Evening Star Newspaper, March 18, 1928, Page 31

THE SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON. D. €. MARCH 18. 1928 -PART 92 ' ERA OF NEW SEEN DAWN Italian Veteran Dec DIPLOMACY NG IN WORLD lares Understanding and Sympathy Will Replace Old Selfish Nationalisms. COUNT CARLO SFORZ. an M an BY Pormer 1 Aftairs ister of Foreisn Aadar To France FELT some hesitation when asked to write about_diplomacy and dip- lomats. Was I not handicapped-- I T been a diplomat myself for TOAY Wandicapped. because careers exstes which impress upon their mem- 1ars a kind of common mark—soldiers. priest, diplomats—make it difficult for of them to describe and discuss as from on out- and s point of view But perhaps it is not so difficult for me to speak with mental freedom. in ite of mv many vears of diplomatic ‘e, as I have been minister for for- 1= affaire, which means that I have used diplomats and instruments for ac- ! tions of my own. and also that I have been able to judge them from another angle Moreover, although not yet an old ™an, my young vears as attache, fresh from the university. have already such An antiquated flavor that they give mey the impression of having scen quite &nother age. ! Advice Given at Qutset. T have never forgotten the old retired Ambassador who told me in a Roman drawing room the very evening the papers had announced my appointment as an attachc: “What is important, my boy, in A young Attache is to make correct wax seals with A good circular border of half an inch and to asrive at the end of a wnitten line without cver cutting & word in two, even if the word be as long as Constantinopolitan. They but which was sought in Paris too soon. with trop de zele. . . . The real causes for misunderstanding | between France and America in the | present discussion for outlawing war lie | essentially in the deep intellectual dif- ferences between the two national souls. The North American mind is essen- tially anti-legalistic in generalizations—as happened in the last Kellogg note to France—it is in fluenced by moral or religious feeling: that may express an absolute repug- nance toward war—deeply sincere feel. ings. which, however, may be accom- panied. without anv inconsistency on the part of the Washington statesmen. by proposals for a vast armament pro- gram. In that apparently illogical situ- ation a foreigner like myself finds the trace of the mental cousinage still ex- isting. to a certain extent, between American and British minds. The French, on the contrarv, are as logical. as clear in their diplomatic view as they are in their literature They are probably the people of the world most nearly sunanimously ~at- tached to what I should like to call the juridical illusion. Because a text has been signed, because a diplomatic text seems juridically sound, everything. to the Frenchman, scems to have besn said. Nothing is more contrary to the warmer nature of the American souls. Doubts Suceess of Move. | It is evident to me that no results of | substantial fmportance can come out of the present Franco-American diplo- matic interchange of notes. The sooner they end. with no loss of “face” on cither side. the better. The whole incident may remain as a When it Indulges | i fhe tw The Story nest S The ol ment of b published Wil tell ol Ases THOMAS AQlYil\' S AND ROGER BACOY ¢ PHILOSOPHY AND MEDIEVAL SCIE . The Rise of Scholasticism. in Greek meant leisure; it came to mean also a schooi. because schools were at first the luxury of A leisure class. schools in means schools—i.e., of those origing we have seen Abelard. So defined, it | lives by industry and science and not by art and faith. Let us remember that these philosophers and scientists whom we shall consider now were the distant offspring of the barbarians who had con- quered Rome: let us be surprised not at thelr errors ane way up through a sea of dogma and superstition to the renewal of reason and the resurrection of science. lasticism was medieval philosophy at- tempting to reconcile medieval faith with human reason: it was an effort that deserved to be made, and its fail ure was a necessary step toward that great eighteenth-century enlightenment which is the real beginning of modern history. Abelard was the rosy dawn of medie- val thought. the bright and troublesome outh who has just learned the fas- cinating game of dialectic and debate But his love of reason was in his time exceptional: we have scen how Bernard barked all good sheep away from the werewolf back into the fold of th, and Abelard’s quondam teacher, Anselm 110. 1109, had warned rcason against the vain effort to make itself the base HAT is scholasticism? Schole The Story of Civilization Scholasticism is the philosophy of the | whose studying very ittle to us: and perhaps in no case can it mean much in this alien age, which d prejudices, but at the | courage with which they fought their | Scho- | At 30 Thomas Aquinas was consulted on problems of theology by princes of the church. wrote his creed with touching sim- plicity: “I make no attempt, Lord, to pene- trate Thy depths, for my intellect has no such reach; but I desire to under- stand some measure of Thy truth, which my heart believes and loves. I do not scck to know in order that I may be- lieve: but I believe that I may know. For 1 believe this also, that unless I BY WILL DURA Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” Ph. D., | The greatest of all scholastics was | born near Monte Cassino. in southern | Ttaly, in the year 1225. His father was | the Count of Aquinum, and his mother, too, was of aristocratic lineage, having in her the blood of the Norman princes of Siclly. His family raged when he joined the Dominicans: they had hoped that he would be another count. and not_disgrace the family by becoming a philosopher. A monk ‘at 18, at 20 he | was assistant to Albert at Cologne: and Albert's nobility never shone so brightly as in the love which he bore for his pupil even when Thomas had surpassed | him. After four years with Albert | Aquinas went to Paris, and was made | full professor there at the unpres | dented age of 25. o oR K i | | From that time to the end of his| brief life he tofled with a diligence that | endeared him to his fellows fn that | task of making reason Christian, which | was to be the first step in the far greater task of making Christianity | reasonable. He lived but 24 years | more, dying at the age of 49: but in | those fleeting years of what today would be philosophic immaturity ne | encompassed all the knowledge of his | time, and produced. as Henry Adams | puts it, “a mass of