Evening Star Newspaper, October 1, 1895, Page 10

THE EVENING STAR, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1895-SIXTEEN PAGES. IOWA AND ITS RULERS Three Foreign States Have Claimed Juris diction. Spain, France and England in Suc- cession Have Ruled It—Its Admis- sion Into the Union. From the Des Moines (Iowa) Leader. At various times this state has been ruled by the monarchs of Spain, France and Eng- land; that is, they have ruled it to the ex- tent of giving !t away to various people whom they didn’t dislike enough to behead. The state of Iowa has been passed around lke a municipal franchise among people who didn’t appreciate it, and at last had to de- velop itself without any foreign aid. Capt. Frank BE. Landers, secretary of the state executive council, is the author of a little work that has much merit as a graphic exposition of some of the most interesting figures in connection with the history of the stete. It consists of a book of maps, show- ing the development of the territory that Is now the state of Iowa, from the dawn of the history of the western world. Thére are, in all, about 150 maps, carefully drawn with the pen, showing the state at each period when some legislative or other change was made to mark a period or a development in its history. They show, first, the develop- ments of the territory and state, and, after- ward, the changes from time to time in the congressional, legislative and judicial dis- tricts; also the organization of the counties and their changes in name. On the margin of each map are notes indicating the changes and explaining the legisiative cr other en- actments by which they were brought about. The first alleged owner of the state of Iowa was Spain, which claimed everything in the world for a while, by virtue of the ac- cidental discoveries of Columbus, who never knew he had found a new continent. Then John Cabot came along and discovered Lah- rador, and England claimed everything in sight or out of sight on this account. Capt. Landers, presumably being of En- glish extraction, doesn’t pay any attention to the other claims, and begins with that of England, His first map is a simple outline of the state, marked “Plymouth territory.” The marginal notes explain that It was part of the territory granted to the Plymouth Company in 1620 by James I of England. The grant comprised the territory between the 40th and 48th degrees of north latitude, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Little Early for Railroads. The Plymouth Company concluded not to build any railrcads west that year, and the next map shows the state divided into three zones, by east and west lines. The south and north zones still belong to the Plymouth Company; the middle one to the Massachusetts Bay Company. The next map shows the south zone own- ed by Lords Say, Seal and Brooke, by vir- tue of another grant from the King of England, who, whatever faults he may have had, was a good fellow about his land, and gave it away freely. After this there is a map which shows that the south part of the state belonged to the province of Virginia. The next change is shown by the map for 1652, which gives the whole north half of the state to Massachusetts. This grant in- cluded the site of what has since become famous es Sioux City. On the whole, it would have been cheaper if Massachusetts haé held .on while she-had it, instead of waiting 250 years and then lending all its money on Sioux City fown lots, and taking the place under foreclosure. The same map. which gave Massachu- setts the north half of the state names Connecticut as the owner of the next strip south. The Connecticut people had at that time just set themselves up in business, and for some time they held on to the strip, for even at that time it was known that Iowa had the most fertile soil on earth. It was about this time that the French began to claim rights in this territory. They doubted the rixht of King James and his successors to give away a lot of ground that they had never seen, and that may be was not there at all. So they sent over a man named La Salle III. to find out if there was such a country. He found it, and advised his king, Louis XIV., to go to giving it away, too, just by way of mani- festing an interest in it and establishing a claim. For in the peculiar system of gen- erosity which kings and potentates affect, the giving away of a thing gives them @ peculiar and inalienable rizht to it. So Louis gave the entire Mississippi Valley to Anthony Cruzart. Mr. Cruzart, however, was infatuated with the effete and luxu- rious life of Paris, and in a short time he ceded the country back to the king, who gave it away again, this time to the west- ern company. This company was as unappreciative as its predecessor, and, after raising corn and potatces in its mind’s eye for three years, got discouraged, and ceded the whole back to the king. Part of Louisiana, After awhile, along in the latter part of the eighteenth century, France ceded a large part of the western hemisphere to England, including all that section west of the Mississippi river. But the next time the thing appears the entire state of Iowa is named “Province of Louisiana,” having been receded to Frarce. Finally, in 1903, the United States bought from France the Prov- ince of Louisiana, and Iowa for the first time became a part of the United States. ‘The next map shows the state labeled “District of Louisiana.” A district was a sort of overgrown county in those days, and the district of Eouisiana was under the con- trol of the governor and the judges of In- diana territory. After this the territory of Louisiana was established. It was ruled by @ governor and three judges, appointed by the President—that is, it was nominally rul- ed in this way. As a matter of fact, the three Judges, the governor and the President at that time supposed there was nothing here except a section of the Great American Des- ert. They regarded it probably as somewhat lesa valuable than the territory of Alaska is now esteemed. ‘The next map, dated 1812, shows the state marked “Territory of Missouri.” It was part of one of the territories carved out of the Louisiana purchase. After awhile, when Missouri was made a state, the name, which was about the only thing to indicate that it had any connection with civilization, was changed to “Territory of Michigan,” and Towa was for awhile a dependency of Michi- an, which was then about one-third as large as the whole of Europe. At this time appears the first subdivision of the state. The Blackhawk Indian boundary, about forty miles west of the Mississippi, and ractically parallel to it, marked the terri- ory, which was then open to white settle- ment. The county of Dubuque included most of the eastern end of the state. The other county included the southeast corner of the state, and was named Domine. The import- ed style of spelling had not at that time been adopted; the people of the section were poor, and they managed, by hook or crook, to struggle along with the domestic article of spelling of a-French name. There is no more pleasing evidence of the early devel- opment of culture in the great west than the fact that at an early date the people of Iowa discovered that their homespun sys- tem of spelling was too old fashioned, and adopted the Parisian article. But for their forethought the capital of Iowa might be an ordinary place Instead of a French city. Joined to Wisconsin. ‘The next thing that happened to the state of Iowa was its annexation to Wisconsin. Michigan had got admitted to the Union. The territory of Wisconsin was organized out of the battered remuants, and the pres- ent state of lowa became a part of it. Sev- eral more counties were cut out of the eastern part of the state, but all except a fringe along the Mississippi was still wil- derness, ana a man who wandered out of sight of the father of waters after night was liable to leave his scalp as an evidence yf good faith in the hands of some Black- wk Indian. After this the changes are rapid. New counties were organized by each legislature. 