Evening Star Newspaper, December 11, 1927, Page 61

EDITORIAL SECTION ' EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATURES @The Sunday Star - Part 2—20 Pages FOREIGN SERVICE OF U. S. - PRAISED BY LAWMAKERS Members of Congre tives of State Department Abroad | Following Gallivan Attack. | BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. EMB of « Senators and Representa tives—who were abroad this vear found officers of the American fo servic considerate, respectful, helpful ar fective. Here and there an exception was encountered by them. but the sweeping gzeneralities inefliciency and contemptuous conduct in which Representative Gallivan, Democrat indulged in the House on Decembe are not verified by the experiences Which most Congressmen had. Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Ar kansas, Democratic minority leader ih the Senate and member of the for relations committee, recently retur from an extensive tour through Cen tral and South America. “Every ‘where,” 1 Senator Robinson to this writer, “I received the most courteous consideration and respec assistance.” Wheeler Well Received. Senator Burton K. Wheeler, Demo erat, of Montana toured the Far Bast during the Summor. “I don’t know what other members of Congress have run into abroad.” d Wheeler, “but in no consulate. lega- tion or embassy that I visited on the other side of the globe was anything offered except a fine spirit of co-oper- ation, hospitality and genuine Ameri- canism.” Representative J. Charles Linthicum. Democrat, of Maryland, ranking member of the House for- eign affairs committee, visited Great Buitain, France, ltaly and Switzerland during the congressional recess. Mr. Linthicum thought the atmosphere at the Paris embassy was somewhat frigid in the absence of Ambassador Herrick, but elsewhere the Marylander was met with gratifying welcom “In many places,” Representati Linthicum said, “our diplomatic and consular officials went out of their way to be nice. At no point did I re- ceive the fmpression that they are not filling their jobs as the people at home would expect them to do.” This writer looks back upon an ex- perience of many years in Europe, be- fore, during and since the war. He has had professional relations with our foreign service people all over the Old World. Fresh in his mind, too, are equally extensive contacts with the grand army of American tou congressional and otherwise—w! nually descend upon tran: shores. The pumber and variety favors that our globe-trotting frater- nity is accustomed to ask at United States embassles, legations and con- sulates ave.almost unimaginable. Attitude of Travelers. The average Yankee traveler over- seas looks upon Uncle Sam's official establishments very much as he looks upon his own home or office in this country. He proceeds to spread him- self correspondingly. He considers that foreign service men are there pri- marily to serve his immediate require- ments, and these are often of weird character. Audiences with' crowned heads are “facilities” which the tourist fulk are especially fond of demanding. They are amazingly receptive as to personal hospitality in the form of food and drink, and ofttimes expect it as a matter of course. Certain mem- bers of Congress, grown up on the junketing system, are frequent candi- dates for that sort of attention at the hands of diplomatic and consular offi- cers. The gentlemen from Capitol Hill always cross the ocean armed with credentials from the Secretary of State. THese are more or less stereo- typed, but Congressmen (and their families) are bitterly disappointed as ynzress—both | d | among wh Senator | ss Laud Representa-| |a rule if the State Department letters | | do not open all doors to them Representative Gallivan harped sa- | tirically upon the alleged toadying to foreigners and foreign countries which American diplomatic and consular offi- cials habitually practice. He makes the point that they are more bent upon currying favor with the nations in whose midst they a ioned than in the promotion of American in- Th overlc vi Massachusetts Congressman | the important fact that the | Americans sent abroad re ‘“accred ited” to the foreign government nd | countries where they are, respectively, lon duty. It is a very vital part of | their job to “cultiva the people n they are at work. They to utilize every reason- to acquaint them- selves with all ck: es of those people. | They are supposed to inform them- | selves thoroughly as to the customs, policie life of the countries in ! question. do all this means spend- | ing a vast amount of time and energy. It leaves relatively little time or en ergy for the entertainment of tourists from ick home,” congressional or otherwise. Evidence in Washington. | Members of Congr have, right | here in Washington, the best sort of | evidence of how the foreign service officers of other countries work in be- | half of their own countries. | time a European, Latin American or Far Bastern diplomat gives a dinner or a reception in Washington he is | tablishing or maintaining “‘contacts | of priceless value to his own govern- ment and people. There's hardly a diplomatic function in Washington at this season which is not graced by the presence of numerous members of Congress. It is considered useful by foreign envoys to know our political leaders and to exchange confidences with them about American affairs of interest to the outside world. There s probably more of this sort of “‘cul- tivation" going on in Washington than in any other capi of the world. The reason is our predominant influence in international relations, especially as a money power. Representative {are required able opportunit ephen G. Porter, | Republican, of Pennsylvania, chairman of the House foreign affairs