manuscript that | tourists will never know enough to esti- | mate except by weight.” | He was a stout man, and had some | difficulty at meals; he had not been architecturally designed with a view to | | sitting at & table, and gossip ?;u}lnslm passed on to lecture at Cologne, whence | table had a semi-circle cut I Dis Tame spread to all the Christian ' that he migh get ne-r.;in‘nu‘x’zh ickeat! world. ‘Through his long life of honor | Nevertheless he sat at®his e and achievement as philosopher, pro- | lutely. hour after hour. year after ¥ | vinclal and Bishop of Regensburg he | carving a cathedral of logic '\ TECCH persisted in the poverty and simplici his m\n.d. as well as us_l h Bt ! of the early monks: he held nothing as = Worship; and when Mmanse“hu' -chml his own, not even his manuscripts, and | him he wol d}:"‘ f"“fi‘mg"mmw { walked barefoot on his journeys through ;:I}(‘:“:hrmflzll:(‘nl :\;;, e Gt pEnEAvESHbIROERELS R B Wi back fo his pursuit of reason. | ® 6k | there she should go on her merit and n Bl McCORMICK CANDIDACY IS HELD POLITICAL TEST Reaction of Voters Expected to Provide Indication of Woman’s Chance for Public Offi BY GEORGFE. WHARTON PEPPER. |the fleld. Both of the others are men Former Senator from Pennsrlvania |and are the sitting members. “The ques- AM 1ot one of those who advocate 'ion is whether Mrs. McCormick can un- electing women to Congress as a horse one or the other of them. If she measure of justice tn women 1 does, and 1f the election follows nomina- Hope T am as ready as angbedy to| lon. we snall have an opportunity to act from motives of Tusties when. confirm or reject my predictton that she ever the lssue is between doing justice Wil make one of the most useful and and not doing it. But what the welfare *flective members of the Houss of Rep- of the country demands in Congress is | ™ e fitness: and If & woman I to be sent | Xt 1S true that her late husband. member of the State Legislatur resentative at large and Senator from Illinols. But it is also true that Mre McCormick is not running for the zeat he was occupying when he died, nor is she seeking nomination by virtue of be- ing her husband's widow. She is mak- ing her fight on the basit= of her oan inherited ability, acquired knowledge and accumulated experience. not on her sex. Brains and education count in Con- gress for a woman just much as for a man. Personality and persistence count more for a woman than for a man. If a woman combines brains, | education, personality and persistence she fs certain to make a big mark on the congressional record. Congress always has on the calendar three sorts of bills: those that are cer- Has Had Good Training. tain to pass, those that are certain not | She has all three of these qualifica- to pass and those that depend upon the tions. Her father, Mark Hanna, was & personality of their supporters. master in the fleld of major politics His daughter was educated by him no Diligence Required. . | anly Kioig canveutionat ines, ot 1t the In Senate and House the most nseful 'field of business and large affairs. member is the member who. either in | Politics has been a part of her life since committee or on the floor, helps to per- | childhood and she knows offictal Wash- fect the measures that are designed to ington and its ways as intimately as pass. Constituents, however, are most any man in the Nation's Capital. ikely to anpreciate the Senator or Rep- | Her personal qualifications include esentative who is able to put doubtful both charm and diligence. Some women measures through. with charm try to substitute it for work Brains and accurate knowledge are and hope thereby to get results withou® all that is essentjal in perfecting legis- effort. Mrs. McCormick is a tireless lation. 1In getting action on doubtful worker and her personality will help her measures, two additional qualities are | precisely because sne does not rely on at a premium: personal popularity and it. The important men who in large everlasting persistence. Few people measure influence the action of tne realize how much depends upon the House are her personal intimate friends are beginning to cut words now. but it {of faith. Dante's stupendous alleRory | shall have believed I shall not under- | Philosophy was everything to him. the | giligence of the member and the extent but she will have sense enough to lesson to diplomats, proving the danger | Reason and of haste in diplomacy. 1 Statesmen and diplomats are nalvely | | wrong when they believe that they have | mwn""gg‘_‘"s‘:ugg“;fi;“;’:“l‘;{é“:\‘g};n‘, created certain new situations by the foolish ones about diplomacy and diplo- | eati 1 ,‘,‘,i;’“:h,',';'-“p;‘m:'," el m‘u‘_‘- R“;‘ fi‘;’_{l‘?fi' x;‘ugh‘ch“’ "m“:{'?flfi | They are only the public notaries, legal- | o S e dm;{“r‘: nm'i“‘;“o"m‘;fic-a_ imng by Ihr]ir cgnlrncuilhfl ;:rill to agree | S S an 1€a° | which is already ripe in the minds of | Sons than when he does valuable WOIK | the two parties. " It Is not belittling the e il e quotad often I spectacus | Fole of Sir Austen Chamberlain and of ,.“‘”r et qf 8 M. Briand to hint at the possibility that s, erts & danger before it is | tDiS was the case at Locarno. when the quite realized by public opinion, at that | ghicial reconciliation of Germany and ver moment he creates a necessity for | FIgiIT Dt sty silence around his name and his work Oy (X mcressary Sl Y 1= really such bad form!™ And the poor Ambassador sighed at the corruption of the new era and at the loss of manners oal in mi | | in gives the mediesal mood | wisdom «Virgil) bring him from hell to Heaven's gate, but only faith (Beatrice) at its fairest. because n lead him in. * %ok ¥ Anselm’s life shows this fidestic view He was. born at Aosta, northern Italy, and his earliest emory was of a dream in which he tried to climb _the mountains to God's palace-seat thoughts hardly turned for a mome from_divinity age to be a monk he placed himself his nt and when he came of on. From that time of Bee, in France, the monastery the fame of its abbot. Lan- “This moral dutv—not to boast of his in diplomacy. is. contrary to the gen- own work, but to let the public remain ignorant of the responsibilities with which he was faced and leave to his netion or to his government the full advantage of a success obtained in a distant embassy—this, and this alone— constitutes what is really noble in the diplomatic life. All the rest, the ap- parent honors, the rank. the social in- | fluence. are mere shibboleths for sec- ate people. Way to Succeed Shown. I will even state this as a funda- mental law of diplomacy: The