Evening Star Newspaper, May 26, 1894, Page 17

THE EVENING STAR. PUBLISHED DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY. AT THE STAR BUILDINGS, 1101 Feansyivania Avenns, Cor. 11th Street, by he Evening Star Newspaper Company. S.H. KAUPFMANN, Pres't. — Kew York Ofice, 49 Potter Building, Spgs Is served to sub: oir own ac ¢. per month. Copies ai By mall—anywhere tn ribera in the at 10 Saturday Quinto ith foretsn 22 ple Sheet Star, $1.00 per year; @ addet. $8.00. (Entered at the Post Ofice at Washington, D. C., ts second-class maf! matter.) o snbscriptions inast be paid in advanee. jrertisinz made Enown on application Part3. Che pening Sta _ Pages 17-20. WASHINGTON, D. O., SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1894-TWENTY PAGES. TO ADVERTISERS. Advertisers are urgently re quested to hand in advertisements the day prior to publication, in ©rder that tncertion may be sa sured. Want advertisements will be received up to noon of the day ®f publication, precedence being given to those «rst received. THE HEART OF CHINA Building Sits tes a Interior of the Empire. THE CHICAGO OF THE CELESTIALS The Enterprises of the Viceroy of Hupeh. HIS VAST ROLLING MILLS (Copyrighted, 1894, by Frank G. Carpenter.) HANKOW, China, April 16, 1894. His IS THE CHICA- fo of the Chinese empire. It is nearly 700 miles from the sea coast, and there ere at this point three cities which face each other,much as New York, Jersey City and Brooklyn, Which have ah aggre- gate population of something like 2,000,- 000 of people. Stand- ing on Pagoda Hill, behind the city of Haayang, you look down im faet upon the homes of almost 3,000,000, and you see hundreds of villages, thousands of boats, in which families live and die, ard have spread out before you the three great cities of Hankow, Hanyang and Wu- chang. In froat of you, facing the south, flows the broad Yangtse river, which is at this place still a mile wide, and which is s¢ deep throughout its course that the big- gest steamers that sail the ocean can come up here and anchor at its wharves. The city om the opposite side is Wuchang. It bas, perhaps, three-quarters of a million People,and the high wall which runs around it is twelve miles in length. It is the home of one of the most progressive governors of China, and is the capital of the state of Hupeh, which is bigger than the whole of New England. Turn to your left and you see at your feet the city of Hanyang, with its vast iron works, for the making of steel Fails. Beyond it across the river Chinese Cart. which 1s so filled with boats that their fasts make you think of a thicket of hoop poles, is the vast pliin covered with the buildings of Hankow, which is even larger than Wucha! and which is the com- 7 capital of this part of the empire. you look over the landscape your eye meets as much water as land. The mighty Yengtse above and below you flows on like @ great inland sea, its bosom loaded with a score of steamers and thousands of queer Iccking junks. There are boats before you which have come 2000 miles down its waters through the deep paseo of Ichang. and mixed with them are ships from Can- ton, Amoy, Foo Chow and other great along the coast. There are tea junks the big Poyang lake, and queer-look- ing craft from a thousand different local- ities, each having a build and make pecu- Harly its own. As you look you realize the force of the assertion that China has more boats tHan all of the rest of the worid put together. ‘The Yangtse is here cut into by canals and the great lagoons lying back in the country are spotted with sails. The river Han, which has flowed 1,300 miles in its winding course from its source to its mouth, has brought down hundreds of river junks and ships are being loaded at scores of these wharves for all parts of the empire and of the world. Today the trade of this place amounts to about $37,000,000 a year and every doliar’s worth of this has to be car- ried away by water. In the years to come @ large part of it will go by land and rail- roads may make Hankow the greatest city of Asia, if not the biggest on the globe. 4 Manufacturing Center. The probabilities are that this place will be some day one of the great manufactur- ing centers of the world. There is coal and fron near here in close proximity to one @nother and the water communication is such that coal can be shipped here from almost any part of the empire. Already a Population of more than 100,000,000 ure tributary to this point by rivers and canals, and the great trunk line of future China Will probably run through Mankow from Peking to Canton, taking in more big cities and a greater number of people than any other railroad on the globe. Peking has a million of people, Tientsin has more than a million, and it would be on the line only eighty miles south of the imperial capital. From thence it would cut its way further South about 5) miles through one of the Most thickly settled parts of the empire to ‘ow, where it would strike these cities of two million. From here on to Canton it cannot be more than 500 miles and the Jand fs rich in the extreme and it teems with millions. Canton is one of the great trading centers of the world, and it is said to have about three millions of a popula- tion. The whole length of the road would be iess than 1,500 miles and there would not be a waste spot on it. It will take but Uttle grading, and it would, I Judge, be a comparatively cheap road to build. It would Chinese Freight Car. be a bee line from north to south China and would be largely patronized as soon as the Chinese discovered {ts value. There are no people on the globe quicker to make use of @ good thing and a cheap thing than these Chinese. As it Is, they have the dearest of modes of travel, and though their wheelbarrows and | beats carry goods for almost nothing in | comparison with the labor spent in running hem, they are dear in competition with As ngers, and every steamboat I have een has been crowded with them. They de first and second class, and many of them take a sort of steerage passage, sieep- ing in bunks in a large compartment in the Tear end of the steamers. The First Chinese Railroad. The first railroad in China was from Shanghai to Woosung, a distance of