commit- tee, spent part of his recent congres- fonal vacation on an official visit to Central Americs rticularly concerned with housi - tions for American foreign service offi- cers and their families. In many cases he found these accommodations to be | almost indescribably bad. Mr. Porter | frequently ran across ministers, . sec- retaries and consuls why, together with their households, were required |to put up with living conditions not 1o be found in anything but the back- woods towns of the United States, and worse. Here and there climatic condi- tions and food facilities are barely >ndurable. Rich Men Are Few. Even in countries far remote from this hemisphere American foreign service people are working and exist- ing under anything but luxurious cir- cumstances. Representative Gallivan asserts that dollars are the essential passport to the American foreign service. The service contains some rich men, but |they are relatively few and far be- | tween compared to the hundreds of of- ficials, especially the younger element, who have adopted the foreign service career as a livelihood and are pursu {ing it loyally and industriously at moders salaries. When they enter- |tain visitors from home they have to do 80 out of their own pocke! (Copvright, 1927.) Rubber From Plants Along Mexican _Border Sought on Edison-Backed Trip Backed by Thomas Edison, a quiet one-man rubber exploration of the semi-arid lands in southwestern Texas and the adjacent territory in Mexico has been carried on during the past few weeks, Dr. J. N. Rose of the United States National Herbarium was the “personnel” of the expedi- tion, and he has brought back to Washington a number of specimens of plants suspected of rubber-yielding possibilities. “The plants I paid most attention to were those belonging to the milk- weed and euphorbia or spurge fam- ilfes,” said Dr. Rose. ‘““The milkweeds have long been known to have rubber in their milky juice, but so far it hasg not been found in paying quantities: The euphorbias include such familiar plants as the Christmas thorn and the poinsettia, and are somewhat more distantly related to the heva, or para rubber tree, now the chief source of our rubber. “The most promising species 1 found was one member of the euphor- |bia group. A rough analysis of its| latex, made by a local chemist, indi- cated a rubber content of 9 per cent. | Whether this will be confirmed by | more careful examinations in specially >quipped laboratories I have, of course, no way of knowing just yet. “Of course, sensational promises of great rubber plantations in Texas would be nothing but pipe dreams.| Mr. Edison has made it quite plain, | [ believe, that what he has in mind | in his present program is the develop- ment of a potential emergency supply, which could be drawn upon if a war or other calamity should cut us off fro the cheaper rubber of the trop- cs. The Mexican part of Dr. Rose's ex- pedition took him south along the Gulf Coast for about a hundred miles beyond the border. This was during the time of the recent abortive revolu. tion; but Dr. Rose reports that this part of Mexico was not affected by the uprising, and that in any case most of the region was uninhabited. Climbing Africa’s Highest Mountain All in Day’s Work for U. S. Explorers| Climbing Africa’s highest mountain was all in the day's work 10 two ex- plorers of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry, United States Department of Agriculture, according to letters just received outlining the achievements of L. W. Kephart, associate agrono- mist, and R. L. Piemeisel, associate physiologist of tke bureau. Although equipped only for collect ing plants, seeds and soil samples, the explorers last month conquered Mount Kilimanjaro's more than 19,000 feet in the time usually required by expert mountain climbers fully equipped for the purpose. The mountain is a huge voleanic cone. It has two pea | |called Mawenzi and Kibo, Mawenzi | | being the older of the two and Kibo |the higher by over 2,000 feet. Ice- capped Kibo is shaped like a huge dome, is covered with glaciers and has a crater in the center of its top. In ascending Kibo, the explorers were in considerable danger, particu- during the last three-quarters of a mile of the climb, which was over treacherously loose sand and gravel. After reaching Gilman Point, which is usually considered the top of Kibo, {but which is about 100 feet below the actual summit of the ice-cap, known as Kaiser Wilhelm Spitze, the men re- turned to Moshi, Africa, with a large number of specimens and photographs Tract of Forest in Czechoslovakia Saved by Airpla warfare now ,belng waseld forest insects in many parts :(":::t world, by means of airplanes that swoop over the trees, scattering elouds of poison dust in their wake, Yoceived a dramatic justification Czechoslovakia recently, according to " L. 0. Howard of the United States Pepartment of Agriculture. ng his recent European tour vard was shown a tract o M‘::;a- in Czechoslovakia. This forest was divided into three parts. one of which was owned by the gov- erpment, one by a wealthy nobleman and the third by a neighboring city. Svhen it was proposed to dust the forest from an alrplane, to check the savages of the destructive nun moth ‘The in | ne Warfare on Pests WASHINGTON, D. C., SUNDAY MORNIN . DECEMBER 11, 1927. Row at Havana Seems Unlikely BY BEN McKELWAY. PRIZE fight will attract more spontane- ous public interest than a conference devoted to prolonging the life of man. The same phenomenon applied to inter- national gatherings means that public interest in the proceedings in inversely proportional to the amount of peace and brotherly love exhibited in their conduct. A meeting held under the auspices of the League of Nations to discuss ways and means of