diplomat must, of course, succeed in a n>gotia- tion, but he must try to succeed with- out t00 much eclat. A 100 noisy success is frequently dangerous in diplomatic life. It is possible in this way to wound a former adversary even more than by concessions extorted from him. It is this discretion in success that will cre- ate a lasting position for an Ambassa- dor. A great Ambassador must always re- mind his own government of a truth that governments are frequently apt to forget. and it is this: That there 1s no | lasting success if there is np loyal an voluntary support {rom both parties. The two greatest diplomats of the! first half of the nineteenth century, Prince von_Metternich of Austria and Prince de Talleyrand of Prance. n*\er |, man wh, thinks one w: forgot this supreme truth. Asan Italian, I felt. of course, rather prejudiced #gainst the Austrian diplomat. whose 2im had been to keep the Italy of my great-grandparents divided and en- slaved. en, however, I read his memoirs, I was struck by this powerful remark concernjng Bonaparte after his success at Tilsit: “The peace of Tilsit" wrote Metter- nich. “contributed a great deal toward shaking the force of Napoleon. because he, the victor, had imposed too hard and exaggerated conditions” Talleyrand, the great French adver- sary—and partner—of Metternich, went even farther. A century before the French-German negotiations of Lo- carmo, which at last brought real peace to the bloody Rhine, he seems to have forseen the corrections of the Versailles treaty, which took place on the bor- Gers of the Swiss lake “What,” he wrote, posed by force? Nothing more than a ! sort of military capitulation. It is a .iemporary armistice between two ex- hausted parties which remain enemies in their hearts. The only real treaty of peace is the treaty which. by set- tling all the matters of dispute. suc- eeeds In substituting not only peace for war. but friendship for hate.” i 15, of course. an ideal difficult o sttzin. 1 know but three examples, with the exeeption of Locarno, in recent dip- Jomatic history. Twno are previous to the treaty of Versailles; the first one is Bismarck's stroke of genius when, hav- inz vanquished Austria in 1866, he for- bese his Hohenwllern King and all his Prussian gene take an inch of Austrian territory war, at the mo- rent, considersd almost as a Prussia. But b lzid the foundati snce, wherein Ge, of Austria ga lish for 30 eontinental F The secon pesce wi “is a treaty im- making an all the power tn estab- her hegemony r British s after Versailles and , i It 5 the treaty of 1o, I succeeded | t 1 Alpine frontiers | However, 1 did not gain them friendly with ! we Jong, and through BETEEmEn whom 1 signed t designec P troublesome 6es Jugosla In yesterday's 4 were even more necessary One 1 have siready mentioned: Self- efflzcement ‘The olhers no U much wal Talleyrand porese Fslance V) viaer from wristorrat g dictei May I dore Preson-Americen hange of tor i oMer #iriring example of bow dangeron 0 enticipste with en exorss of evenis end siustion:? 1 am siraid thet if M Brisnd roelly howed vhen he first Mared ‘he discussion 1o Ughten Frencn tes vith Americs he made & istake A new situstion cannot he evesied through diplomacy Diplomaey can only ncicate ® new road condition thet 1hst 1064 ir alresdy his- vorically prepared. Everytning seemed w0 hopefi) 1 the negotiations hetween Paris and Washington w0 the begin ning Bul ® short Ume sy ey were obliged 10 vecoynise the gulf. M Brignd wented U propose w legsl old chioned merriage. My Keilogy & v wwlide Great B Tiely and Germany n the lealy ot lswig were wes Lhiny made plomztic u v v the four things | going be T wre de a ele famous | 3 re- passion. be they or from dema trop o recent diplomatic 1ot outle a1 | France wh e where jvergence of tempere BIORE » o end 2 nee which time. sgiesment ot e | elona but on | mare | erally current opinion, an absolute ne- cessity for the true diplomat. One may even go so far as to say that if you take away sincerity from a diplomat you really make it impossible for him to go | on with his job. Why? One gegerall. ambassador begifis his official life when he has presented his credentials to the head of the state. But this is not so. An ambassador starts to be really the ambassador for his own government and the government to which he is accred- ited. only when they are made (o feel that they have to take his views into serious consideration—when he has won his own position by proving that he is worthy of it. And this generally hap- pens. sooner or later, by the force of moral authority. The life of diplomacy is a series of unwritten negotiations the word of an ambassador must never be doubted, either by the government to | which he is accredited or by his own government Self Control Stressed. Macchiavelli—the great Italian his- | torian and diplomat, so wrongly con- sidered the father of Macchiavellism— | believes that an d | when at the head of the Office of For- eign Relati Florentine ambassador to the Emperor, Charles ns in Florence wrote to the “Above all, try never to be taken for v and speaks another, for you will soon lose all authority.” | The third quality—self-control and | resistance to the nationalistic fevers | with which the public sometimes is inoculated by newspapers—is going to be even more necessary tomorrow than it was in the past The war has swept away all the old sutocratic monarchies There is no doubt that the prejudices of an anoint- ed Emperor. the fixed ideas of an heir apparent, might have become a dan er—and, indeed, they did. But what | if court intrigues and court passions— | which at least had names—are to be displaced by an anonymous mass of tyrants in the shape of crowds poisoned | by the daily printed propaganda of international hatreds? We_remember. at least. the name of the Roman officlal who washed his hands of the fate of Christ; and he is marked for eternity. But the crowd which shouted below in favor of Ba- rabbas, this crowd has been lost in his- | tory as anonvymous crowds always are. | All the same, the memory of th years previous to the World War leads | s to hope that the diplomacy of to- morrow will serve us better in the pres- ence of demagogical excitements than | the diplomacy of the oligarchic mon- archics did before the war. Even dip- lomats, in Germany and Austria—not t0 speak of Russia—have paid the pen- alty one always pays when one belongs 10 a country where the dictatorship of a man or of a caste had pmdurnr its constant and unavoldable effect of low- ering the moral character Recalls Hamlet's Remarks. In Hohenzoliern