Evening Star Newspaper, October 9, 1896, Page 12

N 12 SIXTEEN TO ONE, FREE AND UNLIMITED Points on the Great Question of the Day---A Silver Catechism. ‘An interesting contribution to the litera- ture of the financial debate now in progress has been received by The Star from one of its readers. lt represents a conversation between a young mechanic, about to cast his first vote, and an old farmer, who has been through many political campaigns. The questions are asked by the young man. The answers are non-partisan and especially directed in the interest classes of working people. This chism” follows: Q. Whar does the Chicago platform mean by “free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1™’ A. It means to allow any person to take any quantity of silver to the mint and have it coined inio legal tender dollars, and that the valuation of sixteen ounces of silver shall be the same as one ounce of gold, or, in other words, that the pure silver in a silver dollar shall weigh sixteen times as much as the pure gold in a gold dollar. a Q. How much pure silver is there In a silver dollar? A. 3 grains. Q. How much pure gold is in a gold dol- lar? A. 23.22 grains. 2 Q. At the present time what is the act- ual commercial value of the silver in a sil- ver dollar? A. About 53 cents. @. Why is it claimed that the free coin- age of silver is desirable? A. In order to make more noney in the country. it 1s claimed that the money supply of the coun- try has been decreasing since the demoneti- zation of silver in 18 Q. Is that true? A. It is not true. The amount of money has been steadily increas- ing for many years. Q. How can this be proved? A. By the published reports of the Treasury Depast- ment. Any person can obtain a copy of the treasury reports by writing to the Sec. tary of the Treasury for circular No. 12 @ What is meant by per capita circula- tion? A. The average amount for each per- son of all kinds of money in circulation. The figures are obtained by dividing the total amount of money in circulation by the total population. —- Q. Has the amount of money increased as fast as the population? A. It has increased at a much faster rate. A. $18.04; in 1874, $IS.1 SSO, $22.65; in 1 =. a s fe. There have slight fluctuations, but the general tendency has been upward until the circulation Is now 6 per cent greater than in 1860. Q. What do you conclude from these figures? A. That the present low prices are not due to lack of money. Q. What can be said as to interest rates? A. The interest rates are now lower than ever before, which shows that there is a large amount of money seeking safe invest- ment. Q if the gold standard, or limited bimet- allism, should be maintained, would the amount of money keep pace with popula- tion? A.Gold production is increasing faster than population. The report of the director of the mint shows that in 1804 the world produced nearly twice as much goid as in 1873, while the population of the world has in that time increased only about 10 per cent. Q. How does the amount of money in the United States compare with that of other countries? A. The per capita circulation in the United States far exceeds the aver- age for the world. It ts greater than in Ergland, Germany, Italy, Russia, Mex- ico, South America, China or Japan. Rus- sia, Mexico, South America and China are on a silver basis, but their circulation is insignificant compared with ours. Q What do you conclude from these statistics? A. That the present low prices are not due to lack of money. Q What have you to say as to the low price of wheat? A. It is not caused by the alleged “crime of 1873.” | Wheat_was higher during the ten years from 1873 to 1882 than it was in 1860 and 1861. At that time (1862) the war began to raise prices, principally on account of the inflation of our paper currency, which at that time was not redeemable in coin. Since the war wheat and cotton have both fallen on account of the enormous increase in prcduction and the use of labor-saving ma- chinery. From 1870 to 184 the popula- tion of the world increased 12 per cent, while the production of wheat increased 32 per cent and cotton 112 per cent. Q What would be the effect of free coin- age of silver? A. The first effect would be to drive out of circulation all the gold and reduce us to silver monometallism, such as exists in China. Q. Why would gold go out of circulation? ‘A. Because it would be worth more as bul- lon than as money, as all debts could be paid in silver. Q. Would not free coinage raise the price of silver so as to make a silver dollar worth just as much as a gold dollar? A. It would not. That effect has never been produced in any country that has tried free coinage. Q. What would be the next effect of free coinage? A. It would cheapen and inflate the currency. @. Wonld prices go up? A. They would. Q. Would not higher prices benefit farm- ers and other producers? A. No. Because every producer is also a consumer, and con- sumers would have to pay more for all they buy. On the other hand business would be paralyzed and the markets thereby af- fected Q. What would be the effect on wage earners? A. They would be injured more than any other clas: Q. Why? A. Be last item to go up. Q. How is that proved? A. By the his- tory of inflation periods in this and other countries. During the late civil war of 1861 the prices of everything to eat and wear went up 117 per cent, while wages advanced only 4% per cent. This was due to the inflation of the circulating medium with fiat paper money, which could not be redeemed at that time. Specie payments were suspended from 1862 to 1879. Q. What is your authority for your state- ment as to the percentage of increase of prices and wages? A. U. S. Senate Report No. 1894, of 189%, commonly known as the “Aldrich Report,” which can be obtained from the Department of Labor. Q. What persons would be most injured by an inflation with cheap money? A. All persons who work for salary or wages, all persons who have savings In bank, all who held insurance policies, all who have money in a building or other association, all pen- sioners, all railroad and government em- ployes, and, in fact, all who buy food, cloth- ing and other necessaries of life. Q. If the silver in a silver dollar is worth orly 53 cents, why