controlling the spread of cholera will produce scant headlines, but it one delegate refers to another delegate as an imbecile, renches for a paper weight and dodges a bottle of ink, the cables will hum and the world will sit up and take notic Likewise, and in connection with the forthcom- ing Sixth International Conference of Amer- ican States in Havana next month, speculation and conjecture can only be described as rife— most of it centering around the theory that considerable dynamite is to be exploded, and little of it dwelling upon what will be accom- plished in the advancement of good understand- ing and progressive development on the West- ern Hemisphere. The latter subjects are neither spectacular nor exciting, though very neces- ary, important and prosaic. Several factors have emphasized the im- portance of the Havana meeting. The first is the selection of an unusually strong dele- gation to represent the United States, headed by Charles E. Hughes. Another is the fact that the President of the United States will attend the conference. These two have been linked with a third to lend them additional em- phasis, the third being that feeling throughout the other American republics toward the United States is not as friendly as it might be, and efforts may, therefore, be made at Havana to sling several large chunks of mud at the benign countenance of Uncle Sam. The strong Ameri- can delegation and the presence of President Coolidge at the opening of the conference have been interpreted to mean that the United States will be prepared for all eventualities. * % Kk X s a matter of fact, the outlook for diploma- tists is rather optimistic, and the prospects for enlivening disagreement and bright, newsy dis- cord are somewhat pessimistic. Since their in- auguration in Washington in 1889, the inter- national conferences of the American states have always been able to steer a course around the rocks and shoals which usually beset vo: ages into International discussion, and there is not a whole fot upon which to base doleful prognostications regarding the coming confer- ence in Havana. These conferences have alwa been notable for their careful selection of topics which will not lend themselves to flery political discourse, despite the inevitable presence of many fiery political discoursers. Discretion has been chosen as the better part of valor in adopting the agenda, for the simple reason that the conferences between the American repub- lics are intended to accomplish definite things, but accomplishment becomes hopelessly lost if tangled in a maze of controversial oratory or polemical discourse. The conferences were never created as halls for the airing of political grievances, There is no immediate intention of making such a hall of the Havana confer- ence. The majority of the delegates will take this view. A study of the agenda for the Havana con- ference reveals eight subjects lsted for dis- cussion and possible action. Seven of them are important, but rather colorless. They deal with the reorganization, already virtually agreed upon, of the Pan-American Union in Washington, a reorganization which confines itself mainly to perfecting the machinery of that valuable institution and which will per- mit representation upon its governing board of countries which have no diplomatic repre- sentatives in the Capital; with problems of communication; with intellectual co-operation between the American republics; with economic problems of the Amerlcas; with their social problems: with reports on treaties, conventions and resolutions, and with plans for future con- ferences. It is only in the eighth subject, Jisted on the agenda as Topic “Matters of an Inter-American Juridical Nature, that there lie any possibilities for what might be called heated discussion. This topic concerns the consideration of results of the Commission of Jurists which assembled in Rio de Janeiro and from April 18 to May 20 of this vear perused many and weighty subjects. The ju- ts were intrusted with a number of things. They were charged, for instance, with the codi fication of private international law and public international law, or rather with a reconstitu- tion of such laws by submitting to rigorous scrutiny the bases and rules of the laws in order to bring them into harmony with the new conditions of life in the Americas and adapt them to the interests, necessitles, senti- ments and aspirations of the American conti- nent. In their study of questions of public international law the jurists were requested to give preferential attention to “methods for the pacific settlement of international dis putes,” with the understanding that if the commission did not have time to dispatch this part of its work the topic would be considered included in the program and submitted to the Havana conference. KKk In Rio de Janeiro the commission, in addi- tion to its work on private international law, elaborated twelve projects of public interna- tional law, dealing with the following subjects: The fundamental bases of international law; states, their existence, equality and recogni- tion: status of aliens; treaties; exchange of pub- lications; interchange of professors and stu- dent diplomatic agents; consuls; maritime neutrality lum; duties of states in civil war and the pacific settlement of international conflicts. In other words, it drew up what might be regarded as a platform, or a state- ment of policy, upon all these subjects and then passed them on to the conference which meets in Havana next month. The jurists’ elaborations on the majority of subjects are based on recognized and accepted tenets of international law. Other elaborations, however, show some tendency to wander into new flelds. In the statement of principles regarding the