Germany all courtiers, even the ambassadors When an ambassador had incurred | the displeasure of William II and the Emperor had penciled some depreciative marginal notes to an ambassadorial dispatch which had not sufficiently fiat- tered the “ideas” in yogue at that mo- ment with the august comedian, some court secretary at once informed the ambassador of the master's displeasure #nd the embassador hurried Lo contra- dict himpelf Do you remember the Hamlétian dia- logue? £ald Hamlet that's camel?” And Polonius: “By the mass itke a camel. indeed.” Hamiet “Or like » whale?” Poloniis “Very like a whale " Thix Shakespearean dialogus might been repeated every day st Pols- | [ were | of av “Do you almost in see shape yonder of a a and ‘Us | | | b dam ‘The only were Count London, s two German ptions | 11 ternich. Ambassador 10 5 puccessor, Prince Lich- nowsky. who died In the Jast days of February Both patd with imperial | disgrace for having preferred Uhe truth | v Polsdam favor | No Goubl the calm and self-control of { which 1 have spoken as qualities neces- sery 1o an wmbassador were emsier Lo #z600 In & past where no nationalistie passions hed vet heen mioused A Spanish Ambassador o the famous King of France, Henry 1V, gave n soking exsmple of 1} Onee 1he King st bis temper 1o such s point L when speaking 1o the ambassador, as 10 4 deny my rights ts the Bpan side of Navarie (King Henry was o King of Navarre) hecaise we are sere 8L the Louvre: Jet me be in Pam- peluna (the Bpanish capial of Na- wrre) and your mind will change at e’ 0 might simost huve been s Aeclurution of war The Bpanish am bassedor Tose 8L onee and ran loward ihe door Laugh Kased Situation | Where wre you gong”" shouted the ng 1 hesten 1o Pampeluns, sire. 19 re € JOur maleEty Uhere, s Your wig iank makes 308 duty for me 1o do” Kig Henry laughed and tie vhole neigent e forgatien Tie muy he vead in Bpanish books of Wsiory A more (ifling anecdole s the mert of pever having reachod G |, 10 was bald 1o me by Princess | e couzn of Hapoteon 111 on Fogth Page) W b ! ul; e . Pl al { el b | 14n1intde (Continned " Amanullah London on March 13. He is being feted o a fare-you-well, it being hoped, of course, that his Russian visit, which Is the comparison. litical and sentiments the Ameer carries ay Escorts of British airplanes and de- | stroyers attended the Ameer across the Channel military at their dazzlingest | streets from Victoria station to Buck- ingham Palace, the bands discoursing | Atghan airs | Detroter “Endeavour” palr came to griel sufficlently mostaccomplished of aviato #n adventurous one, on the the screen, as an intrepid flyer coming ture of don large planes trol Bracon of 150,000 candlepower be visible for The finest ekl party chacked by (e Lwon a0 aut ot w total of 111 seats b the Anhie franc, would make it impossible for Anselm 1o rise there to that fame which lured him as the last temptation from humility and devotion. But soon Lan- franc left and Anselm, because he was loved by all and had shown himself an able man, was made prior and abbot against his will. In a man of piety so simple and pro- found reason could not be reason. it could be only an exposition of a faith held secure in the heart against any arguments of the head. He writes a charming essay—Cur Deus Homo—to explain why God had become man to redeem mankind: it is very clear, he says, that man could have been re- deemed only by God: for man would have been the bond-servant of whoever redeemed him, and it would have been bencath the dignity of man to be oond- servant of any but God Himself (there were millions of bond-servants in Eu- rope at that moment). And in the Proslogion he gives his famous “onto- logical” (metaphysical) proof of the ex- istence of God: by definition God mcans the greatest conceivable being: but the greatest being would not be merely in the mind, for then there could be # still greater being existing in reality as well as in thought: therefore—since by definition God is the greatest being— He must exist in reality as well as in the mind. And on this basis Anselm proves that God possesses omnipotence, omniscience and ubiquity. ¥ o ow % This 18 the infancy of reason, not rationality but ratfonalization But Anselm was honest: he knew that the chasm between definition and existence could be bridged only by faith; and he The Story the Week Has Told | BY HENRY W. BU, HE following 15 a brief mary of the most news of the world for the seven days ended March 17: eat Britain—The of Afghanistan arrived sum- follow, will seem tame and drab in It 15 of first-class po- what impressions v, importance, of the British lined the ‘The showiest At about 8 o'clock on the morning March 13, In an American Stinson monoplane equipped with Wright whirlwind engine and named the redoubtable British fator Capt. Walter Hinchliffe took off at Cramwell Alrdrome in Lincoln- shire pointed for the sphere, probably for Mitchel Field, Long 1sland Hon Incheape, Oriental wind was blowing. had made a complete mystery of his Intentions, merely on taking off, he IHL' Western Hemi- He had one companion, the Elsle Mackay, daughter of Lord nead of the Peninsular & Hteamship Co. A favorable Capt. Hinchliffe messuge o1 the press as follows ‘I am tarting out from Cramwell to fly the Atlantic the daring Hinchliffe is of the with a » life was stage, on As was 1o be expected Capt well known us one var jecord i Mise Mackay It will be recalled bt st year two planes were Jost i attempting the fight | tvard over The British the North admirality Atiantic hus placed yith Vickers, Armstrong, Ltd, an order | v e gor or puted the most powertul type of subma- | (GEE rine = clas four submarines of the O Class, re- yel evolved. feveneon of this will have been lald down by 193 The British navy estimates for the al vear call for an expendi- 300,000 The personnel has e et by ahout 1,200 men 1o s total of 101,000 The Croydon Alrdrome, near Lon magniticently improved, his been opencd. Hangars are provided for 35 and there s & greal con- tower for touch with continental dromes, wnd with Imperial Always anes 0 e alr, by radiophione and rectionnl wireless, There 1 ulso o sald (0 pilen even thiough log je i the woild 0 alrd R Potand, 1 formed Pilsud governmenty newly ections of Maych 11 1o the Pulish senle ‘e Hationulist bloe, of old so formi- won only I seuts There scems dovibt that Piisudek) will e able 10 e late enough support outside his party eamily i command Hhe Sen te. Follsh Benators must be 8t least important | Ameer | in stand.” It is the argument of miysticism for- ever; even today it hums in our ears