about twelve miles. Woosung is the bar at the mouth of the Whampoa river, and this road did a big business till some of the Chinese thought it was injuring their luck, and they complained to the authorities. The officials bought the road at a high price from the foreigners who owned it, and threw the lo- notive, which they said contained a devil, he river. Some of the rails are still and it may be that the road will be built in the future. One thing is very ‘ain, and that Is the moment the Chinese appreciate that they can make and run roads of their own their suj many of the officials are experimenting to see what they can do. I saw a locomotive which had been recently built by the Chi- rese machinists at the Kiagnan arsenal, near Shanghai, and it runs as well as any of our engines. I was shown railroad iron— I mean steel rails—which they had made there with Chinese iron, arid there seems to be no doubt but that they can manage a rolling mill very well. There is a vast deal of waste now, it Is true, and this will con- tinue as long as the work is done by the officials, who expect to get a big living out of their stealings; but it will be different when factories of this kind are started as private enterprises. Just now the chief movements in the direction of railroads are from the government, and the idea is to render China impregnable in case of war. This is the purpose of the viceroy here. He hates the foreigners, and he wants to drive them out of the country. He is using them to build factories, and he has a cotton mill run by steam and filled with modern ma- chinery, which is one of the largest in the world. It contains a thousand looms, and it ts located on the banks of the Yangtse, in the city of Wuchang. It is now making money, I am told, and it is profiting off the rise in foreign cottons through the fal! in the value of silver. A Costly Plant. Speaking of extravagance in ratlroad build- ing, I doubt whether there has ever been erected a more costly plant than that which is now being put up here by this viceroy for the building of cars, the making of rails and the turning out of a full equipment for the line which is at some future time to run from here to Peking. The works are being put up by Belgians as foremen, and about fifty high-priced men are now employed here on salaries. I visited the works yes- terday. They are located at the foot of a hill just above the mouth of the Han river and a short distance back from the Yangtse Kiang. Accompanied by the American con- sul and Mr. Burnett, an American who has lived for thirty years in the center of China, I rode in a long Chinese boat, sculled by a ragged-haired celestial, up the Yangtse banks under the shadow of the Hankow wharves. We passed thousands of boats loaded with all sorts of freight, from Stand- ard oil cans and cotton bales to baskets of oil, boat loads of peanuts, rafts of poles| with bamboo houses upon them,and through hundreds of great junks of white pine,some- times oiled to a rich yellow and in other cases black with age. Every wharf was filled with workers, and the coolies, with great loads on their backs, swarmed up and down them like gigantic ants. The men on the boats and on shore grunted or sang as they worked and the air was filled with a noise as great and as indistinguishable as that of the tower of Babel at the time of the confusion of tungs. Passing Hankow, we reached the ship-building yards of Han- yang, where men perched in little bamboo huts, built upon four poles at least fifty feet above the ground, were twisting ropes of plaited bamboo. Each hut was not more than four feet square and was just large enough to contain the ropemaker, who twisted at the coil which lay in rings within the poles on the ground beneath. Here and all along the banks of the river there were hundreds of bamboo huts, many of them no bigger than the top of a canvas-covered wagon and of exactly the same shape. These were the homes of some of the poorest of the million of Hankow and of many beg- gars. I stopped and photographed some of these as we went by, much to the conster- nation of their owners, who ran from the camera and called me a foreign devil at the of their voices. e attempted to grab my camera, but I gave him a shove backward and jumped into the boat. Similar cries greet us we landed at the wharf, where a score Chinese coolies were unloading the great ingots of steel, which had been brought here from Europe, to make the first rails and to use until the Chinese shali be able to turn out their own steel from their own iron. Other cooHes were unloadii thou- sands of bushels of coke, also from Europe, and this carrying of steel ingots, coke and machinery has been going on for months. One of the ships on which I sailed on my way up the river had about 100 tcns of these ingots, and its-hold was packed with big boxes of heavy machinery. It carried 2,000 bushels of coke, and the captain told me he seldom made a trip without a lot of materi- al for the Hankow rolling mills. Money, in fact, has been flowing out here almost as fast as the curent of the Yangtse river, and the viceroy has spent somewhere between five and ten million dollars already. The evidences are apparent that he will have to spend a number of millions more before he gets through, amd at the present rate of ex- travagant mistakes he is likely to bankrupt himself and his state government before he builds his road. In the first place it costs him a fortune to make the foundations of his work. He has, I judge, at least seventy- five acres, the greater part of which {is cov- Government Express to Mongolia. ered with bulldings. There was a hill close by, where he might have located the estab- lishment. He chose, however, the low bed of the river, which 1s overflowed every spring, and went to work to make it safe from the waters. Laying out his founda- tions he filled in this vast area to a height of fourteen feet, the dirt being carried by coolies at 10 cents a day in little shovel- like baskets hung to the two ends of a pole, which they rested over their shoulders. It must have taken an army to do it, but it is done, and there ig now a railroad running upon it a distance of perhaps a quarter of a mile from the