existence, equality and recognition of states, for instance, it is declared irrevocably and with- out further amplification under Article 3 that “No state may intervene in the internal affairs of another.” This one article, out of nine others relating to states, might prove debat- able.” Intervention by the United States in the internal affairs of certain states has be- come rather well established as a policy when the internal affairs of such states threaten American interests. This subject of interven- tion, by the way, will creep into discussions at the conference unless some heroic measures are adopted to keep it outside. In addition to specific questions which the International Com- mission of Jurists agreed to lay before the Havana meeting, several subjects were sus- gested to the commission, but not acted upon, the commission understanding that “some of them did not have that degree of maturity necessary for incorporation in the codification, and others, being drafted in the terms in which they were, might be considered as manifesta- tions of a means of obtaining the commission's views regarding pending American political questions. For this reason the commission de- cided to transmit and to submit some of them” for the consideration of the Havana confer- ence. * ok ok ok Among these proposals which the Interna- tional Commission of Jurists neatly and dex- terously side-stepped in order to allow them to come before the Havana conference were the following: From Haiti—"“Any action carried out by a state, whether by means of diplomatic pres- sure or by armed force, in order to force its will upon that of the other state, constitutes intervention.” From Argentina—"A state may not inter- vene in the internal affairs nor in the external affairs of another state.” From the Dominican Republic and from Mex- ico—"No state may in the future directly or indirectly, nor by reason of any motive, occupy even temporarily any portion of the territory of another state. The consent given to the occupying state by the state occupied will not legitimitize the occupation and the occupant will be responsible for all occurrences resulting from the occupation not only with respect to the state occupied but to third parties as well.” From Paraguay—*"Intervention or any act of a state within the territory of another state without @ previous declaration of war, with the intent to decide by force, material pressure or moral coercion, internal or external ques- tions of the other state, will be considered as a violation of international law. In general, the articles set down in elaborat- ing upon the pacific settlement of international conflicts, simply broaden well known principles of arbitation. many of which have already been incorporated in existing tfeaties between the United States and the countries of South and Central America. But some of them go fur- ther and suggest the governing board of the Pan-American Union as a permanent council of conciliation. They do not make such con- ciliation obligatory in any sense of the word, but merely establish, through the board, a per- manent body to which aggrieved parties may address themselves with the understanding that the board will use its good offices to bring about a settlement. Several suggestions de- signed to make of the Governing Board of the American Union a council, so to speak, of an “American League of Nations™” have been made before. But none of them has ever re: ceived serious or favdrable consideration be- cause much would be hazarded, and little gained, if political controversies -of any nature whatsoever are injected into the functions of the Pan-American Union. * % %k ok The question relating to intervention in the internal affairs of a state, therefore, together with the scope of arbitration and conciliation in future treaties between the Americas, seem to be the only projects tinged with international politics which will come before the Havana conference And if these questions show tend- encies of crowding others off the stage there is reason to believe that they will be placed on a shelf for future reference, possibly for con- sideration by a body constituted specially to deal with them, instead of remaining to delay and blockade other important and non-political considerations, Despite some of the clouds that undoubtedly lie on the horizon, the Havana conference is to be held at a time when the American re- publics are far more interested in getting ahead in the world and solidifying helpful means of intercourse than they are in raking around for bones to pick. Causes for political rupture are steadily dying out. Boundary disputes re- main, but for the most part they are friendly disputes in the process of setilement. Some of the few that remain are almost necessary as they are constantly capitalized for political purposes. Tacna and Arica remain in dispute between Chile and Peru, but the view of opti- mists in relation to that difficulty is that some progress has been made toward a settlement, which is far better than no progress. Virtually all of the important steps in-the last forty years which have been taken to bring the American republics closer together, to remove barriers to their trade and commerce, to facili- tate communication between them, to make available mutually helpful information, to agree upon arbitrating their disputes instead of fight- ing them out, owe their origin to the five in- ternational conferences—the first held here in ‘Washington, in 1889; the second in Mexico City, in 1901; the third in Rio de Janeiro, in 1906; the fourth in Buenos Aires, in 1910, and the last in Santiago, Chile, in 1923. These recur- ring conferences have constituted an American League of American Nations which has never allowed its programs for