from every fantastic creed. And vet so great a man and so profound a mind as Pascal could say that the heart has its reasons, which the head may neve: understand: and which of us can be sure that Pascal was wrong., and Abe- lard right? ‘This world is so and we are so little; our knowledge 15 a frail raft on a sea of Infinite ignorance; et him who can believe be glad. * ¥ But if we wish to follow the adven- ture of reason, we must pass Anselm by: “credo ut intelligam” is the death of reason and the enthronement of ob- scurantism. intolerance and supersti- tion It was Aristotle who brought an end to the age of faith: from 1150 to 1225 translations from Syriac into Ara- bic, into Hebrew, into Latin; and when at last his vast encyclopedia was made intelligible to the students of medieval Europe it was if a new contin-nt had swum into their ken. Lo and behold. here was a philosopher withou. dogmas to chain him: a nation without priests; | a great civilization reared. precariously but nobly, on the shifting sands of rea- son. The papal legate at Paris in 1215 forbade the universities to use these ex- otic books, but the studenis of those days were lured by pronibition as surely as students now; they read Aristotle all the more, and soon the schools were | calling him “Ille Philosophus,” the phi- | losopher. In 1231 Gregory IX appoint- ed a commission to expurgate him: by 1260 h* had become de rigeur in every course of philosophy. and the scholars 6f Europe labored to absorb his lore | and prove him a good Christian. | " It was Albertus Magnus who first un- dertook the task of co-ordinating the varied works of Aristotle into an ency- | clopedia of Catholic learning. Albert | was a scholar and a saint. a man whose greatness became almost part of his name: one of those geniuses whose scope is equaled only by their modesty. Born in 1193 of a noble (ie. congeni- | tally wealthy) Swablan family, he aban- | doned his inheritance as Count of Boll- stadt, joined the Dominican Order, came to Paris in 1228, taught there in that Rue Matre Albert (near Notre Dame) which still bears his name, and then |40 years of age, and electors to the | senatorship at least 30. Members of the Bejm (lower house) must be at least 25, eletcors to membership in that body at least 21. | | DI | | Japan.—Of the 466 members of the new Japanese lower house 318 are uni- | versity graduates, including seven of the | eight Labor members, “The main suffrage requirements un- |der the new Japanese electoral law are that the voter shall be a man, not less | than 25 years of age, sane and uncon- | victed of ‘a “high crime.” Perhaps the most interesting and significant feature of the recent elec- tion campalgn was the effort of the [Labor party. But its leaders mis- managed badly, and there was faction within the party There were 447,000 votes cast for Labor candidates, but the Labor repre- sentation in the new House of Repre- sentatives is far from correspondent to that showing. The Labor party mem- bers are demanding government sanc- | tion for birth control, a legal minimum wage and government regulation of | | food prices LR | Chile. The Chilean government an- | | nounces discovery of n plot “being pre- | pared by Communist elements and directed from abroad by lenders of n former national regime recently ex- pelled for reasons of natlonal safety.” The ofclal state edn thus he plan of i was | directed “with the idea of lessening | Chilean prestige abroad through the | medium of the press hostile o our [ country, and at the same time It wis Intended to exploft the fllusions of the | Communiats in this country with addi- | | thonal recourse to other dissatisfied ele- | ments. Varlous of the plotters have been surprised by the wuthorities and | the heads of the cligue have been ar- | Lested wnd several dispositions made of | | them " | “The President of Chile s Gen. Carlo | He is In fact, I understand, & He hecame acting 1927, when President ook n o tw Ihanez president 1 April fgueron-Larin months” leave of absence On May | he was elected President, being the only candidate. He has deported a consider- {able number of his opponents, including [ bateh of A ssnt s politleal prisoners {10 the Juan Femandez group of ilands Junn Fernandez b5 of Immortal fame as | Robinson Crusoe’s Island e Iled States of America, Al 1 o'clock e morning of March 13, the great Francls Dam of the Los An- gles, Calif, water supply system col- fpsed. floading the Ban Franclsquito Canyon snd, 1n sequence, the valley of he Banta Clava River. ‘Two hung {und forty hodies of drowned per | have been recovered and presumably e complete death st will be m larger. The relensed waters tawk o the Lin | HL | For 50 years he held to his purpose to reduce all Christian knowledge to orderly and consistent form, with Aris- totle as his guide: it is a sign of the _hold which the Stagyrite yet had upon the philosophic mind that Santayana, in our own time, has modestly limited | his own majestically-phrased philoso- hy to the application of Aristotle to the problems of our day. Here in Albertus’ “‘oper: r “works,” we find everything: in the first volume, logic: in the second, physics, astronomy, meteorology and | mineralogy: in the third, metaphysics: in the fourth, ethics and politics: in the fifth, psychology and vegetables (de vegetabilibus; let us say, with more dig world & guest o of hunting and hou rupted sudden| countenance: sophia magister vitae: philosophy was in no mere phrase, life. L He began with commentaries on the various works of Aristotle. and then d on to his two mnsv,z-rplecu—:l;‘e | e | first of cQuipped women in both branches of passe umma Contra Gentiles” and & o mfiflr-lv;:n;mglfemr:a‘j‘!gé | lo, ¥hich he has the good will of his Fefrain vherever & o | colleagues. With him: and one day when he was a : the king, and the talk was all | i nd 2 f . Thowias tter- and the time for action short, a com. qually at home at a diplomatic re ly to say, with inspired | guen if the bill has been reported favor- big stock farm in Illinois, or as one of a “T have a decisive ATRU- | ably and awalts action, it may sleep £roup gathered by chance in front of ment against the Manichean: Philo- the miaster of his it were bunked in a e | action and. later, gain the ear of the | ulation” thereof since 1922 to the ad- Summa Theologiae.” In the fir these he puts aside all authority of revelation and tradition, and. though he does not fail to point out the serip- tural and ecclesiastical support of his doctrine, he proposes to rely on reason | and evidence alone in his agtempt to | demonstrate to the “Gentiles'—those | who had not yet accepted Catholic Christianity—the reasonableness of the orthodox faith. To our minds it seems a failure: but it was a magnificent faflure like Spinoza's effort to reduce a living universe to mechanics and ' geometry. There fs something sublime even when life and truth have left them. “The search of the philosopher is for unity, and in Thomas this was the | ruling passion. Before him Christian doctrine had been a wild growth of | mysticism, asceticism. mythology and ideallsm; with him it became an or- dered system, so logically expounded that the hidden connections appeared and the defects were vividly revealed It like a Gothic cathedral, a great variety of detail brought to a sublime unity, a great mass resting at last upon ralse in the minds of Christians the ' one arch, with ribbed vaults and fiving hope that their faith might bear the|puttresses of argument and startling sharpest scrutiny of knowledge. Bona- | gargoyles of absurdity peering out now venture might carry on Anselm’s hope ' and then. “The old habit of central- that men would believe even where they | jzing a strain at one point,” says Henry could not understand: but Thqmas of Adams, “and then dividing and sub- Aquin would come forth boldly and | dividing It. and distributing it on visi- undertake, with reason alone, to pro ble lines of support to a visible foun- every Christian doctrine to the heathen | gation, disappeared in architecture soon world. This was the historic role of | gter 1500, but lingered in theology two scholasticiem: that it would try by rea<| cpturies jonger, and even. in very old- son to demonstrate the faith. and 0. | ionaq communities, far down to our by failing. liberate reason to try in e O T W vavar Thot even in Aris- turn to bufld a civilization. Abelard s (5. o was to win after all. (Continued on Fifth Page.) nity, a treatise on botany); then se eral’ volumes of commentaries on the | Bible: then two volumes on theology, | one “On the Creation” and one on the | Virgin Mary. No man has read them | all except, perhaps, in Dominican loy- alty, and the reader does not have to be told that he need not read them now. They belong to argther world, great as ours, but unint™iigibly differ- ent; and in all those patiently accumu- | lated tomes only three words concern us: “Experimentum solum certificat” | “Only experiment can give certainty Far off in England in a Franciscan monastery, another monk, called Roger, would soon say the same thing: not in a sentence lost in 20 volumes, but with | a passionate iteration that would shake the world * o ox ¥ St. Thomas Aquinas. Though Albert did not himself follow the clear principle which he laid down, ft was good to have it uttered; and| though his philosophy followed Aris- totle’s slavishly, it was Invaluable that | once again a man should reason, and { magnificence was the flash as the flood The Iatter is scheduled to meet again apped the power line {in June. \nl'll,\’p:\ vote up; 48 to 25, the Senate on | Nicholas Titulescu, foreign minister of | March 13, passed the Norrls joint reso- | Rumania, has resigned as Rumanian jution which provides for Federal opera- | member of the Council of the League. tion of the government's plant at Muscle | because at the recent sion of the Shoals, the money derived from sale of | council the majority of its members; hydro-electric power to b: used for | showed themselves unsympathetic to- manufacture (Involving experiment) of | ward his stand on the vexed old dispute fertilize Among important amend- | over the compensation to be pald .o ments rejected by the Senate was one | Hungartans formerly owning esiates in embodying the so-called “Underwood | (he aforetime Hungarian territory an-i plan” providing for a 50-year lease of nexed to Rumanta by consequence from | {he plant to private interests. with the | (e war. which cstates were expropri- | broviso that 40,000 tons of fertllizer be | qiaq by the Rumanian government in | produced annually. ‘There seems (o be | ,rosecution of its agravian reforms. One feneral doubt that the House will con- | RVCTHGU ver, that Rumania does not | “ur in the resolution. The congres- | o iamplate resigning from the League. | sional debate over Muscle Shoals has | ““yere's another fount of rumors sealed. | been going on for seven years | At its recent session the League Council | Fdward P. Costigan has resigned as | qiq 8 CVC 404" that League head- & member of the Tariff Commisslon. | guariers should remain at Geneva. The at the same Ume publishing a letter| g4, " ecommendation of the proposal | addressed by him to Senator ,“"h"l‘,“,"“ | to transfer it to Vienna was the not un- of Colorado, chairman of a committee | 1@ (AR TR (0 FICHES H ek transter which was appointed two years ago 0 [ (o647 give the coup de grace to An- | investigate the Tarift Commission, but that Is, the movement for in- which ‘has not reported s fndings, | SR N S SO OtENGRE (G0 ) he lotter Is & severe arralgnment of | forporation 0f AU Sk d . Then, too, there's the imperial plant of the composition, methods and decistons | TN e ool of the commission and charges “manip- | balaces, etc., o e, St ample for League housing needs. A pity it should go to waste. Moreover, Vienna could aflord adequate Interlides of amusement o the Assembly ¢elegates, ommittees, etc. But perhaps that was msidered by some dour Puritans a chief argument against transfer. At any { rate, the League is to stay put at! { Geneva. Plans for a new League build-{ | g on the shore of Lake Leman have | been approved by the Council Perhaps In hope of the mooted trans- | there has een a soft-pedal of late onAnschluss, eten by its grand cham- plons, the little pan-German party up of 11 In the Austrian Parliament haps renewed voelferation from that €1 18 now (o be expected. . rowoe Notes.