rolling mills to the water. Upon this there were about 100 steel ca and a steam engine or two of European make at the time I entered the yard. The cars were loaded with machinery, and were being hauled to the roiling mills in the rear. Vast Machine Shop: I followed one of the trains, We first came to eight large boilers, near which were what looked like vast hay stacks, but which were sheds of mats, in which the coke was stored. Beyond these there were two massive furnaces for the smelting of the ore. Each was a hundred feet high,and I climbed to the top of one of them by the steps on its outside. Below me I eculd see the roof of the vast machine shops which are now being filled with expensive works. These shops cover at least twenty- five acres, and there are here that many acres under one iron rcof. A railroad runs by their side, and a smoke stack 150 feet high rises in the air behind them. Beyond them in the distance you see the buildings of this viceroy’s arsenal, where he is mak- ing modern rifles and other guns, and near this is a brick works, where bricks are beirg made with the latest of improved European machinery. I entered the ma- cnine shops. The din of an immense boiler factory greeted my ears, ard I found my- |self tn the midst of hundreds of Chinese !weachinists, who were working in putting | up all sorts of rolling mills and machinery. A large part of the works is already up, | but it takes time to build a shop of this | magnitude anywhere, and in China things go very slowly. The viceroy has been spend- ing so much that he has reached the end of his pile, and he is now waiting to get an advance from Peking, The govern- ment, however, is getting ready for the | celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of | the birthday of the empress dowager, and upon this will be spent enongh to build a read from Peking to Canton, and the peo- ple will be taxed in consequence. It is not So easy, however, to overtax the China- men, a8 it is in other so-called savage coun- tries, and the government is trying to econcmize in every way. There is a rail- | rcad being built in the northern part of the empire, and the regular appropriation set aside for this has been $2,000,000 a year. I see by today’s translation of the Peking | Gazette that it has been decided by the beard of revenue of the emperor to omit the appropriation this year in order to use the money to whoop it up for the old dow- | ager. It will put the rcad back ten months, | but this makes no difference to the Chinese. ‘The Northern Railrond. This northern railway is the only working road in China. I expect to go to Tientsin and travel over it. I understand that it has Vie was of service to the government in the recent rebellion there. It is for the purpos: of defense that the Chinese will build ra roads. The best thing that could happen to the country would be a first-class war with the foreign powers. This would lead to the pushing out of enterprise in every direction. Roads would be built, and their buttonhole eyelids would be stretched far enough apart for them to see that China is by no meaas the center of the earth, as they suppose. This northern road was first bullt to take coal from the mines to the Taku forts and the naval ships. When I was in China, five years ago, it was only about eighty miles jong. It has, I am told, now about reached the great wall, and will soon penetrate Mon- golia. There are now two factions here in favor of railways. One wants them as a means of defense, and the other wants them for commercial purposes. Neither, how- ever, would advise the bringing of foreign capital to build them; and their motto is “China for the Chinese.” We went back to the city after visiting the arsenal, which was much the same as the one I saw at Kiagnan, though not so large, by the river Han, and as we did so i got a picture of one of the rallroad cars of the China of the past. It was a buffalo cart, with wheels as large as the front Wheels of a farm wagon, made of a single block of wood and fastened to the axle with a wooden pin. The shafts were tied to the axle, and there was not enough iron about the whole to have made a hajr pin. The chief freight car here is a wheel- barrow made entirely different from those 1 have seen in other parts of the empire. it is longer and it has handles at the front as well as in the rear. Two men usually work it when the loads are heavy and 1 have seen a ton carried on one of these barrows. ‘they are made with a screeching bamboo attachment, and there is no iron about them except the tires. |The pieces are pinned together with | Weod and tied with rawhide strings. Kach barrow costs about $5 and it will last, it is said, for a lifetime. In some parts of China | there are wheeibarrows which have sails | fastened above them in order that the wind may help the men who push them alcng the road. These wheeibarrows, the Chinese cart and the boat form now the Passenger cars of these millions of péopl Hundreds of thousands of tons of good: are carried over the country on the shoul- ders and backs of men every day and the trattic of the far north is largely freighted by — fugzy donkeys and big wooly camels. Fk Ay, Cadents CHRIST'S SENTENCE. It Was Engraved on a Brass Pilate, Which Still Exists. From the New York Press. It will probably be a surprise to the ma- jority of the people to learn that the orig- nal death sentence passed upon Jesus Christ 1s still existence in the form of an engraved plate, dating from the very day the sentence was pronounced by Pontius Pilate, and which has been retained through all these years as one of the most precious of all relics of the Savior. The sentence is engraved on a plate of brass in the Hebrew language, and on its side are the following words: “A similar plate has been sent to each tribe.” This particular plate was discov in the year 1280 in the city of Aqui 3 the kingdom of Naples, by a scientific mis- sion that had been appointed to search that ancient city for the antiquities known to have been kept there. Evidence remained that this city had been the repository of many old Roman records and other docu- ments and mementoes associated with the early — empire, Voy for ioe reagon it was especially