to come U “di T apa #punitive.” or PLANS NEW MANCHURIAN RULE, Meugene Chen Suggests Model Govern- ; ment to Replace War Lords. TOKIO, November 10 (#.—A pro- vsal for complete reorganization of he govirnment of Manchuria, made by ugene Chen, noted Chinese Jjournalist nd statesman, today turned the atten- ftion of Japan to China again, rather ¥than to Geneva, in the hope of a pos- ¥sible permanent solution of the knotty Manchurian problem. The proposal, said to have been for- mmulated by the opposition government at Canton, was given to the Japanese consul in Canton by Chen before he Jeft for Shanghai to discuss with Nan- Xing leaders a reorganization of the Nanking Nationalist government. The plan calls for closer co-operation with Japan and expulsion from Man- churia of “greedy and meddlesome war lords,” together with the appointment of a high commissioner by the central government to take charge of Manchu- ¥ian affairs. Based on Chen's Plan. Japanese military forces would be rmitted to remain, and Japan would e largely responsible for maintaining peace and order. It was stated authori- tatively here that Tokio's hppes in this direction, far distant and rather slen- der though they are, are based on plans for Eugene Chen to pray a prominent xale in the reorganization of the Nan- Kking government and to secure an Bgreement with Canton’s policy of close co-operation with Japan in the man- Bgement of Manchurian affairs. Chen, it is said, went so far as to mention Tang Shao-Yi, former Min- ter to Washington, as commissioner of he three eastern provinces, Wwhich would be known as the Federated States of Manchuria. First intimations of the Cantonese fpolicy were announced here October 20 when reports were received of Chen's willingness to open direct negotiations on Manchuria in the event he were ac- ceptable as foreign minister of the re- organized Nanking g-vernment. Reply Sent to Washington. Japan’s reply to the “aide memoire” of the United States Government on| the Manchuiian conflict, was dispatch- ed to Washington today. Baron Kijuro Shidehara, Japanese foreign minister, decided not to suggest publication of the mnotes of the two governments, although it was believed here he would not object to publication if Secretary of State Stimson wished it. The foreign minister agreed with the Secretary, however, that the time is not opportune for making the notes public b structed not to request that they be published. ‘Official dispatches from Manchuria today denied that Gen. Mah Chang BShan, commanding the Chinese troops near the Nonni River Bridge, had is- sued a declaration cf war against Japan The dispatches also denied that the Chinese had bombarded the Japanese position near Tashing, as reported 3 terday. | While press reports appeared to in- @icate continued troop movements in the vicinity of Anganchi and Tsitsihar, the situation pow seems calm and the | indication is that ample opportunity will be afforded for the engineers to finish the Nonni Kiver bridge repairs. Says Situation Worse. Official d' tches from Mukden, Manchuria, to tie war office indicated Gen. Honjo, the Japanese commander, believes the situation there is growing worse as the result of Gen. Mah Chan- shan’s continue ivities and in- creased uprisings of bandits in scattered parts of the territory Gen. Honjo holds Gen. Chang Hsueh- YLiang responsible both for the move- ments of G Mah's troops and the depredations cf ihe robber bands who, he said, min with gypsy _soldler ups operating along the South Man- churian Railway “Taking & ber of J army headque and the these forc Hsu of the small nu »ops in Manchuria Mukdeh reported of increasing treaties, Gen. 2 be mak- is communica n strength of the He the report says: “The Gen. Mah Chan- rated in the re- number about ns. This force the offensive up tion is as follo o0ps cor gion around Anganchi 0 with 31 fi ing he Japanese. Blames Gen. Chang. Manchuria, especially at nese sentiment is sing uneasiness rious points. h-Liang. on No- sen. Jangchin, who ommand of 17.000 | h Gen. Mah | chin “In No Chang H 7, ordered Chang is to disturb the peace by in- bandits along the South Man- | Railway is estimated there andits in the region around Chenghiatun and Kungchu- atches said several thousand andit troops vesterday looted region around Hiacheng, on the h Manchurian Railway, northeast of Newchiawang, and fought with a de- tachment of Japanese troops there. The Chinese fled, the reports said, leaving 40 dead behind them and 30 horses The Japanese lost 3 wounded. TIENTSIN SITUATION TAUT. « Japanese Believed Prepared to Occupy City If Fighting Is Renewed. TIENTSIN, November 10 (#).