—-On March 15, Oslo, the capl- (a1 of Novway, began a round of ceve- montes and festivities, to continue until the 234 In honor of the star of Nor- weglan letters, the great dramatist, Hentlk Ibsen, The King Is taking a prominent part, and many bigwigs of letters and the stage from all over the world present. Robert Underwood Johnson, the poet, ts our chief repre- sentative. Gala performances of a num- ber of Thien plays are being given, Ihen was born March 20, 1828 The proportion of divorces to mar- viages falls i France. In 1927 1t was 6 per cent, ax agalnst T8 percent for England, 89 per cent for Germany, 18 per cent for the United States. As & vesult of the activitles of the taltan police tn the interest of tem- perance. the number of wine shops i taly was veduced about half i the course of 1927 There was also closing of dance halls The Russian youth have gone wid for athletie sports. Not an unfavors | able development, | | | | schlu Vantage of certain_ industrial interests, but not to the advastage of general cconomy. Mr. Costigan was appointed by President Wilson in 1017, and was the oldest member of the commission i term of service. The recent experiments in the use of pulverized conl on vessels have con= e quarters of the superiority of that type of fuel for such use. 8o convineed by experiment with a Ship- | ping Board vessel on a transatlantic trip, the Shipping Board has ordered Iustallation of the pulverized coal cquipment on two more Shipping Board | B0 vessels ¥ Since June, 1926, Diesel engines have been substituted for steam engines n | 11 Shipping Board vessels. b PP League of Natio “The forty- ninth session of the Council of the | League of Natlons ended March 10, The chiel action of the sesston wat the appolntment, by unanimous consent, of u commisslon (o Investigate the Italo- Hungarian machine gun ineident, ‘The committee, however, will be handicap- ped by the tact (hat It cannot carvy Its fnvestigation nto Ialy, the country of the machine gun shipment Arpnl— ently all the evidence has been splrited away or falsifed The Conncll dispatehed to the Span- Ish and Brazilian governmenta covdial Hnvitations to reconsider thelr reaignu- tons from the League and to Turkey an invitation to participate In the prepavatory disarmament commission. The latter nvitation was promptly ac- vepted The preparatory disarmament eom- misson, (0 which the arbitvation and aecurity committee (which at Ita ve- cent sesslon fatled to make the woild | qua | mueh ralding and | dry bed of the river, but quickly hroke | down the banks, submerglig @ atrip of [ country 60 miles wide at maximum and Potted with towns, villages and vanch [ housen, and pointed for the ocean 75 wilen Away from the dam. The cause of the dam's eollapse 18 not known, the 183-foot-high strieture, acarcely fiwn yearm old. having been thought 1n perfect condithon, A feature of sinlster i On March 13, by 23 10 17, the Niea- | raguan House of Representatives voted | down & bill approving superyision by | ofclals of the United States of the | Nicaraguan elections soheduled for the | near futuy It vemains (o be seen | whether or not the terms of the St son settlement providing for such sus peryision will be car Ut notwite standing, Presumably they will. snfe for the millennium) is subsidiary, met al Cieneva on March 158 s At sesalon A Turkish delepate has been added to the commisston, a development not, perhaps, without important slgnificance Not much 15 expeeted of thiy sesston of fhe commission, In view of the indef- niteness of (he report vendered (0 1t by Its subsidiary commities, . from overcapitalizing this She undersiands men as Sh2 friendship. When the calendar Is overcrowded Well as she understands women. mittee will let unessential bills slumber. | Ception in the White House. on her | almost as soundly on the calendar as if the general store in an up-State village. committee pigeon- |, 1f You talk tariff or taxation or in- hole. A member who has estned | ternational politics with Mrs. Me- | abundant good will and is using it in- Cll;l;mlsckm_ u w::,l ml-nd that lsho_ qu"- telligentl st se subjects as only well in- | \Glligently can often get committee | med men are supposed to. If you overhear her discussing technical mat- |ters with a farmer or cattleman or watch her help a mother quiet a rest- less baby, you will come to the conclu- sion that she has a very remarkable all-around equipment. If her qualifications are compared, point by point, with the qualifications of her rival candida she has nothing to fear and they have much. It is to be hoped that the voters will act in the light of these qualifications. It would | House or Senate, when a less popular : member would be absolutely helpless It is because I believe that well Congress can be useful to the country that I am in favor of sending there those that can win their wa Suggests Ability as Requisite. There are no women in the Senate. Indeed. there has never been a woman Senator except In the case of Mrs.| be too bad if she were either chosen be- Felton, of Georgia. who took her seat cause she is a woman or rejected for under a courtesy appointment and held ' the same reason. it for a few hours. This case, however, | One interesting feature of her cam- has no great historical interest. My paign is that she is getting powerful judgment is that the first real woman political support from some politicians Senator should go to the Senate as the who might not have been expected to result of election or. if appointed, on approve her candidacy. She, without the strength of a record of political incurring obligations of any sort, is free experience and achievement. to accept this support: and. like an in- A woman appointed to the Senate telligent person, she is accepting it. No merely because she was an outstanding A doubt she will thereby lose the support citizen would be even more heavily of some people, both men and women, handicapped than a man sent there who are both very good and very un- under the same conditions. In both & wise. cases extravagant expectations of per- Such people fail to appreciate the formance, offset by hostile criticism for plain distinction between bidding for political inexperience, tend to make ' Organization support by making worth¥ actual achievements look small and concessions to get it and accepting mistakes loom large. | such support. freely given., under cir- The same considerations apply in the cumstances that leave the candidate House. Women elected “on their own™ uncommitted and unbound. Mrs. Mc- have a position much more satisfactory Cormick shows her mestle in refusing to themselves than if sent to Congress the former course and her good sense under speelal circumstances which were DY following the latter. more or less accidental in nature. Result to Be Interesting. There are now four wamen in the! All the circumstances surrounding her House. Two of them I know to be candidacy are such as to attract at- women of ability. The other two are tention of thoughtful people all over reported to be capable. Of the four. ths country. A woman of character, one was sent more or less impulsively ability and privilege, with political ex- by her husband's constituents as a pro- perience and the common touch. i test against what they presumably re- seeking a seat in Congress on the basis garded as an unjust conviction