made object af the com- mission's inquiry jay” ‘The- plate bore every evidence of gen- uineness, and accompanying {t were reli+ able documents, and among the records were references which placed the authen- ticity of the engraving beyond question. The plate is now kept in the chapel of Caserta, a little town some twenty miles north of Naples, where it is e@ntained in a box of ebony d shown to curtosity-loving travelers, and many voyagers’en route for Naples diverge from their beaten tracks to visit this little chapel and look upon the everlasting memorial of the most re- markable judicial sentence ever pronounc- ed in the history of the world. Translations in English, French and Ger- man hang upon the wall near the original, and it is thus readily understood, while the study of the engraved lines and the ap- pearance of the simple brass appeal to the imagination of the most indifferent bring to the mind's eye the picture of that most memorable scene 1800 years ago. Aside from the sacred associations that are called forth in every Christian mind at sight of this relic there is also the historical interest aroused by looking upon an exist- ing object that was contemporaneous with. and called forth by an incident that will be the most prominent in the history so long as the world exists. The plate reads follows: Sentence pronounced by Pontti Pil intendant of the province of Lower Galilee, that Jesus of Nazareth shall suffer death by the cross. In the seventeenth year of the Emperor Tiberius, and on the 25th day of the month of March, in the holy city of Jerusalem, during the pontificate of Annas and Cala- phas, Pontius Pilate, intendant of the province of Lower Galilee, sitting in judgment in the presidential seat of the praetor, sen- tences Jesus of Nazareth to death on a cross, between two robbers, as numerous and notorious testimonies of the people prove: 1. Jesus is a misleader. 2. He has excited the people to sedition. 8. He is enemy to the laws. 4. He calls himself the Son of God. 5. He calls himself falsely the King of Israel. 6. He went into the temple followed by a a of people carrying palms in their ands. Orders the first centurion, Quirillus Cor- oe to bring him to the place of execu- mn. Forbids all people, rich or poor, to pre- vent the execution of Jest This constitutes the body, and, of course, the interesting portion of the plate, but in addition the names of three men are per- petuated and given a value that their owners probably never anticipated would cling to them by being attached as wit- nesses of the promulgation of this sentence. The names of the witnesses and the order in which they come are: 1. Daniel Robani, Phartsee. 2. John Sorobabel. 8. Raphael Robant. It is believed that twelve of these plates were engraved and sent to the various tribes throughout Judea and over into the Roman provinces of Europe. The remain- ing eleven are probably buried in widely separated points where they never will be brought to the knowledge of mankind, or have long since beeen destrcyed. The engraving on the te is well done; the Hebrew characters are cut deep and with perfect accuracy. ——_+e+—____ A Neapolitan Trait. tional Review. A maker of macaroni tn Naples was of- fered important orders from abroad whith would have brought a large and permanent increase to his business, but he declined to accept them. “1 suppose,” said an English friend to him, “that the solvency of your customer was doubtful.” was the reply. “Or the price too low. “Oh, no, it was higher than what I get now." “Perhaps the additional capital re- quired was too large.” “No, there was no difficulty there,” he answered. “Then why on earth did you throw away such an open- ing?” “1 can make both ends meet as it is, and why should I add a new worry to my ute?" ‘The answer was conclusive and typical of the average ltallan. Whether it be a gcod or bad trait, the desire for wealth in him seldom reaches that intensity which drives on the Englishman to wear out his Ife im a restless passion to accumulate more and eVer more. The old Roman en- ergy has worn itself out, to be replaced by that acquiescence in, if mot contentment perstition will | been pushed rapfdly within the past year or| with, a moderate portion which Horace mot stand in the way of making them, and |so toward the Manchurian frontier, and that preached in vain to his count HIS DOGS IN NORWAY Walter Wellman and His Party Received With Cordiality. ALL CUSTOMS DOTIES REMITTED The Dogs Quarantined on an Island Off the Coast. KINDNESS FROM NORSEMEN Special Correspondence of The Evening Star. ( yht, 1 ‘Walter Wellman. All ts (Copyright, 1804, by ) right AALESUND, Norway, April 20, 184. N FOUR DAYS the Walter Wellman north polar expedi- tion will sail from this pretty port for the arctic seas. The icy waters are not far away. Five or six days up the pic- turesque coast of Norway to Tromso, and then, about May 1, straight north- ward into the polar ocean, which lies at the very gates of that far northern town. From the weather which we have -had since our arrival here one would not sus- pect himself to be farther north than the southern end of Greenland, or beyond the sixty-second paraliel. For ten days we Nave been without overcoats. We sit by open windows, and sip our coffee upon the verania of our hotel. If transportation lines were always prompt, if transshippers did not insist upon smashing up the most Precious parts of our outfit, and if the eager eyes of all the officials in Norway were not upon our pack of half a hundred draft hounds, we should be thoroughly happy, despite the near approach of the day on which we are to plunge from civili- zation into the unknown, the mysterious and therefore the dreaded regions of the far north, Welcomed in Norway. We have been made welcome in Norway. The English understood us and admired even the dashy American way in which we have set about our task. But these Nor- Wegians, sons of the mountains and the flords, inured to the storms of the arctic seas, while pursuing whales and seal, have genuine appreciation of the difficulties which confront us, as well as of the prac- tical means which we hi adopted in hopes of evercoming them. From the out- set we have been made to feel that