real accomplishments to be hazarded by political controversy. There is no reason to believe that the Havana con- ference will set a new precedent. There is every reason to helieve that it will do what it sets out to do without being sidetracked into attractive, though hazardous, byways. MORROW’S DIPLOMACY HELPS RELATIONS OF U. S. AND MEXICO Calles’ Invitation to Lindbergh Due to New Ambas- sador—Progress Made on Troublesome Questions. ST. ELIZABETH’S HELD PIONEER IN NEW PARALYSIS TREATMENT Hospital Here Was Among First Institutions in America to Adopt Malaria Method Intro- duced in Vienna. { Raining BY DREW PEARSON. President Calles' invitation to Col. Charles A. Lindbergh to make a non- stop flight from New York to Mexico City climaxes five weeks of “personal diplomacy” by Ambassador Dwight W. Morrow, during which he has put American-Mexican relations on a more friendly basis than at any time in the last four years. Equally important, Ambassador Mor- row has made definite progress in set- tling the two most troublesome ques- tions between the two countries. First, the Mexican Supreme Court has given an opinion which is expect- ed to set a precedent against confisca- tion of the property of American oil companies. Second, although not announced, this observer can state authoritatively that Ambassador Morrow has’practi- cally ctory under- standing regarding the confiscation of American agricultural land in Mexico under the agrarian law. “Ham and Eggs” Diplomacy. All of this has been accomplished by what might be called “ham and eggs” diplomacy. As a result, after only 37 days’ stay in the Southern republic, Ambassador Morrow has been greeted at railroad stations with universal cries of “Viva Ambassador!” “Viva Estados Unidos!”"—something which has not been heard in Mexico for a long time. Early on the morning after he had presented his credentials, Mr. Morrow went out to have ham and eggs with President Calles on his dairy farm here he inspected the cows and the milking machines, but didn’t mention one word about the petroleum dispute or the agrarian law. i This was the entering wedge of an acquaintance which has ripened | into a friendship, so that the two men now can discuss the thorniest problems of Mexican-American rela- the government and the owner of the | private estate agreed to assume their | share of the cost, but the municipal- |ity refused to spend the money. The , | aviator, therefore, dusted the portions of the forest for which protection had ! been provided and left the municipal forest untreated. During the past season the resuits of the divergent policies became ap- parent. The government and private parts of the forest were In thriving and healthy condition, whereas the municipal forest fell & victim to the false economy of the city fathers and is now practically ruined by the moths. _ Tt will have to be cut’ down and =old for paper pulp at a fraction of its value. X tions without writing a single note. | In fact, there has been less note- vriting between the United Slate!| nd Mexico during the past month than during any other period of im portant diplomatic relations | The idea of taking Will Rogers on a personal tour with President Calles was partly the inspiration of Ambassador Morrow. In part, also, it came from President Calles. He had met Rogers first after a Follles <how, during which Will, knowing the Mexican President to be in the audlence, made him the butt of a celiclous line of raillery which com- pletely won Senor Calles. Tour to End This Week, On this tour of Mexico, which Am- hassador Morrow. President Calles and Will Rugers expect to finish this week, Mr. Morrow has not only seen the President of Mexico in a bull fight, but has inspected some of the more remote regions of Mexico, which prob- ably few other American Ambassa- dors ever have taken the trouble to visit. On this trip President Calles went out of his way to pay public and personal tribute to Mr. Morrow's new brand of “ham and eggs” diplomacy. “I consider Ambassador Morrow my personal friend,” he said. ‘“He is a man who has made himself ap- preciated by all who have come in contact with him. Everywhere on this trip he has received great dem- onstrations of sympathy from the masses of common people.” ° Ambassador Morrow and President Calles are solely responsible for the invitation to Col. Lindbergh to fly from Wushington to Mexico City. They conceived it as a flight of good will from the Unite2 States to Mex- ico, realizing that the welcome which Lindbergh will receive In Mexico City will be exactly the same tonic for American-Mexican relations that it was for Franco-American relations last Summer. Change Clearly Shown. Illustrative of the change which has come about in the State Depart- ment’s attitude toward Mexico, it should be noted that as late as Sep- tember 23 the State Department re- fused to allow Mexican alrmen to cross the international border at Tucson, Ariz., to pay tribute to Col. Lindbergh at an aviation festival held there. Illustrative also of the change Ambassador Morrow has wrought in Mexico City is a recent news dispatch | from the Mexican capital reporting that the Mexican finance officials are aiting until Mr. Morrow comes back ‘h'om his trip with President Calles ‘n order th.t he may advise them regarding the national deficit. Imagine Mexico permitting, to say nothing of requesting, the advice of an American Ambassador regarding her national finances two months ago! PRCTERR R Venice to Be Free Port. For the second time In fits history, the city of Venice is to become a free port, This will give goods entering the city complete frecdom from cus- toms dutles, customs, examinations and other customs requirements, Venice first became & free port in 1661. It maintalned this status untjl incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy following the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, One of the first places in the United States to start the treatment of pa- ralysis by inoculation with malaria, the method for which Prof. Julius Wagner-Jauregg of Vienna has just received the 1927 Nobel prize in medi- cine, was St. Elizabeth's Hospital for Insane of the District of Columbia. “Shortly after I first heard of the malarial method through the Vienna medical press,” Dr. Willlam A, White, director of St. Elizabeth’s, said re. cently, “my old personal friend, Dr. Weigandt of Hamburg came to New York to attend a psychiatric meeting several years ago. The results he was getting at his institution in Germany made it seem to me worth trying, It must be remembered that the victims of the paralytic form of syphilis prac- tically always die. Anything that gives !a ray of hope is worth trying. Con- | sequently, five years ago this month we inoculated our first group of para- Iytics with malaria, I believe that we were the first institution in the coun- try to do this. { _“The underlying theory of this use | of one disease to kill off another.” ex- plained Dr. White, “is that the spiro- chaete, . the causative organism of syphilis and its paralytic form, paresis, is injured by high temperatures. Ma- laria induces temperature that is re- | current. A spirochaete survives a tem- perature of 103 degrees Fahrenheit very uncomfortably. Another run of ‘chills and fever’ and the organism is still further weakened. Eventually it succumbs. *We use a benign tertian malaria, a mild form with fever every third day. | It can be kept under control by qui- nine, but we of course make a careful study of each individual patient and i his particular reaction to the two dis- eases to determine whether the treat- ment should be continued or not. Of the group of 103 paralytic patients that we inoculated first, 86 were found to be definitely improved at the end of three years, while only 12 were dead. In a similar group of the same num- ber, not treated with malaria and kept under observation for the same period as controls, 79 were dead at the end of three years and only 12 were improved. I may say in passing that I recently ran into one of my first cases operat- ing an elevator in a large downtown hotel. He was well and ha and do- ing beautifully in a self-supporting Job, In all I think we have treated about 350 cases and have a walting list because it is so difficult these days to ind & malaria patient from which to obtain a sample of the necessary malarial blood for imocultion.” Important physlological evidence that the malarlal treatment has a definite curative effect on paresis has been fur- nished by autopsies performed on five former patients at St. Elizabeth’s, who died from other causes, Dr. White aad his assistants declared. Cells that show a decided derangement in the brain of the paretic victim were found in these men to have undergone a dis- tinct return to the normal condition of a healthy brain. —_— Americans Finance Sahara Expedition An expedition of French scientists financially backed by Americans is due soon to start on explorations in the Hoggar region, in the center of the Sahara Desert. Considerable at- tention is being attracted to the mis- sion, which operates under the aus- pices of the Geographic Society of Paris, in view of the remarkable archeological finds of a similar en- terprise two yvears ago. This party discovered, in an ancient cemetery near Tamanrasset, metropolis of the Hoggar, the tomb of a Tuareg prin- cess of the pre-Islamic epoch. The remains were found to be pretty well preserved, under a cover of red leath- er. Scattered about were jewels and other articles, including necklaces and bracelets of thick glass and of metal; a golden statuette of a woman, crude- ly worked, and a bronze Roman coin bearing a figure believed to represent Emperor Constantine. The collection is now in the new museum of Afri- can anthropology in Algiers. Century-Old Cells Discovered in Tree Living cells over a century old have been found in the heart wood of red- wood trees in California by Dr. D. T. MacDougal of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and Dr. G. M. Smith of Stanford University, according to an article which will appear in an early issue of Science. These minute units, of which all living this are built, have usually been assumed to be very short lived. Most cells either die within a few days or weeks after thev originate or lose their identity by di- viding to form new cells. In earlier studies Dr. MacDouga! discovered centenarlan cells buried deep In the tissues of the glant cactus of the Southwestern Desert, and in an- other species of cactus he found cells which, though not so o'd, could still measure thelr age In decades. The long-lived cells in the hard, tis- sues of the redwood constitute the first case on record of vegetative life persisting burled In the heart of a tce. | evil Balkan history, BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. ARIS.