for la: of her own merit and in order to place breaking. at the dispasal of the country those powers that mark a Representative or MEECORNE CHRRNN Y. Senator for usefulness. © Two of the others were chivalrously She will be opposed by some because sent to occupy the seats made vacant she is a woman. Because she is & wom- by the deaths of their husbands while an she will be supported by others. She in office. I can imagine that both will be condemned by some for accept- would have preferred to come into'ing organization support and by others office after a hard-fought battle. They for not accepting more of it. But the were qualified to win. and initial victory would have increased their prestige. For all the reasons above suggested | special interest centers upon the candi- ! dacy in Tllinois of Ruth Hanna McCor- able to recognize fitness when they see mick for the office of Representative at large. She is a candidate for one of the two Republican nommations for this po- sition, there being three eandidates m An (Continued from First Page.) Intimate nourishes more intellectual performers In more widely scattered places than any other club in the country. And very soon thereatter he was pres- ident of the Kansas State Agricultural College. He made the institution a leader, not a follower, of public opinton. When the Department of Agriculturat Economics wanted to make a study of State and local taxes, the timid said to him, “Keep off that subject! That's polities!™ - Facts are a public need” he answered. It is our job to get the facts. We can’t have sound public pol- ey without them.™ Soon there were a couple of LLD's after nis name. If you know the West you know that the State agricultural college is the biggect factor in its edu- cational lite, gling that college. over It WAas RIVING “preparatory” sub- jects. He ralsed its standards, expand- ed lis courses, made it a college in fact as well as In name. e e ow 0. When he took 1t Believing that agriculture is a pro- tession, he is quickly frked by being told by w lot of bankers or lawyers what the farmers ought to do. He looked about the land and he saw that agriculture had taken such strides that she had, indeed, developed her own experts, her own profession and professional men The few years since his own days in the harvest fleld and on the range had sufficed to make that growth. He him- self had been only a part of it The next atep was to disseminate his belef among the farmers. Widely and more widely he saw it grow And as he saw the attitude of the professional man, of the business man, KIow more widely among farmers, there sometimes came a certain touch of re- gret for the old, careless days. There me a wonder. & wish that the farmer could realize that he took for granted i his e what the city millonaive Rladly patd out thousands to obtatn <Kles and hills, fresh alv and growing things College prosident or Agriculture Sec- vetary-—1t Is the same picture i & nsw frame. There Is something ineffahly remintscent of & college eampus i these elderly black-coated and bespectacled dgures careying brief cases about the tree-shaded. fower-borderad paths be tween red brick piles and stone-faced bulldings of the Agriculture Depart- ment OF the 22,000 emploves of the depart- mAnt more than 5,000 are at work iy Washington Dairving, plant fndustry. chemistry and soils, entomoloay. fores- 1y, home aconamics, ronds, hortioulture westher—every kind of selentist s wark T this department, a little O mos e Washington, of whieh ved ear et sand gold plate knaw nothing at alt 1 ohall not tovget tha aceaston whan ha Secrstary cams have as Cnew to b welcomad ot & big dspartimant eaptian® I his honor 'uu of his ol Pictur Jardine set about wran- | e A outcome of the primary will be inform- ing and illuminating to a degree: for it will enadle us to determine whether, in a State-wide election, the voters are it and whether we are to have the chance to observe i Congress what can be accomplishad by a properly qualified woman, of Jardine colleagues were present; some of them were now his subordinates. The gen- uine enthusiasm of their greeting, the words of well wishing that went ‘round among them, had a ring on which red carpet and gold plate seldom listen in Yet if the college president slips tnto the frame of the Agricultural Secretary as administrator of the department it {s the other Jardine—Bill Jardine of the old West, the rough West, the wranging, farming West—who has to persona one of the great issues of the time issue t may be made much of w present politics—the question of “farm reliet." This other Jardine, Bill Jardine, of- fers no very good augury for the oo- ponents of whatever scheme of farm relief Jardine the Secrefary may adopt. Bill Jardine learned tn the rough school | of expertence how to handle a situation without a fight—if possible—and how to fight if & fght were scheduled. The boy who drove his maddensd horses {nto trees, the youth who jumped from his drowning horse to swim ashove, did not achieve self-confidence without cause. The voung man who determined that agriculture was a profession ard who earned his mastery of that profes- ston by hard study and wide experience. will not be the first to take the adv of lawvers and bankers and town dwe! ers on legislation for farmers. N Jardine, the student of the profession of agriculture, sits with his experts and draws from his experience and works out the detailed plan of handling the Nation's food supply. Hundreds of farm- ets lean over that desk of his. He listens to them all. His wide smite graces his lps as he answers. His brown eves twinkle as delegates come I, and his penetrating voice re- plies. But as he goas on taliing. back of the twinkls the eyes are seen to Be forceful. determined. Rack of the smile the mouth shows its fivm lines. This fellow knows what he thinks is best for the farmers of the country and only & conviction that the tarmers | themselves are against him will ever | make him Alter & decision. He is one of those persons whose sense of humor s their sense of lite Red carpet and gold plats well may Jthey enfav, as they do enjov, the ele- £ant cablnet member i his long coat and hiv tall hat But they miss the mast and the best of Wiltiam Jardine . Fights Sugar Cane Pest, I an endeavor to check the mosale disease of sugar cane, which s one of the most destructive of tropical plant diseases, the state of Rio de Janeirs, | Brasil, has oftered & prise of approxis mately $1.300 1o iy sclentise who hafare the and of the current vear, will A 1l canss and detarmine e methad for combating i | eftec