the Norwegians were our friends. At Liverpool we were met by our agent from Christiania, a gentleman whose name indicaies his character—Just Wright—who} bore with him three important documents. | One was a contract with the five gentlemen from the University of Christiania, who are to accompany us in part for the purpose of scientitic investigation, the second a per- mit m the authorities for the importa- tion free of duty of All the eutfit and~pro- visions of our expedition. This latter -had” been generously granted without a mo- ment’s hesitation or delay, in curious con- trast with the red tape and botheration in- cldent to every procedure, no matter how trivial, having to do nearly or remote with the customs laws and authorities of our own country. How the Dogs Were Admitted. The third document was the most im- portant of all, and the one which our ener- getic agent at the Norwegian capital had experienced most difficulty in procuring. It was a permit to import to Norway for the uses of the expedition a pack of fifty draft dogs. Without this permit we could not have passed this invaluable part of our equipment from the Netherlands to the Norwegian peninsula, for no .steamer captain would have taken them on board. Without it, moreover, it would have been impossible to disembark the dozs upon their arrival at a Norwegian p27. The trouble was that the Norwegisns sate upon their statutes a law forbidd=., zisolutely and without exception, the ‘ny«wiation of dogs. Tourists from England i»; sther parts of Europe, of whom thorgatds visit these beautiful fiords and grand mountains every summer, must leave thelr toss at home. English lords, who have come hither to hunt and fish, have sought in vain to gain the privil of carrying their dogs with them. Some time ago an admirer of the King of Sweden and Norway presented that monarch with a fine pet dog, but the king, considerate and conscientious ruler that he is, declined the gift on the ground that he would not presume to violate a law which his subjects were required to respect. The Norwegians claim that the dog distemper is a thing unknown in their country, and they have prudently determined to protect their animals from contact with the less fortunate brutes of other lands. Under these circumstances we deemed ourseives particularly fortunate to secure the right to carry our dogs into the coun- try even under the restrictions which were ed upon us. The permit stipulated that our hounds were not to be taken ashore and must be left aboard ship throughout their sojourn in the country, or least be isolated upon some little island at a safe distance from the inhabited mainland. No such thing as an importation of dogs was ever known in Norway before, and naturally enough when our pack of fifty-three scented tne shore and set up their lusty howls in the jort of Bergen one pleasant Sunday afternoon half the population rushed to the water's edge to see the circus. Plenty of police oflicers were there, too, and their eyes were never once removed from the howling, growling consignment for scientific purposes only. Chief Inspector Flood was there to direct the process of transshipment and to see that no foreign cur came ashore to con- taminate the purer race of canines which is here supposed to abound. A Cargo of Dogs. Fortunately a steamer was that very night bound for Aalesund, and fortunately also no Norwegian dog was passenger aboard it. If there had been, our. animals would have had to wait for another and a dogless steamer. A curious spectacle our half hundred boxes of dogs made as they were lifted over the sides of the ship upon a lighter, where they were piled up in a huge, yelping pyramid in the presence of the alert officials and the gaping multitude. Some hours later, or at midnight, the north- Ward beund ship steamed out of harbor with our precious freight aboard, and as the last howl was heard from beyond the break- Water Chief Inspector Fiood, for the first time since our arrival, drew an easy breath and called off his minions of the law. Once relieved of this responsibility, Mr. Flood lapsed into his true character of genial gentleman and host, explaining his former | alertness by a description of the serious nature of the responsibility imposed upon him by the appearance of our dogs within his jurisdiction. A Belgian dog ashore in Bergen would have done more jamage to his most excellent reputation as an official than the escape of one of the very few criminals they have in this law abiding community. At Aalesund more policemen met our shipment, but were as polite as waiters in Delmonico’s and without half so much o, preciation of their own importance. e were allowed to place our dogs upon a plc- turesque little island which lies in one of the flords near the town, and there we landed them, with their fifty-three boxes and an equal number of strong chains, col- lars and feeding pots. Watchmen were hired to guard them night and day. The island soon became a center of attraction im this part of Norway. The fame of our draft animals had spread through the fiords and permeated all the fishing hamlets as well as the smart town of Aalesund itself, and when one of the holy days, which oc- cur here about twice a week, came along it brought with it hundreds and thousands of idle men and women, who surrounded the rocky islet in a fleet of sail and row boats. The children we do not presume to num- ber, for they were countless. Though the population of Norway is now only 3,000,000 or 4,000,000, this will soon be the most pop- ulous country on the face of the globe, judging from the appearance of the stili waters surrounding our isle of dogs. Over here the children, boys and girls alike, be- gin to row boats befcre they are able to dress themselves in the morning or butter their cwn bread at breakfast. Their par- ents do not seem to have any fear of their drowring, and on inquiry we learn, on what appears to be trustworthy authority, that in all Norway, with its thousands of miles of coast and fiords, the number of yourgsters seeking the eternal shore by the salt water route is not as great as the list of victims claimed by some of our mill ponds jn America. Obviously the sons of the Vikings of old were