38 the name of Iowa was adopted for the first tim and appears on the map of thisdlate. It was then “Territory of Iowa.” The name “State of Iowa” adorns the 1816 map. A line drawn from the northeast to the southwest corner of the state on this Map will just about cut off the organized m the uncrganized part of the state East and south of this line the counties Were about as now; north and west Pottawattcmie and Winnebazo Were still in control, and no c been organized. On the 1851 map appears for time the list of counties is. t is now Lyon was then ¥ Present Calhoun was then Fox, and the Hamilton of today was then Risley. From this time on the development of the state into its present form was rapid; in fact, the internal lines have changed lit- tle. The congressional, judicial and legis- lative districts have charged’ ¢onsiderably from time to time, and all the develop- ments are marked by the maps. At one time there was a curious legislative mistake by which a tier of townships, now belonging to Guthrie county, was left out in the cold, and formed a sort of No Man’s Land for a while. In the reorganization of the boun- daries of the counties these four townships were accidentally cut. off from one county, but not aniexed to another, and during the biennial period from cne legislature to another they had no allegiance to any county. The people could not ‘hold any elections for county officers, and, in fact, had few pleasures left in life. The next legislature annexed them to Guthrie, and they have never rebelled against its rule. ——— THE GROWTH OF VESUVIUS. The Top is Higher and Its Form Has , Changed. From the Chicago Record. - Recent dispatches telling of the streams of lava at Vesuvius will cause no surprise to any one who has visited the volcano within the last three months. It has been steadily puffing and spouting during thai time, heaving out' showers of molten lava and glowing by night until the clords of vapor above it took on the appearance of rolling flames. Two days before the recent outpour from a break in the cune the shell of the old crater trembled from the work- ing of the lava underneath, and the pe- culiar sounds of hissing and growling which accompanied each small eruption could be heard two miles away. Vesuvius is 150 feet higher than it was six months ago. The corstant showers of porous lava have filled in one side of the old hollow crater and have built up the new cone, which, from its bold outlines, has greatly changed the appearance of the summit, and is still changing it slightly every day. Formerly the volcano, as seen from Naples, had a rounded top, but now it comes to a wedge point. A year ago vis- itors looked into the hollow of the old and somewhat cooled-off crater. Of late they have gone inside the boundaries of the old crater to get a good look at the new cone, from the summit of which at intervals of a few minutes there is a gust of steam laden with red-hot ashes, which are sent into the air 200 feet or more. Before the steam has drifted away there is another rumble, a sound of watery explosion, and another shower of ashes. Thus, from a dis- tance the daytime, there seems to be a constanf curl of white vapor from the sum- mit, but at night each separate eruption throws up a vivid light, which then fades away to a dull glow. ‘The natives who live on the slope of the mountain said that after the new cone had been built somewhat higher it would fall in of its own weight, and close the present breathing hole. Then the mountain would be like a corked-up bottle. A new vent would have to be made, and in the making of this vent there would be a fierce erup- tion, an overflow of lava, and the forma- tion of a new crater. Apparently the na- tives should be informed, as some of them had ancestors at Pompeii, and many re- member distinctly the Incidents of the fierce eruption of 1872, by which the present crater was formed. —____+e+—_____ COLLECTION OF TAPESTRIES. The Trensures Found in the Resi- dence Here of Mr. Ffoulke. From the Upholsterer. It is a common thing to hear manufac- turers and jobbers claim that a.tapestry or brocade Which they show Is a duplicate of such-and-such an original in such-and-such European collection or art museum, and the intimation ts generally prévalent that the art fabrics of the world are to -be.found only in the museums of great. European capitals or in the hands of the connoisseur. It ts well enough, we think, to call the at- tention of the American trade to one col- lector in this country who would be glad to show his wonderful textile exhibition to any one who Js interested. Charles M. Ffoulke of Washington is a Pennsylvanian by birth, and until twenty-eight years ago was a prominent, prosperous wool mer- chant. He retired from active business, went abroad and devoted himself to art. Especially attracted to art textiles, he be- came more and more absorbed in tapestries, until he gave them his exclusive attention, and gradually became an expert. The literature of a language does not make a fluent tongue, the ability to recog- nize the various schools of paintings and ateliers for the production of tapestries be- ing obtained through object lessons—his- tories of these schools and ateliers de- scribe their characteristics, hence a trained mind greatly alds the eye to distinguish one from the other. There are experts, however, who know little of the literature of tapestries, yet whose practical experi- ence renders their judgment unquestioned. An expert, whether read or unread, can tell not only the nationality of a tapestry. but the atelier and date, dividing the cen- turies into three parts, early, middle and end. The differences between the produc- tions of Paris, Beauvais, Aubusson, Flan- ders, Germany, Italy, Spain, etc., are so distinct as to make it impossible for a con- noisseur not to recognize them. After years of study and travel in Europe Mr. Floulke expended a fortune in the pur- chase of such masterpieces of tapestry as can only be found in a few museums, and in certain famous private galleries of Italy, notably the Barberini palace of Rome. Many of its noblest pleces, presented by Louis XIV to the Barberini family, are now in Mr. Ffoulke’s possession. Some of them hang on the wails of Mr. Ffoulke'’s fine studio in Washington, and are a con- stant delight to his friends. One of the last acts of the lamented architect, Rich- ard M. Hunt, was to visit this gallery with George Vanderbilt when passing through Washington en route to Biltmore, Mr. Van- derbilt’s mountain palace in North Caro- lina. Mr. Hunt's pleasure was only equaled by his surprise at beholding such genuine antiques in the United States. 