—The ©ominous, hollow booming of a field gun together with frequent bursts cf ma- chine-gun fire in the area between the Japanese concession and the Chinese city carricd threat today of another killed and 9| Why Are Japan and Chi of the World, and Why I. Concerned in the Ou The following article attempts to explain, as simply and as briefly as possidle, the causes leading up to the present’ delicate situation in Man- churia. BY CONSTANTINE BROWN. HE drama now being played in the Far East has caught the world unawares. The governments of the pow- ers interested in the Far East realized full well that sooner or later there must be a showdown between the r TeCOgNize A | japanese, who were known to desire to | expand in Manchuria, and the Chinese who were trying to prevent expansion at their expense. But the principal world powers trusted that Japan would take into consideration the tense and precarious situation of the world today and would chose another time to settle their score with the Chinese over Man- churia, Manchuria Seat of Trouble. Manchuria is the richest and the most important province of China. As | such and because of the failing power {of China it has been the bone of conten- Russia and Japan for Japan declared tion more than between 30 years. situation was taut, and likely to snap at any moment. The Japanese demand on Chinese forces to withdraw at least 300 meters from the concession boundary brought the Japanese defense line perilously close to the Chinese headquarters. May Occupy City. It was believed the fleld gun was firing blank, but as the day wore on the tempo cf its thundering increased and there was a conviction that con- tinued resistance by the city police would bring a battle, with possibly a Japanese invasion and ocupation of the city. The Japanese had relaxed mnone of their precautions about the concession this morning and all foreigners ventur- ing within were closely questioned by the reserve troops on guard The Japanese commander, Gen. Kashii, issued a proclamation yesterday declaring that if Japanese interests were endangered in any way, or if the honor of the Japanese army were threatened, bhis troops 'vould “take the necessary steps.” American Women Leave. This was taken to mean he would occupy the city by force. Two American women attached to the Methodist mission were escorted to an outbound steamer last night when the machine guns went into action on the western edge of the city. Streets were deserted throughout the iness was at a standstill. A Japanese destroyer was expected to arrive at Tangku from Port Arthur today, they said, but it would not carry a landing party, ANOTHER ATTACK EXPECTED Mah Chang Shan and Japanese Both Prepare for Fight in Bridge Area. HARBIN, Manchuria, November 10 (#).—A new Japanese attack upon the Chinese forces under Gen. Mah Chang Shan, in the area between the Nonni River bridge and Anganchi, is being planned, reports reaching here today said. some distance to the north of the loca- tion of the last battle between the two armies over the bridgehead, it was be- during the former attack and there were_reports his strategy was to draw the Japanese up near the territory that falls within the influence of the Rus- sian Soviet government. In the meantime the Japanese troops have withdrawn fo a position 7 miles south of the bridge, it was said, but it was believed they were massing there and assimilating re-enforcements for & fresh attack. It was from Lis present position north of the bridgehead that Gen. Mah was reported yesteday to have issued formal declaration of war Japan. There were also reports that he had urged Chang Esueh Liang, former gov- ernor of Manchuria, to mobilize troops at Kirin to re-enforce the Heliungkiang army against a possible Japanese at- ck. There was no word from the Nankinz government, however, indicating it had anything to do with'the general's wa declaration and the report that it was made was denied in Tokio. against HUGHES GIFT SHOP Seth Thomas $25 Banjo Clocks $12.50 —8-day clocks, 22 inches Jong and 9 inches wide. Guar- $22.50 Banjo Clocks 8-DAY Seth Thomas Clocks Westminster Chime Clocks $37.50 Clocks $]18.75 $45.00 Clocks $22.50 $55.00 Clocks $27.50 8-Day Clocks Mahogany Case and Ralsed Bronze Numerals. ELGIN 14 and Less Than 14 Prices .00 Watches 316.50 . A" small deposit will reserve anything until Christmas. ‘battle to rival the sanguinary clashes between J:wanese and Chinese forces yesterday. The n‘eht was ominously quiet. In gession and the .Chinese position the D. J. Hughes tional Theatre Build NA. 0319, day in the Japanese concession and bus- | The attack would probably take place | lieved. Gen. Mah retired with his army | 2|{move did not suit Tokio's plans. THE EVENING S AT > 1, WASHINGTON, D TUESDAY, What Are They Fighting For? na Endangering the Peace s the United States Vitally tcome of the Dispute? 1 war on Russia ir | were fought mainly | peace of 1905 put a tem; | the rivalry between Japan and Russis | and Manchuria divided into two zones of influen No ern Man- | churia became th ussian zong of influence; Southern # the Japanese zone of influence at the Japanese actually obtained in the peace treaty of 1905 was the cession of the southern section of the Manchurian railways. In fact OWe she ob- ta he 1 and ned recogniti economic interesty 1 Southern Ma churia. When the World War broke out Japan joined the alli order to alieviate tain fears expressed in the United States about her ultimate aims in th Far East, the Japanese prime notified the world powers on August 23, 1914, that “‘as prime m er of Japan, | T state that h rior_mo- | tives, no desi no the thing ment word and_thei as honorably kept keeps her promise Received With Smil received { ‘This icans with t last sentence certain well informed a smile. They remembe | tion in rej smpire of Kor | some tour | Korea W pire. By the that country country form: ea 0 independent em- of 