not born to be drowned, nor the daughters either. There are children galore, but how refreshing to see hcrdes of bairnies, poor, but polite, and every little man and woman doffing hat or courtesying to the stranger! It finally became necessary to employ po- lieemen to guard our canine possessions, not that there was danger of theft, but that the curious people insisted upon landing upon the island, and the authoritizs object- ed strenuously to contact between our pets ard the population, human or animal. A number of men were arrested and fined in court for persisting in setting foot upon the dog domain after being warned away. Dog Ashore. Despite all our precautions one of our hounds broke his chain and swam to the mainland. For hours he wandered about at his own sweet will. Such a dog hunt as we Gid have! All hands of us tramped the mountains till we were ready to drop, and then we hired a posse of lusty youths, of- fering a reward of 10 kroners for the animal alive and 5 kroners for his skin, not that we cared so much for one solitary dog—we have brought more then we need, in pro- vision for all contingencies—but we feared if even one of our contraband canines was permitted to roam at large the authorities would take fright and order us to kill the whole pack or to put then, aboard ship and out to sea before we were ready so to do. Luckily the truant brute was found and banishe] to our St. Helena, though not without giving the authorities such a fright that they had nv end of telegraphing to and from the capital at Christiania. That same spirit of generosity and forbearance which has characterized the people of Norway since our arrival must have actuated the ollicials, for we had no further trouble with them, and our fears pfoved to have been groundless. A Question of Ownership. and escapes galore. Every cur seen wander- ing disconsolate about the streets was taken any probability of his being ours, our usual test of ownership was to hold a quiet con- versation with the tramp in French, and it he understood and kept up his end of the parley vous all right—he was ours. If he shook his head instead of his tall when we asked him if he would I'ke to go back to his mother in Liege, he was Norse and none of our meat. In one or two cases we smug- gled di upon the island which afterward turned out to be town dogs, and thus we were placed in an embarrassing, position. To claim the pup as ours was to acknowl! edge that our guard was not vigilant, and that we were in a fair way to introduce rabies into peaceful Norway, thus renewing the danger of friction with the police offi- cials. thes hand, to it that the dog was not 01 but had was sure to lead to other complications, such as the necessity of paying whatever extravegant price the owner might set upon his dog, for, of course, it was impossible to return to his home an animal that had passed a night with our suspected and out- lawed pack, or every man for fifty Nor- wegian miles around—and a Norwegian mile is something fearful and wonderful to travel, being equal to about six of our miles —every man in all this region who had ever lost a pup would come to our pound and preten@ to find him there, knowing right well we should have to stop his mouth with one or two of the queer little square-toed five-kroner notes which the honest and in- dustrious people of the country work so hard for. uf the two evils we chose neither. We were never quite sure when a dog found his way to our little isle whether he was ours or not. We mugwumped between the two parties. We would try to ascertain next day. Next day our dog expert was ill with a bad cold_and couldn’t get aver. Please ll again. And in the end we kept the stray, merely for the protection of the re- mainder of the dogs in Norway, and are now ready to leave the town with more mo- tive power than we had when we came here. It is a pity that an arctic expedition cannot be managed without stealing dogs, but we are sure it isn’t our fault. On the Dog Island. If any one who visited our isle of dogs came there with doubts as to the draft strength of the beasts, he must have gone away with those doubts dispelled. The ani- mals are quartered all over the islaad, which is two or three acres in extent, but at the feeding hour they come together as if they had been fired out of guns. They bring their boxes with them, heavy though these appendages are. When one of these animals digs his Mind claws into the ground, shows his teeth and lunges forward, some- thing has to give way. Despite their sav- age appetites and their great strength, they ugh, and like nothing better than to climb upon the person of a visitor and spoil his Sunday collar, or to fondle a nice, clean pair of cuffs with a red, moist tongue. Encouragement for the Expedition. Kind as they are to us, the Norwegians are true to their idol, and their idol in arc- tie work, rightly enough, is the gallant Dr. Nansen. The popularity of Nansen is very great among his own countrymen, and there is here the strongest kind of conviction that he will reach the pole in his good ship, the Fram. Some of the Norwegian explorer’s intimate friends have paid us the compli- ment of wishing that we were in Jericho or their favorite in the race for the pole. There were even a few of the partisans of Nansen who would have deprived us of the right to import our equipment duty free, and who would have been exceeding- ly glad to have kept our draft hounds out of the country at the point of the bayonet. But the manly and progressive people and officials would not listen to such counsel, which Dr. Nansen himself would doubtiess have been the first to cry down were he at home. The vast majority of Norwegians echo the semtiments which the writer ex- Pressed in.an interview in a Norwegian newspaper, with a transposition to uit their own tastes, that if an American can- rot have the honor of winning the pole then may it be a Norwegian. And in the case of our little party the honors, if any | there are to be, must needs be divided, for | we are Americans and Norwegians to- gether. We find much encouragement here in the general opinion of the arctic sailors that this ts sure to be an unusually favor- | able year for navigation in the far