2 So large is Mr. Ffoulke's collection that it enables him to change his beautiful mural decorations with the change of years and seasons. Nor are his treasures confined to one country. Many still remain in Italy, where they find a home in an old corvent at Florence, leased for the pur- pose. +e+—=—__ Big Money for an Imagination. A little exercise of your imzgination may be worth five hundred dollars in gold to you. Read the particulars in another column_of The Star’s great mystery story, “When the War Was Over,” by Frederick R. Burton. ———— No-Beating About the Bush. From the Chicago Post. “T see, according to recent statistics, that marriages are decreasing rapidly in num- ber,” he said, as he looked at her soulfully. “Are they?” she asked, without much show of interest. “They are, according to this statistician,” he replied. “I think there must be some- thing wrong with the present social condi- tiors, don’t you?” “I don't know. I haven't given it any thought,” she returned. “Of course, it may be the effect of the new woman,” he continued, “but I wouldn't care to say so positively. Still, I think it’s very much to be regretted, don’t you?” “T suppose So. doesn’t seem just right to me. It seems as if the world was sort of going wreng. The population is increasing, but marriages are decreasing. That is a state of affairs that threatens grave danger, and I thirk it is the duty of every true-hearted individual to do what he or she can to change such conditions, don’t you?” She had become interested by this time, ard she straightered up and looked at nim sharply. are you driving at?” she ex- “What are you talking about, hy, I—I—" he stammered. “If you want to propose,” she interrupted, ‘speak up like a man and do it, and don't go beating around the bush and talking about tendencies of humanity and all that, I'm a new woman, with a business training, and I belleve in coming straight to the point. Are you after me?” “Why, I-I—yes. I was just about to—" “Well, then, I'm yours, and the matter is Now, never try any of your fool- again and we'll get along all right. old-fogy, round-about methods are te. I'll name the day after I have ussed the matter with my bloomer- se Usually the Case. om the Detroit Free Press. “Why does Larkins wear such ecks in his clothes?” he hasn't any in the bank.” large GRIZZLY AND SILVER TIP Found in the Oanons of the Rocky and ean Coast Mountains. Of Tremendous Size and Strength— TLree Distinct Types in Califor- mia—A Swede's Fight. California Correspondence of the N. ¥. Times. The grizzly bears found all through the canons of the Rocky and Coast mountains and spurs of the Sierra Nevada range sel- Gom descend from lofty. altitudes, where they manage year in and year out to cke out a subsistence near the perpetual snow line. An old and experienced hunter has said that “any man’s a fool to go in arter bear alone.” The bruins of the east and the bruins of the west are almost totally different animals. The Ursa Majors of the Sierras are monstrous of size, end»wed with ugly dispositions and prodigious strength, and as for grit, they dispute—and very often successfully, too—the sover- eignty- of the mountains and forests with the king of American beasts, the mountain len. Huhters disagree upon the point of how many different species of the bear tribe we have in the southwest. There are at least three distinct types of the family in Cali- fornia and Lower California—namely, the grizzly, brown and black bear. Besides these there are also gray bears, cinnamon bears and the Sierra grayback. The ever, seen now as far north as the fort fifth parallel and as far east as the main divide; the cinnamon ts simply a cross be- tween the brown and black bears, and the mighty silver up is neither more nor less than a mongrel of the brown and grizzly, partaking strongly of the natures of the two, but particularly of the latter. All the members of the species intermarry, and the silver tip is the king of the family. This big fellow, springing from the griz- zly and the brown, combines all the fe- rocity and tough strength of the ‘former with the agility and stubbornness of the latter, each distinctive trait being more prominent in him and possessed to a greater degree than by the very animals from whom he borrows them. The silver tip is unquestionably the ruler of the fam- fly by reason of his greater size and tel- ligerent disposition. Lewis and Clarke, in their narrative of their journey to the Pa- cifie coast nearly a hundred years ago, speak of meeting not only brown and black Sears, but also numerous white bears, that made it perilous traveling at times for va- rious members of that bold pioneer party. In High Altitudes. The wocds of Oregon and Washington are overrun with black bears, and there are hundreds of them in California, especially in Lower California, and among the San Diego and San Bernardino mountains. The largest black fellow the writer ever saw was in the mountains near Mount Hamil- ten, where the Lick observatory is now sit- uated. The black bears of this coast, as well as the cinnamon, as a rule inhabit low places, such as creek and river bottoms, willow marshes and timbered spots, but grizzlies and silver tips stick to high alti- tudes, from which even hunger seldom drives them. Grizzlies are generally credit- ed with highly cultivated appetites for carnivorous focd. Campfire stories tell of the bloodthirsty diet these monsters hahitually thrive upon, but were all the blood-curdling yarns aired around the cheerful blaze carefully sifted down for facts it is to be feared that fully 90 per cent of the grizzly stories would turn out to be fiction. A grizzly is not carnivor- ous from choice. He seldom descends from his mountain home to the creeks and rivers in search of wild plums and chokeberries (the favorite diet of brown, cinnamon and black bears), but prefers to remain aloft and feast upon the stores laid up for win- ter use by his industrious neighbors, the gophers and mountain squirrels. Pine nuts aro plentiful high up, and then the grubs and worms found beneath old stones and moss-grown boulders are good enough for King Bruin while they last. When the put, berry and plum supply runs short none of the family hesitates to fall back upon a diet of vo-k, beef, mutton or veni- son. A recent report from Highlonds, in the neighborhood of Arrow Creek and Mount Grayback, says that more bears have been seen this year than for ten years past, and that a number of cattle have been killed by them of late. A few months ago, at Mul- lery’s ranch, near Hemet, a big silver tip came down out of the mountains one night, invaded the hog pasture of that industrious ranchman,and in a very short time laid out no less than thirty fine porkers. The hogs squealed, made a great fuss, of course, and as long as there was a show of resistance the bear never stopped boxing their ears. One blow of his mighty paw was enough to kill a hog, and there is no telling where he would have stopped had he not been interrupted in his pleasant pastime. It Was a Big Fellow. The grayback of the Rockies is rather a different brute from his cousin of the Adi- rondacks and the Pennsylvania hills. Per- haps the eastern members of -his interest- ing family never weigh more than 400 or 500 pounds, but out this way nany of the grizzlies and silver tips caught have touch- ed the beam at 1,000 and 1,200 pounds, and even more. Phil.p Sulzer, a ranchman living