1904 betwee: the la anteed the terri torial integrity of the Korean Empire | In 1905 Japan took over the control and direction of the Korean external | affair: In 1908 Japan made a public | and solemn engagement that she did not intend to annex Korea and in 1910 Japan forced the Korean Emper to sign an agreement ceding the whole empire Japan. These facts were well remembered by many leading Americans and consequen! statement hat she Wwo pledges as in the | was | with a good deal of skepticism, | "In 1915 Japan concluded a serfes of | treaties with China whereby that coun- ¢ conceded to Japan the right to o the South Manchurian Railway { for 99 years. is treaty was ratified | by the government of Northern China, | but later the Canton government served notice on the Japanese that they would not recognize that treaty. In the | meantime the Japa started lend- ing important sums of money to th Northern Chinese government in order | to bolster it against the Southern gov- ernment, which was established at Canton and later transferred to Nan- | king. and received Railwayvs Were Needed. | To exp of Manchu There are | Manchuria t the vast natural resc railways were two principal systems the ~ Eastern which are run by a Russo-Chines pany and is nominally in Chinese hands, although in fact controlled by Moscow, ana the South Manchurian Railways, controlied by the Japanese. ‘Within the last 10 years another rail way running parallel with the South Manchurian was built by the Chinese, ‘This new line starts from Mukden and {runs through Taonan and Tsitsihar to |the Russian border at Kumanskaya | This new railroad was built with the | idea of competing with the Japan | controlled system ‘The Japanese did not-like these in- dependent moves cf the Chinese. Fur- | thermore, with Bolshevist Russia out of the pjcture, they had their eyes on | Manchuria as a possible place for | population expansicn. The fact that | the population of Manchuria was great- |1y increased in number by Chinese im- | migration from Canton and other parts of China worried the Japanese govern- | ment. | Tokio Displeased. | | On account of the troubled situation caused by civil wars and by the drought, | the number of Chinese settlers in Man- | churia has increased rapidly in the last | few years. They found there a fertile | territory and comparative safety. This To | the 30,000,000 Chinese there are barely 300,000 Japanese living in that province. If this immigration process lasted much longer there was a serious danger that there wculd be no room for Japanese = | settters, and, also, that their scant num- bers would ot give to Tokio a good e cuse to claim “‘a vital interest” in Man- churia. All ‘these things put together—the desire of occupying a rich province, the desire to find an adequate territory for the Japanese surplus population within reach of the mother country, the that the Chinese and the Russians might get together and thwart the of the Tokio government—have ed the Japanese government to dges they had given 3 t rest of the world and vroceed to the annexation of Manchuria in some form or other. World Powers in Sore State. ‘The world powers are in a sore state In spite of the efforts of the d States, the process of reconcil- uropean nations is making slow progr Great Britain, which at one time e most feared nation in the Far Eas collapsed unexpectedly and is today fighting for her own existence. The homic depression has hit the whole world to such an extent t every 3 compelled to ook out for and has no time to worry about and pledges given by Japan. sent, therefore, is considered moment for the Japanese im s > blow. Th took advantage of the tyeaty of 191 called “the treaty of 21 demands,” and of the fact that the Chinese had failed | to live up to it. Although the Jap- ancse government is one of the mem- bers of the of Nations and con- ed not to take up incil of tihe League 1 the causes of a dispute Japan is a signatory of Briand pact, whereby she has word to settle any dispute amicable means, the Japanese gen- staff, without' any warning, and sing its’ claims on the fact that Jap- anese natio were threatencd _and that the Southern Manchurian R s interfered with, sent troaps anchuria. Pretext Easily Found. A pretext was easily found. .The Japanese railway guards claimed to have found Chinese individuals blowing up sections of the Southern Manchurian Railway; the men, thus discovered at midnight, September 16, were shot on the spot. Queerly enough, as if the Japanese military authorities had had premonition that the Chinese would attempt to blow up their railroads, three columns of Japanese infantry and artil- lery were all ly and marched out of Mukden in full war Kit only three fter the guilty Chinese had been treati The an id peri cxamin Chinese appealed to the League of Nations on September 18. The J nese diplomats agreed to prac anything the Council of the League sug- gested and explained confidentially in Washington and at Geneva that the military “had run amuck” again, but that the situation would be str ight- ened out in no time. Everybody sighed with relief. and diplomats congratulated cach other because the machinery of the League showed the world war ac- | tually could be prevented. On October 22 the international dip- lomats