north, but the probabilities are that but little can be told as to this without an actual visit | to thé ice-swept regions. We may or may | not be fortunate in the season, but now that our party is coming together, sixteen | hardy, ambitious, cheery young men, we | afe quite sure that we are to have a gal- lant crew. Nor is this all. We have seen and inspected the little steamer, the Ragn- vald Jarl, which is to carry us to the fron- tier of the unknown region. She is so much better than we expected, so trim and pert, even clean and sweet, with her new scraping and painting, that we have all fallen quite in love with her. She is count- ed the best ice boat now in the Norwegian waters, and the government inspectors have given her a rating of Al for two years. Of our ship and our crew we shall have a little more to say and to send you as we POINTS ON SUGAR Sweet Stuff Causing Political and HOW If HAS GROWN 70 BE AN ISSUE The Story of Its Humble Begin- ning in the World. GLUCOSE AS AN ADULTERANT ——_-__ Written for The Evening Star. Nights story. It has grown and grown un- across the field of national politics. In- fluence is alleged to have been cast by it into the scale of elec- tions. Senators are of them make no secret of his interest in the market for this product, the recent rise in which has probably netted him at least $2,000,000. Yet, in respect to age, the giant sugar is @ baby. Its extensive employment is very new. In early times honey was almost the only source of sweets and was enjoyed only by the sick or by the finder of a colony of | wild bees. in the middle ages sugar from the juices of plants was a rare luxury, within reach of the rich alone. People now living can remember when it was not a common article of diet even with persons in easy circumstances. Only within the lest twenty years has it ceased to be a Juxury. The production of sugar has steadily in- creased unfil now it is used as as flour, Nobody is so poor as not to have @ household store of it. Its consumption is referred to as a measure of prosperity and civilization. Whereas savages consume al- But for a week there were rumors of dogs | Most none of it, people employ it more and | fuel in the factory. more as they become progressively en- lightened. England uses seventy-nine up and held as one of the expedition dogs. | Pounds per annum for each individual of her — In all such cases we lost no time in getting |Dopulation; the United States congumes|jt “Ir is the vagrant upon our island. If there was | Sixty-nine pounds per capita, France twen-| which is evaporated ty-nine pounds, Germany twenty-three pounds, Austria fifteen pounds, Russia and Spain ten pounds, Italy and Turkey pounds, Why More is Used in It will be observed that the of sugar in England is greater country in proportion to the This is accounted for by the large part of the saccharine John Bull's island is made preserves and marmalades United States consumes pounds @ year, Zlaawes none ‘ead same food value as an starch. The World has doubled since 1876. The sugar cane has been cultivated fro: time immemorial. It was known ancien’ to many savage tribes of the eastern hem- isphere, by whom the plant was grown for the sake of sucking the stems, or for sweet- ening food with the raw juice. There are many species and a multitude of varieties, natives or river banks and meadows, in Sona ena around the world. The cane sa! 10 ve been first systematicall; raised in India, whence the Venetians brought it to Europe, in the twelfth century. In the South Sea Islands the leayes are used for thatching houses, while the stems are made to serve for the shafts of arrows. The opposition encountered by sugar when first introduced was extraordinary. The early struggles of the potato to gain recog- nition are a matter of history. The spread of tobacco was antagonized by an exasper- ating fanaticism. Innumerable statements were published to prove the evil effects of coffee, tea and chocolate when they came in- to use in Europe. Sugar, however, had an even worse reception. Eminent authorities declared it a poison. It was alleged to overheat the system, to congest the lungs, to give rise to aplopexy, to produce diseases of the stomach by fermenting and to de- velop consumption. These conclusions were indorsed by Boyle, who discovered the com- oaition of atmospheric air. jugar was known in England as the middle of the fifteenth Genturye bet at Was only used at feasts and for medicinal purposes. In France the sale of it was a monopoly enjoyed by apothecaries until late in the seventeenth century. The Monopoly did not help to make it . In fact, it was more of a luxury then than cham; e and truffies now are. The consumption of sugar in the United States in 1880 was only forty-three pounds per capita. Thus it ap- pears that each person in the country uses lage te pounds more of sugar annually ‘There has been a, geea ere ‘nm @ great deal of st of late on the subject of Eiucose, and re. specting this product many mistaken no- To begin with, it tions have been is not harmful. mon molasses is glu- @ little cane sugar, which &5 F cose, mixed with falls to the bottom of the cask after long standing. That part of the s a from cane which will not crystallize a cose. Its non-crystallizability is a charac- teristic of glucose. ‘Stallizal always called “cane aaa no scturaat plant it is derived from. For example, beets yield cane sugar and contain no glucose. How Glucose May Be Made. Commercial glucose is made from corn, but it may be got from almost any sort of Vegetable stuff. It may be obtained from America, or some other place, for, in their| C°tto® Tags by mixing with the rags a/|is turned out by a few large opinion, we are dangerous competitors of | Small quantity of sulphuric acid. Ordinary |“™der the control of one company, blotting paper treated in the same way will yield-glucose. Cotton rags and blotting pa- per are cellulosé, and cellulose is the same thing chemically as sugar, save that it con- tains more water in each of its molecules. The sulphuric acid takes away the extra water, and the residue ts glucose. Glucose is not quite so sweet as cane su- Sar, but it only costs 8 cents a pound. So it makes a very suitable adulterant, and