in Lytle canon, a short distance from here, is said to have shot one of the largest graybacks ever seen in the west. The hide was some- thing tremendcus. The beast having been k.lled late in the fall, at a time when he was plentifully supplied with year’s grease,” it would not te wide of the mar to estimate his weight when alive at 1,000 pounds. Certainly the enormous hide justi- fled these figures, and the claws and head Preserved would justly entitle him to the credit of being the father of the family. ~* As a proot of the wisdom of the old hunter's warning about “going in arter bear alone,” the following narrative will best illustrate its truthfulness: A party of gold hunters started out from San Bernardino some years ago to prospect the country to the north and west of that mining camp. The men in the party were old-timers, vith one or two exceptions, and among the jat- ter was a Swede, full of grit, who stood nearly seven feet in his stockings. The Swede, however, whose family name was Franck, was by no means a tenderfoot, having dwelt some time in the Acton min- ing camps, and boasted that “he had killed b’ar in his day,” and was afraid of “no four-footed critter that roamed the moun- tains.” ‘The party of twelve were climbing a steep mountain, darkness was coming on, and of ,a supperless night were in i en “the seven-foot Scandinavian volunteered to push on ahead in the hope of securing on elk, deer, or mountain sheep. The foreigner was a good shot with rifle, and bis immense strength and p ful physique rendcred it extremely improb- able that he would find his match in the timber ahead. The hunter disappeared, and the cthers toiled on behind, climbing the steep ascent, weary and footsore. At one place the road wound around a steep preci- pice, the sheer descent of the cut basaltic walls on the left being something like a thousand feet sr beiow the tops of giart pines could be discerned, but in the awful depth they appeared like stunted shrubs and bushes. Near the summit and to the right the free land broadened or widened out, and this was covered with a dense growth of willows and stunted pines, from which proceeded the most awful grumblings and howls imaginable. A Wicked Blow. Just as the party appeared on the top all at once out from the stubble came retreat- ing the big Swede, followed by an enor- mous silver tip who was driving him slow- ly backward toward the edge of the preci- pice. The man was bleeding badly, nearly all of one side of his face being torn away, the result of a wicked blow from the huge paw of the vicious monster. The bear, on the other hand, was quite as badly wound- ed as his antagonist. His head was a mass of gore, the lower jaw was simply hanging by a few shreds, and one of his hind legs was broken. The Swede was backing slow- ly, holding in his right hand a large hunt- ing knife, which every second he would plunge to the hilt in the shoulder of his shaggy foe. At one thrust of the Swede the bear caught him fairly with a return whack of his monstrous paw that must have broken the man’s arm, for he quickly transferred the blade to his teft hand, and gave back blow for blow as best he could. The end came so suddenly that the horror- stricken comrades of the doomed man could render no possible assistance. Even had true gray Is seldom, if | they started on a run, they could not-have reached their friend in time, and to risk a shot with.a rifle would. pave been just as dang.rous to the Swedg,as to the bear. Step by step the man Was forced pack, until he hung almost ‘fipéh the edge of the precipice, 29 4s There seemed no hopg for him unless he could assume the aggressive in turn, and this could not be done,@&s the man was doing his utmost, and@Suill the silver tip was getting the better Gf the fight. All at once the desperate anim} raised his huge paw and brought it down with a terrific force upon the head'#f the man. The scalp was torn away’Sy this last stroke and the poor fellow wa Bfinded by his own blood. Again the bear st#ack him and the Swede tottered on the brink, with nothing in reach to'lay his hapdi on by which he might save himself. “Eyidently with the desperation of death Fi ing him in the face Franck did the otily ‘thing possible un- der the circumstances’ AS he was sway- ing backward and reafy' to go over he threw from him the useless knife, and, in despair of all hove, madly. clutched the beast around the neck." A Frightful Fail. The force of the last onslaught carried the animal too far, for the next moment both silver tip and the man, in that awful embrace of death, went rolling over the frightful precipice together and were dash- ed into an unrecognizable mass on the rocks and pines hundreds of feet below. Franck’s rifle was found in a bunch of quaking aspens, broken ‘short off at the stock. There were no cartridges In. the chamber, which proved that the seven- footer had certainly exhausted his mage- zine before drawing his knife, and that after he had shot all his shells the silver tip had insisted upon fighting at close quar- ters, which accounted for the broken stock and verified the probability of the man’s using his gun as a club when the madden-- ed beast rushed upon him. It was late in the fall when the encounter occurrea, prob- ably at a time when the monster was heav- ily equipped with fat, ana, of course, tne tong, keen knife would have “to pass through a thick layer of biubber before encountering a vital part. e+ THE GENERAL'S SURPRISE. An Incident in Camp Life Under Gen. Abercrombie, Near Alexandria. The word may be of recent origin, but the dude has flourished, lo, these many years, and The Star writer has in mind at this moment one who was a musician in a large band attached to a camp near Alex- andria in the fall of 1863, and played the slide trombone. His clothing was kept with scrupulous care, his shoes always had @ patent leather gloss, and when Charley brought the mouth-piece of his horn up under his well-waxed black mustache, while the band was out on one of its fre- quent serenading expeditions, no girl's heart was safe If she was within range of one of his languishing smiles. Consequently, Charley made many acquaintances among the female residents of that vicinity, and his visiting list was quite large. Gen. Abercrombie was in command of the forces in that neighborhood at the time. ‘The writer was one of four who oceupied @ large hospital tent, with four double berths at the far end, and’qur handsome, well-dressed trombone player was another of the party. Charley's soctal duties took him into Alexandria two of! three times a week, leaving the camp, about 7 in. the evening and returning quite late—along in the wee sma’ hours. ‘Wei three, who were ignored in these little*soctal arrangenfénts, were a trifle sore and Jealous over the preference shown ouf dufish tentmate by the fair damsels in the neighborhood, but we couldn't help ourseive#: he continued to capture them right Mong! Then we com- menced to complain becattse he disturbed our rest by coming ff long after midnight on the nights he madé fis trips into the city, and suggested that’'a good wry’ to keep peace in the family-was to take us with him occasionally of hi» excursions. sir—“two igneompany, three is a seemed io be his rule, and he stuck to it. , One night While he “was absent we schemed out a! surpi#ise for him. Rolling up three army blankets in a’ pretty