had ir first real shock when | the Japanese government informed them that the Japanese troops would | | not be withdrawn from Manchurja un- less tha Chinese agreed definitely to settle the m questions left in abey- | ance in the treaty of 1915. Says Japan. { “Very Sorry “That means taking a _defenseless nation by the throat,” shouted the League of Nations diplomats. “You | do that “Ve v,” the Japanese answered, “but it can't be helped. The Chinese have overplayed their hand and if they 1t to come to terms, they know the road to Tokio.” To show that they mean business the Japanese general stafl started late t week a further advance into the tern Manchuria. An found. A Chines ened fire on a part inese engineers, detailed to T bridges across the River Nonni Both the Japenese and the Chinese forces suffes sualties and. today, there is a regular state of war in Man- churia Nobody can say that the Japanese are not astute diplomats. They managed | [to lull Eurcpe a the United States | into a sense of security; they convinced everybody that the Manchurian incident | of September 17 was a trivial affair | which would be settled satisfactorily in no time. When everything was ready for the last move which is calculated to give Japan effective control cver Man- chur hey showed their hand and said ‘This is a business betwcen the Chinese and ourselves if a peaceful set- tlement is desired the Chinese know where to find us.” ‘ So did the Koreans 21 years ago. 1 ‘The United States is vitally interested | Motorists—It’s Here i | | A Fifty | heavy NOVEMBER 10, 1931. Scene of Latest Outbreak in F AMERICAN TROOPS STAND- BY VIEW in the native quarter of Tientsin, China, where furious’ street fighting broke out as an aftermath of the 3141 tempt to assassinate China's deposed “Boy Emperor,” Henry Pu-Yi. American, French and Italian garrisons stood under arms, ready to defend foreign lives. in what is going on in the Far East The cardinal features of our policy are: (1) The maintenance of the integrity of the Chinese territory, which is guar- | anteed by several pacts of which the United States and the Japanese are sig- | natory. | (2 The matter of the policy of equal opportunities in China, generally known as “the open d-or policy.” Th> United States, like the other powers, are interested in the fact that all nations should have an cqual chance of trading with Chin Hitherto the Japanese activities in regions where they have the upper hand have not convinced either the United States nor any of the other powers that they are willing to give other nationals a fair deal. As a rule wherever Jap- anese are in control Japanese will and Japanese way must prevail. The Amer- ican Government, nce the days of Secretary John Hay, has been pledged to this open door policy and there is no indication that the present admin- istration has in any way changed its views on this subject. (3) The respect of treaties. At the present time when the world is in a turmoil, when the danger of trouble is greater than it has been for many years, when the efforts of the Pre dent of the United States and of the American people is to get nations to disarm on the grounds that there are enough treaties to guarantee their na- tional and territorial integrity, Japan's disregard for these treaties comes as a blow. 1t is on account of these three cardinal points of our policy that the United States takes such a serious view of the present Japanese-Chinese conflict and insists that it must be settled by peaceful means. | Schopenhauer is ¢ lled the greatest modern pessimist evERFRESH | CITRATE or MAGNESIA PURER and BETTER 25¢NIN CLEAN EW BOTTLES Hydro-Thermolene { A 'Dependable Anti-Freeze At a Remarkably Reasonable Price 2 & 5 0 Per Gallon Fifty mixture of Water and GREEN SEAL HYDRO - THERMOLINE Will Not Freeze at cowo DEFYING 20° Below Zero Green Seal T Iydro-Thermolene is a non-boiling, non-evaporating, anti- wear freeze solution weSfiG | harmless to your car. alcohol—not a glycerine that is absolutely It is not an it is a se- cret formula compound that has all the advantages products. of the higher priced It is odorless—rust pre- venting—and is absolutely the last word in anti-freeze solutions. 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SEES BRIGHTER |he knows personally, acquainted with SITUATION IN EAST; 'sw]\l;z;:wgie!':e::c‘urring rumors that the PRESIDENT SILENT United States is preparing to send ___(Continuea From First Page.) | 1 you matism! 0 faulty put Water _from sas. Its touched for by where. One vyour famous my patien find same have troops into Manchuria or to Tientsin, | e scene of violent rioting the last few days, find no answer at the State Department. underestimate the seriousness of the Secretary Stimson, in reply to a qu Manchurian situation, officials are | tion yesterday as to whether consid- WaticHirig/allt devslopients Ciosely: | eration was being given to this movi They are stressing particularly to the | S2id he preferred not to answer. Aft. disputing nations the ties of the Kel- | r¥%ard newspaper men were informed logg-Briand pact for outlawing war | that this could not be interpreted as atd the nine-pover treaty guarantecing | indicating that it was being considered. . 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