for this purpose it is widely employed in the manufacture of candies, jellies, sirups, etc. it would be made out of rags but for the fact that corn is cheaper than rags. Ten pounds of glucose are turned out annually in this country for every man, woman and child in the United States, a total of 630,- 000,000 pounds. Chicago produces enormous quantities of it from maize. In fact, it is the most widely employed of all adulter- ants. Most of the less expensive jellies sold are purely artificial products, composed of glu- cose, gelatin, cochinea! and flavoring ex- tracts. Much of the liquid honey on the ket is merely glucose flavored. Some- times pieces of real honeycomb are placed in the jars of alleged liquid honey to give it verisimilitude. It may usually be taken for granted that honey offered for sale in this shape is counterfeit. Samples of honey which claim to be of the greatest purity are most apt to be false. What an im- is considered that honéy costs 20 cents a pound and glucose 3 cents a pound. Molasses is adulterated with corn glucose. Sirups afe bleached with sulphurous acid and other chemicals. It is hard to find a pure mol or sirup in the market. Much of the so-called maple sirup is made from glucose, the maple flavor being im- parted by an extract of hickory bark. ‘his extract, made and sold as “mapleine,” is a patented article. In his application for exclusive rights of manufacture the steam toward the arctics duri the com- ing weeks. WALTER WELLMAN, patentee stated that his extract would bring maple sirup within reach of people mense fraud this is may be judged, when it | _— of moderate means, a tablespoonful of it added to any sugar solution being suffi- cient to transform the latter into maple sirup. As a matter of fact, the false article is sold at the price of the real, and the consumer suffers, as usual. The sugar beat now yields more than half of the 6,750,000 tons of sugar produced annually in the word. The production of beet sugar in the United States last year was 44,000,000 pounds. In 1891 tt was only 6,000,000 pounds. It is meng Mg output of the sugar cane ts stand- ing still. the far south. On the other hand, mil- lions of acres in this country, between the 42d and 48th degrees of latitude, are as pig og on hgh Pa Tk on the earth. We pay to Germany - 000,000 per annum for beet sugar, which is produced in Prussia on the same line of latitude as frozen Labrador. The Discoverer of Beet Sugar. A Frenchman named Achard, 150 years ago, discovered that sugar might be proftta- bly obtained from the garden beet. He devoted his life to the development of was destined to become a gigantic ing of the first fruits of The ordinary garden capa has been cultivation to such an Gateut that tee proved vegetable now yields a = == Much as the ; ee deen accompil vested a few selected iF Be sig 4 g u if Es i af i i i £ and weighing about one pound. stored away until spring, when ities are tested by cutting from a@ small plug. This does not i i é vitality of the beets. Those becrs from the groun gether with th course, Fefase in The juice hea’ tons of cane a day. ceat ted with concentrated by heat | i I i iH HH i I i Hl nse Nearly a hundred known, cd the writer is formation. Few of any economic value. rived from the glucose is next in commercial Forty million made fn sap, fresh dra: from 2 to from the were prod chiefly in Kansas. So cane, is a kind of —. seed its percentage been increased in five cent to 17 per cent. ‘The flavors of the various to certain volatile ethers. has a very disagreeable smell rage of a 35° which e processes refining. band, the ethers peculiar give to it in a raw state its All sugars, when highly refined, same taste and The paid to farmers raising sugar have about $7,500,000 a cents a pound for 96 or over on a scale of 100. tests the stfength of the percentage of sucrose contains. Formerly the quality ‘was determined by method gave rise to ported whii artificially so as to bleaching it afterward, We paid $120,000,000 to year for sugar which well have been produced States. In other words, money might as well have rie i i : : i plant this all FE hi | i Li gE i i 508 tl a | I [ z . is rfl tf i fis United States Produce all the sugar consumed country. A vast area now being —— Florida is destined to the : world. I Sugar cane than is Cuba. But the chief future will be the sugar for the culti- vation of which unlimited lands of a suit- abie character are avaliable. ts B z i i eles 3 Al fined sugar now made tn the United calis itself the sugar trust. An important New England industry ts the manufacture of rom from molasses. This is largely exported to Africa. For every missionary who goes to evangelize the dark continent a cargo of rum is to stimulate the natives. ‘Drunkenness and religion are thus propagated in harmony. 2 —____. Queer Goings-on in Chile. From the Chilean Times A remarkable occurrence has taken place on a hill calied Cerro Negro, situated in the mineral district of Condoriaco. At a spot on this hill between the Molle gully on the west and the Tocobano gully on the east an enormous subsidence of ground has taken place. The length of the subsidence is four squares by two and a half in width, or in round numbers about forty English acres. The depth of the subsidence, for about half its length, is eighteen meters, and from eight to ten in the other half. About the center there is an eminence re- sembling an island, which is surrounded by & fosse of from fifteen to twenty meters deep. | The surface of the subsidence is broken jhere and there by fissures of varying | depths, and toward the center the ground is formed of a light powder in which @ man, who was attempting to reach the center, sank up to his waist. All the springs of water in the adjacent gullies have be- come completely dry. All around the emi- nence in the center of the sv earth appears to be in mov | trickling Into a depth below of the subsidence ¢1 r appear to be in proce | chormous landsllps appear to be imminent. The trees and scrub on this side of the hill are withered and appear to be dying. No gases or vapors issue from the fissures in the ground. A government engincer has been sent to the spot to study this extra- ordinary phenomenon. |