—Nothing can perhaps bet- ter reveal present-day Europe | than the fact that one new treaty of friendship has set all Europs to discussing the dan- ger of war between France and Italy. The treaty which was made between Jugoslavia and France was drafted in the most approved League of Nations style. It had no military | clause, it concerned two nations who have always been friendly, and vet the tension between Rome and Paris which followed at least gives a degree of outward confirmation to the asser- tion of Lloyd George that Europe is heading straight for a new catastrophe. For TItalians the two-fold injury rested first fn the fact that France should undertake to play any role in the Balkan field whick all regard as purely Italian; and secondly. that the fact of this treaty. with its implied | French approval, would constitute a ! moral indorsement of the Jugoslav resistance to all Italian policies in the | Balkans. { Gesture At Tangiers. | A few weeks ago Ttaly sent a fleet to Tangiers. This gesture was recog- nized throughout Europe as a delib- erate repetition of the Kaiser's per- formance, when he landed in Tangiers in 1905 to serve notice upon France and Europe that Germany must have a_ share in the Moroccan liquidation. Today, when the future status of Tangiers is being decided and Italy is excluded by French decision. Mus- solini's meaning was equally clear. | Whereupon, with brief delay, France | invited Jugoslavia to sign a treaty which had long been pending but had been temporarily put aside out of con- sideration for Italian feelings. Thus, in effect Italy having touched France at a tender point, France responded by rubbing Italy at a sore spot. These incidents are but additional circum- stances in a Franco-ltalian feud which is coming to have much the character of the Franco-German hos- tility before 1914. | Examined purely from the histori- cal point of view, the Franco-Italian tension is difficult to explain. Mod- ern Italy has nmever been at war with | France, and in the Crimean war, in the war of 1866 and in the World | War, Italian and French _soldiers | fought on the same side. Both are | Latin countries and have many cul- | tural ties. Moreover, if a few super- | patriots in Italy still dream of re-| Nice and Corsica, there is | not here anything which suggestssthe Alsace-Lorraine issue which divided | France and Germany. | Nevertheless, one cannot remain In ! Italy even for a brief time without teeling that the bitterness toward France is quite as general and cer- tainly more explosive than the French animosity toward Germany before 1914. This bitterness rests upon a universal conviction that French policy and French purpose are deliberately and consistently di- rected at diminishing Italy’s place in the world. On all sides, there is a sense of injury. And this feeling finds expression not merely in the press but in a thousand popular mani- testations. Disagreeable Memories. 1t is true that Franco-Italian rela- tions during the last half century have been marked by moments of great bitterness. The French occu pation of Tunis in 1881 threw Ital into German arms. Th later, during the Tri were a series of incidents which left dis Jle memories. Yet, in main, Italian resentment today goes back no further than the I peace conference, where Irance supported the Southern Slavs against the Ital- ians, and thus helped to insure the creation on the eastern shore of the Adriatic of a new Slav state, which not only disputes Italian hegemony In the Balkans, but even challenges Ital- ian title to Zara, Fiume and Trieste. With this new Slav state Italy has | been unable to reach a general settle- ment. For a time actual war over Fiume threatened then, after a period of quiet, conflicting purposes in Al-| bania led to new tension. This collision of interests has led o a repetition of old, familiar and On the one hand. France is linked by treaties to all the | states of the Little Entente, Rumania, | Czechoslovakia and Jugoslavia. On the other, Italy, having first striven to detach Rumania from the Little En- tente, has ended by establishing close bonds with Hungary and Bulgaria, | any real progre: 'IFRANCO-ITALIAN CLASH " FEARED AS PACT RESULT Treaty Between French and Jugo- slavians Held Likely to Arouse Roman Resentment. natural enemies of Rumania and Jugo- slavia. At the same time, she has labored to draw both Greece and Austria into the Italian orbit. On the whole, one must recognize that Italy has been checkmated by France in Southeastern Europe. Even Austria, partly influenced by resent- ment over the Italian treatment of German populations in the Upper Adige, partly by tariff arrangements with Little Entente states, has refused Italian leadership and is now turning once more to Berlin. Too, Italy has found herself just as steadily blocked in all efforts to re-establish Roman control in North Afriw, by French possession of Tunis Algeria and Morocco. Overpopulated herself, she sees France. thinly pop- ulated at home, closing African doors to Italian emigrants, who would re tain their Italian nationality. Italian Policies Wrecked. in, while all Italian aspirations atolia were wrecked and the res. ion of Turkey by Kemal Pasha g what might have been another Italian optlet, Italy sees France suc- sfully seated in Syria and thus the possessor of still another considerable Mediterranean colony. By contrast, aly received for her war booty out- side of Europe only two desert regions, the one in the Sahara, the other be- yond the Red Sea. Ttaly is at the present hour passing through a great period of national excitation. Mussolini has fired his fellow countrymen with the promises of a new Italy. He has loosed national ambitions and stimulated national pride. Finally, there is a_political question. France is a republic in which the radical and Socialist elements are in the majority. But these roups are just as hostile to Fascismo as the British Tories to Bolshevism. Thus the Italians not only see France as an opponent in the foreign field, but they charge that France is harboring the Italian opponents of Fascismo. wha have flad their native land and are operating from French soil. When one turns to the French side of the quarrel the situation is ma- terially different. France has no other purpose than to preserve a state of things politicall, and territorially which is eminently satisfactory to her, She does not need to expand. But she does mean to keep what she has in North Africa