do silver dolar now pass for 100 cents? Because ihe government receives it for all public da and has made it a legal tender for all pri- vate debts. Q_ What ts meant by “legal tende*?” A. It is the kind of money which a cred- itor Is obliged to receive. Q. Why would not the silver dollar.re- main worth 1) cents (i.e, equal to geld) under free coinage? A. Because the amount coined would be too great. The government is able to maintain the parity at present becaise the coinage is limited end cn goverrment account only. We are now keeping more than 400,000,000. silver Gcllars as good as gcld. The mere suspicion that the government might not be able to maintain the parity (equality) between sil- ver ard gold produced the pantie of 18%, which was relieved by the act of November 1, 1893, suspending the purchase of silver bullion. Q. How do you know that this country eculd not maintain the parity of gold and silver dollars under free coinage? A. Be- cavse many other countries have tried the experiment and failed. Governments can- not nuilify or control commercial laws. History tells of maay =. kings who ved light-weight or ased coin. They could not maintain the “parit ‘The re- sult was prefitable to the kings, but dis- astrous to the people who were left to “hold the bag.” More About Money Substitutes. ‘Wide interest has been taken here in the article by C. Clarence Poole, reported in Tuesday’s Star from the Chicago Inter- Ocean. This treated one phase of the sil- ver question and gave many interesting figures, showing how the efficiency of money had been vastly multiplied by the use of substitutes, such as bank credits wages would be the | ments. and checks, and maintained that there was no force in the assertion of silver men that there was not money enough in the couniry to meet the demands of business. On the same line is a section of a iphlet recent- ly published by Professor Wm. Morse Cole, formerly instructor of economics at Har- vard College, and lecturer on the same sub- ject for tne American Society for the Ex- tersion of University Teaching. His title is “When Coinage of Silver is Free,” and urder the caption, “The Effect of the Pas- sage of a Free Coinage Act,” he writes: “Few men realize to how great an extent our business is conducted on mere promises to pay. It is worth while to pause for a moment to look at the machinery of pay- In most large centers of business, the usual mode of payment is by bank check. Let us examine the origin of checks, They are simpie orders on banks to pay to third parties sums due depositors. Often the deposit arawn upon had its origin in actual money deposited; but this is not the usual case. Commonly, the deposit consist- ed, practically, of nothing but promises to pay. If you sell a customer a large bill of goods, and it is the custom of the trade to pay in four months, you are likely to ask him for a note payable in four months. If you wish to use the money for the goods before the four months have expired, you discount the note at a bank—that is, you sell the note to the bank for its face value, less interest for the time which it has yet to run. You are unlikely, however, to w cash for the note. You can pay debts ard ake purchases more conveniently with bank checks. You accept, therefore, the right to draw on the bank on demand. The transaction has been simply your sele of another man’s promise to pay and pur- chase of the bank’s promise to pay. “It is probable that the bank has not in its vaults money enough to pay even one- half of its deposits. No necessity exists that it should. The chances are that a check drawn by one of its depositors will be redeposited in sume bank. If such is the case, the payment is made by a simple hit of bookkeeping. If the deposit is made in the bank upon which it was drawn, the amount is simply deducted from the credit of the drawer and added to that of the de- positor. If the deposit was made in another bank, payment is made through the clear- ing house. As one bank has received from one of its depositors a check drawn on arother, so the other is likely to have re- ceived from one of its depositors a check drawn cn the one. An exchange of checks renders the use of money unnecessary, ex- cept for the settlement of balances. The mere bookkeeping of the banks, then, per- forms much of the work of redemption of checks, and but little cash reserve is need- ed. More properly, one should say that the reserves of the banks do not limit, nurrow- ly, the amounts that they may lend. It is a matter of fundamental importance to realize that most of the business of the country is conducted on the promises to eae penks and individuals. ew figures may well be given to illus- trate this fact: The amount Se the chesed passing through the New York clearing house for the year 1895 was $28,264,000,U00. The amount of cash (or clearing-house cer- tificates, which represent actual cash on deposit) paid in settlement of them at the clearing house was only $1,896,000,000, or 671 per centum of their amount. ‘The amount of deposits on the books of the national banks of the country on September 28, 1895 (the last date for which the figures are easily procured), was 31,71 000,000; and yet the actual cash reserved for: their payment was only $355,000,000. “It is now to be noted that all these promises to pay are promises to pay dol- lars. Yet we have seen that a dollar is whatever the legislative power of the gov- ernment chooses to call a dollar. If Con- gress is about to change the definition of a dollar, all these promises to pay are to have a rew meaning.” A Woman’s Views. Mrs. Mary F. Henderson of this city, wife of ex-Senator John B. Henderson, has writ- ten a pamphlet on “The Issues of the Cam- paign,” in which she says among other things: “The silverites insist that our govern- ment can place any. value it chooses on any metal by merely placing its stamp upon it. If so, it would be cheaper for our tax- Payers to buy tin than silver; and if so, our government could pay its whole debt of $1,200,000,000 in $5 worth of tin. When for fifteen years Uncle Sam was forced into buying practically all of the silver produced in our country for the mere sake of forcing @ value upon it, and the value steadily de- clined on account of its always