com- pact ball, we tied it, tightly with cords; then we tied a rope to the, center of the ridge-pole, letting the end drop to about two feet from the flgor, tying the ball of blankets to the lowét ‘end. cord to the bundle, one of the on the top bunk, at the bac and pulled the roll up to him. Then, letting go suddenly, the roll of blankets would swing the length of the tent, gathering momen- tum in its flight, until it reached the door- end, way, or about breast-high, with force enough to knock down an ox. Then the surprise party was ready for Charley, and we awaited his footsteps on the narrow, home-made board sidewalk that led down through the band quarters. It was long past midnight when he got back, but we ‘were all wide awake, and ready to give him a reception. As he came in the door, and hesitated an instant to strike a match, we let loose a Comanhe yell and the bundle of blankets at the same time, and, while one almost deafened him, the other took him full in the breast, knocking him clean across the sidewalk, where he sprawled on his back in the grass. He wasn't hurt, but he was ter- ribly frightened, and mad as fury, and he couldn’t discover what hit him. A day or two afterward I got a pass from the adjutant general for myself and two tentmates to visit Washington for twenty- tour hours, but for some reason we didn't go, and that night Charley had another engagement in town; but before leaving camp he threatened us with dire disaster if we attempted any more funny business with him. “I'll go right to Gen. Aber- crombie and report you,” declared the trombonist, and we promised to be good. But the first experiment was such a grand success that we couldn't resist the tempta- tion to repeat it, and before the victim had been gone an hour we again had our “bat- tering ram” in position for action. The moon was shining brightly off to the south, leaving the front of our tent ard narrow sidewalk in a deep shadow, but beyond the walk it was bright as day. As | the general had lectured the leader of the band severely several times for allowing his men to make 50 much noise after 78 are sup- posed to be in their “beds”—we had con- cluded to omit the Comanche attachment on that night, and let Charley receive the second degree in silence. Tho weather was quite warm, and we had left the door wide open, and about midnight we neard the measured tread of his footsteps on the boardwalk, pacing quite slowly, we thought. “Maybe he got the cold shoulder down town tonight,” whispered one of ths boys, and then we all smiled as we thought of the warm, cheerful reception awaiting him at the door. He reached the front of the tent, and faced the dark, open doorway; paused an instant, as though a little suspicious of what might be beyond, then stepped cau- tlously upon the threshold, and— “Bir! Up to this point we had just strained our- selves with laughing over the climax that was coming,’ until our sides ached; and we did well to get in our laugh at that time, for realization didn't justify the an- icipation worth a cent. As he took his involuntary leap over the sidewalk and stretched at full length in the grass on his back, the bright moonlight gave us an excellent view of his face+Gen. Aberzrom- bie! (Excuse these tears.) The next day Col./Crawford, the adju- tant general, made some quiet inquiries among the band meg as.to who occupied that tent on the night before, but the in- formation he recelved didn’t se2m_ to throw much light upon the dark secret he was trying to open up; for there was evi- dence In his own office that myself and two tentmates had a twenty-four hours’ pass to Washington, and Charley swore he was in Alexandria until long after midnight, so the investigation was dropped. —_<_+— A Mental Stimulus. The first installment of the great mys- tery story, “When the War Was Over,” by Frederick R. Burton, will be publishod next Monday. Five hundred dollars in gold for tha first correct solution. Particulars in another column Thistics. From the Ram's Horn. . People who blow their own horns make poor music for other folks. ‘The devil never feels ashamed of himself in the company of a stingy man. Put a pig in a parlor, and its first ques- "t do witl ‘The man who can learn from his own mistakes can always be learning some- thang. MINIATURE REPUBLICS Seven Examp!es of Successful Popular Self Government, Size is Not Essential to 2 Safe and In- dependent Autonomy—The Ree- ord of History. From the New York Mall and Express. The permanence of republican institu- tions in Hawaii has been doubted by many prophets, who hinted that the new com- monwealth would experience difficulty in maintaining its independence. Did these predicters ever consider how many other republics, much-smaller in sizg and in pop- ulation, several of them, too, without the advantage of insular position, had stood the test of time and preserved their auton- omy in spite‘of the jealousies of their pow- erful neighbors? The following account of the little republics of the world will show that the promoters of the Hawailan com- mor.wealth had plenty of precedent to en- courage their faith in the future: There is Pitcairn Island; itself, like Ha- wali, situated in the Pacific ocean, immeas- urably inferior to President Dole’s district in area, population and every other impor- tant respect, which has long remained in the pecullar position of being independent and free from interference without ever having had its national existence formally recoznized. Its first settlers, from whom the present inhabitants are exclusively descended, were the mutinous crew of an English man-of-war, Bounty, famous in story. Lying in the southern seas, in the region of the Australasian continent, is the island of Franceville. One of the New Hebrides, it is not far from New Caledonia. In area. eighty odd miles, it is mainly occupied by about 500 natives, the white inhabitants being less than half a hundred. France, which originally had control of this place, gave it, In 1879, a charter of independence, promising that no other power should he Permitted to interfere with it. The people elect a president, who governs with the aid of an advisory council of eight mem- bers. The president, in addition to his administrative functions, exercises judictal powers, and there is no appeal from his decisions. Although no office can be held by colored citizens, universal suffrage pre- vails, without distinction of sex or color. The chief trade of the island is with France, and is sufficiently good to afford a living for all, pauperism being unknown. Just now the president is an American, R. D. Polk. The Smallest Republic. To Europe, however, we must look for the smallest of all self-governing peoples. Some dozen miles from the Sardinian coast to the northeast, the long, narrow island of Tavolara rises from the sea. Five miles long, and about half a mile wide, its soil 1s cultivated by the natives only to a lim- ited extent, fishing being the staple indus- try. Tavolara’s census shows a population of but fifty or sixty sculs, a miniature re- public, indeed. Nearly sixty years ago the then King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, gave the island to the Bartoleon! family, who, in the person of King Paul I, reigned su- preme as a royal house until 1882. This ruler died under peculiar circumstances. A sufferer from heart disease, he sat down to write his will