and she does intend to retain_her influence in Europe. With Italian aspirations thé French have no sympathy. On the contrary, they are opposed to all undertakings to destroy the status quo in Europe, to change th2 settlements of the Paris conference. They recognize the open hostility of Italy to the League, they have in later days taken alarm at the constant revelation of Italian hostility to themselves. p: Possibility of War. While French diplomacy has made many efforts to preserve and to im- prove relations, at no point has there been any indication of any readiness to surrender colonies or to abandon political activity in the Balkans, for example. The possibility of a war be- tween France and Italy is no longer luded from the calculations of French statesmanship, and as a conse- quence French relations with Jugo- slavia have been growing closer. Thus, in case of war, Italy would find her- self, like Germany in 1914, compelled to fight on two fronts at once. That Mussolini is preparing a war upon France, that he actually desires st a conflict I do not think is be eved by any intelligent observe he risks would be too great. The danger which tha Franco-Italian situ- ation contains does not grow out of the possibility of a war prepared in dvance, but out of the steady ex- acerbation of feelings on both sides of the Alps. Were some new incident in Albania to bring Italy and Jugoslavia into collision tomorrow, France could hard- stand by and see Jugoslavia de- stroved, while any effort of Hungary to help Italy would bring in both Rumania and_ Czechoslovakia on the anti-Italian side. Moreover, any move by Bulgaria into Macedonia could not fail to rouse Greece to action. Thus a Balkan quarrel might easily prove a new Serajevo. Precisely Ttalian ten. s long as this Franco. ion lasts the prospect of toward limitation of armaments in Europe is just about nil. In a word, while Europe talks of a new Locarno, it is preparing another Serajevo. (Copyright, 1927.) The word “thrill” should be dis- sociated from fying in the opinion of Edward P. Warner, Assistant Secre- tary of the Navy for Aeronautics. In a report to the Society of Automotive Engineers he says that potential air- plane passengers should be convinced that air travel is not only safe and sane, but that it positively approaches being staid and monotonou Of the five major elements in the development - of transport by air, safety has been of the greatest con- cern, since fear of the air has been the most serious barrier. Secretary Warner believes that those who are Interested in aeronautic advance in service or commercial aviation should do_all they can to indicate to the public that steady operations with little news value are more important than momentary sensations. Such performances as that which captured the Schiff Trophy for Capt. Harold D. Campbell. who flew 840 hours in regu- lar Marine Corps operation during the vear with no damage of any kind to the airplane and. of course, no injury to perscnnel, should do much for the development’ and extension of com- mercial aviation in the United States. Sees Reluctance Diminishing. ‘The inbred reluctance to go into the air has been greatly overcome in the last three years, he believes. Re- liability and economy are now more serious barriers to public support. What is best may be cheapest in the end, but it is nothing if not avail- able. What about the man who can- not raise money to buy the best? The modern aircraft engine, as developed by the concentration of scientific and engineering talent dur- ing and after the war, may cost more than it is worth commercially. A cheaper and heavier engine with more cast iron and fewer duralumin and aloy-steel forgings may be the solution. Economy of first cost and operation Is the first problem. Finan- clal analysis shows that an engine which welghs two pounds per horse- power and costs $24 per horsepower - Warner Would Assure Plane Passengers That Flying Actually Is “Safe and Sane” is on a parity with one weighing three pounds and costing less than $12 per horsepower. Privately owned air- planes are likely to be in the air relatively few hours per vear and first price is a greater factor than economy of operation and upkeep. Other Elements Noted. Besides safety and economy, other elements in commercial aviation are speed, rveliability and comfort. From these angles the methods of design and construction created for the naval service are largely suitable for com- mercial purposes. The same means for improving the performance of a military machine make a safer, more reliable and comfortable passenger- transport airplane. High-speed obser- vation machines for mail carrying with but little change in the fuselage arrangement are feasible. Several well known European flying-boat de- signs have been constructed in the military mode. The report shows that civil aviation Is indebted to the armed services and is likely to be more so. When landing fields are shrunk within the compass of city roofs the non-military operator will have cause to thank the Navy for study of service aircraft carriers with catapults and arresting gears. . Reforesting in England. Restoration of the great forests which dotted England during and prior to the days of Robin Hood and his merry band is to be undertaken, at least partially, according to a de- cision arrived at by the forestry com- mission of the British government. The first step was taken when 160,000 spruce and larch trees were planted in the area formerly occupied by the fa- mous great forest of Brecknock. This forest at one time covered a large area of wild and mountainous coun- try in Southern Wales. The first planting covered about 110 acres of moorland and the commission now I8 sowing 1,000,000 seedlings for future planting.