increasing abundance, have we not tried the experi- ment long enough? “With those Senators (the silver Sena- tors) still at the helm and not content with what has been already done for silver, the silverites now demand that they may take 51 cents’ worth of their metal to our gov- ernment, demand it without pay to stamp it officially, pronounce it a dollar without any goid behind it, and declare that it skall be used as such in the payment of existing debts and in all commercial transactions. Can one speak in moderate terms of such gigantic cheek? “We want but one standard dollar, and we want that to be made of the metal which, of everything on earth, is the most perma- nent in value. Gold is almost as perma- nent and indestructible as eternity. It is used as a standard of value by all the civilized world. Why should we select a poorer metal for the money standard of America? Now, what the dollar is worth in corn, hay, cloth, wages, depends upon many things—bad crops, good crops, sup- ply, demand, quality, &c. The dollar alone must be permanent, and its meaning under- stood by all the world. All the govern- ment has to do with it is to weigh, with the most infinite care, the gold bullion, and by placing its official stamp upon it de- clare that the coin honestly contains so many grains. Here the responsibility of the government ends. The further use of that dollar today in bread, tomorrow in sugar, the next day in wages, is alone be- tween you and me. “Now, it takes a dozen les to help out one he. Certain remarks had been made about the possible objection a working- man might have to receiving his wages in ent dollars. This needed an offset. So the silverites tell us gold has increased in value, and the poor farmer will have to pay his debis at double price if gold is to be used. Of course it is a very sorry He, when debts are generally contracted fer two to five years, and gold has not fluctuated in value 1 per cent for the last hundred years. They try to build up a side wall to their story by taking us back to 1873, when they say a crime was committed which injured the value of silver by cutting off its circula- tion as money. It is hard to see how it was cut off, when silver had not been in circulation as money for eighty years pre- vious to ‘73, and when we know what has since been purchased for that pur- Dose.” ——— The Ideal Bed. From the Health Magezine. Since we spend one-third of our lives in bed it is important to know how to spend that time in the most comfortable and healthful manner. A sanitarist who has made a sensible and scientific study of the matter thus speaks of the bedstead and bedding. The best bedstead is an iron or brass one; an elaborately carved wooden one, such as is so commonly used, is cum- bersothe, and with difficulty kept absolute- ly clean. The bedstead should be fitted with woven wire springs, a good hair mat- tress, and either hair or air pillows. Feath- er pillows are too heating to the head, and are open to the same objections as feather beds. Over the mattress should be spread a flannel covering, or a light cotton sheet, which can be removed and aired daily. The sheets should be made of cotton or linen and washed weekly. Too many thick, im- permeable blankets are not to be recom- merded, as they are heavy, burdensome and great accumulators of impurities. In cold weather one blanket is always permis- sible. An eiderdown quilt is a great luxu- ry, as it is light, warm, and admits of easy ventilation. The ideal bed should be spread during both winter and summer with just the amount of covering required to retain the natural bodily temperature. In winter the ded should be warm. To many persons a cold bed is a deadly con- trivance. Many an unfortunate guest has entered the cold, spare chamber and laid his warm, perspiring body between icy bed clothes, only to awaken with a severe, if not fatal, illness hovering over him. Such diseases as pneumonia, bronchitis and | rheumatism are often contracted in this vay. oe The boatswain of the steamship Germanic from New York, September 30, was washed overboard and drowned off the Irish coast in the gale which has prevailed. THE EVENING STAR, IN HOTEL -CORRIDORS “Everybody has heard of the mammoth trees of California,” said A. P. Yates of Sacramento at the Ebbitt. “I refer not orly to the redwood trees, of which a fire specimen is to be seen in the Agricultural Department grounds, but giant pines, firs, etc. I can remember when Mount Shasta was covered with the finest forest in the world. Tourists and scientists came from all parts of the world to look at and study the magnificent trees. Now these forests have been cut down, and the trees blown up with dynamite, until Mount Shasta ie almost a bald elevation The redwood trees are disappearing rapidly and the tourist of today is inclined to think that the stories told about the mammoth trees of California were the products of vivid imagination. There seems to be no local pride in these giants of the forest, and no compunctions about destroying them.” “I have heard of a good many singular friendships among animals and birds,” said T. L. Arnold of Chicago, at the Arlington, “but none so strange as an incident which. came under my own observation. A friend of mine shot a chicken hawk that was hovering over his yard awaiting an oppor- tunity to feast upon the fowls. The hawk fell, and my friend picked it up. It was not dead, but one wing was so badly broken as to be entirely useless. His little boy plead- ed so hard that he did not kill the hawk, but dressed its wounds, and in the course of a few days it was well enough to be tied to a stake in the yard, its wings being clipped so that it could not fly. After it had been thus confined for several weeks, a hen with a brood of small chickens was accidentally killed, and a day or two later the chicks were seen hovering around the hawk, which was evidently doing its ut- most to comfort them. From that day the adoption was complete and the brood of chickens was reared by the hawk.” “I was interested in a contest between a snake and a toad,” said E. E. Green of Stanfore, Ky., at the Regent. “The snake Was a small one, while the toad was un- usually large. When I first saw them thc snake was gliding rapidly toward the toad, while the latter