and was found dead in his arm-chair a few hours later. The will itself was a unique document, for King Paul, instead of devising legacies, had simply requested that the island kingdom be surrendered by the Bartoleoni family to the people, who were to form a republic. Respect was shown to the prayer of the dead monarch, and four years after his de- mise, March 27, 1886, the republic of Tavolara was born. The hardy Latin fish- ermen got together and formed a constitu- tion. Under it a president was elected to hold office for six years and to serve with- out pay. The president was to share the cares of office with a council of six, who, like him, should receive no remuneration. One year later King Humbert of Italy of: ficially acknowledged the independence of the ittle republic. While Tavolara is the smallest republican community in the world (posing as a na- tion) it is actually larger in physical area than the republic of Goust, which, however, has twice the population of the former. Almost two hundred and fifty years have seen the autonomy of Goust undisturbed, while Invasion, conquest and absorption of weaker countries by the etronger have been gcing on all over the world. Somewhat more than a mile in area, located on a mountain summit in the chain of the Lower Pyrenees, the little republic dates from 1648. The joint recognition by France and Spain of its independence renders it as much a nation as Switzerland. - There is no president, but a council of twelve adminis- ters the government by appointing from ameng its own members a chief deputy with special powers. Good Deal of a Pooh-Bah. This deputy seems to be a good deal of a Pooh-Bah iff his way, for he assesses the taxes and collects them, presides as a ju- dicial functionary and acts in a variety of other capacities. Paramount to him, how- ever, is the Spanish bishop of Laruns, a neighboring prelate, selected by the people as arbiter, who, with the chief deputy and the remaining eleven members of the council, form the entire list of public func- tionaries. Probably they are enough in a population of 130! No one is buried within the area of the republic, and, as the. only way in and out is via the giddy mountain pass descending to Laruns on the plains below, dead citizens are conveyed thence for burial by means of an artificial chute constructed on the face Of the mountain. The ceremonies of marriage and christen- ing are also performed et Laruns. In dress and manners this interesting lttle com- munity of democrats are much the same as they were 200 years ago, isolation from the rest af the world naturally conducing to this result. They maintain themselves by weaving a kind of cloth and by raising sheep. They sp2ak a hybrid dialect of French and Spanish. San Marino is a remarkably pretty inde- pendent commonwealth. Its territory, at the eastern foothills of the Apennines, covers an area of thirty-three square miles. This Italian republic hae been such since 1621, but has existed as a separate community since 885. San Marino is, in one respect, like no other place on earth; you cannot print anything there, nor publish anything printed elsewhere. There is a severe law against doing either. No busi- ness may he transacted in San Marino city, markets of all kinds being banished to San Marino di Borgo, which is a few miles dis- tant. San Marino city has a population of about 2,000, who, in their customs and cos- tume, have not abamdoned or altered a single detail of those of the sixteenth cen- tury. A Quaint Old Place. Reaching the place from Pisaro-Urbino by road, travelers are astonished at the medi- aeval alr of everything. Lofty, somber houses of a forgotten architecture, frown- ing over narrow, hilly streets, gay Italian dresses of the exact fashion of 1595, the absence of commerce and the quaint cus- toms and manners of another age, produce an effect almost indescribable in its charm. The great council of sixty, whose members hold ofiice for life, are eligible for election to the council of twelve, who form a final court of arbitration. The head of the state is composed of a captain-regent chosen by the democracy and another captain-regent chosen by the council of twelve from among the nobles. For there is an aris- tocracy in this republic, and thus both clesses obtain full representation in the government. The council of twelve main- tain a regular cabinet,- with a home and foreign secretary and a chancellor of the treasury. A military establishment of 1,000 men constitutes the national defense and acts as a police force beside. The whole population of the republic is probably about 6,000 souls. Italy recognizes the complete independence of San Marino. To reach the smali republic of Andorra, independent since Si9, in the east of the Py must either come in by “rance or by a risky mountain territory. The Boleta river enters it from French soil in the de- partment of An the pass from Spain in the district of Caladorra, The area of Andorra is about 180 square miles, but its population little greater than that of San ino. About one-third of the people oc- the chief city, named after the repub- lie at large. Unlike San Marino, this capi- tal town is losing its former picturesque- ness year by year, for the people are active and in touch with the outer world. Govern- ment ts by the sovereign council of twenty- four, elected ‘by popular vote. The twenty- four choose from their own number a syn- dic, who acts as chief magistrate during his lifetime. Notwithstanding the autonomy of the Andorran government, a protectorate is claimed by France, the latter republic ap- pointing one member of the supreme bench; besides which the court of final resort for Andorran lawsuits is that of the cassation in Paris. But there is no further interfer- ence. ‘The people of Andorra are a splendid race, who find, in the mountain regions and on the fertile plains of their country, profit- able work, mining fron and lead and raising fruit. More than a thousand men serve in the army of the republic of Andorra. An Army of Three Soldiers. Wedged between Vermees, in Belgium, and Aix-la-Chapelle is another small repub- lic—that of Mausuet, with an area of four square miles. Three thousand people here enjoy the privileges of nationhood, and a similar number have done so for more than 200 years. Mausuet ts the capital town, and it monopolizes about-one-half of the popu- lation. The national council of five hold office for three years, and there is also a president, who cannot be re-elected more than once. Perhaps the most notable fea- ture of the internal economy of this brave little republic, which is guaranteed the pro- tection cf the German empire, is its army. This is composed of just three soldiers, who, as there never can be any war, vary the monotony of their lelsurely existence by doing duty as policemen. Clearly Mausuet ‘must be a virtuous as well as a peaceable democracy. With all these examples of the prosperity and permanence of miniature republics be- fore us, it would seem hard, indeed, if Ha- wail, with her extensive territory, impor- tant geographical position and insular ad- vantages, exquisite climate and important commerce, 2nd her practical guarantee of protection from the United States, should fail to wax strong and prosper in the fam- ily of self-ruling nations. SiS A BOOM FOR BLOOMERS. They Saved a Young Man's Life and Won Him a Wife. “You don’t