was watching it with great interest. The snake sprang for the toad with jaws distended to swallow it, but the toad opened its mouth very wide and suc- ceeded in swallowing the head of the ser- pent. Then the snake began to squirm and the toad tried to draw the balance of his adversary into his mouth. In a few moments the snake had withdrawn from its perilous position and prepared once more for an attack. This resulted ere- cisely as the first one did, and when the snake was free again, the two reptiles Watched each other for several minutes be- fore there were any further hostilities. Finally the snake tried it again, with the same result as bef This was enough for the reptile, and when he escaped from the toad he glided away as rapidly as pos- sible.” “I have an old-fashioned mill on my place,” said D. K. Phillips of Warren coun- ty, Va., at the National. “The mill is run by means of a very large wheel, turned by the water of a brook. It is of the style common a century ago. I raise ducks, that swim on the brook just above my mill dam. A few weeks ago I saw a large drake fly- ing through the air on the wheel of the mill, and expected to see him dashed to pieces when the wheel turned around. But as the wheel turned he adapted himself to its position, and when it struck the wa ter he went underneath, coming up and catching to the next paddle. 1 stopped the wheel and he swam away with joyful quacks, as I supposed, at his escaye. But the next day the same duck was again riding the wheel, evidently thoroughly en- Joying the sensation. I drove him away, but the next day he returned, and this time he was accompanied by several others. As the wheel turned it had a duck on every paddle, and now men come for miles to see the ducks ride the wheel.” “It 1s a notorious fact that the profits of breeding fine race horses are of the past,” said E. D. Sweeney of Lexington at the Riggs, “but the steeple chase fad and the revival of fox hunting have brought a de- mand for steeple chase horses that is prov- ing remtnerative to breeders, Nearly all of them are imported from England when colts and trained in this country, although some are produced from scrub American stock. The question of pedigree is no long- er of abscrbing interest. What the buyer wants {s a fine-looking horse, a good sad- dle beast and a jumper combined. These qualities are often produced in very com- mon horses, judged by the old standards, hence the principal thing required is a knowledge of breeding and training, cs- pecially the latter. A horse is bought for $80 to $100, well fed, well groomed, trained to saddle gaits and to jump. Its tail 1s docked and the animal is disposed of read- ily at from $6 to $1,000. Those breeders who have already adapted themselves to the new demand have made a good deal of money, but, naturally, the supply will be greater than the demand within the next three or four years, and prices will prob- ably fall.” “It has frequently been safd that pas- senger traffic on railroads does not pay,” said L. C. Read of New Orleans, at the Shoreham. “It is not a difficult matter for a well-posied railroad man to figure out an actual Icss on the passenger business of his road, but as a matter of fact the pas- senger business does pay, and pays well. I was in the passenger department of a railroad company several years and am convinced that it pays, and am of the opin- fon that it would pay even better with trains running much more frequently and at rates of fare based upon those of street railroad companies. This would require four-track railroads, but they would soon pay the extra expense. One of the heavy debts in the passenger department is the advertising. Practically all of the adver- using of @ railroad company is charged against the passenger business. The rail- roads compete with each cther to get out the finest engraved cards and expend vast amounts annually in this way. An army of passenger agents and ticket agents are employed and expensive rate cutting wars indulged in. If the passenger business was conducted on as economical lines as the freight, it would pay as well, if not bet- ter.” “I have seen a few colored men tramp- ing this year,” said A. D. Downs of Amer- icus, Ga., at Willard’s. “Until within a year or two a colcred tramp could not be found. The southern darkies are often im- provident, but they all work and never strike. But this year a few of them have been set adrift. The reason for this 1s to le found in the planters having been com- pelleé to reduce the expense of raising cotton.. In the south the planters have always had upon their plantations colonies of colored people who lived there all the year, although they were only required at planting and picking times. When cotton began to fall below 9 cents a pound it was found that it was raised at a loss and the planters had’ to reduce the expenses of their plantations. They sent the colored people away, and when assistance was re- quired went to the cities and employed help for only the time it was necessary. In this way many of them succeeded in reducing the cost of raising cotton fully one-half, but the result has been disastrous to these who were formerly supported on the plantations.” “I cannot understand why Washington and Baltimore are not better cattle mir- kets,” said R. P. Wayland of Front Royal, Va., at the St. James. “In northern Vir- ginia and southern Maryland can be found some of the finest cattle in the United States. While there are wot so many as in Texas, Colorado or Wyoming, the quaiity is much finer and there are enough raised to supply a fairly good market. I raise several car loads each year and ship them through Washington ard Baltimore to Phil- adelphia aud New York. I am satisfied that if the right kind of cattle market was established in Washington, an impetus would be given the cattle raising business that would cause twice as many to be ‘marketed from Virginia. Throughout the Blue Ridge country the grass is especially adapted to fine stock raising, and there is no comparison between the grass-fed beef of my state and that from the west, fat- tened usually around di: ives across the plains.” tilleries after long 1896—SIXTEEN “PAGES. ° MAKING A RAIN STORM. Am Interesting Réproduction of Fa- miliar Natural “heonomena. ‘Translated for the Litetpey Digest. The following interesting experiment, in which all the phendémena of atmospheric evaporation, condersation and precipita- tion are imitated on a small scale with alcohol, is communidated by its inventor, Professor Errera of Brussels University, to Clel et Terre, Paris. We translate be- Tow the principal parts of the description: “Take a cylindrical beaker of Bohemian glass about 20 cm. (ight inches) high by 12 (five inches) in diameter; fill it half full of strong alcohol, 92 per cent, cover it with a saucer and ‘heat {it in the water-bath. It must be heated a’ Tong time, so that the liquid, the whole wase and the saucer may reach a high temperature and that a certain equilibrium may be established be- tween them without going so far as to boil the alcohol. Then remove the whole from the- water-bath, taking care not to agitate the liquid, place on a wooden table and ob- serve. The heated liquid gives off vapor of alcohol in abundance; at the end of some minutes the saucer is sufficiently cooled and the vapors begin to condense in its neighborhood. “Soon clearly visible clouds begin thus to form, and these resolve in turn into very fine droplets of rain that fall regularly, verticaily, and in innumerable quantity, into the liquid. The droplets, measured by the horizontal microscope, are on the aver- Rain Storm in a Benker. age from 40 to 50 millionths of a millimeter in diameter, they are sometimes larger, often smaller. This interesting spectacle may last nearly half an hour. At the out- set the vapors rise nearly as far as the saucer. But as the whole becomes cooled the level where condensation takes place naturally falis more and more, till above the zone of clouds may be seen a perfectly clear space. We have now, on a small scale, a representation of the whole aqueous atmospheric circulation; the evaporating liquid represents the ocean; at the top is the clear sky; below, the clouds from which actual rain falis back into the ocean (see illustration). Only, instead of water, the whole is formed of alcohol. * * * “Our experiment is susceptible of divers variations. After removing the beaker from the water-bath, if we substitute for the warm saucer a cold one, the differences of temperature from one point to the other of the system being much greater, the phenomenon is exaggerated; whirlwinds and squalls are produced when the alcohol is yet very warm, and when the part of the vessel above the level of the Nquid chances to be hotter on one side than the other (which often! happens) the vapors of alcohol may be sten.to rotate regularly around a horizontal axis; they riee contin- ually along the warm side and descend on that which is cooler. That this rotation has really the cause that I have indicated is proved by the fact that cooling the side on which the vapors sise reverses it; this can easily be dore by the application of strips of filter-paper sdaked in cold water. a CHINESE LABOR UNIONS. Each Has Its Holidays, When Em- Craftsme! ployers Banquet the From the Chautauquay. 4 There ere many peguliarities in the Chi- rege labor uniois; ‘perhaps the most strix- ing is the minute ‘division of labor. Take for illustration the, silk weavers’. union. JAIL those who-Weave:silk of a certain de- sign form s union by-themselves, and those who weave silk of a different design form a different union. The mahogany cabinet- makers have a union separate from the union of the rosewood cabinetmakers. Men who draw landscapes on the Chinese fans have a union differcnt from that of thone who draw flowers and birds. In short, there fs a union for each particular department of work. Thus a single article may have passed through the hands of many unions before it comes into the market. In China there are several holidays in the year which people of all stations and classes observe. These are the new year, the fifth day of the fifth month and the fifteenth day of the eighth month. The sast of the three is for worshtp or praise of the moon. After this day the busy season of the year for all tradesmen begins. From this time on until the new year all crafts- men are expected to werk later at night than during other seasons of the year, and as a rule their wages are increased during this period. Besides these holidays each union nas its own holldays—that is, the days of birth and death of the supposed originator of its particular occupation. To celebrate the national holidays the employ- ers always prepare a feast for their em- plcyes. But when a union observes Its own holidays its members contribute some meney and have a banquet in a restaurant or hotel. s An interesting peculiarity of these untons should be mentioned here, and that is the massing of the same indvstries in the same street. In China there is no very large manufactory, most of the employing abcut thirty or forty men each, and all the manufactories producing the same com- medity are located on the same street. This gives rise to the custom of calling such streets by the name of the commodity manufactured there instead of by their proper names. Ke —_—__—-- ++. True to the Scent. From the San Francisco Post. Crit Robinson, the wing shot, hds the best-trained hunting dog on the coast, a black poirter. At the pigeon shoots, where other dogs go crazy at the cracking of the guns and the dropping of birds, Robinson's dog lies in the shade asleep. A whistle and the dog is on his feet pointing, with every muscle tease and every nerve strained. At a signal the dog retrieves, and in another minute is as sound asleep again as if noth- ing happened. No matter where the dog is he @rop at a blast from Robinson's whistle and lie there unmovable for hours at a time. Robinson tells a good story that illus- trates the true sgent of the dog. He came down out of the Mills building with an at- torney one day, when the lawyer found he had forgotten his gloves, and proposed to return for them.) 7 “No; I'll send the dog,” said Robinson. “But how will he know my gloves?” ask- ed the doubtful sell gt “Just let him srjell pf your hand.” The dog was given: the scent and dis- patched up the stairs. In a few minutes he returned witha ribbon the attorney’s typewriter had been’ wearing around her waist. Ses ee ee In Defense,/of, Their Young. From