seem to like them,” remark- ed a man of about thirty to a Star writer, as a young woman in blcomers went sail- ing down Pennsylvania averue on her wheel. “I can’t say that I do,” was the prompt response. “Well, everybody to his liking, as the old woman said when she kissed her cow, and I confess to an admiration of them.” “I fail to see whet is admirable in them.” “The girl is, for instarce,” laughed the man; “but chiefly in my case I admire them because they ssved my life once, or werds to that effect, and, incidentally, put me on,the bigh road to winning a wife.” “Possibly if I were as much indebted to them as that I might also be an admirer, but tell me how it happened.” “It isn’t a long story,” he said, “and it is newer than it is short. Last June I was at an early summer resort for a brief stay, and there was among the guests a young ‘woman, whom, for some reason, I had con- cluded was just the kind of a girl I didn’t want for a sweetheart. She was pretty and popular, and, which was of much less im- pertance in any man’s calculetion, she had money; but I had taken an idea that she was spoiled by her advantages and pre- sumed upon them, and in addition was silly from flattery. She also rode the wheel, and I had caught a glimpse of her at the bicy- cle school, in the little town near the hotel, wearing bloomers, and that settled it. Still, I was having a mild flirtation with her just to make the other fellows anxious, and on the morning in question T had an enguge- ment with ner. I was a wheelman myself, and I wag to meet her at 7 o'clock at the riding Beko! to take a matutinal spin with her. It was.my- custom. to go every morn- ing at 6 to a pool ir the woods on the road between ‘the hotel and the school for a swim, and on this morring I told her I might meet her at a bridge where I turned off to go to this pool. Well, I took my swim, and as I came out and went toward a thicket where I had undressed I sur- prised an early tramp making an investl- gation of my wardrobe. Of course I gave him the yell on the spot, and he responded with a louder one and hustled away, tak- ing along as souvenir the only pair of trousers I hapfened to have with me. I was scarcely in a conditicn to make a chase through briars and other scratchy things indigenous to a mcuntain soil, and there wasn’t anything for me to do but to put on what was left and get back to the hotel the best way I could. When I had completed my toflet I was a sight for an- gels to werp over, and I would have given money for a picture of myself. My wheel was up near the bridge where I was to meet the girl on her way to her wheel, and I had to go that way, but I took the chance of getting there before she had put in an appearance, end I knew another road by which I could get to the hotel by a back entrance. I hustled myself for my wheel, and when I got into the thicket near it I took a careful look about, and seeing noth- ing I started for the wheel. Just as I got out I saw the girl over the bank and she saw me, but only my head and shoulders, and I dodged back. That was enough, though, to alarm her, and she called to me. “Oh, Mr. Blank,’ she called, ‘Mr. Blank,’ and came forward ten steps or 80, which brought her so near to me.that I had the shivers, and I was too scared to answer. “I had hoped she would go away, but, woman like. I suppose she thougnt I was hurt, and she came forward hesitatingly. Then I found my voice. “"Go away,’ I yelled, ‘go away,’ and tyis time I gasped so she could hear me. “*Are you hurt? Can I do anything for you?’ she asked, coming still rearer. “For the Lord's sake, I gurgled, ‘ro away. Some miserable tramp stole my trousers down at the pool and I am trying to get back to the hotel alive.” “With that she fired a small satchel she was ¢arrying at me and went scudding down the road at forty miles an hour, screaming back: “ ‘Save yourself with that, if you can.’ “It took me five minutes to recover my balance of mind, and as soon as I was conscious I dragged the satchel into my hiding place with a long stick and it. I yanked the contents out w:! zied hand, and, behold, the young woman's bloomers! I never thought hefore that bloomers had any beauty, but those I thought were the prettiest things I ever saw, and in a good deal less time than it takes to tell it I had them on, and With a wild spurt I made a dash up the road to- ward the hotel and got in without any- body seeing me except the night clerk, and, as.he owed me a dollar, borrowed money, he didn’t dare to tell on me. Half an hour later I was at the bicycle school and found the young woman practicing in her street dress. It required all the courage I had to appear before her, but I had made up my mind that she wa’ the very kind of a girl a man needed to take care of him for life, and I faced her. She blushed alittle and I blushed a great deal and stammered and made such a guy of myself that ske took courage, as a woman always does when she sees a man Is scared, and—well, when we got back to breakfast a: the hotel we had come to sich an excellant under- standing that I stayed over a day or two or three, and some time during the winter you will hear from me again,” saying which he darted suddenly into a store where a pretty girl was smiling at some- body on the street, and The Star writer went on his way accompanied only by him- self and a few thoughts on woman ard her terrific influence over man. Se SS A Story of Mystery. Do you know what a “Story of Mystery” 1s? It 1s a continued story of which all but the last chapter Is printed, and then guesses are made as to the solution, then the final installment is printed. On October seventh a most interesting mystery story, “When the War Was Over,” will be started in The Star, and-five hundrea dollars will be given for the first absolutely correct solation. In case no guess is abso- lutely correct the amount will be divided smong those nearest to a correct solution. The guesses will be confined to women read- ers. Fuller particulars elsewhere. — E No Bet Made. From the Shoe and Leather Reporter. A Scotch gamekeeper, at a shooting rratch, stationed himself in front of the target. “What are you standing there for, you focl?” shouted the sergeant. “I’m no fool,” answered the man. marked for your company before. That reminds us of a hide dealer in New York, a sharpsaooter. He was boasting of his score, when a companion said: “I will go down to that target and let you fire at me for a dollar a shot, if you will agree to aim at ine.” The offer was not accepted. “Tye -j-that as wild and savage as these A VANISHED RACE Interesting Relios Found on an Island off the Oalifornia Coast. It is Suppoxed That They Were 9 Tribe of Indians Who Were Marin- ers and Fishermen. From the Troy Times. A party has just returned from San Clem- ente Island, about fifty miles off the coast of southern California, and reports some in- teresting finds. The trip was organized by J. Neale Plumb of New York, who chartered a steam yacht and took with him a number of guests, guides, boatmen and all the fa- cilities for a -week’s stay. The object was to try the fishing and excavate in some of the localities where ancient. stone implements are still buried. Camp was formed about two miles above what is known as the isth- mus, on the east side of the island. The lat- ter is about twenty-two miles lorg, and dif- fers entirely from Santa Catalina in being