the London Field. The rabbit is ajjtimid creature usually, but no more so tpan fhe partridge (ruffed grouse), found in all the eastern states, The female partridge’ has often put boys to hurried flight by attacking them when they have molested hex brood. When on egg hunter climbs the tree in which a Kingbird has a nest he is at once attacked by the birds, who dive at him at full speed, with their sharp bills point- ed_ahead. Whole flocks of crows fly to the protec- tion of a nest that has been disturbed by bird or beast. Even the gun of a man will not send them far away, as under ordinary circumstances. ‘A doe will strike a man with her share hoofs should he happen to surprise her and her fawn. She will battle long and ardent- ly to save her young from a pa‘r of eagles, and the fox flees from her as from a dog. The bear hurries her young ones along by cuffing them till retreat 1s no longer possible. Then she turns desperately un her pursuers. : | | | | center of a crazy mob of ravening wild ‘WOLF MILLING BY WHOLESALE. Esquimau Hunters Have an Easy Way of Getting Game. From the Chicago Jourral, It is from Alaska that those wolf skins come that furnish the material for the rug now so popular in house furnishings. They are shipped thence by tens of thousands, and it may be imagined that the Esqul- maux who kill the animals get an extreme- ly small price for the pelts, which are sold at so low a figure after being cured and mede up into rugs. The secret of it les in a scheme by which the wolves are induced to destroy each other wholesale. The method is very simple. The Esquimau takes a thin blade of flint, chipped so as tc be sharp as a razor along the edges. This he fastens securely to the end of a wooden stake and drives the latter deep into the ice, so that the filnt blade’ projects above. Then he binds a chunk of seal blubber around the flint blade with a string of sinew, thus concealing the sharpened in- strument within. By and by along comes a big gray wolf. He is hungry, as wolves al- ways are. His nose is supernaturally keen, and he has scented the dainty morsel of blubber from afar. Eagerly he begins to lick the fat, which is frozen hard. This process melts the blubber a little and it tastes delicious. After a short time his tongue comes into contact with the keen edge of the flint and is cut. The blood flows. Ah! The flavor makes him wild, for he does not know that it is his own blood! By this time other wolves have arrived at the spot. These animals travel in packs, because only thus can they assail the rein- deer and other large beasts with success. ‘They likewise Ick the blubber, cut their tongues on the flint and taste the flavor of blood. It maddens them, and in a few min- utes the stake driven into the ice is the dogs. They attack each other and fight to the death. It is a fearful spectacle. They go on fighting until all are dead or desper- ately wounded. Some hours later the Es- quimau appears on the scene again and surveys it with satisfaction. The ice around the fiint-headed stake is reddened with blood. All about are scattered the bodies of dead wolves. The ingenious hun- ter calmly proceeds to skin his four-footed victims and carries the pelts away on his sled. This process of destruction is uni- versally practiced by the Alaskan natives, and !s manyfold more efficacious than any ordinary method of hunting could be. A party of hunters can set out in even a brief northern day an infinite number of these awful battle-stakes, and the next day, and the next, and the next will not suflice for them to gather up the wolf skins which are the harvest of that stupendous siaughter. The Alaskan plan of wolf hunting has a charm peculiarly attractive to the leisure- loving Esquimau—it reduces the work to a minimum. His only objection to it is that, after the wolf gets himself thoroughly kill- ed, he can’t skin himself and convey his bide to the market town. His system is a more deadly and more wholesale one than that used by the Indians still further south in driving the buffalo out of existence. But the wolves multiply fast enough to meet any demand. That is why wolf-skin robes are cheap. —~-e2—____ THEIR FINAL ADDRESS. Own Their Coffins and Are Registered at the Undertakers’ Rooms. From the San Frarcisco Call. ‘There are at least 200 people walking the streets of San Francisco, in good health and likely to live many years, who have al- ready arranged the details of their fu- nerals. They have selected the coffins in which they will be buried, and paid cash for the same, as well as for the burial plot, hearse, etc. Nearly every undertaker in the city has several contracts of this kind, all of them made by people who are sup- posed to be in rational frames of mind. Age seems to cut no figure, for some of the contracts are signed by men in the prime of life, who are noted for their cheerfulness and good dispositions. They have simply provided for their funerals to assure themselves that they will have de- cent interment. The undertakers think it nothing out of the way, but look upon it as sensible forethought, and according to stories told it has proved so in many cases. Men without families have dropped dead on the street, and had it not been for their arrangements with the undertaker they would have been buried in the potter's field. Some people have made arrangements for the minutest details of their funerals, even to the advertisements in the newspapers. There are a few people who have not been content with selecting their coffins, but have had them sent to their homes. Such cases are rare, however. “Yes, I have a good many contracts of that kind,” said Undertaker Metzler, when speaking of the matter, “and in a great many cases they have proved to be good things. It is a sensible thing for anybody to do who has not a family to look after him when he Is gone. “I have coffins in those cases there,” said he, pointing, “that were contracted for at least six years ago, and paid for at the time. It may be six years or sixteen years before they are wanted, but when the own- ers need them they will be ready, and I will fulfill every part of the contract. It is not so long ago that I fulfilled a contract of this kind after I had had the contract sev- eral years. When the man made it he look- ed