very level on the summit, so much so that apparently a carriage could be driven al- most the entire length. “It was a very curlous-looking place,” said one of the party on his return, “and I should judge the island is to a great extent voloanic, and, while barren, it had in the past support- ed a large population. We found a number of ancient camp sites, and, in all probability, could have discovered many more. A high cliff rose over our camp, and in its sides were large, deep caves, inhabited by the sheep kept on the Island, hundreds using them as a retreat during the night. In some of the caves were bits of abalone shell, showing that the natives had been there, making their homes; perhaps, during the winter months. “Our first excavations were made among the sand dunes near the isthmus. Here were evidences of occupation in every direction— abalones piled in heaps, and other shells in such masses that it was evident that they were the accumulation of years. We set the men to work here, after prospecting, but found little to repay the labor, so the next day we took the yacht around the island, and were landed successfully through the surf by Mexican Joe. From here we walked more than two miles down the coast to a remarkable series of sand hills that cov- ered several miles. The sand was almost white, and was evidently flowing inland, covering everything as it went—an insidious sand river. The lower slope had in places a peculiar coating, and at intervals were stony trees and twigs, apparently covered with lime. But the most singular feature was the shells. As far as one could see the surface was dotted with white snail shells, all empty, and so closely placed that at every step a number were crushed. There must have been millions. A Gigantic Pit. “In walking over the dreary waste we came upon a singular scene. The sand sud- denly dipped down like a Gothic roof to a depth of 150 or 200 feet, forming a gigantic Pit, looking very much like the crater of a voleano of sand, and so deep that in jump- ing over the edge you sl‘d rapidly to the bottom. There were several of these re- markable places that we came upon sud- denly. “It was near these vast depressions that we made our first find. We had picked up a number of interesting objects on the sur- face, as mortars, pestles, rings. of stone, ete., when suddenly the men who had been digging in a bluff near the shore raised a shout. We hurried over, and there, in a shallow excavation, saw. the recumbent skeleton of a large man. It was lying Partly on its side or on its knees, the legs doubled up and the hands clasped behind the head. The sand was carefully worked out, leaving the skeleton in high relief. About tw> feet behind it were three flutes or musical instruments, the most interest- ing finds we made. They were nearly a foot in length, and made of a deer’s leg- bone. On the jarger portion was a patch of asphaitum, in which had been set a square of richly colored abalone pearl, eh. owing people were they had aesthetic tastes and well- defined ideas of ornamentation. The flutes had evidently been laid in their owner, who may have ©2en the mu- siclan of his tribe. The skeleton was suc- cessfully taken out, and,will be mounted. “This spot was covered with bones and mortars, broken in many pieces, broken in- tentionally and the pieces left where they Were, so that they could be fitted together with little trouble. Not far away we dis- covered a body lying near the surface in a mass of charred wood and shell, and in such @ curious condition that some of the party suggested that the natives were cannibals, and this was a victim. Besides the hones, we found some curious objects; one resem- bled a bell clapper, and we found two of these; another was a stone object about three inches in length; another a long vore pen-like affair marked with two ridges its entire length with notches, as thouzh some one had Keeping tally of something. That the inhabitants had some communica- tion with the natives of Santa Catalina vcs shown by the mortars and various articles of steatite found only on Catalina. In the Place of Burial. “The great burying ground extended over a large area, and as far as we could see down the coast similar evidences were dis- covered. The natives must have depended to a great extent upon abalones for food, as great deposits of shells were found where they had camped; and that they were fishermen was apparent from the fish- hooks, cut out of the pearly xbalone, that we discovered. We found numerous beads or wampum by sifting the sani through the sieve carried over for the purpose. In walking over the sandy waste that is grad- ually encroaching upon the interior of the island, some curious object was seen at short intervals, suggesting the story of an ancient life. Here would a mass of bones uncovered by the winds that toss the drifting sands about; there a broken mor- tar or a number of pestles or a stone ax, sinker, or arrow head; and in a big abalone shell lying on the surface were dozens of beads, placed there, perhaps, hundreds of years ago at the head or foot of some body that had jong since disappeared. We spent several day’ at this fascinating work and then did not begin to touch upon it. “The island is a fidt-topped mountain Tange with literally no good harbors, the enly landing pleces being little indentations that are rough or smooth, according to the direction of the wind. The climate differs from that of Santa Catalina in being harsh —the nights often cold and raw, with hard winds. We found the fishing beyond criti- cism, and could have filled the boat with large whitefish, sheepshead and rock bass, while, if live bait could be secured there, the yellowtail fishing would be very fine; as it was, we took numbers of these fish. “The island abounds in many natural cu- riosities, and there are peculiar ridges and mounds suggestive of some rites and cere- monies among the ancient inhabitants.Who these people were and where they disap- peared and why, no one seems to know, but there is every evidence that years, perhaps centuries, ago the now almost desert island was inhabited by a large and vigorous race of Indians, who were mariners and fisher- men and the equal of ary tribes found on the mainian —__+e+___ Holographic Wills. From the Augusta (Me.) Journal. A will of the kind known as “holographic” came into Penobscot probate court the other day, constituting the first case of the kind on record In the county. Perhaps a good many of us don’t know it, but that kind of a will is one written wholly in the hand of the person drawing the instrument. Every word and figure of such a document must be in the handwriting of the testator in order to se- cure to it the cover of legality. It is related that once a will of this character was re- jected by a judge of probate because the date and name of the town were printed, as is common on official paper, instead of being in the writing which characterized all other parts of the instrument. The will now in the Penobscet probate office was made jn North Carolina, but the testator dying Glenburn, Me., it was sent here for probate. ——_— +02 —___ A Philesopher’s Thoughts. From ‘Truth. Chummy—“What would you think of a man that always went round talking to himself?” Gruff, ‘I should say if he did It to listen to himself, he was a fool; aud if he did it to save his friends ring to him, he was a philan-