ready to die, and no doubt thought he would live only a few months. In this case the casket was a fine one, and he paid cash for it. He also made arrangements for the grave, hearse. carriages, shroud and every little detall. He left letters saying that I would be his undertaker, and, of course, I was notified at once, and did all I agreed t “But there are cases where I have to find out about the person’s death myseif. I al- ways keep watch of those events, of course, and as soon as Ifknow of a case I have been paid for, I go at once and attend to it. In more than one case I came as a surprise to poor relatives, who were almost crazy wondering how they were going to bury their dead. All kinds of people make these contracts—rich and poor, sick and well. Some think that they are going to die soon, and some are preparing for a thing a long way off. Sometimes both are right, and sometimes just the reverse happens. You cannot tell anything about it. If a man is going to die on a certnin day he is going to die, and if he isn’t, why, he won't. That, I think, ts the reason that many people want to be prepared for death when it does come.” — ee “SPORT OF KINGS.” It Requires Money, and a Lot of It, to Maintain a Modern Racing Stable. From the New York Herald. A quartet of well-known horsemen and one plain civilian were breakfasting in Delmonico’s the other morning, and the subject of their conversation was, quite naturally, the business in which the four first alluded to are all engaged. They were talking of the inconsistent running of a number of high-grade racers this season, and of the subsequent inability of the most careful watchers of horseflesh to select winners to a satisfactory extent. All four of the gentlemen had recounted in- stances showing that the life of the horse backer is not a happy one this season, when David Gideon, the breeder and owner of many of the most noted racers on the turf, quietly observed: “Suppose, in addition to being unable to do anything in the betting ring, you had a stableful of sick horses, costing you $1,250 month to support. How would you feel about that?” . “Whew!” whistled the only outsider pres: ent, “is a racing stable as costly as that Mr. Gideon replied that his bills ran to the figures quoted with a regularity that war considerably more clocklike than pleasant at a time when he could not bring any of his,thoroughbreds to the post in good condition. Sirce that morning he hes succeeded in winning two or three races, and his stable is in improving shape. But up to that time he had been paying out his money with an unperturbed exterior, but with no visible chance of getting any of it back through the same channel. Investigation of the inner workings of the great racing stables reveals some inter- esting things. Among other points made evident is the fact that behind the glitter and gallant show of the track when the races are on there is a vast amount of out- lay and hard work and unfiagging atten- tion to small details. The most costly item in a first-class rac- ing stable is the trainer. Men who have achieved celebrity in this field of occupa- tion command very large salaries. The condition is a just one, in view of the re- sponsibility that rests upon the trainer from the moment the immature racer comes into his hands until the season is over. He must form a close and watchful acquaintance with every animal in the was awarded First Prize: SSS SESSOSE SES COSSOCSO “Hahn’s School Shoes “Are preferable to any others.” ° In our recent Prize Competition the following article ° & CO."S Reliable SHOE HOUSES, eo 1914 and 1916 Pa. ave. be —o 930 and 932 7th st. | 233 Pu. ave All are served and welcomed alike following the precepts of their business’ and giving value for stores of their kind in Washington. by Ung them cheaper. some and durable Shoe, — made at less prices than ans ‘Therefore, “HAH they have’ beaut, the reach of all. ‘of “HAHN preferable to any others. BSSOOOSGHHHHSHH HHH HS OHSOSHHNHS @ Child’s— Every Washingtonian is familiar with sbove sign, as it has almost a national reputation for reliability and honest dealing with ‘rich and poor, high and lowly. wioyers, by e received, makes “HAHN'S by shrewd foresight in buying and owning their property, thus saving enor- mous rents, and being able to buy Shoes in the largest quantities, — therefure get- Consequently, WE, — the people, — profit, thereby in being able to buy a mo the best wear and weather-resisting materials, ‘other store in the city. SCHOOL SHOES” must be preferabl , durability and wearing qualities combined, For the same reasons, as are indicated in above article, all experienced shoe buyers of Washington consider all of S SHOES,” either Men’s, Women’s or Children’s, Tomorrow's shoe buying crowds at all our three stores are the best evidence of the great values we are offering, and here are a few of our most attractive FALL SPECIALTIES: Ladies’— ~ lemanly and experienced clerks, who, strict and xt attention to their today the largest hand- to other Shoes, — beca at a price within OLOGSOSOE OHNO 99OHOCOSSSDO 3), ee B6e@ EA Men’s— Boots for _ EG and Bal! r— y Dress or @ the only kinds Overgaiter the = indorsed by most Best in Town Variety in @ Dancing Teachers. for price. 2 BRC. | Wastington. = ane feel ea mt Ree | Substanti: Our “Dandy Shapely Shoes for Girls or sinall Boys... “Dandy” Shoes | EG for Boys or Girls are the @ Oil Grain Shoes j with Wire-quilted Best Viel Kid. Swles—for Boys Seca ising) @ pak ape with Good Leather on Shoes. and Invisible @ Pwo or wear D150 Wn Sie... $2.50 @ i) 1914 AND 191¢ PENNA. AVE. @ 2 Laced and Button— uine Box Calf and Fine Viel Kid Laced and Button— 12 kinds in # sisies at..... 92.00 Hand-sewed Welt WM. HAHN & COS . RELIABLE SHOE HOUSES, 930 and 932 7th St. © > Kid '.. S125, Cork-sule Lac or Gaiters. (it) GOING FAST! We are thrusting the knife deeper into the W. D. Clark & Co. Neither former price or cast is being considered. Any price to Tomorrow we shall sacrifice the Men's and Wom chiefs and Umbrellas. An opportunity to secure the "s Hosi , Underwear, argain of your life: Hosiery. = Ladies’ Colored Silk Hosiery. z Were Bic. Now----.--s--0, 2QCe Ladies’ Black Cotton Hose, lace ‘ankles. Were 0c. Now...... ZQOC. Ladies’ Oxford Gray Hosiery. Were 40c. Now...... * 25¢. Ladies’ Balbriggan Hosiery. Were 25c. | Now. 1 13c. Ladies’ Tan Cotton Hortery. ‘Were 2c. Now.. : oc. Broken sizes of Chillren's Black 9 4¢ Ribbed Hose. Were 25¢. Now TAC. Broken sizes Children’s 38¢. Rib- bed Hosiery. Now . 27¢C. ‘The brozen sizes Children's 48c. Black Hoslery have been cut to ‘The 5c. Children’s Hoslery has 35¢. been Gat WOSc-b-s cone breecee 39Cc. Sa aac. mes ee Tan Cotton Socks ae 19¢. ee 2 Tan Cotton Socks 2 17¢. ae 23 Tan Cotton Socks me I5c. Underwear. The following are broken lots: SS Ladies’ $1 Itibbed Merino ers are pow... Ribbed Merino Draw- are now.. Ladies’ $1.50 Bh 59c. ‘Tights are now. q5C- Ladies’ $1.50 Black Wool Vests are but - $1 Draw- 7sc. & Equestrian Ladies’ $1 White Wool Vests are but ‘* 69C. Ladi $1 Ribbed Combination Suits are but... ay ’ BOc. Merino Vests and Panis are but 75¢- 38c. ih CLARK , must know’ the character, the eer the temper, the speed, the endur- ance, the capacity for work and every cir- cumstance about each individual horse. There are trainers for American horse owrers who receive as much as $15,000 a year, in addition to 10 per cent of all the purses and stakes won by the stables they are connected with. Of course, there are not many such salaries on the turf. But there are not many men of wide renown in this branch of American sport. Of $10,- 000 salaries paid to trainers there are, how- ever, a quite considerable number, and from that point down to $5,000 a year (at which price a more than merely respecta- ple trainer may be secured) the scale is rapid. There are some owners who train their own horses and others who loth train and ride for themselves, thus reduc- ing the cost to a minimum, with only grooms, stable boys and feed bills to pay. But these men are in the business for rev: enue only, and not because they have auy deep yearning for “the sport of kings.” They desire to win races. not for the glory of the thing, but for the purses, stakes ard the amounts that represent them in the betting ring. After the trainer there are the grooms and boys, who complete the pay roll. In all stables of ordinary dimensions there should be one groom and one boy to each horse. In larger stables one set of men work two sets of horses. The grooms ordinarily receive $30 a month as wages, and are allowed $20 more for their board. The stable boys each command $25 a month and their “keeps.” : “The feed and bedding doesn’t amount to much,” seid a stable owner at Sheeps- head Bay on Saturday. “People talk about the amount of oats consumed and about horses ‘eating their heads off,” as though the {tem of food was something to dodge. It doesn’t cost over 30 cents a day to feed a horse, no matter what a glutton he may be. The real expense is in the peosle to be hired. The best men in the market are none too good, while the ordinary or care- less ones are dangerous to the owner's in- terest, and therefore practically worthless. I should regard an expenditure of $3 a day for each of ths horses in a racing stable of medium siz2 as being a pretty fair aver- age. Of courze, the more extensive your stable the smaller the expense of each horse, since the additional help you must employ is of the least costly kind, while Men's $1.50 Natural Wool Shirts and Drawers are but. Men's $1.50 White Wool Draw- ers are bow but.. aos Handkerchiefs, Ladies’ 25c. Black Embroide Handkerchiefs are but. Ladies’ 1214¢, Embroidered Edge are Initialed ~ Handkerchiefs but Colored Hantkerchicts ere batt Ladies’ 50c. Fine Embroidered All-linen andkerchiefs are but. Ladies’ 75c. Fine Embroidered All-linen Handkerchiefs are but Ladies’ $1 Fine Embroidered Aul- linen Handkerchiefs are but.. Z5C. Ladiew’ $1.25, Fine | Atltinen nitroidered. Ha chiefs are iy dereaer a ze. All-inen Fine Em- Handkerchiefs are 8 10c, White and Color- a Ta Umbrellas. H 26-in. $2.50 Silk Umbrellas. $1.50 = 26-in. $2.98 Silk Umbrellas .$2.00 © i Umbrellas .$3.00 H Umbrellas.$1.75 5 Silk Umbrellas. $2.00 © 26-in. Silk Umbrellas .$3.50 7 28-in, Silk Umbrellas Silk 28-in. Silk Umbrellas.$3.00 & CO.., W. D. Clark & Co., | 28-in, $6.98 Silk Umbrell $3.98? Successors to the more horses your trainer has in hand the less the amount to be charged up to ‘th of them on his account. At this rate of figuring a string of twen- ty horses, properly handled in a thorough- ly first-class manner, would cost $1,800 @ month throughout the racing season. These figures are supposed to cover jock- |eys’ fees and all other items in any way connected with the conduct of a high-rate stable. There is a scale of fees for the services of jockeys, but it is not at all rigs idly adhered to. ‘The track rules prcvite for a certain sum whcn the jockey has winning mount, and a smaller one when hig. horse loses. But it 1s customary in ordinary races to pay a good jockey $50 for. riding, win or lose. {If the tace to be ridden is of great im- 01 asked, “does the jockey re- celve anything in addition to his regular ‘Oh, yes, the best-known riders are al- ways in demand at fancy prices. For inStance, if any horse of mine should hap- pen to win the Futurity I would certainly Present the jockey with e Een 5 y not less than Rather tidy pay for a few minutes’ work! ———+e+ Waiting Events Before Le s- From the Paper Mill, Last week an owner of real estate in « town close by New York applied for a loan of a few hunderd dollars to a very wealthy capitalist, much of whose money is invested in bonds and mortgages. This capit it has several sons and daughters, each of whom Sms “married into money,” as the saying goes, and, in so far as business is concerned, the combined fortunes of e entire family, amounting to nearly $40,000,- 000, are handled as a unit. The answer to the applicant for a loan was to this effect: “We are not loaning a dollar now; nor can we. If Bryan should be elected, we shall need every dollar of cash that we have to protect our own properties. But if McKin- ley is elected, you shall have the money on the day after election.” This capitalist ex- pressed the opinion that McKinley’s elec- tion was a foregone conclusion, but de- clined to relax his precautions until that conclusion was actually reached. Banks will not discount commerical paper for rea- sons similar to those which governed the action of the capitalist mentioned.